Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Ider, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for all/adj/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for whole/adj/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/optional
Got sing<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph="t͡ʃ">t͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="e ˈ ɾʷ">eˈɾʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ɶ ɡ">ɶɡ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="t͡ʂ ɵː ˈ s">t͡ʂɵːˈs</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="m ɞ ˈ m">mɞˈm</word> + <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ɔː k͡xʷ">ɔːk͡xʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="nʷ">nʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="a nʷ">anʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ɵ ˈ w">ɵˈw</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="d yː ˈ k">dyːˈk</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡ʂ ɵː ˈ s">t͡ʂɵːˈs</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡ʃ ɔ ˈ j">t͡ʃɔˈj</word> + <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="nʷ">nʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ɛː ˈ d͡ʐ">ɛːˈd͡ʐ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="p͡f e ˈ ŋʷ">p͡feˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="nʷ">nʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="o ˈ ɡʷ">oˈɡʷ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɲ ø ˈ ɡʷ">ɲøˈɡʷ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="p͡f e ˈ ŋʷ">p͡feˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="nʷ">nʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɔi ˈ d͡ʐ y tʷ ʉː ɡ">ɔiˈd͡ʐytʷʉːɡ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph="t͡ʃ">t͡ʃ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="e ˈ ɾʷ">eˈɾʷ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ɶ ɡ">ɶɡ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="t͡ʂ ɵː ˈ s">t͡ʂɵːˈs</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="m ɞ ˈ m">mɞˈm</word> - <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ɔː k͡xʷ">ɔːk͡xʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="nʷ">nʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="a nʷ">anʷ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ɵ ˈ w">ɵˈw</word> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="d yː ˈ k">dyːˈk</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡ʂ ɵː ˈ s">t͡ʂɵːˈs</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡ʃ ɔ ˈ j">t͡ʃɔˈj</word> - <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="nʷ">nʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ɛː ˈ d͡ʐ">ɛːˈd͡ʐ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="p͡f e ˈ ŋʷ">p͡feˈŋʷ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="nʷ">nʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="o ˈ ɡʷ">oˈɡʷ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɲ ø ˈ ɡʷ">ɲøˈɡʷ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="p͡f e ˈ ŋʷ">p͡feˈŋʷ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="nʷ">nʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɔi ˈ d͡ʐ y tʷ ʉː ɡ">ɔiˈd͡ʐytʷʉːɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q">t͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">eˈɾʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ɶɡ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">t͡ʂɵːˈs</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">mɞˈm</word> + <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">ɔːk͡xʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">nʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur">anʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">ɵˈw</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">dyːˈk</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">t͡ʂɵːˈs</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">t͡ʃɔˈj</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">nʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">ɛːˈd͡ʐ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">p͡feˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">nʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">oˈɡʷ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ɲøˈɡʷ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">p͡feˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">nʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ɔiˈd͡ʐytʷʉːɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃ-</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɾʷ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɶɡ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʂɵːs</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmɞm</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɔːk͡xʷ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nʷ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">anʷ-</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɵw</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdyːk</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʂɵːs</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃɔj</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nʷ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɛːd͡ʐ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈp͡feŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nʷ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈoɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲøɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈp͡feŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nʷ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɔid͡ʐytʷʉːɡ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span></p> + <p>ˈt͡ʃeɾʷɶɡ ˈt͡ʂɵːs ˈmɞmɔːk͡xʷ nʷaˈnʷɵw ˈdyːk ˈt͡ʂɵːs ˈt͡ʃɔj ˈnʷɛːd͡ʐ ˈp͡feŋʷ ˈnʷoɡʷ ˈɲøɡʷ ˈp͡feŋʷ ˈnʷɔid͡ʐytʷʉːɡ</p> + <p>cherwɶg t͡ʂɵɵs mɞmookkhw nwanwɵw dyyk t͡ʂɵɵs choj nwææd͡ʐ pfengw nwógw ñögw pfengw nwɔid͡ʐytwʉʉg</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃ-</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɾʷ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɶɡ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʂɵːs</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmɞm</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɔːk͡xʷ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nʷ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>anʷ-</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɵw</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdyːk</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʂɵːs</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃɔj</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nʷ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɛːd͡ʐ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈp͡feŋʷ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nʷ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈoɡʷ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲøɡʷ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈp͡feŋʷ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nʷ-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɔid͡ʐytʷʉːɡ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Cherwɶg t͡ʂɵɵs mɞmookkhw nwanwɵw dyyk t͡ʂɵɵs choj nwææd͡ʐ pfengw nwógw ñögw pfengw nwɔid͡ʐytwʉʉg.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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