Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Toer, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + </subs> + <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + </subs> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> - </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.8"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.7"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.8"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.7"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.7" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.8"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.8"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.7" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.7"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.7"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.7"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.7"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.7"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.7"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np role="subj" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.7"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.7"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"/> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.8"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.8"/> </np> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.1"/> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: det, case
returning ABS
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: det, case
returning ABS
calling defaultval for gender/
defaultval: det, gender
defaultval: gender not found in thingy for det:Array ( [case] => ABS [ta] => PRES [mode] => indicative [voice] => active [negation] => POS [question] => not.Q )addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.8
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"/> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.8"/> </np> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.8"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.1"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - </subs> - <np role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"/> - </subs> - <np role="subj" gender="cl.8"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.8"/> - </np> <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.8"/> - </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.1"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.8"/> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.8"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.1"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɗ ɵ̰ fˤ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ɗɵ̰fˤ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʉ i#ː pʼ" slots="V1 V2 Cfs">ʉi#ːpʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="hʈ ɶ# ʈʼ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">hʈɶ#ʈʼ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="V1 V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɽ ɶː dʱˤ øː xˤ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cfr">ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" ph="kˤ a tˤ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">kˤatˤ</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="bˤ ɞ# ɓˤ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">bˤɞ#ɓˤ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="V1 V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8" ph="ɽ ɶː dʱˤ øː xˤ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cfr">ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.8" ph="tˤ œ ɽ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">tˤœɽ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="pʰ" slots="Cip">pʰ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8" ph="kʼˤ a" slots="Cir V1">kʼˤa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.8" attach="suffix" ph="e bˤ" slots="V1 Cfs">ebˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.1" ph="nˤ aː ɖʱ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">nˤaːɖʱ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t ɶ# m" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">tɶ#m</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="pʰ" slots="Cip">pʰ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" ph="kʼˤ a" slots="Cir V1">kʼˤa</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="ŋ ɵ̰ ɽ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ŋɵ̰ɽ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="w y#ː ɓ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">wy#ːɓ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="gʱˤ ʉ#ː ɗˤ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">gʱˤʉ#ːɗˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="ɖ e# htˤ ɛ kˤ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cfr">ɖe#htˤɛkˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="w y#ː ɓ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">wy#ːɓ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/fˤ/ + /ʉ/ > /fˤ/ + /ʉ/
/pʰ/ + /kʼˤ/ > /pʰ/ + /kʼˤ/
/a/ + /e/ > // + /ɛ/
/pʰ/ + /kʼˤ/ > /pʰ/ + /kʼˤ/<s translation=""> <flat> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɗ ɵ̰ fˤ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ɗɵ̰fˤ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʉ i#ː pʼ" slots="V1 V2 Cfs">ʉi#ːpʼ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɗ ɵ̰ fˤ">ɗɵ̰fˤ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʉ i#ː pʼ">ʉi#ːpʼ</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="hʈ ɶ# ʈʼ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">hʈɶ#ʈʼ</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="hʈ ɶ# ʈʼ">hʈɶ#ʈʼ</word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="V1 V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɽ ɶː dʱˤ øː xˤ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cfr">ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" ph="kˤ a tˤ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">kˤatˤ</word> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="bˤ ɞ# ɓˤ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">bˤɞ#ɓˤ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɽ ɶː dʱˤ øː xˤ">ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" ph="kˤ a tˤ">kˤatˤ</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="bˤ ɞ# ɓˤ">bˤɞ#ɓˤ</word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="V1 V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8" ph="ɽ ɶː dʱˤ øː xˤ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cfr">ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.8" ph="tˤ œ ɽ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">tˤœɽ</word> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="pʰ" slots="Cip">pʰ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8" ph="kʼˤ a" slots="Cir V1">kʼˤa</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.8" attach="suffix" ph="e bˤ" slots="V1 Cfs">ebˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.1" ph="nˤ aː ɖʱ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">nˤaːɖʱ</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t ɶ# m" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">tɶ#m</word> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="pʰ" slots="Cip">pʰ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" ph="kʼˤ a" slots="Cir V1">kʼˤa</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="ŋ ɵ̰ ɽ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ŋɵ̰ɽ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="w y#ː ɓ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">wy#ːɓ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="gʱˤ ʉ#ː ɗˤ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">gʱˤʉ#ːɗˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="ɖ e# htˤ ɛ kˤ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cfr">ɖe#htˤɛkˤ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="w y#ː ɓ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">wy#ːɓ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8" ph="ɽ ɶː dʱˤ øː xˤ">ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.8" ph="tˤ œ ɽ">tˤœɽ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="pʰ">pʰ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8" ph="kʼˤ" underlying="kʼˤ a">kʼˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.8" attach="suffix" ph="ɛ bˤ" underlying="e bˤ">ɛbˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.1" ph="nˤ aː ɖʱ">nˤaːɖʱ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t ɶ# m">tɶ#m</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="pʰ">pʰ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" ph="kʼˤ a">kʼˤa</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="ŋ ɵ̰ ɽ">ŋɵ̰ɽ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="w y#ː ɓ">wy#ːɓ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="gʱˤ ʉ#ː ɗˤ">gʱˤʉ#ːɗˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="ɖ e# htˤ ɛ kˤ">ɖe#htˤɛkˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="w y#ː ɓ">wy#ːɓ</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɗ ɵ̰ fˤ">ɗɵ̰fˤ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʉ i#ː pʼ">ʉi#ːpʼ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="hʈ ɶ# ʈʼ">hʈɶ#ʈʼ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="V1 V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɽ ɶː dʱˤ øː xˤ">ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" ph="kˤ a tˤ">kˤatˤ</word> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="bˤ ɞ# ɓˤ">bˤɞ#ɓˤ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="V1 V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8" ph="ɽ ɶː dʱˤ øː xˤ">ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.8" ph="tˤ œ ɽ">tˤœɽ</word> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="pʰ">pʰ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8" ph="kʼˤ" underlying="kʼˤ a">kʼˤ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.8" attach="suffix" ph="ɛ bˤ" underlying="e bˤ">ɛbˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.1" ph="nˤ aː ɖʱ">nˤaːɖʱ</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t ɶ# m">tɶ#m</word> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="pʰ">pʰ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" ph="kʼˤ a">kʼˤa</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="ŋ ɵ̰ ɽ">ŋɵ̰ɽ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="w y#ː ɓ">wy#ːɓ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="gʱˤ ʉ#ː ɗˤ">gʱˤʉ#ːɗˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="ɖ e# htˤ ɛ kˤ">ɖe#htˤɛkˤ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj" ph="w y#ː ɓ">wy#ːɓ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ɗɵ̰fˤ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʉi#ːpʼ</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">hʈɶ#ʈʼ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number">kˤatˤ</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">bˤɞ#ɓˤ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8">ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.8">tˤœɽ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS">pʰ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.8" underlying="kʼˤ a">kʼˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.8" underlying="e bˤ">ɛbˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.1">nˤaːɖʱ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">tɶ#m</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS">pʰ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det">kʼˤa</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj">ŋɵ̰ɽ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj">wy#ːɓ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">gʱˤʉ#ːɗˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj">ɖe#htˤɛkˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.7" role="obj">wy#ːɓ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɗɵ̰fˤ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʉĩːpʼ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hʈɶ̃ʈʼ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kˤatˤ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bˤɞ̃ɓˤ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤœɽ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pʰ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼˤa</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ebˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.8</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nˤaːɖʱ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tɶ̃m</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pʰ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼˤa</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋɵ̰ɽ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wỹːɓ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">gʱˤʉ̃ːɗˤ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖẽhtˤɛkˤ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wỹːɓ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>ɗɵ̰fˤʉĩːpʼ hʈɶ̃ʈʼ ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ kˤatˤ bˤɞ̃ɓˤ ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ tˤœɽ pʰkʼˤɛbˤ nˤaːɖʱ tɶ̃m pʰkʼˤa ŋɵ̰ɽ wỹːɓ gʱˤʉ̃ːɗˤ ɖẽhtˤɛkˤ wỹːɓ</p> + <p>д̱ө’фъыиинпъ һт̣ӕ̈нт̇ъ р̇ӕ̈ӕ̈дһъөөхъ къатъ бъө̆нб̱ъ р̇ӕ̈ӕ̈дһъөөхъ тъӧр̇ ԥкъэбъ нъаад̣һ тӕ̈нм ԥкъа ӈө’р̇ ўүүнб̱ гһъыынд̱ъ д̇енһтъэкъ ўүүнб̱</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɗɵ̰fˤ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʉĩːpʼ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hʈɶ̃ʈʼ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kˤatˤ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bˤɞ̃ɓˤ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɽɶːdʱˤøːxˤ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤœɽ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pʰ-</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼˤa</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ebˤ</o> + <g>cl.8</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nˤaːɖʱ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tɶ̃m</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pʰ-</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼˤa</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋɵ̰ɽ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wỹːɓ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>gʱˤʉ̃ːɗˤ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖẽhtˤɛkˤ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wỹːɓ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Д̱ө’фъыиинпъ һт̣ӕ̈нт̇ъ р̇ӕ̈ӕ̈дһъөөхъ къатъ бъө̆нб̱ъ р̇ӕ̈ӕ̈дһъөөхъ тъӧр̇ ԥкъэбъ нъаад̣һ тӕ̈нм ԥкъа ӈө’р̇ ўүүнб̱ гһъыынд̱ъ д̇енһтъэкъ ўүүнб̱.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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