Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Nuch, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module RelN:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
+  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module subordinate:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
-      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <subs>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned">
+    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <subs>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="masc">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="masc">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+        <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
  <subs>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="masc">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
+    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj">
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-      </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
    </vp>
  </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
+  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
-    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj">
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
    </vp>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
-      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
+      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
    </vp>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: adj, case
returning NOM

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for 1incl.plur/pron/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for different/adj/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/def/optional
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/def/optional
Got def

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+      <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc">
+      <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
    </vp>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
+      <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
+      <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <subs>
-    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc">
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
-    </vp>
-  </subs>
-  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
    <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="s a t&#x361;&#x255;">sat͡ɕ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="o d a t&#x361;&#x255; a r">odat͡ɕar</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="d e t&#x361;&#x283;">det͡ʃ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; a">t͡ʃa</word>
+    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="l e n">len</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="i m">im</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="b a &#x272;">baɲ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM" ph="n u t&#x361;&#x255;">nut͡ɕ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="&#x272; a s">ɲas</word>
+    <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="&#x283;">ʃ</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="a b i n">abin</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="&#x283; o &#x255;">ʃoɕ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; o">t͡ʃo</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy>
+    <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i &#x291;">iʑ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" ph="t i d">tid</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="s a t&#x361;&#x255;">sat͡ɕ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="o d a t&#x361;&#x255; a r">odat͡ɕar</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="d e t&#x361;&#x283;">det͡ʃ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; a">t͡ʃa</word>
-    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="l e n">len</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="i m">im</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="b a &#x272;">baɲ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM" ph="n u t&#x361;&#x255;">nut͡ɕ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="&#x272; a s">ɲas</word>
-    <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="&#x283;">ʃ</thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="a b i n">abin</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="&#x283; o &#x255;">ʃoɕ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; o">t͡ʃo</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy>
-    <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i &#x291;">iʑ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" ph="t i d">tid</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">sat͡ɕ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">f</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">odat͡ɕar</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">det͡ʃ</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">t͡ʃa</word>
+    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">l</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">len</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">el</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">ep</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">f</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc">im</word>
+    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP">baɲ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="NOM">nut͡ɕ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">el</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">ep</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ɲas</word>
+    <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">ʃ</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">abin</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">ʃoɕ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">el</thingy>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">t͡ʃo</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">f</thingy>
+    <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">iʑ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">tid</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">el</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">ep</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sat͡ɕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;f-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;odat͡ɕar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;det͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-el&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;f-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;im&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;baɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nut͡ɕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-el&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;abin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃoɕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-el&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-iʑ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-el&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>sat͡ɕ fodat͡ɕar det͡ʃ t͡ʃal lenelep fim baɲ nut͡ɕelep ɲas ʃabin ʃoɕel t͡ʃofiʑ tidelep</p>
+  <p>saty fodatyarr dech chal lenelep fim bañ nutyelep ñas shabin shoɕel chofiʑ tidelep</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>sat͡ɕ</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>f-</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>odat͡ɕar</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>det͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃa</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-l</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>len</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-el</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ep</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>f-</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>im</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>baɲ</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nut͡ɕ</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-el</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ep</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲas</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃ-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>abin</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃoɕ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-el</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃo</o>
+      <g>a</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-f</o>
+      <g>fem</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-iʑ</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tid</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-el</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ep</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Saty fodatyarr dech chal lenelep fim bañ nutyelep ñas shabin shoɕel chofiʑ tidelep.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: