Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Kich, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <relp>
+        <vp tam="pres-state">
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+        </vp>
+        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        </np>
+      </relp>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module RelN:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
+  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
-      <relp>
+      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
+      </subs>
+      <np role="subj" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
-      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nominalise: No change.

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity: No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder: No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="masc">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
-      <np role="subj" number="sing">
+      <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="masc">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber: No change.

createpronouns: No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="masc" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
-      <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc">
+      <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen: No change.

module wordorder: No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
-      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module conjp: No change.

flattenconjp: No change.

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="masc">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="masc">
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
+    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-      </np>
  </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
+  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
    </np>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
Got STA

addaffixes:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
    </np>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
      <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  <subs>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
-    </np>
-  </subs>
-  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-      <subs>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-        </vp>
-      </subs>
-      <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
-      </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|n|o|</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|nˤ|i|ɳ|iː|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|j|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">|p|u|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">|b|e|</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">|l|ə#ː|</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">-|f|a|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">|ɳ|au|l|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|i|kʼ|e|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">|l|ə#ː|</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">-|f|a|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">|k|i|t͡ʃ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|i|kʼ|e|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">|t|ai|</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">-|f|a|</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|l|aː|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">|kʼ|au|ɲ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|i|kʼ|e|</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|m|ə#|</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|n|o|</word>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|nˤ|i|ɳ|iː|</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|j|a|</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">|p|u|</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">|b|e|</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">|l|ə#ː|</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">-|f|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">|ɳ|au|l|</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|i|kʼ|e|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|u|kʼ|o|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">|l|ə#ː|</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">-|f|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">|k|i|t͡ʃ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|i|kʼ|e|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">|t|ai|</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">-|f|a|</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|l|aː|</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">|kʼ|au|ɲ|</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|i|kʼ|e|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|u|kʼ|o|</thingy>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|m|ə#|</word>
  </flat>
</s>

### |n|o|
#-> no
### |n|o|
#-> no
### |nˤ|i|ɳ|iː|
#-> nˤiɳiː
### |nˤ|i|ɳ|iː|
#-> nˤiɳiː
### |j|a|
#-> ja
### |j|a|
#-> ja
### |p|u|
#-> pu
### |p|u|
#-> pu
### |b|e|
#-> be
### |b|e|
#-> be
### |l|ə#ː|
#-> lə#ː
### |l|ə#ː|
#-> lə#ː
### -|f|a|
#-> -fa
### -|f|a|
#-> -fa
### |ɳ|au|l|
#-> ɳaul
### |ɳ|au|l|
#-> ɳaul
### -|u|kʼ|o|
#-> -ukʼo
### -|u|kʼ|o|
#-> -ukʼo
### |l|ə#ː|
#-> lə#ː
### |l|ə#ː|
#-> lə#ː
### -|f|a|
#-> -fa
### -|f|a|
#-> -fa
### |k|i|t͡ʃ|
#-> kit͡ʃ
### |k|i|t͡ʃ|
#-> kit͡ʃ
### -|i|kʼ|e|
#-> -ikʼe
### -|i|kʼ|e|
#-> -ikʼe
### |t|ai|
#-> tai
### |t|ai|
#-> tai
### -|f|a|
#-> -fa
### -|f|a|
#-> -fa
### |l|aː|
#-> laː
### |l|aː|
#-> laː
### |kʼ|au|ɲ|
#-> kʼauɲ
### |kʼ|au|ɲ|
#-> kʼauɲ
### -|u|kʼ|o|
#-> -ukʼo
### -|u|kʼ|o|
#-> -ukʼo
### |m|ə#|
#-> mə#
### |m|ə#|
#-> mə#
### |n|o| |nˤ|i|ɳ|iː| |j|a| |p|u| |b|e| |l|ə#ː||f|a| |ɳ|au|l||u|kʼ|o| |l|ə#ː||f|a| |k|i|t͡ʃ||i|kʼ|e| |t|ai||f|a| |l|aː| |kʼ|au|ɲ||u|kʼ|o| |m|ə#|
#-> no nˤiɳiː ja pu be lə#ːfa ɳaulukʼo lə#ːfa kit͡ʃikʼe taifa laː kʼauɲukʼo mə#

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|n|o|</word>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|nˤ|i|ɳ|iː|</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|j|a|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">|p|u|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">|b|e|</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">|l|ə#ː|</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">-|f|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" possessor="1incl.plur">|ɳ|au|l|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|u|kʼ|o|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">|l|ə#ː|</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">-|f|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">|k|i|t͡ʃ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|i|kʼ|e|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">|t|ai|</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">-|f|a|</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|l|aː|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">|kʼ|au|ɲ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|u|kʼ|o|</thingy>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|m|ə#|</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;no&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nˤiɳiː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;pu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;lə̃ː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-fa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɳaul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ukʼo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;STA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;lə̃ː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-fa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kit͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ikʼe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;STA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-fa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;laː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʼauɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ukʼo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;STA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mə̃&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>no nˤiɳiː ja pu be lə̃ːfa ɳaulukʼo lə̃ːfa kit͡ʃikʼe taifa laː kʼauɲukʼo mə̃</p>
+  <p>no ṇirnii ja pu be løfa rnülugko løfa kichigke tğfa laa gküñugko mó</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>no</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nˤiɳiː</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ja</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>pu</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>be</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>lə̃ː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-fa</o>
+      <g>masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɳaul</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ukʼo</o>
+      <g>STA</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>lə̃ː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-fa</o>
+      <g>masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kit͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ikʼe</o>
+      <g>STA</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tai</o>
+      <g>a</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-fa</o>
+      <g>masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>laː</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʼauɲ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ukʼo</o>
+      <g>STA</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mə̃</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

No ṇirnii ja pu be løfa rnülugko løfa kichigke tğfa laa gküñugko mó.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: