Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Pootish, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sequential:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for def/
defaultval: noun, def
returning not.def
calling defaultval for def/
defaultval: noun, def
returning not.defaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/obligatory
Got not.def
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/def/obligatory
Got not.def<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡ɕ a ˈ ŋ">t͡ɕaˈŋ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="f i θ">fiθ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="d ø ˈ m">døˈm</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɾ y ˈ s">ɾyˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="u w">uw</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="d y ˈ p">dyˈp</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="j y ˈ j">jyˈj</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="m u ˈ j">muˈj</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="u w">uw</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="s o ˈ d">soˈd</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="ø ɡ">øɡ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t i ˈ r">tiˈr</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="l u ˈ b">luˈb</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="m i k e ˈ s+t">mikeˈst</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="ø ɡ">øɡ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t i ˈ r">tiˈr</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡ɕ a ˈ ŋ">t͡ɕaˈŋ</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="f i θ">fiθ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="d ø ˈ m">døˈm</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɾ y ˈ s">ɾyˈs</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="u w">uw</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="d y ˈ p">dyˈp</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="j y ˈ j">jyˈj</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="m u ˈ j">muˈj</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="u w">uw</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="s o ˈ d">soˈd</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="ø ɡ">øɡ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t i ˈ r">tiˈr</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="l u ˈ b">luˈb</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="m i k e ˈ s+t">mikeˈst</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="ø ɡ">øɡ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t i ˈ r">tiˈr</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">t͡ɕaˈŋ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">k</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">fiθ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">døˈm</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">ɾyˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">ik</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">uw</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">dyˈp</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">jyˈj</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">muˈj</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">ik</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">uw</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">soˈd</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">ik</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">øɡ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">tiˈr</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">luˈb</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">mikeˈst</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">ik</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">øɡ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">tiˈr</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕaŋ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-k</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fiθ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdøm</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɾys</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ik</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uw</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdyp</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈjyj</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmuj</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ik</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uw</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsod</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ik</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-øɡ</span><br><span class="gls">not.def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtir</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈlub</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">miˈkest</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ik</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-øɡ</span><br><span class="gls">not.def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtir</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>ˈt͡ɕaŋik fiθ ˈdøm ˈɾysikuw ˈdyp ˈjyj ˈmujikuw ˈsodikøɡ ˈtir ˈlub miˈkestikøɡ ˈtir</p> + <p>tjangic phith deum ḍusicoubh dup juj moujicoubh sodiceug tir loub micesticeug tir</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ɕaŋ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-k</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fiθ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdøm</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɾys</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ik</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uw</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdyp</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈjyj</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmuj</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ik</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uw</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsod</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ik</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-øɡ</o> + <g>not.def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtir</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈlub</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>miˈkest</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ik</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-øɡ</o> + <g>not.def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtir</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Tjangic phith deum ḍusicoubh dup juj moujicoubh sodiceug tir loub micesticeug tir.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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