Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Kap, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2verb:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sequential:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="then"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="then"> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nominalise:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module markowner:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> </relp> </np> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing
calling defaultval for obj/
defaultval: verb, obj
returning none
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: det, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for obj/
defaultval: verb, obj
returning none
calling defaultval for question/
defaultval: verb, question
returning not.Qaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/obj/obligatory
Got none
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/indobj/optional
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/obj/obligatory
Got 3.plur
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/indobj/optional
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 1incl.plur
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/negation/optional
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/mode/optional
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/obj/obligatory
Got none
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/indobj/optional
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/def/optional
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/optional<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing"/> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing"/> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing"/> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </relp> </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="then"> + <flat> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> - <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="then"> +<s connector="then" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="m a# k">ma#k</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="b">b</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ai n e r">ainer</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="u k">uk</thingy> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="a n">an</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="ə# f">ə#f</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="ai r">air</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="u k">uk</thingy> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="i p">ip</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="ə# f">ə#f</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="k a# p">ka#p</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="ə# f">ə#f</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="u l">ul</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="w i d">wid</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="a d">ad</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="u l">ul</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="d au">dau</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a f">af</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="a# s">a#s</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="u k">uk</thingy> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="a n">an</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="ə# f">ə#f</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="w ai l">wail</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="ə# f">ə#f</thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="q a r">qar</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="then" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="m a# k">ma#k</word> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="b">b</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ai n e r">ainer</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="u k">uk</thingy> - <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="a n">an</thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="ə# f">ə#f</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="ai r">air</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="u k">uk</thingy> - <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="i p">ip</thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="ə# f">ə#f</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="k a# p">ka#p</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="ə# f">ə#f</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="u l">ul</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="w i d">wid</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="a d">ad</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="u l">ul</thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="d au">dau</word> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a f">af</thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="a# s">a#s</word> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="u k">uk</thingy> - <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="a n">an</thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="ə# f">ə#f</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="w ai l">wail</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="ə# f">ə#f</thingy> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="q a r">qar</word> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj">ma#k</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST">b</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ainer</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ">uk</thingy> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none.OBJ">an</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">ə#f</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES">f</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">air</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ">uk</thingy> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.OBJ">ip</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">ə#f</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">ka#p</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">ə#f</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">ul</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl.plur">wid</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">ad</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">ul</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">dau</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">k</thingy> + <thingy type="detcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">af</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES">f</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">a#s</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.SUBJ">uk</thingy> + <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="none.OBJ">an</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">ə#f</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">wail</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">ə#f</thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">qar</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mãk</span><br><span class="gls">then</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">b-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ainer</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uk</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-an</span><br><span class="gls">none.<span class="glssc">OBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə̃f</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">f-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">air</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uk</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ip</span><br><span class="gls">3.plur.<span class="glssc">OBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə̃f</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kãp</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə̃f</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ul</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wid</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ad</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ul</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dau</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-k</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-af</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">f-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ãs</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uk</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-an</span><br><span class="gls">none.<span class="glssc">OBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə̃f</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wail</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə̃f</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qar</span><br><span class="gls">in_inside</span></span></p> + <p>mãk bainerukanə̃f fairukipə̃f kãpə̃ful widadul daukaf fãsukanə̃f wailə̃f qar</p> + <p>mank bainerukanẽf fairukipẽf kanpẽful widadul daukaf fansukanẽf wailẽf qar</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>mãk</o> + <g>then</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>b-</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ainer</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uk</o> + <g>3.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-an</o> + <g>none.OBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə̃f</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>f-</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>air</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uk</o> + <g>3.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ip</o> + <g>3.plur.OBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə̃f</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kãp</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə̃f</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ul</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wid</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ad</o> + <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ul</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dau</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-k</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-af</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>f-</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ãs</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uk</o> + <g>3.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-an</o> + <g>none.OBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə̃f</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wail</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə̃f</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qar</o> + <g>in_inside</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Mank bainerukanẽf fairukipẽf kanpẽful widadul daukaf fansukanẽf wailẽf qar.
But our language arose in a different way.
Useful pages: