Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Maush, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2noun:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+      </np>
+      <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module embed:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module complementise:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
+    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
-      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
+      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
-      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
-      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-      </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    </subs>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x272; o &#x2C8; d">ɲoˈd</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x27D; a t">ɽat</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x283; a m i &#x2C8; &#x261;">ʃamiˈɡ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="u t">ut</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="&#x273; ai &#x2C8; &#x273;">ɳaiˈɳ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="u t">ut</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="m au &#x2C8; &#x282;">mauˈʂ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="b a &#x2C8; f">baˈf</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="k o &#x282;">koʂ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="f i &#x2C8; s">fiˈs</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="b a &#x2C8; f">baˈf</word>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="n i &#x27D; o &#x2C8; &#x283;">niɽoˈʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.POSS" ph="s a k">sak</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing" ph="&#x257; au &#x2C8; &#x257;">ɗauˈɗ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x253; a &#x2C8; &#x257;">ɓaˈɗ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="b a &#x2C8; f">baˈf</word>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="n e &#x2C8; &#x273;">neˈɳ</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x272; o &#x2C8; d">ɲoˈd</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x27D; a t">ɽat</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x283; a m i &#x2C8; &#x261;">ʃamiˈɡ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="u t">ut</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="&#x273; ai &#x2C8; &#x273;">ɳaiˈɳ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="u t">ut</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="m au &#x2C8; &#x282;">mauˈʂ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="b a &#x2C8; f">baˈf</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="k o &#x282;">koʂ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="f i &#x2C8; s">fiˈs</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="b a &#x2C8; f">baˈf</word>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="n i &#x27D; o &#x2C8; &#x283;">niɽoˈʃ</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.POSS" ph="s a k">sak</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing" ph="&#x257; au &#x2C8; &#x257;">ɗauˈɗ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x253; a &#x2C8; &#x257;">ɓaˈɗ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="b a &#x2C8; f">baˈf</word>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="n e &#x2C8; &#x273;">neˈɳ</word>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ɲoˈd</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">ɽat</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ʃamiˈɡ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">ut</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">ɳaiˈɳ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">ut</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">mauˈʂ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">baˈf</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">koʂ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">fiˈs</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">baˈf</word>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">niɽoˈʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.POSS">sak</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="3.sing">ɗauˈɗ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">ɓaˈɗ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">baˈf</word>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">neˈɳ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɲod&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɽat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃaˈmiɡ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;indicative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɳaiɳ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;indicative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈmauʂ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈbaf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;koʂ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈfis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈbaf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;niˈɽoʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɗauɗ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɓaɗ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈbaf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈneɳ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ˈɲod ɽat ʃaˈmiɡut ˈɳaiɳut ˈmauʂis ˈbaf koʂ ˈfisis ˈbaf niˈɽoʃ sak ˈɗauɗis ˈɓaɗis ˈbaf ˈneɳ</p>
+  <p>њод р̇ат шамиґут н̇айн̇ут маўс̇ис баф кос̇ фисис баф нир̇ош сак д̱аўд̱ис б̱ад̱ис баф нен̇</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɲod</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɽat</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃaˈmiɡ</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ut</o>
+      <g>indicative</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɳaiɳ</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ut</o>
+      <g>indicative</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈmauʂ</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-i</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-s</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈbaf</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>koʂ</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈfis</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-i</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-s</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈbaf</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>niˈɽoʃ</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sak</o>
+      <g>3.sing.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɗauɗ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-i</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-s</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɓaɗ</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-i</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-s</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈbaf</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈneɳ</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Њод р̇ат шамиґут н̇айн̇ут маўс̇ис баф кос̇ фисис баф нир̇ош сак д̱аўд̱ис б̱ад̱ис баф нен̇.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: