Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Mip, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2noun:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+      </np>
+      <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sequential:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="then">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="then">
+  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nominalise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+      <np role="obj">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
-      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
+      <np def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np role="owned" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
+      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
-      <np def="def" role="owner">
+      <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" locus="number">
+      <np role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
    <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
-      <np role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3">
+    <np role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got LOC

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" possessor="no.owner">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
+        <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="then">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" possessor="no.owner">
-    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <np role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="then">
+<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="x&#x2B7; i&#x2D0; &#x2C8; p">xʷiːˈp</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x283; e &#x272;">ʃeɲ</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="k i s+p i&#x2D0; &#x2C8; b">kispiːˈb</word>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3" ph="m &#x268; &#x2C8; k">mɨˈk</word>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="m i &#x2C8; p">miˈp</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t&#x361;&#x283;">it͡ʃ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; o &#x2C8; &#x14B;">t͡ʃoˈŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t&#x361;&#x283;">it͡ʃ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS" ph="&#x283; a k&#x2B7;">ʃakʷ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="&#x261;&#x2B7; o &#x2C8; &#x14B;">ɡʷoˈŋ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; a &#x2C8; x">t͡ʃaˈx</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t&#x361;&#x283;">it͡ʃ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC" ph="&#x272; u &#x2C8; &#x272;">ɲuˈɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS" ph="k a">ka</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="x&#x2B7; i&#x2D0; &#x2C8; p">xʷiːˈp</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x283; e &#x272;">ʃeɲ</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="k i s+p i&#x2D0; &#x2C8; b">kispiːˈb</word>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3" ph="m &#x268; &#x2C8; k">mɨˈk</word>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" ph="m i &#x2C8; p">miˈp</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t&#x361;&#x283;">it͡ʃ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; o &#x2C8; &#x14B;">t͡ʃoˈŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t&#x361;&#x283;">it͡ʃ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS" ph="&#x283; a k&#x2B7;">ʃakʷ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="&#x261;&#x2B7; o &#x2C8; &#x14B;">ɡʷoˈŋ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; a &#x2C8; x">t͡ʃaˈx</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i t&#x361;&#x283;">it͡ʃ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC" ph="&#x272; u &#x2C8; &#x272;">ɲuˈɲ</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS" ph="k a">ka</thingy>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj">xʷiːˈp</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">ʃeɲ</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">kispiːˈb</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">mɨˈk</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">miˈp</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">it͡ʃ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" possessor="1incl">t͡ʃoˈŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">it͡ʃ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS">ʃakʷ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ɡʷoˈŋ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">t͡ʃaˈx</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">it͡ʃ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC">ɲuˈɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC">im</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS">ka</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈxʷiːp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;then&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃeɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kiˈspiːb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈmɨk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈmip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-it͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈt͡ʃoŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-it͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃakʷ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɡʷoŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈt͡ʃax&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-it͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɲuɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-im&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;LOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ˈxʷiːp ʃeɲ kiˈspiːb ˈmɨk ˈmipit͡ʃ ˈt͡ʃoŋit͡ʃ ʃakʷ ˈɡʷoŋ ˈt͡ʃaxit͡ʃ ˈɲuɲim ka</p>
+  <p>khwiip sheñ kispiib myk mipich chongich shaqu gwong chakhich ñuñim ka</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈxʷiːp</o>
+      <g>then</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃeɲ</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kiˈspiːb</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈmɨk</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈmip</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-it͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈt͡ʃoŋ</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-it͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃakʷ</o>
+      <g>1incl.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɡʷoŋ</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈt͡ʃax</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-it͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɲuɲ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-im</o>
+      <g>LOC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ka</o>
+      <g>3.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Khwiip sheñ kispiib myk mipich chongich shaqu gwong chakhich ñuñim ka.

But our language arose in a different way.

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