Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Liz, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + </subs> + <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + </subs> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </relp> </np> </pp> </np> - </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <subs> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.10"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.11"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.10"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.11"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.11" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.10"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10"> + <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.11" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.11" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.11" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.11" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.11" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.11" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner" def="def" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner" def="def" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>calling defaultval for question/
defaultval: verb, question
returning not.Q
calling defaultval for question/
defaultval: verb, question
returning not.Qaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner" def="def" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - </subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner" def="def" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - </subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner" def="def" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph="z">z</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="u ˈ ɖ">uˈɖ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="w a ɖ">waɖ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph="z">z</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="i ˈ ʕ">iˈʕ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ᵏǀˤ a ɡ e ˈ s">ᵏǀˤaɡeˈs</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner" def="def" locus="number" ph="ɢ u ˈ l">ɢuˈl</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="i s">is</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="n o ˈ s">noˈs</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph="z">z</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="au ˈ ɽ">auˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="ᵏǀˤ a ɡ e ˈ s">ᵏǀˤaɡeˈs</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="dˤ au ˈ qʼ">dˤauˈqʼ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u t">ut</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="n a ˈ r">naˈr</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u t">ut</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɹˤ au ˈ s">ɹˤauˈs</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n ḭ ˈ l">nḭˈl</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="f i tˤ a ˈ b">fitˤaˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u t">ut</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɹˤ au ˈ s">ɹˤauˈs</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph="z">z</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="u ˈ ɖ">uˈɖ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="w a ɖ">waɖ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph="z">z</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="i ˈ ʕ">iˈʕ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ᵏǀˤ a ɡ e ˈ s">ᵏǀˤaɡeˈs</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner" def="def" locus="number" ph="ɢ u ˈ l">ɢuˈl</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="i s">is</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="n o ˈ s">noˈs</word> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph="z">z</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="au ˈ ɽ">auˈɽ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="ᵏǀˤ a ɡ e ˈ s">ᵏǀˤaɡeˈs</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="dˤ au ˈ qʼ">dˤauˈqʼ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u t">ut</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="n a ˈ r">naˈr</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u t">ut</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɹˤ au ˈ s">ɹˤauˈs</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n ḭ ˈ l">nḭˈl</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="f i tˤ a ˈ b">fitˤaˈb</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u t">ut</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɹˤ au ˈ s">ɹˤauˈs</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q">z</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">uˈɖ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">waɖ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q">z</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">iˈʕ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">ᵏǀˤaɡeˈs</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.10" possessor="no.owner" def="def" locus="number">ɢuˈl</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">is</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">noˈs</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q">z</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">auˈɽ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">ᵏǀˤaɡeˈs</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">dˤauˈqʼ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ut</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">naˈr</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ut</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ɹˤauˈs</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">nḭˈl</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">fitˤaˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ut</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.11" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ɹˤauˈs</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">z-</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈuɖ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">waɖ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">z-</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈiʕ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀˤaˈɡes</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɢul</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-is</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnos</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">z-</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈauɽ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀˤaˈɡes</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdˤauqʼ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ut</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnar</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ut</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɹˤaus</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnḭl</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fiˈtˤab</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ut</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɹˤaus</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>ˈzuɖ waɖ ˈziʕ ᵏǀˤaˈɡes ˈɢulis ˈnos ˈzauɽ ᵏǀˤaˈɡes ˈdˤauqʼut ˈnarut ˈɹˤaus ˈnḭl fiˈtˤabut ˈɹˤaus</p> + <p>zurd ward zigħ c̣ages ħgulis nos zaurr c̣ages ḍaugqut narut ɹ̣aus ni’l fiṭabut ɹ̣aus</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>z-</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈuɖ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>waɖ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>z-</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈiʕ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀˤaˈɡes</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɢul</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-is</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnos</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>z-</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈauɽ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀˤaˈɡes</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdˤauqʼ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ut</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnar</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ut</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɹˤaus</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnḭl</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fiˈtˤab</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ut</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɹˤaus</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Zurd ward zigħ c̣ages ħgulis nos zaurr c̣ages ḍaugqut narut ɹ̣aus ni’l fiṭabut ɹ̣aus.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
Useful pages: