Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Nuch, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: adj, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: adj, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for all/adj/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for whole/adj/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/def/optional<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="e x">ex</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="d e t͡ʃ">det͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="i t͡s">it͡s</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="p i s">pis</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="u ʋ">uʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɲ a s">ɲas</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="i k">ik</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ʑ e b">ʑeb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" ph="t a p">tap</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="l e n">len</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="n o m">nom</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʑ a b">ʑab</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="θ a ɲ i f">θaɲif</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="n o m">nom</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="e x">ex</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="d e t͡ʃ">det͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="i t͡s">it͡s</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="p i s">pis</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="u ʋ">uʋ</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɲ a s">ɲas</word> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="i k">ik</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ʑ e b">ʑeb</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" ph="t a p">tap</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="l e n">len</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="n o m">nom</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʑ a b">ʑab</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="θ a ɲ i f">θaɲif</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="n o m">nom</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">f</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ex</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">det͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">it͡s</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">pis</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">uʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">ep</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ɲas</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">ik</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">ʑeb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">el</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">ep</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">tap</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">el</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">ep</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">len</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">el</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">nom</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ʑab</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">θaɲif</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">el</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">nom</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">f-</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ex</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">det͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">it͡s</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pis</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʋ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ep</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲas</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ik</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʑeb</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-el</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ep</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tap</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-el</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ep</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">len</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-el</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nom</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʑab</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">θaɲif</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-el</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nom</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>fex det͡ʃ ʃit͡s pisuʋep ɲas ʃik ʑebelep tapelep lenel nom ʑab θaɲifel nom</p> + <p>fekh dech shitz pisuwep ñas shik ʑebelep tapelep lenel nom ʑab thañifel nom</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>f-</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ex</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>det͡ʃ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>it͡s</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pis</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʋ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ep</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲas</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ik</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʑeb</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-el</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ep</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tap</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-el</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ep</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>len</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-el</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nom</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʑab</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>θaɲif</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-el</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nom</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Fekh dech shitz pisuwep ñas shik ʑebelep tapelep lenel nom ʑab thañifel nom.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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