Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Kb, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <relp>
+      <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+      </vp>
+      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+            <relp>
+              <vp tam="pres-state">
+                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
+              </vp>
+              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
              </np>
+            </relp>
+          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
+    </relp>
+  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state">
+      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
-              <vp tam="pres-state">
+              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module NRel:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
-    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
-        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
+  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
+    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
-            <relp>
+        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
+          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+          </np>
+          <relp comma="after">
+            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
-              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
-                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-              </np>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
+    <relp comma="after">
+      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+      </np>
+      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors: No change.

module complementise: No change.

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity: No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
+        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder: No change.

module casemarking:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
-            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module markowner: No change.

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
+  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur">
    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
-        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
+        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing">
          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

createpronouns: No change.

module markowned:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur">
-    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="">
+  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
-        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing">
-          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
+        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
-            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA">
+            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA">
+      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" number="plur">
+  <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module ngen: No change.

module wordorder: No change.

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
-            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+              <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
+              <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+          <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
              <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/>
            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
-              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
              <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
-              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
+              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
              <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
-          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+          <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur">
-        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
Got STA

addaffixes:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/>
+            <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
              <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
              <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
</s>

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
-    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
-      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-          </np>
-          <relp comma="after">
-            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-            </np>
-            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
-              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-            </vp>
-          </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-        </np>
-      </pp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur">
-        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur"/>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-      </vp>
-    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|l|au|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|k|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">|d|ɜ|ɓ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|b|ə|</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|ʋ|ɘ|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">|d|ɘ|kʷ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|b|ə|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">|n|ai|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after">|ɲ|au|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">|s|aː|</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">|n|ai|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" comma="after">|l|ɘ|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">|s|aː|</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur">|j|ə|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɡ|ɘː|b|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|b|ə|</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɓ|ɜ|</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|f|ɜː|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ŋʷ|a|ŋʷ|a|ɓ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|b|ə|</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɓ|ɜ|</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|l|au|</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|k|a|</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">|d|ɜ|ɓ|</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|b|ə|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|ɜ|b|ə|</thingy>
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|ʋ|ɘ|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">|d|ɘ|kʷ|</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|b|ə|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|ɜ|b|ə|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">|n|ai|</word>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after">|ɲ|au|</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">|s|aː|</word>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">|n|ai|</word>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" comma="after">|l|ɘ|</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">|s|aː|</word>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur">|j|ə|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɡ|ɘː|b|</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|b|ə|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|ɜ|b|ə|</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɓ|ɜ|</word>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|f|ɜː|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ŋʷ|a|ŋʷ|a|ɓ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|b|ə|</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɓ|ɜ|</word>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

### |l|au|
#-> lau
### |l|au|
#-> lau
### |k|a|
#-> ka
### |k|a|
#-> ka
### |d|ɜ|ɓ|
#-> dɜɓ
### |d|ɜ|ɓ|
#-> dɜɓ
### -|ɜ|b|ə|
#-> -ɜbə
### -|ɜ|b|ə|
#-> -ɜbə
### |ʋ|ɘ|
#-> ʋɘ
### |ʋ|ɘ|
#-> ʋɘ
### |d|ɘ|kʷ|
#-> dɘkʷ
### |d|ɘ|kʷ|
#-> dɘkʷ
### -|ɜ|b|ə|
#-> -ɜbə
### -|ɜ|b|ə|
#-> -ɜbə
### -,
#-> -,
### |n|ai|
#-> nai
### |n|ai|
#-> nai
### |ɲ|au|
#-> ɲau
### |ɲ|au|
#-> ɲau
### -,
#-> -,
### |s|aː|
#-> saː
### |s|aː|
#-> saː
### -,
#-> -,
### |n|ai|
#-> nai
### |n|ai|
#-> nai
### |l|ɘ|
#-> lɘ
### |l|ɘ|
#-> lɘ
### -,
#-> -,
### |s|aː|
#-> saː
### |s|aː|
#-> saː
### |j|ə|
#-> jə
### |j|ə|
#-> jə
### |ɡ|ɘː|b|
#-> ɡɘːb
### |ɡ|ɘː|b|
#-> ɡɘːb
### -|ɜ|b|ə|
#-> -ɜbə
### -|ɜ|b|ə|
#-> -ɜbə
### |ɓ|ɜ|
#-> ɓɜ
### |ɓ|ɜ|
#-> ɓɜ
### |f|ɜː|
#-> fɜː
### |f|ɜː|
#-> fɜː
### |ŋʷ|a|ŋʷ|a|ɓ|
#-> ŋʷaŋʷaɓ
### |ŋʷ|a|ŋʷ|a|ɓ|
#-> ŋʷaŋʷaɓ
### -|a|b|ə|
#-> -abə
### -|a|b|ə|
#-> -abə
### |ɓ|ɜ|
#-> ɓɜ
### |ɓ|ɜ|
#-> ɓɜ
### |l|au| |k|a| |d|ɜ|ɓ||ɜ|b|ə| |ʋ|ɘ| |d|ɘ|kʷ||ɜ|b|ə|, |n|ai| |ɲ|au|, |s|aː|, |n|ai| |l|ɘ|, |s|aː| |j|ə| |ɡ|ɘː|b||ɜ|b|ə| |ɓ|ɜ| |f|ɜː| |ŋʷ|a|ŋʷ|a|ɓ||a|b|ə| |ɓ|ɜ|
#-> lau ka dɜɓɜbə ʋɘ dɘkʷɜbə, nai ɲau, saː, nai lɘ, saː jə ɡɘːbɜbə ɓɜ fɜː ŋʷaŋʷaɓabə ɓɜ

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|l|au|</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|k|a|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">|d|ɜ|ɓ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|ɜ|b|ə|</thingy>
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|ʋ|ɘ|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" possessor="no.owner">|d|ɘ|kʷ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|ɜ|b|ə|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">|n|ai|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" comma="after">|ɲ|au|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">|s|aː|</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">|n|ai|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur" comma="after">|l|ɘ|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">|s|aː|</word>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur">|j|ə|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɡ|ɘː|b|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|ɜ|b|ə|</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɓ|ɜ|</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|f|ɜː|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ŋʷ|a|ŋʷ|a|ɓ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|b|ə|</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɓ|ɜ|</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;lau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dɜɓ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɜbə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;STA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʋɘ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dɘkʷ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɜbə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;STA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;saː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;lɘ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;saː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;jə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡɘːb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɜbə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;STA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɓɜ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fɜː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋʷaŋʷaɓ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-abə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;STA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɓɜ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>lau ka dɜɓɜbə ʋɘ dɘkʷɜbə, nai ɲau, saː, nai lɘ, saː jə ɡɘːbɜbə ɓɜ fɜː ŋʷaŋʷaɓabə ɓɜ</p>
+  <p>лаў ка дԉб̱ԉбҭ̇ вұ дұквԉбҭ̇, най њаў, саа, най лұ, саа јҭ̇ ґөбԉбҭ̇ б̱ԉ фю ӈваӈваб̱абҭ̇ б̱ԉ</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>lau</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ka</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dɜɓ</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɜbə</o>
+      <g>STA</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʋɘ</o>
+      <g>in_surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dɘkʷ</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɜbə</o>
+      <g>STA</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-,</o>
+      <g>no.owner.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nai</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲau</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-,</o>
+      <g>PRES</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>saː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-,</o>
+      <g>no.owner.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nai</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>lɘ</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-,</o>
+      <g>PRES</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>saː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>jə</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡɘːb</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɜbə</o>
+      <g>STA</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɓɜ</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fɜː</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋʷaŋʷaɓ</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-abə</o>
+      <g>STA</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɓɜ</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Лаў ка дԉб̱ԉбҭ̇ вұ дұквԉбҭ̇, най њаў, саа, най лұ, саа јҭ̇ ґөбԉбҭ̇ б̱ԉ фю ӈваӈваб̱абҭ̇ б̱ԉ.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

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