Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Kenicha, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <relp>
+      <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+      </vp>
+      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+            <relp>
+              <vp tam="pres-state">
+                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
+              </vp>
+              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
              </np>
+            </relp>
+          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
+    </relp>
+  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state">
+      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
-              <vp tam="pres-state">
+              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module sequential:

-<s>
+<s connector="then">
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="then">
+  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module subordinate: No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
+          <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+          <np type="owner_owned">
            <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
              <relp>
                <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                  <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                </vp>
                <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                  <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
+            <np def="def" number="sing">
+              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+            </np>
+          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder: No change.

module casemarking: No change.

module markowner: No change.

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-          <np type="owner_owned">
+          <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
            <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
              <relp>
                <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                  <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                </vp>
                <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                  <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
            <np def="def" number="sing">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
-      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
+      <np head="this" role="subj">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-          <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
-            <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+          <np type="owner_owned">
+            <np def="def" locus="number">
              <relp>
                <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                  <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                </vp>
-                <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
+                <np head="this" role="subj">
                  <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
-            <np def="def" number="sing">
+            <np def="def">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" number="plur">
+  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

createpronouns: No change.

module ngen:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
          <np type="owner_owned">
+            <np def="def">
+              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+            </np>
            <np def="def" locus="number">
              <relp>
                <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                  <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                </vp>
                <np head="this" role="subj">
                  <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
-            <np def="def">
-              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
          </np>
-          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder: No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
          <np type="owner_owned">
            <np def="def">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
            <np def="def" locus="number">
              <relp>
                <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                  <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                </vp>
                <np head="this" role="subj">
                  <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder: No change.

module conjp:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
          <np type="owner_owned">
            <np def="def">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
            <np def="def" locus="number">
              <relp>
                <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                  <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                </vp>
                <np head="this" role="subj">
                  <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
          <np type="owner_owned">
            <np def="def">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
            <np def="def" locus="number">
              <relp>
                <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                  <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                </vp>
                <np head="this" role="subj">
                  <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np locus="number">
+    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np locus="number">
+    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
          <np type="owner_owned">
            <np def="def">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
            <np def="def" locus="number">
              <relp>
-                <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+                <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
                  <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                </vp>
                <np head="this" role="subj">
                  <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
          <np type="owner_owned">
            <np def="def">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
            <np def="def" locus="number">
              <relp>
                <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
+                  <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
                  <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                </vp>
                <np head="this" role="subj">
                  <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
          <np type="owner_owned">
            <np def="def">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
            <np def="def" locus="number">
              <relp>
                <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
                  <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
                  <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                </vp>
                <np head="this" role="subj">
                  <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-          <np type="owner_owned">
          <np def="def">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
                <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
-          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
  </np>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-          <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+          <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
          <np def="def">
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
                <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
+                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj">
-                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
-            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

addaffixes: No change.

flatten:

<s connector="then">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
-    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np head="this" role="subj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj"/>
-        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-          <np def="def">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" locus="number">
-            <relp>
-              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
-              </vp>
-              <np head="this" role="subj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj"/>
-              </np>
-            </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/>
-          </np>
-        </pp>
-      </np>
-    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/>
-  </np>
-  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="then">
+<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj">|n|i|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|t|i|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|n|a|n|a|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">|t͡ʃ|a|t͡ʃ|i|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj">|t͡ʃ|e|t͡ʃ|i|</word>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|t|u|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def">|n|u|t͡ʃ|a|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">|n|i|t|i|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj">|t͡ʃ|a|k|i|</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number">|t|o|</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">|t|o|</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">|k|e|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj">|k|e|t͡ʃ|e|</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|t|i|</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">|k|e|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj">|n|i|n|a|t͡ʃ|a|t|e|</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony: No change.

### |n|i|
#-> ni
### |n|i|
#-> ni
### |t|i|
#-> ti
### |t|i|
#-> ti
### |n|a|n|a|
#-> nana
### |n|a|n|a|
#-> nana
### |t͡ʃ|a|t͡ʃ|i|
#-> t͡ʃat͡ʃi
### |t͡ʃ|a|t͡ʃ|i|
#-> t͡ʃat͡ʃi
### |t͡ʃ|e|t͡ʃ|i|
#-> t͡ʃet͡ʃi
### |t͡ʃ|e|t͡ʃ|i|
#-> t͡ʃet͡ʃi
### |t|u|
#-> tu
### |t|u|
#-> tu
### |n|u|t͡ʃ|a|
#-> nut͡ʃa
### |n|u|t͡ʃ|a|
#-> nut͡ʃa
### |n|i|t|i|
#-> niti
### |n|i|t|i|
#-> niti
### |t͡ʃ|a|k|i|
#-> t͡ʃaki
### |t͡ʃ|a|k|i|
#-> t͡ʃaki
### |t|o|
#-> to
### |t|o|
#-> to
### |t|o|
#-> to
### |t|o|
#-> to
### |k|e|
#-> ke
### |k|e|
#-> ke
### |k|e|t͡ʃ|e|
#-> ket͡ʃe
### |k|e|t͡ʃ|e|
#-> ket͡ʃe
### |t|i|
#-> ti
### |t|i|
#-> ti
### |k|e|
#-> ke
### |k|e|
#-> ke
### |n|i|n|a|t͡ʃ|a|t|e|
#-> ninat͡ʃate
### |n|i|n|a|t͡ʃ|a|t|e|
#-> ninat͡ʃate
### |n|i| |t|i| |n|a|n|a| |t͡ʃ|a|t͡ʃ|i| |t͡ʃ|e|t͡ʃ|i| |t|u| |n|u|t͡ʃ|a| |n|i|t|i| |t͡ʃ|a|k|i| |t|o| |t|o| |k|e| |k|e|t͡ʃ|e| |t|i| |k|e| |n|i|n|a|t͡ʃ|a|t|e|
#-> ni ti nana t͡ʃat͡ʃi t͡ʃet͡ʃi tu nut͡ʃa niti t͡ʃaki to to ke ket͡ʃe ti ke ninat͡ʃate

removetags:

<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="then" posp="conj">|n|i|</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|t|i|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|n|a|n|a|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">|t͡ʃ|a|t͡ʃ|i|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" head="this" role="subj">|t͡ʃ|e|t͡ʃ|i|</word>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|t|u|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def">|n|u|t͡ʃ|a|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">|n|i|t|i|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" head="this" role="subj">|t͡ʃ|a|k|i|</word>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number">|t|o|</word>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">|t|o|</word>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">|k|e|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj">|k|e|t͡ʃ|e|</word>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|t|i|</word>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">|k|e|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj">|n|i|n|a|t͡ʃ|a|t|e|</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ni&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;then&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃat͡ʃi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃet͡ʃi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nut͡ʃa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;niti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃaki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ket͡ʃe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ninat͡ʃate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ni ti nana t͡ʃat͡ʃi t͡ʃet͡ʃi tu nut͡ʃa niti t͡ʃaki to to ke ket͡ʃe ti ke ninat͡ʃate</p>
+  <p>ni ti nana chachi chechi tu nucha niti chaki to to ke keche ti ke ninachate</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ni</o>
+      <g>then</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ti</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nana</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃat͡ʃi</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃet͡ʃi</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tu</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nut͡ʃa</o>
+      <g>surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>niti</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃaki</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>to</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>to</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ke</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ket͡ʃe</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ti</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ke</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ninat͡ʃate</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Ni ti nana chachi chechi tu nucha niti chaki to to ke keche ti ke ninachate.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

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