Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Nyoes, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module NRel:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> - </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> + <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> + <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + </np> + <relp comma="after"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> + <relp comma="after"> + <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + </np> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> - <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr=""> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> - <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> + <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.6"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4" number="plur"> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.6"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.6" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4" number="plur"> - <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> - <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> + <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> + <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.6" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.6"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"> <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.8"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"> <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.8"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.6"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"> <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"> <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.6"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.6"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.6"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.6"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.6"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.6"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.6"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"/> <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp" gender="cl.4"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" gender="cl.8"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.8"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"/> <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp" gender="cl.2"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.cl.1addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.cl.4<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp" gender="cl.4"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.8"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp" gender="cl.2"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp" gender="cl.4"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.8"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" comma="after"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </relp> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" comma="after"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </relp> - </np> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp" gender="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.8"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp" gender="cl.2"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" comma="after"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.2"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" comma="after"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="x i l" slots="Cir V1 Cmr">xil</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="ɣ y# n" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">ɣy#n</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p ɔ ʒ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">pɔʒ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4" ph="n a#" slots="Cir V1">na#</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="a# m" slots="V1 Cfs">a#m</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp" gender="cl.4" ph="s a# ʒ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">sa#ʒ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t u m" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">tum</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.8" ph="m œ ɡ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">mœɡ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2" ph="n a#" slots="Cir V1">na#</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="œ j" slots="V1 Cfs">œj</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp" gender="cl.2" ph="d a s" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">das</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" ph="ɡ a p" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ɡap</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" comma="after" ph="ɲ ɛ m" slots="Cir V1 Cmr">ɲɛm</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.2.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="w y m" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">wym</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4" ph="ɡ a p" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ɡap</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" comma="after" ph="j a k" slots="Cir V1 Cmr">jak</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="v ɔ v" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">vɔv</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ʒ y# w" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ʒy#w</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ɲ ɔ t" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ɲɔt</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="k œ j" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">kœj</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ʒ y# w" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ʒy#w</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ɲ u n a ɲ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cfr">ɲunaɲ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/l/ + /ɣ/ > // + /l/
/a#/ + /a#/ > // + /a/
/a#/ + /œ/ > // + /a/
/m/ + /w/ > // + /m/
/k/ + /v/ > // + /k/<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="x i l" slots="Cir V1 Cmr">xil</word> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="ɣ y# n" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">ɣy#n</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p ɔ ʒ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">pɔʒ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="x i" underlying="x i l">xi</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="l y# n" underlying="ɣ y# n">ly#n</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p ɔ ʒ">pɔʒ</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4" ph="n a#" slots="Cir V1">na#</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="a# m" slots="V1 Cfs">a#m</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp" gender="cl.4" ph="s a# ʒ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">sa#ʒ</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t u m" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">tum</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.8" ph="m œ ɡ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">mœɡ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2" ph="n a#" slots="Cir V1">na#</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="œ j" slots="V1 Cfs">œj</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp" gender="cl.2" ph="d a s" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">das</word> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" ph="ɡ a p" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ɡap</word> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" comma="after" ph="ɲ ɛ m" slots="Cir V1 Cmr">ɲɛm</word> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.2.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="w y m" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">wym</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4" ph="n" underlying="n a#">n</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="a m" underlying="a# m">am</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp" gender="cl.4" ph="s a# ʒ">sa#ʒ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t u m">tum</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.8" ph="m œ ɡ">mœɡ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2" ph="n" underlying="n a#">n</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="a j" underlying="œ j">aj</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp" gender="cl.2" ph="d a s">das</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" ph="ɡ a p">ɡap</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" comma="after" ph="ɲ ɛ" underlying="ɲ ɛ m">ɲɛ</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.2.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="m y m" underlying="w y m">mym</thingy> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4" ph="ɡ a p" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ɡap</word> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" comma="after" ph="j a k" slots="Cir V1 Cmr">jak</word> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="v ɔ v" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">vɔv</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4" ph="ɡ a p">ɡap</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" comma="after" ph="j a" underlying="j a k">ja</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="k ɔ v" underlying="v ɔ v">kɔv</thingy> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ʒ y# w" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ʒy#w</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ɲ ɔ t" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ɲɔt</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="k œ j" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">kœj</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ʒ y# w" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ʒy#w</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ɲ u n a ɲ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cfr">ɲunaɲ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ʒ y# w">ʒy#w</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ɲ ɔ t">ɲɔt</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="k œ j">kœj</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ʒ y# w">ʒy#w</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ɲ u n a ɲ">ɲunaɲ</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="x i" underlying="x i l">xi</word> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="l y# n" underlying="ɣ y# n">ly#n</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p ɔ ʒ">pɔʒ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4" ph="n" underlying="n a#">n</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="a m" underlying="a# m">am</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp" gender="cl.4" ph="s a# ʒ">sa#ʒ</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t u m">tum</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.8" ph="m œ ɡ">mœɡ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2" ph="n" underlying="n a#">n</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="a j" underlying="œ j">aj</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp" gender="cl.2" ph="d a s">das</word> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" ph="ɡ a p">ɡap</word> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" comma="after" ph="ɲ ɛ" underlying="ɲ ɛ m">ɲɛ</word> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.2.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="m y m" underlying="w y m">mym</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4" ph="ɡ a p">ɡap</word> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" comma="after" ph="j a" underlying="j a k">ja</word> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="k ɔ v" underlying="v ɔ v">kɔv</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ʒ y# w">ʒy#w</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ɲ ɔ t">ɲɔt</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="k œ j">kœj</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ʒ y# w">ʒy#w</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj" ph="ɲ u n a ɲ">ɲunaɲ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" underlying="x i l">xi</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.1.SUBJ" underlying="ɣ y# n">ly#n</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">pɔʒ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.4" underlying="n a#">n</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" underlying="a# m">am</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp" gender="cl.4">sa#ʒ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">tum</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.8">mœɡ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.2" underlying="n a#">n</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" underlying="œ j">aj</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp" gender="cl.2">das,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">ɡap</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" comma="after" underlying="ɲ ɛ m">ɲɛ</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.2.SUBJ" underlying="w y m">mym,</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="cl.4">ɡap</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" comma="after" underlying="j a k">ja</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.4.SUBJ" underlying="v ɔ v">kɔv,</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj">ʒy#w</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj">ɲɔt</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">kœj</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj">ʒy#w</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.6" role="obj">ɲunaɲ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xil</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɣỹn</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.1.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pɔʒ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nã</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ãm</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sãʒ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tum</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mœɡ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nã</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-œj</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">das</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡap</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲɛm</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-wym</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.2.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡap</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jak</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-vɔv</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.4.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒỹw</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲɔt</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kœj</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒỹw</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲunaɲ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span></p> + <p>xilỹn pɔʒ nam sãʒ tum mœɡ naj das, ɡap ɲɛmym, ɡap jakɔv, ʒỹw ɲɔt kœj ʒỹw ɲunaɲ</p> + <p>khilynn pozh nam sanzh tum mœg naj das, gap ñæmym, gap jakov, zhynw ñot kœj zhynw ñunañ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>xil</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɣỹn</o> + <g>3.cl.1.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pɔʒ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nã</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ãm</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sãʒ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tum</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mœɡ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nã</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-œj</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>das</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡap</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲɛm</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-wym</o> + <g>3.cl.2.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡap</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jak</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-vɔv</o> + <g>3.cl.4.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒỹw</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲɔt</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kœj</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒỹw</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲunaɲ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Khilynn pozh nam sanzh tum mœg naj das, gap ñæmym, gap jakov, zhynw ñot kœj zhynw ñunañ.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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