Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Kolak, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module adj2noun:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+  <np role="subj">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
+      </np>
+      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+          <np type="owner_owned">
+            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
+            </np>
+            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
            </np>
+          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
+    </np>
+  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned">
            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
            </np>
            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned">
            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
            </np>
            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned">
            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
            </np>
            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module NRel: No change.

module sentenceconnectors: No change.

module subordinate: No change.

module affixdensity: No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
+          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np type="owner_owned">
            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
            </np>
            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder: No change.

module casemarking: No change.

module markowner:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj">
    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np type="owner_owned">
-            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
            </np>
            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module addgender:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
+    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
-          <np type="owner_owned">
+          <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1">
            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
            </np>
-            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj">
-    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
+  <np role="subj" number="sing">
+    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
-          <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1">
+          <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
            </np>
            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
+  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

createpronouns: No change.

module ngen: No change.

module wordorder: No change.

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" number="sing">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
            </np>
            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder: No change.

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" number="sing">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
            </np>
            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" number="sing">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
            </np>
            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
            </np>
            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
            </np>
            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
-    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
+  <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="plur" role="subj">
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
    </np>
    <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
          <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
          </np>
          <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
  </np>
-  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
-  <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="plur" role="subj">
  <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
  </np>
  <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
-        <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
      </np>
-        </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
  </np>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
  </np>
  <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
+      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for one/num/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: num, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for one/num/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: num, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing

addaffixes:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
  <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="numcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="numcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
</s>

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-  </np>
-  <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-      </np>
-      <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-      </np>
-    </pp>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="numcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="numcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="numcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="numcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|p|o|l|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">-|i|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|h|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">-|a|p|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|k|i|k|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|a|h|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|a|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">|t|e|w|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|e|w|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">-|i|</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|t|a|p|a|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|w|i|w|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|a|h|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|a|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">|k|a|s|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|e|w|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|a|</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">|l|a|</word>
+    <thingy type="numcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|k|i|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">|s|o|p|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|e|w|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|a|</thingy>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|h|a|</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">|l|a|</word>
+    <thingy type="numcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|k|i|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">|f|a|p|i|l|e|s|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|e|w|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|a|</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|p|o|l|</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">-|i|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">-|u|</thingy>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|h|</thingy>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">-|a|p|a|</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|k|i|k|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|a|h|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">|t|e|w|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|e|w|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">-|i|</thingy>
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|t|a|p|a|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|w|i|w|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|a|h|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">|k|a|s|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|e|w|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">|l|a|</word>
    <thingy type="numcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|k|i|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">|s|o|p|</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|e|w|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o|w|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|h|a|</word>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">|l|a|</word>
    <thingy type="numcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|k|i|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">|f|a|p|i|l|e|s|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|e|w|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|a|</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

### |p|o|l|
#-> pol
### |p|o|l|
#-> pol
### -|u|
#-> -u
### -|u|
#-> -u
### -|h|
#-> -h
### -|h|
#-> -h
### -|a|p|a|
#-> -apa
### -|a|p|a|
#-> -apa
### |k|i|k|
#-> kik
### |k|i|k|
#-> kik
### -|a|h|
#-> -ah
### -|a|h|
#-> -ah
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |t|e|w|
#-> tew
### |t|e|w|
#-> tew
### -|e|w|
#-> -ew
### -|e|w|
#-> -ew
### -|i|
#-> -i
### -|i|
#-> -i
### |t|a|p|a|
#-> tapa
### |t|a|p|a|
#-> tapa
### |w|i|w|
#-> wiw
### |w|i|w|
#-> wiw
### -|a|h|
#-> -ah
### -|a|h|
#-> -ah
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |k|a|s|
#-> kas
### |k|a|s|
#-> kas
### -|e|w|
#-> -ew
### -|e|w|
#-> -ew
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |l|a|
#-> la
### |l|a|
#-> la
### -|k|i|
#-> -ki
### -|k|i|
#-> -ki
### |s|o|p|
#-> sop
### |s|o|p|
#-> sop
### -|o|w|
#-> -ow
### -|o|w|
#-> -ow
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |h|a|
#-> ha
### |h|a|
#-> ha
### |l|a|
#-> la
### |l|a|
#-> la
### -|k|i|
#-> -ki
### -|k|i|
#-> -ki
### |f|a|p|i|l|e|s|
#-> fapiles
### |f|a|p|i|l|e|s|
#-> fapiles
### -|e|w|
#-> -ew
### -|e|w|
#-> -ew
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |p|o|l||u||h||a|p|a| |k|i|k||a|h||a| |t|e|w||e|w||i| |t|a|p|a| |w|i|w||a|h||a| |k|a|s||e|w||a| |l|a||k|i| |s|o|p||o|w||a| |h|a| |l|a||k|i| |f|a|p|i|l|e|s||e|w||a|
#-> poluhapa kikaha tewewi tapa wiwaha kasewa laki sopowa ha laki fapilesewa

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|p|o|l|</word>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">-|u|</thingy>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|h|</thingy>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">-|a|p|a|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|k|i|k|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|a|h|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">|t|e|w|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|e|w|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">-|i|</thingy>
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|t|a|p|a|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|w|i|w|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|a|h|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">|k|a|s|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|e|w|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">|l|a|</word>
    <thingy type="numcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|k|i|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">|s|o|p|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o|w|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|h|a|</word>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">|l|a|</word>
    <thingy type="numcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|k|i|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">|f|a|p|i|l|e|s|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|e|w|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|a|</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;pol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-apa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;not.Q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;GEN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tew&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ew&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tapa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;wiw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;GEN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ew&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;la&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sop&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ow&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;la&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fapiles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ew&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>poluhapa kikaha tewewi tapa wiwaha kasewa laki sopowa ha laki fapilesewa</p>
+  <p>poluhapa kikaha tewewi tapa wiwaha kasewa laki sopowa ha laki fapilesewa</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>pol</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-u</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-h</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-apa</o>
+      <g>not.Q</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kik</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ah</o>
+      <g>GEN</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tew</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ew</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-i</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tapa</o>
+      <g>in_surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>wiw</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ah</o>
+      <g>GEN</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kas</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ew</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>la</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ki</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sop</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ow</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ha</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>la</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ki</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fapiles</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ew</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Poluhapa kikaha tewewi tapa wiwaha kasewa laki sopowa ha laki fapilesewa.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

Useful pages: