Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Chun, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <relp>
+        <vp tam="pres-state">
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+        </vp>
+        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        </np>
+      </relp>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module embed:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
-      <relp>
+      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
+        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
-      </relp>
+      </subs>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nominalise:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      </np>
+      <np role="owner" number="sing">
        <subs>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      </np>
          <np role="obj">
            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
              <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
                <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
              </np>
              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
        </subs>
      </np>
+    </np>
+  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np type="owner_owned">
+        <np role="owned" number="sing">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        </np>
+        <np role="owner" number="sing">
          <subs>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
            </vp>
-        <np role="subj" number="sing">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-        </np>
          </subs>
        </np>
+      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity: No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owner" number="sing">
        <subs>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
          <np role="obj">
            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
              <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
                <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
              </np>
              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <np type="owner_owned">
          <np role="owned" number="sing">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
          <np role="owner" number="sing">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owner" number="sing">
        <subs>
-          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
-          </vp>
          <np role="obj">
            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
              <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
                <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
              </np>
              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
+          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <np type="owner_owned">
          <np role="owned" number="sing">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
          <np role="owner" number="sing">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owner" number="sing">
        <subs>
          <np role="obj">
            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
              <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
                <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
              </np>
              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <np type="owner_owned">
          <np role="owned" number="sing">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
          <np role="owner" number="sing">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
+    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owner" number="sing">
+      <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
        <subs>
          <np role="obj">
-            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
              <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
                <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
              </np>
-              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
-        <np type="owner_owned">
-          <np role="owned" number="sing">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
+        <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
+          <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
-          <np role="owner" number="sing">
+          <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.2">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
-    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1">
+    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
        <subs>
-          <np role="obj">
-            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
+          <np role="obj" number="plur">
+            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
              <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
                <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
              </np>
              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
-        <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
+        <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
          <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
          <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.2">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
-    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.3">
+    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1">
+      <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
+      <np role="owner" gender="cl.3">
        <subs>
-          <np role="obj" number="plur">
-            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
-              <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-                <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+          <np role="obj">
+            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
+              <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+                <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
              </np>
-              <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
+              <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
-        <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
-          <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3">
+      <np locus="number" gender="cl.3">
+        <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
+          <np role="owned" gender="cl.4">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
-          <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
+          <np role="owner" gender="cl.3">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.2">
+      <np def="def" gender="cl.2">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns: No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.3">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1">
-      <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
+      <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owner" gender="cl.3">
+      <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <subs>
-          <np role="obj">
+          <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
-              <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
-                <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
-              </np>
-              <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
+              <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3">
-      <np locus="number" gender="cl.3">
+      <np locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
-          <np role="owned" gender="cl.4">
+          <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
-          <np role="owner" gender="cl.3">
+          <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" gender="cl.2">
+      <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1">
-      <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <subs>
          <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
              <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
+  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3">
+      <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
-          <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3">
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-          </np>
          <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
+          <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </np>
-      <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder: No change.

module wordorder: No change.

module wordorder: No change.

module conjp: No change.

flattenconjp: No change.

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1">
      <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <subs>
-          <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
+          <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1">
            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
              <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
-          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1">
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
      <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3">
      <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
          <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
          <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1">
      <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <subs>
          <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1">
            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
              <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1">
+            <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
            <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+            <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+            <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
      <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3">
      <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
          <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+                <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
          <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
-    <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1">
+  <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
    <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
      <subs>
-          <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1">
-            <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
-          </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1">
          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
          <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
-  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3">
      <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
          <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
                <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
              </vp>
            </subs>
          </np>
          <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
-  <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
  <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-        </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1">
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
  </np>
-    <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3">
+  <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3">
    <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
    <np locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
-        <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
      <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-      </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1">
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
-            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 1incl
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/voice/obligatory
calling defaultval for voice/
defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.cl.3

addaffixes:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+        <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/>
+        <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1">
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"/>
+        <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS"/>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+      <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
+            <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+        <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
-    <subs>
-      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1">
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      </vp>
-    </subs>
-  </np>
-  <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <np locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
-      <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
-        <subs>
-          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-          </vp>
-        </subs>
-      </np>
-      <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3"/>
-      </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|dˤ|i|</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|t͡ʃ|a|f|y|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|sˤ|i|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|ḭ|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">|m|aː|ʃ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.POSS">-|i|m|a|</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">|t|ḭ|</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1">-|d|ḭ|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1">|m|ḭ|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|sˤ|i|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS">|t͡ɕ|uː|n|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3.POSS">-|i|b|i|</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS">|t|ḭ|</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1">-|d|ḭ|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">|ʔ|uː|d|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|u|k|ḭ|</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|t͡ɕ|ṵ|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|sˤ|i|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3">|t|u|ɲ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3.POSS">-|i|b|i|</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|t͡ɕ|y|</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony: No change.

