Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Kach, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module RelN:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
+  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module complementise:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module casemarking:

No change.

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="fem">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned">
+    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="fem" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+      <np role="obj">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
+    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
+      <np def="def" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np def="def" gender="masc">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" gender="masc">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="fem">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="neut"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="fem">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
+      <np role="obj" gender="fem">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="neut"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="fem">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="neut"/>
+            <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="fem">
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="fem">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
+    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" role="obj">
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="neut"/>
        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-      </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
-    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" role="obj">
    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
      <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="neut"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned">
    <np def="def" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
    <np locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
-      <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="neut"/>
+      <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="neut" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np def="def" gender="masc">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
    <np locus="number" gender="fem">
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem"/>
+      <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
      <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="neut" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np def="def" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
    <np locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <subs>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="neut" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
-  </subs>
-  <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np def="def" gender="masc">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="masc"/>
-    </np>
-    <np locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
-    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="neut" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="masc"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x272; e l">ɲel</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x14B; e k&#x2BC; e &#x272;">ŋekʼeɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="e n">en</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7; a j">ŋʷaj</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="u s">us</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="t&#x361;&#x255; o k">t͡ɕok</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; au &#x14B;">ᵏǀauŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="a t&#x361;&#x255;">at͡ɕ</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="neut" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="j o k&#x2BC;&#x2B7;">jokʼʷ</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; e l">ᵏǀel</thingy>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="&#x28B; a l au &#x283;">ʋalauʃ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="k a t&#x361;&#x255;">kat͡ɕ</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; au &#x14B;">ᵏǀauŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="a t&#x361;&#x255;">at͡ɕ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="&#x272; i &#x261;&#x2B7;">ɲiɡʷ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="masc" ph="&#x261; ai t&#x361;&#x283;">ɡait͡ʃ</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j a l">jal</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="l e t&#x361;&#x255;">let͡ɕ</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x272; e l">ɲel</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x14B; e k&#x2BC; e &#x272;">ŋekʼeɲ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="e n">en</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7; a j">ŋʷaj</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="u s">us</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="t&#x361;&#x255; o k">t͡ɕok</word>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; au &#x14B;">ᵏǀauŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="a t&#x361;&#x255;">at͡ɕ</thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="neut" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="j o k&#x2BC;&#x2B7;">jokʼʷ</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; e l">ᵏǀel</thingy>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="&#x28B; a l au &#x283;">ʋalauʃ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="k a t&#x361;&#x255;">kat͡ɕ</word>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; au &#x14B;">ᵏǀauŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="a t&#x361;&#x255;">at͡ɕ</thingy>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="&#x272; i &#x261;&#x2B7;">ɲiɡʷ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="masc" ph="&#x261; ai t&#x361;&#x283;">ɡait͡ʃ</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j a l">jal</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="l e t&#x361;&#x255;">let͡ɕ</word>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ɲel</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ŋekʼeɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">en</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.fem">ŋʷaj</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">us</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">t͡ɕok</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">ᵏǀauŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">at͡ɕ</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="neut" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">jokʼʷ</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN">ᵏǀel</thingy>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">ʋalauʃ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">kat͡ɕ</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">ᵏǀauŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">at͡ɕ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ɲiɡʷ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="masc">ɡait͡ʃ</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="fem">jal</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="fem">let͡ɕ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋekʼeɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-en&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋʷaj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-us&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PRES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ɕok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ᵏǀauŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-at͡ɕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;jokʼʷ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ᵏǀel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;GEN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʋalauʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kat͡ɕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ᵏǀauŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-at͡ɕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲiɡʷ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡait͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;jal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;let͡ɕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ɲel ŋekʼeɲen ŋʷajus t͡ɕok ᵏǀauŋat͡ɕ jokʼʷ ᵏǀel ʋalauʃ kat͡ɕ ᵏǀauŋat͡ɕ ɲiɡʷ ɡait͡ʃ jal let͡ɕ</p>
+  <p>ञेल् ङेक़एञेन् ङ्वयुस् चोक् क्तौङच् योक़व् क्तेल् वलौष् कच् क्तौङच् ञिग्व् गैच्ष् यल् लेच्</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲel</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋekʼeɲ</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-en</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋʷaj</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-us</o>
+      <g>PRES</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ɕok</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ᵏǀauŋ</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-at͡ɕ</o>
+      <g>fem</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>jokʼʷ</o>
+      <g>1incl</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ᵏǀel</o>
+      <g>GEN</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʋalauʃ</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kat͡ɕ</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ᵏǀauŋ</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-at͡ɕ</o>
+      <g>fem</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲiɡʷ</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡait͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>jal</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>let͡ɕ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

ञेल् ङेक़एञेन् ङ्वयुस् चोक् क्तौङच् योक़व् क्तेल् वलौष् कच् क्तौङच् ञिग्व् गैच्ष् यल् लेच् ॥

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: