Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Baush, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2verb:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module embed:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </subs> </np> </pp> </s>module nominalise:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> + </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - </np> </subs> </np> + </np> + </np> </pp> </s>tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> <subs> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="neut" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="neut" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> </np> + </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> + <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="neut"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="masc"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="neut"/> </np> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="masc"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="neut"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" gender="neut" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> - <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="masc"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="neut"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="neut"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> - </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="neut"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="neut" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"/> </np> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
calling defaultval for voice/
defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
calling defaultval for negation/
defaultval: verb, negation
returning POS
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STAaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="neut" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - </vp> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> - <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="neut" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="neut"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="neut" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="t͡ʃ a ɳ">t͡ʃaɳ</word> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="tˤ a s ai s">tˤasais</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="n a t͡ʃ">nat͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="ᵑǀ i sˤ">ᵑǀisˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="ə n">ən</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="nˤ ə ʂ">nˤəʂ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ">ŋ</thingy> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="neut" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ᵑǀˤ au">ᵑǀˤau</word> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="f u k">fuk</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA" ph="ᵑǀ i sˤ">ᵑǀisˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA" ph="b au ʂ">bauʂ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ">ŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" ph="ʈ i d">ʈid</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ">ŋ</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ɽ i j">ɽij</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" ph="s ai l">sail</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ">ŋ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="t͡ʃ i tˤ">t͡ʃitˤ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="t͡ʃ a ɳ">t͡ʃaɳ</word> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="tˤ a s ai s">tˤasais</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="n a t͡ʃ">nat͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="ᵑǀ i sˤ">ᵑǀisˤ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="ə n">ən</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="nˤ ə ʂ">nˤəʂ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ">ŋ</thingy> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="neut" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ᵑǀˤ au">ᵑǀˤau</word> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="f u k">fuk</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA" ph="ᵑǀ i sˤ">ᵑǀisˤ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA" ph="b au ʂ">bauʂ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ">ŋ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" ph="ʈ i d">ʈid</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ">ŋ</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ɽ i j">ɽij</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" ph="s ai l">sail</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ">ŋ</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="t͡ʃ i tˤ">t͡ʃitˤ</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">t͡ʃaɳ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">tˤasais</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">n</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">nat͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">ᵑǀisˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">ən</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">nˤəʂ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">ŋ</thingy> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="neut" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ᵑǀˤau</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.masc">fuk</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">n</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA">ᵑǀisˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">əb</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="STA">bauʂ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">ŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">ʈid</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">ŋ</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">ɽij</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">n</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem">sail</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">ŋ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">t͡ʃitˤ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃaɳ</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤasais</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nat͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀisˤ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ən</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nˤəʂ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀˤau</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fuk</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀisˤ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bauʂ</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈid</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽij</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sail</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃitˤ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span></p> + <p>t͡ʃaɳ tˤasaisən nat͡ʃ ᵑǀisˤən nˤəʂəŋ ᵑǀˤau fukən ᵑǀisˤəb bauʂəŋ ʈidəŋ ɽijən sailəŋ t͡ʃitˤ</p> + <p>charn ṭasaisen nach nciṣen ṇerseng nc̣au fuken nciṣeb baurseng rtideng rrijen saileng chiṭ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃaɳ</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤasais</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nat͡ʃ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀisˤ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ən</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nˤəʂ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ŋ</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀˤau</o> + <g>1incl.plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fuk</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀisˤ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bauʂ</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ŋ</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈid</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ŋ</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɽij</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sail</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ŋ</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃitˤ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Charn ṭasaisen nach nciṣen ṇerseng nc̣au fuken nciṣeb baurseng rtideng rrijen saileng chiṭ.
But our language arose in a different way.
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