Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Kig, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2noun:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="anim"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="anim"> + <np role="obj" gender="anim" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="anim" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="anim" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + </np> <np role="obj" gender="anim" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="anim" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="anim" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="anim"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="anim" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="anim"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="sing"> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="sing" case="LOC"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="anim" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="anim"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="plur" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="sing" case="LOC"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="anim" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="plur" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="sing" case="LOC"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> </vp> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>calling defaultval for gender/
defaultval: det, gender
returning inanim
calling defaultval for gender/
defaultval: det, gender
returning inanimaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got anim
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got anim
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got inanim
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got inanim
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/optional
Got sing<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> </vp> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - </vp> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡ʃ ɘ# ˈ ᶑ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ʃɘ#ˈᶑ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ħ ɨ w" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ħɨw</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="rʷ o x" slots="Cip V2 Cir">rʷox</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" ph="l iː ˈ d" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">liːˈd</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" ph="t ɛ ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">tɛˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ kʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈkʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="tʼ ɘ#ː χ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">tʼɘ#ːχ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="ɣ iː ˈ ʕ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɣiːˈʕ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC" ph="β oː ˈ ɓ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">βoːˈɓ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC" ph="t ɛ ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">tɛˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ kʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈkʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim.POSS" ph="ʛ o ʛʷ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʛoʛʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="tʼʷ au ˈ ᶑ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">tʼʷauˈᶑ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="t ɛ ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">tɛˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ l" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈl</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɠʷ ɜ ˈ tʼ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɠʷɜˈtʼ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim.POSS" ph="ʛ o ʛʷ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʛoʛʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɡ o#ː ˈ rʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɡo#ːˈrʷ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="t ɛ ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">tɛˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ l" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈl</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɗ i#ː ˈ ħ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɗi#ːˈħ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛʷ i#ː ˈ ɓ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʛʷi#ːˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="p͡f o ˈ ᶑ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">p͡foˈᶑ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ᵏǃʼ o# β ᵊ ˈ ɦ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ᵏǃʼo#βᵊˈɦ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛʷ i#ː ˈ ɓ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʛʷi#ːˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
<s translation=""> <flat> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡ʃ ɘ# ˈ ᶑ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ʃɘ#ˈᶑ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡ʃ ɘ## ˈ ᶑ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="t͡ʃ ɘ# ˈ ᶑ">t͡ʃɘ##ˈᶑ</word> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ħ ɨ w" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ħɨw</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="rʷ o x" slots="Cip V2 Cir">rʷox</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" ph="l iː ˈ d" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">liːˈd</word> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" ph="t ɛ ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">tɛˈ</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ kʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈkʼ</thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="tʼ ɘ#ː χ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">tʼɘ#ːχ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="ɣ iː ˈ ʕ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɣiːˈʕ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC" ph="β oː ˈ ɓ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">βoːˈɓ</word> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC" ph="t ɛ ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">tɛˈ</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ kʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈkʼ</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim.POSS" ph="ʛ o ʛʷ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʛoʛʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="tʼʷ au ˈ ᶑ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">tʼʷauˈᶑ</word> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="t ɛ ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">tɛˈ</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ l" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈl</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɠʷ ɜ ˈ tʼ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɠʷɜˈtʼ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim.POSS" ph="ʛ o ʛʷ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʛoʛʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɡ o#ː ˈ rʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɡo#ːˈrʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɡ o##ː ˈ rʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ɡ o#ː ˈ rʷ">ɡo##ːˈrʷ</word> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="t ɛ ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">tɛˈ</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ l" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈl</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɗ i#ː ˈ ħ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɗi#ːˈħ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛʷ i#ː ˈ ɓ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʛʷi#ːˈɓ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɗ i##ː ˈ ħ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ɗ i#ː ˈ ħ">ɗi##ːˈħ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛʷ i##ː ˈ ɓ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʛʷ i#ː ˈ ɓ">ʛʷi##ːˈɓ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="p͡f o ˈ ᶑ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">p͡foˈᶑ</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ᵏǃʼ o# β ᵊ ˈ ɦ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ᵏǃʼo#βᵊˈɦ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛʷ i#ː ˈ ɓ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʛʷi#ːˈɓ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ᵏǃʼ o## β ᵊ ˈ ɦ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ᵏǃʼ o# β ᵊ ˈ ɦ">ᵏǃʼo##βᵊˈɦ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛʷ i##ː ˈ ɓ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʛʷ i#ː ˈ ɓ">ʛʷi##ːˈɓ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> </flat> </s>applysandhi:
/x/ + /l/ > // + /l/
/ˈ/ + /ˈ/ > // + /ˈ/
/ˈ/ + /ˈ/ > // + /ˈ/
/ˈ/ + /ˈ/ > // + /ˈ/
/ˈ/ + /ˈ/ > // + /ˈ/<s translation=""> <flat> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡ʃ ɘ## ˈ ᶑ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="t͡ʃ ɘ# ˈ ᶑ">t͡ʃɘ##ˈᶑ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ħ ɨ w" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ħɨw</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="rʷ o x" slots="Cip V2 Cir">rʷox</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" ph="l iː ˈ d" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">liːˈd</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" ph="t ɛ ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">tɛˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ kʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈkʼ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="tʼ ɘ#ː χ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">tʼɘ#ːχ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡ʃ ɘ## ˈ ᶑ" underlying="t͡ʃ ɘ# ˈ ᶑ">t͡ʃɘ##ˈᶑ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ħ ɨ w">ħɨw</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="rʷ o" underlying="rʷ o x">rʷo</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" ph="l iː ˈ d">liːˈd</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" ph="t ɛ" underlying="t ɛ ˈ">tɛ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ kʼ">ˈkʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="tʼ ɘ#ː χ">tʼɘ#ːχ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="ɣ iː ˈ ʕ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɣiːˈʕ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="ɣ iː ˈ ʕ">ɣiːˈʕ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC" ph="β oː ˈ ɓ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">βoːˈɓ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC" ph="t ɛ ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">tɛˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ kʼ" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈkʼ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim.POSS" ph="ʛ o ʛʷ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʛoʛʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC" ph="β oː ˈ ɓ">βoːˈɓ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC" ph="t ɛ" underlying="t ɛ ˈ">tɛ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ kʼ">ˈkʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim.POSS" ph="ʛ o ʛʷ">ʛoʛʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="tʼʷ au ˈ ᶑ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">tʼʷauˈᶑ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="t ɛ ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">tɛˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ l" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈl</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="tʼʷ au ˈ ᶑ">tʼʷauˈᶑ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="t ɛ" underlying="t ɛ ˈ">tɛ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ l">ˈl</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɠʷ ɜ ˈ tʼ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɠʷɜˈtʼ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim.POSS" ph="ʛ o ʛʷ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʛoʛʷ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɠʷ ɜ ˈ tʼ">ɠʷɜˈtʼ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim.POSS" ph="ʛ o ʛʷ">ʛoʛʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɡ o##ː ˈ rʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ɡ o#ː ˈ rʷ">ɡo##ːˈrʷ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="t ɛ ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">tɛˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ l" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈl</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɡ o##ː ˈ rʷ" underlying="ɡ o#ː ˈ rʷ">ɡo##ːˈrʷ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="t ɛ" underlying="t ɛ ˈ">tɛ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ l">ˈl</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɗ i##ː ˈ ħ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ɗ i#ː ˈ ħ">ɗi##ːˈħ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛʷ i##ː ˈ ɓ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʛʷ i#ː ˈ ɓ">ʛʷi##ːˈɓ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɗ i##ː ˈ ħ" underlying="ɗ i#ː ˈ ħ">ɗi##ːˈħ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛʷ i##ː ˈ ɓ" underlying="ʛʷ i#ː ˈ ɓ">ʛʷi##ːˈɓ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="p͡f o ˈ ᶑ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">p͡foˈᶑ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="p͡f o ˈ ᶑ">p͡foˈᶑ</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ᵏǃʼ o## β ᵊ ˈ ɦ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ᵏǃʼ o# β ᵊ ˈ ɦ">ᵏǃʼo##βᵊˈɦ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛʷ i##ː ˈ ɓ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr" underlying="ʛʷ i#ː ˈ ɓ">ʛʷi##ːˈɓ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ᵏǃʼ o## β ᵊ ˈ ɦ" underlying="ᵏǃʼ o# β ᵊ ˈ ɦ">ᵏǃʼo##βᵊˈɦ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛʷ i##ː ˈ ɓ" underlying="ʛʷ i#ː ˈ ɓ">ʛʷi##ːˈɓ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡ʃ ɘ## ˈ ᶑ" underlying="t͡ʃ ɘ# ˈ ᶑ">t͡ʃɘ##ˈᶑ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ħ ɨ w">ħɨw</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="rʷ o" underlying="rʷ o x">rʷo</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" ph="l iː ˈ d">liːˈd</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" ph="t ɛ" underlying="t ɛ ˈ">tɛ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ kʼ">ˈkʼ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="tʼ ɘ#ː χ">tʼɘ#ːχ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="ɣ iː ˈ ʕ">ɣiːˈʕ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC" ph="β oː ˈ ɓ">βoːˈɓ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC" ph="t ɛ" underlying="t ɛ ˈ">tɛ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ kʼ">ˈkʼ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim.POSS" ph="ʛ o ʛʷ">ʛoʛʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="tʼʷ au ˈ ᶑ">tʼʷauˈᶑ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="t ɛ" underlying="t ɛ ˈ">tɛ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ l">ˈl</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɠʷ ɜ ˈ tʼ">ɠʷɜˈtʼ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim.POSS" ph="ʛ o ʛʷ">ʛoʛʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɡ o##ː ˈ rʷ" underlying="ɡ o#ː ˈ rʷ">ɡo##ːˈrʷ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="t ɛ" underlying="t ɛ ˈ">tɛ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ l">ˈl</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ɗ i##ː ˈ ħ" underlying="ɗ i#ː ˈ ħ">ɗi##ːˈħ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛʷ i##ː ˈ ɓ" underlying="ʛʷ i#ː ˈ ɓ">ʛʷi##ːˈɓ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="p͡f o ˈ ᶑ">p͡foˈᶑ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ᵏǃʼ o## β ᵊ ˈ ɦ" underlying="ᵏǃʼ o# β ᵊ ˈ ɦ">ᵏǃʼo##βᵊˈɦ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʛʷ i##ː ˈ ɓ" underlying="ʛʷ i#ː ˈ ɓ">ʛʷi##ːˈɓ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" underlying="t͡ʃ ɘ# ˈ ᶑ">t͡ʃɘ##ˈᶑ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ħɨw</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" underlying="rʷ o x">rʷo</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim">liːˈd</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" underlying="t ɛ ˈ">tɛ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim">ˈkʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC">tʼɘ#ːχ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">ɣiːˈʕ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC">βoːˈɓ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="3.sing.anim" case="LOC" underlying="t ɛ ˈ">tɛ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="anim">ˈkʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim.POSS">ʛoʛʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">tʼʷauˈᶑ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" underlying="t ɛ ˈ">tɛ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim">ˈl</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ɠʷɜˈtʼ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.anim.POSS">ʛoʛʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" underlying="ɡ o#ː ˈ rʷ">ɡo##ːˈrʷ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" underlying="t ɛ ˈ">tɛ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="inanim">ˈl</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" underlying="ɗ i#ː ˈ ħ">ɗi##ːˈħ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" underlying="ʛʷ i#ː ˈ ɓ">ʛʷi##ːˈɓ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">p͡foˈᶑ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" underlying="ᵏǃʼ o# β ᵊ ˈ ɦ">ᵏǃʼo##βᵊˈɦ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" underlying="ʛʷ i#ː ˈ ɓ">ʛʷi##ːˈɓ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃɘ̃ᶑ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ħɨw</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">rʷox-</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈliːd</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtɛ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ˈkʼ</span><br><span class="gls">anim</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tʼɘ̃ːχ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɣiːʕ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈβoːɓ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtɛ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ˈkʼ</span><br><span class="gls">anim</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʛoʛʷ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.anim.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtʼʷauᶑ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtɛ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ˈl</span><br><span class="gls">inanim</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɠʷɜtʼ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʛoʛʷ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.anim.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡõːrʷ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtɛ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ˈl</span><br><span class="gls">inanim</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɗĩːħ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʛʷĩːɓ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈp͡foᶑ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǃʼõˈβᵊɦ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʛʷĩːɓ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>ˈt͡ʃɘ̃̃ᶑ ħɨw rʷoˈliːd ˈtɛkʼ tʼɘ̃ːχ ˈɣiːʕ ˈβoːɓ ˈtɛkʼ ʛoʛʷ ˈtʼʷauᶑ ˈtɛl ˈɠʷɜtʼ ʛoʛʷ ˈɡõ̃ːrʷ ˈtɛl ˈɗĩ̃ːħ ˈʛʷĩ̃ːɓ ˈp͡foᶑ ᵏǃʼõ̃ˈβᵊɦ ˈʛʷĩ̃ːɓ</p> + <p>चेँ#ड्ऽ ह़ॖव् ऱ्वोलीद् तॅक़ त्ऽएँख़् ग़ीऽ वौभ् तॅक़ ग़्ऽओग़्ऽव् त्ऽवौड्ऽ तॅल् ग्ऽवत्ऽ ग़्ऽओग़्ऽव् गोँ#ːऱ्व् तॅल् ॾिँ#ːह़् ग़्ऽविँ#ːभ् प्फोड्ऽ क्ट्ऽओँ#वेह् ग़्ऽविँ#ːभ्</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃɘ̃ᶑ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ħɨw</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>rʷox-</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈliːd</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtɛ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ˈkʼ</o> + <g>anim</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tʼɘ̃ːχ</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɣiːʕ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈβoːɓ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtɛ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ˈkʼ</o> + <g>anim</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʛoʛʷ</o> + <g>3.sing.anim.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtʼʷauᶑ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtɛ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ˈl</o> + <g>inanim</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɠʷɜtʼ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʛoʛʷ</o> + <g>3.sing.anim.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɡõːrʷ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtɛ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ˈl</o> + <g>inanim</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɗĩːħ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʛʷĩːɓ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈp͡foᶑ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǃʼõˈβᵊɦ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʛʷĩːɓ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>चेँ#ड्ऽ ह़ॖव् ऱ्वोलीद् तॅक़ त्ऽएँख़् ग़ीऽ वौभ् तॅक़ ग़्ऽओग़्ऽव् त्ऽवौड्ऽ तॅल् ग्ऽवत्ऽ ग़्ऽओग़्ऽव् गोँ#ːऱ्व् तॅल् ॾिँ#ːह़् ग़्ऽविँ#ːभ् प्फोड्ऽ क्ट्ऽओँ#वेह् ग़्ऽविँ#ːभ् ॥
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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