Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Gan, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2noun:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module NRel: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module complementise: No change.
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder: No change.
module casemarking: No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.6"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.6"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.6" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns: No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.6" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.6" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.6" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder: No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.6" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.6" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.5"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.6" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.5"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> </pp> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/> </np> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.6" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.5"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="plur" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.6" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="plur" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.5" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/> </np> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/def/optionaladdaffixes:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ᵑǀ|ɤ|</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">-|kʷ|a|</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|kʷ|ɯ̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">|s|aː|b|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur">|f|o̰|-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6">|ʃ|a|ɡ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|n|ɯ|</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">|s|aː|kʼʷ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6">|kʷ|e|m|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6.POSS">|kʼ|ɯ̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">|d|eː|t|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6.POSS">|kʼ|ɯ̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɡ|ai|</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|d|ɤː|ɾ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|s|a|</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɡ|ai|</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|kʼ|e|p|au|f|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony: No change.
### |ᵑǀ|ɤ|
#-> ᵑǀɤ
### |ᵑǀ|ɤ|
#-> ᵑǀɤ
### -|kʷ|a|
#-> -kʷa
### -|kʷ|a|
#-> -kʷa
### -|kʷ|ɯ̰|
#-> -kʷɯ̰
### -|kʷ|ɯ̰|
#-> -kʷɯ̰
### |s|aː|b|
#-> saːb
### |s|aː|b|
#-> saːb
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### |f|o̰|-
#-> fo̰-
### |f|o̰|-
#-> fo̰-
### |ʃ|a|ɡ|
#-> ʃaɡ
### |ʃ|a|ɡ|
#-> ʃaɡ
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### |n|ɯ|
#-> nɯ
### |n|ɯ|
#-> nɯ
### |s|aː|kʼʷ|
#-> saːkʼʷ
### |s|aː|kʼʷ|
#-> saːkʼʷ
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### |kʷ|e|m|
#-> kʷem
### |kʷ|e|m|
#-> kʷem
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### |kʼ|ɯ̰|
#-> kʼɯ̰
### |kʼ|ɯ̰|
#-> kʼɯ̰
### |d|eː|t|
#-> deːt
### |d|eː|t|
#-> deːt
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### -|p|ṵ|
#-> -pṵ
### |kʼ|ɯ̰|
#-> kʼɯ̰
### |kʼ|ɯ̰|
#-> kʼɯ̰
### |ɡ|ai|
#-> ɡai
### |ɡ|ai|
#-> ɡai
### |d|ɤː|ɾ|
#-> dɤːɾ
### |d|ɤː|ɾ|
#-> dɤːɾ
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### |s|a|
#-> sa
### |s|a|
#-> sa
### |ɡ|ai|
#-> ɡai
### |ɡ|ai|
#-> ɡai
### |kʼ|e|p|au|f|
#-> kʼepauf
### |kʼ|e|p|au|f|
#-> kʼepauf
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### -|o̰|
#-> -o̰
### |ᵑǀ|ɤ||kʷ|a||kʷ|ɯ̰| |s|aː|b||o̰||p|ṵ| |f|o̰||ʃ|a|ɡ||o̰||p|ṵ| |n|ɯ| |s|aː|kʼʷ||o̰||p|ṵ| |kʷ|e|m||o̰||p|ṵ| |kʼ|ɯ̰| |d|eː|t||o̰||p|ṵ| |kʼ|ɯ̰| |ɡ|ai| |d|ɤː|ɾ||o̰| |s|a| |ɡ|ai| |kʼ|e|p|au|f||o̰|
#-> ᵑǀɤkʷakʷɯ̰ saːbo̰pṵ fo̰ʃaɡo̰pṵ nɯ saːkʼʷo̰pṵ kʷemo̰pṵ kʼɯ̰ deːto̰pṵ kʼɯ̰ ɡai dɤːɾo̰ sa ɡai kʼepaufo̰removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ᵑǀ|ɤ|</word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">-|kʷ|a|</thingy> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|kʷ|ɯ̰|</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">|s|aː|b|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur">|f|o̰|-</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6">|ʃ|a|ɡ|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|n|ɯ|</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">|s|aː|kʼʷ|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.6">|kʷ|e|m|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6.POSS">|kʼ|ɯ̰|</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">|d|eː|t|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|p|ṵ|</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.6.POSS">|kʼ|ɯ̰|</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɡ|ai|</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|d|ɤː|ɾ|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy> <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|s|a|</word> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɡ|ai|</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|kʼ|e|p|au|f|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|o̰|</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀɤ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-kʷa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-kʷɯ̰</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saːb</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-o̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-pṵ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fo̰-</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃaɡ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-o̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-pṵ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nɯ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saːkʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-o̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-pṵ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʷem</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-o̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-pṵ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼɯ̰</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.6.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">deːt</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-o̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-pṵ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼɯ̰</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.6.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡai</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dɤːɾ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-o̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sa</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡai</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼepauf</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-o̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ᵑǀɤkʷakʷɯ̰ saːbo̰pṵ fo̰ʃaɡo̰pṵ nɯ saːkʼʷo̰pṵ kʷemo̰pṵ kʼɯ̰ deːto̰pṵ kʼɯ̰ ɡai dɤːɾo̰ sa ɡai kʼepaufo̰</p> + <p>ङ्त्वेक्वक्व्विः साबोःपुः फ़ोःषगोःपुः न्वि साफोःपुः क्वेमोःपुः क़विः दैतोःपुः क़विः ग्ऽ द्वैरोः स ग्ऽ क़एप्च्फ़ोः</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀɤ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-kʷa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-kʷɯ̰</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>saːb</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-o̰</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-pṵ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fo̰-</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃaɡ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-o̰</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-pṵ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nɯ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>saːkʼʷ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-o̰</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-pṵ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʷem</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-o̰</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-pṵ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼɯ̰</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.6.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>deːt</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-o̰</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-pṵ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼɯ̰</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.6.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡai</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dɤːɾ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-o̰</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sa</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡai</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼepauf</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-o̰</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </s>ङ्त्वेक्वक्व्विः साबोःपुः फ़ोःषगोःपुः न्वि साफोःपुः क्वेमोःपुः क़विः दैतोःपुः क़विः ग्ऽ द्वैरोः स ग्ऽ क़एप्च्फ़ोः ॥
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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