Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Gan, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2noun:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+      </np>
+      <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module NRel:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+  <np id="parent">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+    </np>
+    <relp comma="after">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module complementise: No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity: No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        </np>
        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder: No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        </np>
        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.6">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
-      <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5">
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        </np>
-        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.6">
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.6" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
-      <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="sing">
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        </np>
        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns: No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.6" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="sing">
-        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        </np>
-        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5">
+        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen: No change.

module wordorder: No change.

module wordorder: No change.

module wordorder: No change.

module conjp: No change.

flattenconjp: No change.

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.6" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="sing">
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        </np>
        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.6" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="sing">
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.6" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.6" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1incl.plur">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="sing">
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      </vp>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.6" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
-      <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="sing">
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/>
    </np>
-      </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1incl.plur">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/def/optional
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/def/optional
Got def

addaffixes:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+      <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/>
+        <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1incl.plur">
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+        <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+      <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6">
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+      <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1incl.plur">
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6">
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|f|u|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|f|ɯ|b|ai|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">-|kʷ|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|kʷ|ɯ̰|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">|ɡ|a|n|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">|m|au|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">|ŋ|i|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|kʷ|ɯ̰|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after">|d|ɤː|ɾ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">|ɡ|o̰|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|n|ɯ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">|ʃ|o|w|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6">|f|au|kʼ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6.POSS">|kʼ|ɯ̰|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">|p|eː|ɡ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony: No change.

### |f|u|
#-> fu
### |f|u|
#-> fu
### |f|ɯ|b|ai|
#-> fɯbai
### |f|ɯ|b|ai|
#-> fɯbai
### -|kʷ|a|
#-> -kʷa
### -|kʷ|a|
#-> -kʷa
### -|kʷ|ɯ̰|
#-> -kʷɯ̰
### -|kʷ|ɯ̰|
#-> -kʷɯ̰
### |ɡ|a|n|
#-> ɡan
### |ɡ|a|n|
#-> ɡan
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### -,
#-> -,
### |m|au|
#-> mau
### |m|au|
#-> mau
### |ŋ|i|
#-> ŋi
### |ŋ|i|
#-> ŋi
### -|kʷ|ɯ̰|
#-> -kʷɯ̰
### -|kʷ|ɯ̰|
#-> -kʷɯ̰
### |d|ɤː|ɾ|
#-> dɤːɾ
### |d|ɤː|ɾ|
#-> dɤːɾ
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### |ɡ|o̰|
#-> ɡo̰
### |ɡ|o̰|
#-> ɡo̰
### -,
#-> -,
### |n|ɯ|
#-> nɯ
### |n|ɯ|
#-> nɯ
### |ʃ|o|w|
#-> ʃow
### |ʃ|o|w|
#-> ʃow
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### |f|au|kʼ|
#-> faukʼ
### |f|au|kʼ|
#-> faukʼ
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### |kʼ|ɯ̰|
#-> kʼɯ̰
### |kʼ|ɯ̰|
#-> kʼɯ̰
### |p|eː|ɡ|
#-> peːɡ
### |p|eː|ɡ|
#-> peːɡ
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### |f|u| |f|ɯ|b|ai||kʷ|a||kʷ|ɯ̰| |ɡ|a|n||o̰||p|ṵ|, |m|au| |ŋ|i||kʷ|ɯ̰| |d|ɤː|ɾ||o̰||p|ṵ| |ɡ|o̰|, |n|ɯ| |ʃ|o|w||o̰||p|ṵ| |f|au|kʼ||o̰| |kʼ|ɯ̰| |p|eː|ɡ||o̰||p|ṵ|
#-> fu fɯbaikʷakʷɯ̰ ɡano̰pṵ, mau ŋikʷɯ̰ dɤːɾo̰pṵ ɡo̰, nɯ ʃowo̰pṵ faukʼo̰ kʼɯ̰ peːɡo̰pṵ

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|f|u|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|f|ɯ|b|ai|</word>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">-|kʷ|a|</thingy>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|kʷ|ɯ̰|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">|ɡ|a|n|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">|m|au|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" obj="3.plur.cl.1">|ŋ|i|</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|kʷ|ɯ̰|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after">|d|ɤː|ɾ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">|ɡ|o̰|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|n|ɯ|</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">|ʃ|o|w|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6">|f|au|kʼ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6.POSS">|kʼ|ɯ̰|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">|p|eː|ɡ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fɯbai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-kʷa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-kʷɯ̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-o̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-pṵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-kʷɯ̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dɤːɾ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-o̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-pṵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡo̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nɯ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃow&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-o̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-pṵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;faukʼ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-o̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʼɯ̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.cl.6.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;peːɡ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-o̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-pṵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>fu fɯbaikʷakʷɯ̰ ɡano̰pṵ, mau ŋikʷɯ̰ dɤːɾo̰pṵ ɡo̰, nɯ ʃowo̰pṵ faukʼo̰ kʼɯ̰ peːɡo̰pṵ</p>
+  <p>फ़ु फ़्विब्ऽक्वक्व्विः गनोःपुः, म्च् ङिक्व्विः द्वैरोःपुः गोः, न्वि षोवोःपुः फ़्च्क़ओः क़विः पैगोःपुः</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>fu</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fɯbai</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-kʷa</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-kʷɯ̰</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡan</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-o̰</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-pṵ</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-,</o>
+      <g>no.owner.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mau</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋi</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-kʷɯ̰</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dɤːɾ</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-o̰</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-pṵ</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡo̰</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-,</o>
+      <g>no.owner.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nɯ</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃow</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-o̰</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-pṵ</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>faukʼ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-o̰</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʼɯ̰</o>
+      <g>3.sing.cl.6.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>peːɡ</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-o̰</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-pṵ</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

फ़ु फ़्विब्ऽक्वक्व्विः गनोःपुः । म्च् ङिक्व्विः द्वैरोःपुः गोः । न्वि षोवोःपुः फ़्च्क़ओः क़विः पैगोःपुः ॥

But our language arose in a different way.

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