Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Fav, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module embed:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module complementise:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.3"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="cl.3"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.3"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.3"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="cl.3"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.3"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.3"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="cl.3"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.3"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.3"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.3"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.3"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.3"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> </np> </pp> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/subj/optional
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/subj/optional
Got 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/optional
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for different/adj/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/optional
Got sing<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.3"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.3"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"/> - </subs> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"/> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="d͡zˤ e ɖ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">d͡zˤeɖ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ ᵊ h" slots="Cip V2 Cir">tˤᵊh</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɽ ᵊ ʐ uː ʈ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cfr">ɽᵊʐuːʈ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.3.OBJ" ph="ʂ əː ɗˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ʂəːɗˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="ʄ ᵊ d" slots="Cip V2 Cip">ʄᵊd</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="q ɤ ʐ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">qɤʐ</word> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="d͡ʒ e ɣ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">d͡ʒeɣ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɽ ᵊ k͡x" slots="Cip V2 Cir">ɽᵊk͡x</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" ph="dˤ ɨ ʁˤ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">dˤɨʁˤ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" ph="ʐ u ʡ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ʐuʡ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ɡ ᵊ p" slots="Cip V2 Cir">ɡᵊp</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="dˤ ɨ ʁˤ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">dˤɨʁˤ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="fˤ a ʋ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">fˤaʋ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing" ph="ᵏǁ ə k ai s" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cfr">ᵏǁəkais</word> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɡˤ e ʈ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ɡˤeʈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɽ ᵊ k͡x" slots="Cip V2 Cir">ɽᵊk͡x</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="tʰ u n" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">tʰun</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="kˤ a ɠ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">kˤaɠ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="ɦ ɨ θ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ɦɨθ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/h/ + /ɽ/ > // + /h/
/d/ + /q/ > // + /d/
/k͡x/ + /dˤ/ > // + /dˤ/
/p/ + /dˤ/ > // + /dˤ/
/k͡x/ + /tʰ/ > // + /k͡x/<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="d͡zˤ e ɖ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">d͡zˤeɖ</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="d͡zˤ e ɖ">d͡zˤeɖ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ ᵊ h" slots="Cip V2 Cir">tˤᵊh</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɽ ᵊ ʐ uː ʈ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cfr">ɽᵊʐuːʈ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ ᵊ" underlying="tˤ ᵊ h">tˤᵊ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h ᵊ ʐ uː ʈ" underlying="ɽ ᵊ ʐ uː ʈ">hᵊʐuːʈ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.3.OBJ" ph="ʂ əː ɗˤ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ʂəːɗˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.3.OBJ" ph="ʂ əː ɗˤ">ʂəːɗˤ</thingy> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="ʄ ᵊ d" slots="Cip V2 Cip">ʄᵊd</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="ʄ ᵊ" underlying="ʄ ᵊ d">ʄᵊ</thingy> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="q ɤ ʐ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">qɤʐ</word> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="d͡ʒ e ɣ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">d͡ʒeɣ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɽ ᵊ k͡x" slots="Cip V2 Cir">ɽᵊk͡x</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" ph="dˤ ɨ ʁˤ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">dˤɨʁˤ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="d ɤ ʐ" underlying="q ɤ ʐ">dɤʐ</word> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="d͡ʒ e ɣ">d͡ʒeɣ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɽ ᵊ" underlying="ɽ ᵊ k͡x">ɽᵊ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" ph="dˤ ɨ ʁˤ">dˤɨʁˤ</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" ph="ʐ u ʡ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ʐuʡ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ɡ ᵊ p" slots="Cip V2 Cir">ɡᵊp</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="dˤ ɨ ʁˤ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">dˤɨʁˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" ph="ʐ u ʡ">ʐuʡ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ɡ ᵊ" underlying="ɡ ᵊ p">ɡᵊ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="dˤ ɨ ʁˤ">dˤɨʁˤ</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="fˤ a ʋ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">fˤaʋ</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing" ph="ᵏǁ ə k ai s" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 Cfr">ᵏǁəkais</word> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɡˤ e ʈ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ɡˤeʈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɽ ᵊ k͡x" slots="Cip V2 Cir">ɽᵊk͡x</thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="tʰ u n" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">tʰun</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="kˤ a ɠ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">kˤaɠ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="fˤ a ʋ">fˤaʋ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing" ph="ᵏǁ ə k ai s">ᵏǁəkais</word> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɡˤ e ʈ">ɡˤeʈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɽ ᵊ" underlying="ɽ ᵊ k͡x">ɽᵊ</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="k͡x u n" underlying="tʰ u n">k͡xun</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="kˤ a ɠ">kˤaɠ</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="ɦ ɨ θ" slots="Cir V1 Cfr">ɦɨθ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="ɦ ɨ θ">ɦɨθ</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="d͡zˤ e ɖ">d͡zˤeɖ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ ᵊ" underlying="tˤ ᵊ h">tˤᵊ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h ᵊ ʐ uː ʈ" underlying="ɽ ᵊ ʐ uː ʈ">hᵊʐuːʈ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.3.OBJ" ph="ʂ əː ɗˤ">ʂəːɗˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="ʄ ᵊ" underlying="ʄ ᵊ d">ʄᵊ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="d ɤ ʐ" underlying="q ɤ ʐ">dɤʐ</word> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="d͡ʒ e ɣ">d͡ʒeɣ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɽ ᵊ" underlying="ɽ ᵊ k͡x">ɽᵊ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" ph="dˤ ɨ ʁˤ">dˤɨʁˤ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" ph="ʐ u ʡ">ʐuʡ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ɡ ᵊ" underlying="ɡ ᵊ p">ɡᵊ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="dˤ ɨ ʁˤ">dˤɨʁˤ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="fˤ a ʋ">fˤaʋ</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing" ph="ᵏǁ ə k ai s">ᵏǁəkais</word> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɡˤ e ʈ">ɡˤeʈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɽ ᵊ" underlying="ɽ ᵊ k͡x">ɽᵊ</thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="k͡x u n" underlying="tʰ u n">k͡xun</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="kˤ a ɠ">kˤaɠ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="ɦ ɨ θ">ɦɨθ</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">d͡zˤeɖ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" underlying="tˤ ᵊ h">tˤᵊ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" underlying="ɽ ᵊ ʐ uː ʈ">hᵊʐuːʈ</word> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.plur.cl.3.OBJ">ʂəːɗˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" underlying="ʄ ᵊ d">ʄᵊ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.4" underlying="q ɤ ʐ">dɤʐ</word> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">d͡ʒeɣ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" underlying="ɽ ᵊ k͡x">ɽᵊ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">dˤɨʁˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">ʐuʡ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" underlying="ɡ ᵊ p">ɡᵊ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">dˤɨʁˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">fˤaʋ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing">ᵏǁəkais</word> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ɡˤeʈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" underlying="ɽ ᵊ k͡x">ɽᵊ</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" underlying="tʰ u n">k͡xun</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">kˤaɠ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">ɦɨθ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡zˤeɖ</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤᵊh-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽᵊʐuːʈ</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂəːɗˤ</span><br><span class="gls">3.plur.cl.3.<span class="glssc">OBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʄᵊd-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qɤʐ</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡ʒeɣ</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽᵊk͡x-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤɨʁˤ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐuʡ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡᵊp-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤɨʁˤ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fˤaʋ</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǁəkais</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡˤeʈ</span><br><span class="gls">in_inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽᵊk͡x-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tʰun</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kˤaɠ</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɦɨθ</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span></p> + <p>d͡zˤeɖ tˤᵊhᵊʐuːʈ ʂəːɗˤ ʄᵊdɤʐ d͡ʒeɣ ɽᵊdˤɨʁˤ ʐuʡ ɡᵊdˤɨʁˤ fˤaʋ ᵏǁəkais ɡˤeʈ ɽᵊk͡xun kˤaɠ ɦɨθ</p> + <p>द्ज़़ेड् त़ेहेष़ूट् षैॾ़् ज्ऽएद्वेष़् जेग़् ऱेद़ॖग़़् ष़ुऽ गेद़ॖग़़् फ़़व् क्लॅकैस् ग़ेट् ऱेखुन् क़ग्ऽ हॖथ्</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d͡zˤeɖ</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤᵊh-</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɽᵊʐuːʈ</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂəːɗˤ</o> + <g>3.plur.cl.3.OBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʄᵊd-</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qɤʐ</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡ʒeɣ</o> + <g>1incl.plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɽᵊk͡x-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤɨʁˤ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐuʡ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡᵊp-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤɨʁˤ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fˤaʋ</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǁəkais</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡˤeʈ</o> + <g>in_inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɽᵊk͡x-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tʰun</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kˤaɠ</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɦɨθ</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + </il> </s>द्ज़़ेड् त़ेहेष़ूट् षैॾ़् ज्ऽएद्वेष़् जेग़् ऱेद़ॖग़़् ष़ुऽ गेद़ॖग़़् फ़़व् क्लॅकैस् ग़ेट् ऱेखुन् क़ग्ऽ हॖथ् ॥
But our language arose in a different way.
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