Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Saht, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.7"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.7"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.7" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.7" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.7" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.7" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.7" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.7" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.7" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.7" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.cl.1
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.6
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.6"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.6"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.6"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="ɕ+kˤ" slots="Cip">ɕkˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɡˤ ᵊ tʼˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cip">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɖʱ" slots="Cmp">zˤɖʱ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="tʼ y ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">tʼy꜖</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="꜖꜒ t͡sˤ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜖꜒t͡sˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="q͡χˤ ɵ# ꜖꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">q͡χˤɵ#꜖꜒</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="s iː ꜒꜖ kʼˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">siː꜒꜖kʼˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">ɕqʷa̰꜖</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.6" attach="suffix" ph="꜖꜒ kʼʷ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜖꜒kʼʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="s+pʰˤ e# ̰꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">spʰˤe#̰꜒</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="d͡ʑ e ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">d͡ʑe꜒</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="kʰ e ̰꜒ t͡ɕ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">kʰḛ꜒t͡ɕ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">ɕqʷa̰꜖</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ tʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒tʼ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="zˤ+t ø ꜒꜖ ɡ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="q i ̰꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">qḭ꜒</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="kˤ ɔ ̰꜒ t" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">kˤɔ̰꜒t</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʒ+ɡ œ# ꜖꜒ ħ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʒɡœ#꜖꜒ħ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɲ̥ ə s+pʰ uː ̰꜖" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1">ɲ̥əspʰuː̰꜖</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="kˤ ɔ ̰꜒ t" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">kˤɔ̰꜒t</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ɕ+kˤ/ + /zˤ+ɡˤ/ > // + /zˤ+ɡˤ/
/tʼˤ/ + /zˤ+ɖʱ/ > /tʼˤ/ + /zˤ+ɖʱ/
/zˤ+ɖʱ/ + /tʼ/ > // + /tʼ/
/꜖/ + /꜖꜒/ > // + /꜖/
/꜖꜒/ + /꜒/ > // + /꜒/
/̰꜖/ + /꜖꜒/ > // + /̰꜖/
/̰꜒/ + /꜒/ > // + /̰꜒/
/꜒/ + /꜒/ > // + /꜒/
/̰꜖/ + /꜒/ > // + /̰꜖/
/̰꜒/ + /꜒/ > // + /̰꜒/
/̰꜖/ + /꜒/ > // + /̰꜖/<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="ɕ+kˤ" slots="Cip">ɕkˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɡˤ ᵊ tʼˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cip">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɖʱ" slots="Cmp">zˤɖʱ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="tʼ y ꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">tʼy꜖</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="꜖꜒ t͡sˤ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜖꜒t͡sˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="ɕ+kˤ"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɡˤ ᵊ tʼˤ">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="zˤ+ɖʱ"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="tʼ y" underlying="tʼ y ꜖">tʼy</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="꜖ t͡sˤ" underlying="꜖꜒ t͡sˤ">꜖t͡sˤ</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="q͡χˤ ɵ# ꜖꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">q͡χˤɵ#꜖꜒</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="s iː ꜒꜖ kʼˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">siː꜒꜖kʼˤ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">ɕqʷa̰꜖</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.6" attach="suffix" ph="꜖꜒ kʼʷ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜖꜒kʼʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="q͡χˤ ɵ#" underlying="q͡χˤ ɵ# ꜖꜒">q͡χˤɵ#</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="s iː ꜒꜖ kʼˤ">siː꜒꜖kʼˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɕ+qʷ a" underlying="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖">ɕqʷa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.6" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ kʼʷ" underlying="꜖꜒ kʼʷ">̰꜖kʼʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="s+pʰˤ e# ̰꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">spʰˤe#̰꜒</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="s+pʰˤ e#" underlying="s+pʰˤ e# ̰꜒">spʰˤe#</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜒ cʼ" underlying="꜒ cʼ">̰꜒cʼ</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="d͡ʑ e ꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">d͡ʑe꜒</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="kʰ e ̰꜒ t͡ɕ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">kʰḛ꜒t͡ɕ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖" slots="Cir V1 T1">ɕqʷa̰꜖</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ tʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒tʼ</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="zˤ+t ø ꜒꜖ ɡ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="d͡ʑ e" underlying="d͡ʑ e ꜒">d͡ʑe</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="kʰ e ̰꜒ t͡ɕ">kʰḛ꜒t͡ɕ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɕ+qʷ a" underlying="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖">ɕqʷa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ tʼ" underlying="꜒ tʼ">̰꜖tʼ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="zˤ+t ø ꜒꜖ ɡ">zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="q i ̰꜒" slots="Cir V1 T1">qḭ꜒</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="kˤ ɔ ̰꜒ t" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">kˤɔ̰꜒t</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʒ+ɡ œ# ꜖꜒ ħ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʒɡœ#꜖꜒ħ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="q i" underlying="q i ̰꜒">qi</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜒ cʼ" underlying="꜒ cʼ">̰꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="kˤ ɔ ̰꜒ t">kˤɔ̰꜒t</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʒ+ɡ œ# ꜖꜒ ħ">ʒɡœ#꜖꜒ħ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɲ̥ ə s+pʰ uː ̰꜖" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1">ɲ̥əspʰuː̰꜖</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">꜒cʼ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="kˤ ɔ ̰꜒ t" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">kˤɔ̰꜒t</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɲ̥ ə s+pʰ uː" underlying="ɲ̥ ə s+pʰ uː ̰꜖">ɲ̥əspʰuː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ cʼ" underlying="꜒ cʼ">̰꜖cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="kˤ ɔ ̰꜒ t">kˤɔ̰꜒t</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="ɕ+kˤ"></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="zˤ+ɡˤ ᵊ tʼˤ">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="" underlying="zˤ+ɖʱ"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="tʼ y" underlying="tʼ y ꜖">tʼy</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="꜖ t͡sˤ" underlying="꜖꜒ t͡sˤ">꜖t͡sˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="q͡χˤ ɵ#" underlying="q͡χˤ ɵ# ꜖꜒">q͡χˤɵ#</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ">꜒cʼ</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="s iː ꜒꜖ kʼˤ">siː꜒꜖kʼˤ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɕ+qʷ a" underlying="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖">ɕqʷa</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.6" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ kʼʷ" underlying="꜖꜒ kʼʷ">̰꜖kʼʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="s+pʰˤ e#" underlying="s+pʰˤ e# ̰꜒">spʰˤe#</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜒ cʼ" underlying="꜒ cʼ">̰꜒cʼ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="d͡ʑ e" underlying="d͡ʑ e ꜒">d͡ʑe</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="꜒ cʼ">꜒cʼ</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="kʰ e ̰꜒ t͡ɕ">kʰḛ꜒t͡ɕ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɕ+qʷ a" underlying="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖">ɕqʷa</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ tʼ" underlying="꜒ tʼ">̰꜖tʼ</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="zˤ+t ø ꜒꜖ ɡ">zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="q i" underlying="q i ̰꜒">qi</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜒ cʼ" underlying="꜒ cʼ">̰꜒cʼ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="kˤ ɔ ̰꜒ t">kˤɔ̰꜒t</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʒ+ɡ œ# ꜖꜒ ħ">ʒɡœ#꜖꜒ħ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɲ̥ ə s+pʰ uː" underlying="ɲ̥ ə s+pʰ uː ̰꜖">ɲ̥əspʰuː</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="̰꜖ cʼ" underlying="꜒ cʼ">̰꜖cʼ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="kˤ ɔ ̰꜒ t">kˤɔ̰꜒t</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" underlying="ɕ+kˤ"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" underlying="zˤ+ɖʱ"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" underlying="tʼ y ꜖">tʼy</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" underlying="꜖꜒ t͡sˤ">꜖t͡sˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" underlying="q͡χˤ ɵ# ꜖꜒">q͡χˤɵ#</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">siː꜒꜖kʼˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" underlying="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖">ɕqʷa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.6" underlying="꜖꜒ kʼʷ">̰꜖kʼʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" underlying="s+pʰˤ e# ̰꜒">spʰˤe#</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" underlying="꜒ cʼ">̰꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" underlying="d͡ʑ e ꜒">d͡ʑe</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">kʰḛ꜒t͡ɕ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" underlying="ɕ+qʷ a ̰꜖">ɕqʷa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" underlying="꜒ tʼ">̰꜖tʼ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" underlying="q i ̰꜒">qi</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" underlying="꜒ cʼ">̰꜒cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">kˤɔ̰꜒t</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ʒɡœ#꜖꜒ħ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" underlying="ɲ̥ ə s+pʰ uː ̰꜖">ɲ̥əspʰuː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" underlying="꜒ cʼ">̰꜖cʼ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.7" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">kˤɔ̰꜒t</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɕkˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zˤɖʱ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tʼy꜖</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-꜖꜒t͡sˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χˤɵ̃꜖꜒</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-꜒cʼ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">siː꜒꜖kʼˤ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɕqʷa̰꜖</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-꜖꜒kʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.6</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">spʰˤḛ̃꜒</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-꜒cʼ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡ʑe꜒</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-꜒cʼ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʰḛ꜒t͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɕqʷa̰꜖</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-꜒tʼ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qḭ꜒</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-꜒cʼ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kˤɔ̰꜒t</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒɡœ̃꜖꜒ħ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲ̥əspʰuː̰꜖</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-꜒cʼ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kˤɔ̰꜒t</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤtʼy꜖t͡sˤ q͡χˤɵ̃꜒cʼ siː꜒꜖kʼˤ ɕqʷa̰꜖kʼʷ spʰˤḛ̃꜒cʼ d͡ʑe꜒cʼ kʰḛ꜒t͡ɕ ɕqʷa̰꜖tʼ zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ qḭ꜒cʼ kˤɔ̰꜒t ʒɡœ̃꜖꜒ħ ɲ̥əspʰuː̰꜖cʼ kˤɔ̰꜒t</p> + <p>zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤtʼy꜖t͡sˤ q͡χˤɵ#꜒cʼ siː꜒꜖kʼˤ ɕqʷa̰꜖kʼʷ spʰˤe#̰꜒cʼ d͡ʑe꜒cʼ kʰḛ꜒t͡ɕ ɕqʷa̰꜖tʼ zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ qḭ꜒cʼ kˤɔ̰꜒t ʒɡœ#꜖꜒ħ ɲ̥əspʰuː̰꜖cʼ kˤɔ̰꜒t</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɕkˤ-</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤ-</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zˤɖʱ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tʼy꜖</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-꜖꜒t͡sˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χˤɵ̃꜖꜒</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-꜒cʼ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>siː꜒꜖kʼˤ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɕqʷa̰꜖</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-꜖꜒kʼʷ</o> + <g>cl.6</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>spʰˤḛ̃꜒</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-꜒cʼ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡ʑe꜒</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-꜒cʼ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʰḛ꜒t͡ɕ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɕqʷa̰꜖</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-꜒tʼ</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qḭ꜒</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-꜒cʼ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kˤɔ̰꜒t</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒɡœ̃꜖꜒ħ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲ̥əspʰuː̰꜖</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-꜒cʼ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kˤɔ̰꜒t</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Zˤɡˤᵊtʼˤtʼy꜖t͡sˤ q͡χˤɵ#꜒cʼ siː꜒꜖kʼˤ ɕqʷa̰꜖kʼʷ spʰˤe#̰꜒cʼ d͡ʑe꜒cʼ kʰḛ꜒t͡ɕ ɕqʷa̰꜖tʼ zˤtø꜒꜖ɡ qḭ꜒cʼ kˤɔ̰꜒t ʒɡœ#꜖꜒ħ ɲ̥əspʰuː̰꜖cʼ kˤɔ̰꜒t.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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