Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Nagin, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sequential:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="then">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="then">
+  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module subordinate:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module addgender:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.2">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned">
+    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.2">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
+      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+      <np role="obj">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.2">
+      <np def="def" gender="cl.2">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
+      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
+      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4">
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+      <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" gender="cl.2">
+      <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl">
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
+        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4">
    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.4">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
+      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.4">
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.2"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.4">
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.2"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.4">
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.2"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.4" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned">
    <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.4">
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.4"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.2"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: adj, case
returning NOM

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for different/adj/case/obligatory
Got NOM

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.4">
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.4"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.2"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl"/>
+        <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
+      <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="then">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4">
-    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.4">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.4"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.2"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
    <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="then">
+<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.4"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.2"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
-    <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="n i t&#x361;&#x255;">nit͡ɕ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x261; i t u &#x14B;">ɡituŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x256; a t">ɖat</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.4" ph="&#x256; a&#x2D0; k">ɖaːk</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.2.SUBJ" ph="&#x294; o t&#x361;s">ʔot͡s</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x256; o&#x2D0;">ɖoː</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="&#x282;">ʂ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x14B; i&#x2D0; &#x273;">ŋiːɳ</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl" ph="&#x256; o&#x2D0;">ɖoː</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="&#x27E;">ɾ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl" ph="k a">ka</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS" ph="&#x273; e n">ɳen</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="b i h">bih</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" ph="p y f">pyf</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="k&#x2BC; au">kʼau</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="&#x27E;">ɾ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i t&#x361;s a &#x283;">it͡saʃ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="t i x">tix</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="n i t&#x361;&#x255;">nit͡ɕ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x261; i t u &#x14B;">ɡituŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x256; a t">ɖat</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.4" ph="&#x256; a&#x2D0; k">ɖaːk</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.2.SUBJ" ph="&#x294; o t&#x361;s">ʔot͡s</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x256; o&#x2D0;">ɖoː</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="&#x282;">ʂ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x14B; i&#x2D0; &#x273;">ŋiːɳ</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl" ph="&#x256; o&#x2D0;">ɖoː</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="&#x27E;">ɾ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl" ph="k a">ka</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS" ph="&#x273; e n">ɳen</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="b i h">bih</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" ph="p y f">pyf</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="k&#x2BC; au">kʼau</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="&#x27E;">ɾ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i t&#x361;s a &#x283;">it͡saʃ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="t i x">tix</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj">nit͡ɕ</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ɡituŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ɖat</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.4">ɖaːk</word>
+    <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.cl.2.SUBJ">ʔot͡s</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">ɖoː</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2">ʂ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">ŋiːɳ</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl">ɖoː</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">ɾ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="1incl">ka</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS">ɳen</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">bih</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">pyf</word>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">kʼau</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">ɾ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">f</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">it͡saʃ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">tix</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nit͡ɕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;then&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡituŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɖat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɖaːk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʔot͡s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.cl.2.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;SUBJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɖoː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ʂ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋiːɳ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɖoː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɾ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɳen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bih&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;pyf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʼau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɾ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;f-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;it͡saʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>nit͡ɕ ɡituŋ ɖat ɖaːk ʔot͡s ɖoːʂ ŋiːɳ ɖoːɾ ka ɳen bih pyf kʼauɾ fit͡saʃ tix</p>
+  <p>निच् गितुङ् डत् डाक् ऽओत्स् डौष् ङीण् डौर् क णेन् बिह् प्युफ़् क़और् फ़ित्सश् ति</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>nit͡ɕ</o>
+      <g>then</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡituŋ</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɖat</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɖaːk</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʔot͡s</o>
+      <g>3.cl.2.SUBJ</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɖoː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ʂ</o>
+      <g>cl.2</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋiːɳ</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɖoː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɾ</o>
+      <g>cl.4</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ka</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɳen</o>
+      <g>1incl.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bih</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>pyf</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʼau</o>
+      <g>a</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɾ</o>
+      <g>cl.4</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>f-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>it͡saʃ</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tix</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

निच् गितुङ् डत् डाक् ऽओत्स् डौष् ङीण् डौर् क णेन् बिह् प्युफ़् क़और् फ़ित्सश् ति ॥

But our language arose in a different way.

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