Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Tatiti, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2noun:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module sequential:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="then"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="then"> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module subordinate:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> </np> + </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> + <np def="def"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> + <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np def="def"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> </np> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - </np> - </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np def="def"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/> </np> <np role="owned" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/case/optional
Got GEN<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/> </np> <np role="owned" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="then"> + <flat> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number"/> - </np> - <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="then"> +<s connector="then" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="ɲ i" slots="Cir V1">ɲi</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="t" slots="Cip">t</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="n a j" slots="Cip V2 Cip">naj</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="n" slots="Cmp">n</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="k a k" slots="Cip V2 Cmp">kak</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="k i t" slots="Cip V2 Cir">kit</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɾ u t a ɾ i ɲ i" slots="Cmr V1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2 Cmr V2">ɾutaɾiɲi</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="t" slots="Cip">t</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="n a j" slots="Cip V2 Cip">naj</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="n" slots="Cmp">n</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="k a k" slots="Cip V2 Cmp">kak</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="ɾ i ɾ" slots="Cip V2 Cir">ɾiɾ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3" ph="ɲ a ɾ a" slots="Cmr V1 Cmr V2">ɲaɾa</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" ph="t a t i t i" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2">tatiti</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="t a n i" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2">tani</word> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ɾ u k i" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2">ɾuki</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɲ i j u" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1">ɲiju</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" ph="ɲ a j a" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2">ɲaja</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" ph="k u n i n a" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2">kunina</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="k i n" slots="Cip V2 Cir">kin</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u ɾ i k i" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2">tuɾiki</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
<s connector="then" translation=""> <flat> <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="ɲ i" slots="Cir V1">ɲi</word> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="t" slots="Cip">t</thingy> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="n a j" slots="Cip V2 Cip">naj</thingy> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="n" slots="Cmp">n</thingy> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="k a k" slots="Cip V2 Cmp">kak</thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="k i t" slots="Cip V2 Cir">kit</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɾ u t a ɾ i ɲ i" slots="Cmr V1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2 Cmr V2">ɾutaɾiɲi</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="k u t" slots="Cip V2 Cir" underlying="k i t">kut</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɾ u t a ɾ u ɲ u" slots="Cmr V1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2 Cmr V2" underlying="ɾ u t a ɾ i ɲ i">ɾutaɾuɲu</word> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="t" slots="Cip">t</thingy> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="n a j" slots="Cip V2 Cip">naj</thingy> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="n" slots="Cmp">n</thingy> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="k a k" slots="Cip V2 Cmp">kak</thingy> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="ɾ i ɾ" slots="Cip V2 Cir">ɾiɾ</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3" ph="ɲ a ɾ a" slots="Cmr V1 Cmr V2">ɲaɾa</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" ph="t a t i t i" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2">tatiti</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="t a n i" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2">tani</word> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ɾ u k i" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2">ɾuki</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɲ i j u" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1">ɲiju</word> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ɾ u k u" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2" underlying="ɾ u k i">ɾuku</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɲ u j u" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1" underlying="ɲ i j u">ɲuju</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" ph="ɲ a j a" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2">ɲaja</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" ph="k u n i n a" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2">kunina</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="k i n" slots="Cip V2 Cir">kin</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u ɾ i k i" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2">tuɾiki</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" ph="k u n u n a" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2" underlying="k u n i n a">kununa</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="k u n" slots="Cip V2 Cir" underlying="k i n">kun</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u ɾ u k u" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2" underlying="t u ɾ i k i">tuɾuku</word> </flat> </s>applysandhi:
/t/ + /n/ > // + /n/
/j/ + /n/ > // + /j/
/j/ + /k/ > // + /j/
/k/ + /k/ > // + /k/
/t/ + /ɾ/ > // + /t/
/t/ + /n/ > // + /n/
/j/ + /n/ > // + /j/
/j/ + /k/ > // + /j/
/k/ + /ɾ/ > // + /k/
/ɾ/ + /ɲ/ > // + /ɲ/
/n/ + /t/ > // + /n/<s connector="then" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="ɲ i" slots="Cir V1">ɲi</word> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="t" slots="Cip">t</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="n a j" slots="Cip V2 Cip">naj</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="n" slots="Cmp">n</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="k a k" slots="Cip V2 Cmp">kak</thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="k u t" slots="Cip V2 Cir" underlying="k i t">kut</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɾ u t a ɾ u ɲ u" slots="Cmr V1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2 Cmr V2" underlying="ɾ u t a ɾ i ɲ i">ɾutaɾuɲu</word> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="t" slots="Cip">t</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="n a j" slots="Cip V2 Cip">naj</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="n" slots="Cmp">n</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="k a k" slots="Cip V2 Cmp">kak</thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="ɾ i ɾ" slots="Cip V2 Cir">ɾiɾ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3" ph="ɲ a ɾ a" slots="Cmr V1 Cmr V2">ɲaɾa</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" ph="t a t i t i" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2">tatiti</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="t a n i" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2">tani</word> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ɾ u k u" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2" underlying="ɾ u k i">ɾuku</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɲ u j u" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1" underlying="ɲ i j u">ɲuju</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" ph="ɲ a j a" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2">ɲaja</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" ph="k u n u n a" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2" underlying="k u n i n a">kununa</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="k u n" slots="Cip V2 Cir" underlying="k i n">kun</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u ɾ u k u" slots="Cir V1 Cmr V2 Cmr V2" underlying="t u ɾ i k i">tuɾuku</word> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="ɲ i">ɲi</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="t"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="n a" underlying="n a j">na</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="n"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="j a" underlying="k a k">ja</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="k u" underlying="k i t">ku</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t u t a ɾ u ɲ u" underlying="ɾ u t a ɾ i ɲ i">tutaɾuɲu</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="t"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="n a" underlying="n a j">na</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="n"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="j a" underlying="k a k">ja</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="k i" underlying="ɾ i ɾ">ki</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3" ph="ɲ a ɾ a">ɲaɾa</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" ph="t a t i t i">tatiti</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="t a n i">tani</word> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ɾ u k u" underlying="ɾ u k i">ɾuku</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɲ u j u" underlying="ɲ i j u">ɲuju</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" ph="ɲ a j a">ɲaja</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" ph="k u n u n a" underlying="k u n i n a">kununa</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="k u" underlying="k i n">ku</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="n u ɾ u k u" underlying="t u ɾ i k i">nuɾuku</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s connector="then" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="ɲ i">ɲi</word> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="t"></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="n a" underlying="n a j">na</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="n"></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="j a" underlying="k a k">ja</thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="k u" underlying="k i t">ku</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t u t a ɾ u ɲ u" underlying="ɾ u t a ɾ i ɲ i">tutaɾuɲu</word> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="t"></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="n a" underlying="n a j">na</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="n"></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="j a" underlying="k a k">ja</thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="k i" underlying="ɾ i ɾ">ki</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3" ph="ɲ a ɾ a">ɲaɾa</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" ph="t a t i t i">tatiti</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="t a n i">tani</word> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ɾ u k u" underlying="ɾ u k i">ɾuku</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɲ u j u" underlying="ɲ i j u">ɲuju</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" ph="ɲ a j a">ɲaja</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" ph="k u n u n a" underlying="k u n i n a">kununa</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="k u" underlying="k i n">ku</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="n u ɾ u k u" underlying="t u ɾ i k i">nuɾuku</word> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj">ɲi</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.SUBJ" underlying="t"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" underlying="n a j">na</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" underlying="n"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" underlying="k a k">ja</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" underlying="k i t">ku</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" underlying="ɾ u t a ɾ i ɲ i">tutaɾuɲu</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.SUBJ" underlying="t"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" underlying="n a j">na</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" underlying="n"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" underlying="k a k">ja</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" underlying="ɾ i ɾ">ki</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">ɲaɾa</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">tatiti</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">tani</word> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" underlying="ɾ u k i">ɾuku</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" underlying="ɲ i j u">ɲuju</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def">ɲaja</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" underlying="k u n i n a">kununa</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" underlying="k i n">ku</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" underlying="t u ɾ i k i">nuɾuku</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲi</span><br><span class="gls">then</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">3.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">naj-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">n-</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kak-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kit-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɾutaɾiɲi</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">3.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">naj-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">n-</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kak-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɾiɾ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaɾa</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tatiti</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tani</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɾuki</span><br><span class="gls">1incl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲiju</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaja</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kunina</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kin-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tuɾiki</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span></p> + <p>ɲi najakututaɾuɲu najakiɲaɾa tatiti tani ɾuku ɲuju ɲaja kununa kunuɾuku</p> + <p>њи најакутутаруњу најакињара татити тани руку њују њаја кунуна кунуруку</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɲi</o> + <g>then</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>3.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>naj-</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>n-</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kak-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kit-</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɾutaɾiɲi</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>3.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>naj-</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>n-</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kak-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɾiɾ-</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaɾa</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tatiti</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tani</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɾuki</o> + <g>1incl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲiju</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaja</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kunina</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kin-</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tuɾiki</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Њи најакутутаруњу најакињара татити тани руку њују њаја кунуна кунуруку.
But our language arose in a different way.
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