### |dˤ|i|
#-> dˤi
### |dˤ|i|
#-> dˤi
### |t͡ʃ|a|f|y|
#-> t͡ʃafy
### |t͡ʃ|a|f|y|
#-> t͡ʃafy
### -|sˤ|i|
#-> -sˤi
### -|sˤ|i|
#-> -sˤi
### |m|ḭ|
#-> mḭ
### |m|ḭ|
#-> mḭ
### |m|aː|ʃ|
#-> maːʃ
### |m|aː|ʃ|
#-> maːʃ
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|i|m|a|
#-> -ima
### -|i|m|a|
#-> -ima
### |t|ḭ|
#-> tḭ
### |t|ḭ|
#-> tḭ
### -|d|ḭ|
#-> -dḭ
### -|d|ḭ|
#-> -dḭ
### |m|ḭ|
#-> mḭ
### |m|ḭ|
#-> mḭ
### -|sˤ|i|
#-> -sˤi
### -|sˤ|i|
#-> -sˤi
### |t͡ɕ|uː|n|
#-> t͡ɕuːn
### |t͡ɕ|uː|n|
#-> t͡ɕuːn
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|i|b|i|
#-> -ibi
### -|i|b|i|
#-> -ibi
### |t|ḭ|
#-> tḭ
### |t|ḭ|
#-> tḭ
### -|d|ḭ|
#-> -dḭ
### -|d|ḭ|
#-> -dḭ
### |ʔ|uː|d|
#-> ʔuːd
### |ʔ|uː|d|
#-> ʔuːd
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|u|k|ḭ|
#-> -ukḭ
### -|u|k|ḭ|
#-> -ukḭ
### |t͡ɕ|ṵ|
#-> t͡ɕṵ
### |t͡ɕ|ṵ|
#-> t͡ɕṵ
### -|sˤ|i|
#-> -sˤi
### -|sˤ|i|
#-> -sˤi
### |t|u|ɲ|
#-> tuɲ
### |t|u|ɲ|
#-> tuɲ
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|i|b|i|
#-> -ibi
### -|i|b|i|
#-> -ibi
### |t͡ɕ|y|
#-> t͡ɕy
### |t͡ɕ|y|
#-> t͡ɕy
### |dˤ|i| |t͡ʃ|a|f|y||sˤ|i| |m|ḭ| |m|aː|ʃ||a|d||i|m|a| |t|ḭ||d|ḭ| |m|ḭ||sˤ|i| |t͡ɕ|uː|n||a|d||i|b|i| |t|ḭ||d|ḭ| |ʔ|uː|d||a|d||u|k|ḭ| |t͡ɕ|ṵ||sˤ|i| |t|u|ɲ||a|d||i|b|i| |t͡ɕ|y|
#-> dˤi t͡ʃafysˤi mḭ maːʃadima tḭdḭ mḭsˤi t͡ɕuːnadibi tḭdḭ ʔuːdadukḭ t͡ɕṵsˤi tuɲadibi t͡ɕy

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|dˤ|i|</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|t͡ʃ|a|f|y|</word>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|sˤ|i|</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|ḭ|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">|m|aː|ʃ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.POSS">-|i|m|a|</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">|t|ḭ|</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1">-|d|ḭ|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1">|m|ḭ|</word>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|sˤ|i|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS">|t͡ɕ|uː|n|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3.POSS">-|i|b|i|</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="3.cl.3" case="ABS">|t|ḭ|</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1">-|d|ḭ|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">|ʔ|uː|d|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|u|k|ḭ|</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|t͡ɕ|ṵ|</word>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|sˤ|i|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3">|t|u|ɲ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3.POSS">-|i|b|i|</thingy>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|t͡ɕ|y|</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dˤi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃafy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-sˤi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mḭ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;maːʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ABS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ima&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tḭ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-dḭ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mḭ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-sˤi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ɕuːn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ABS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ibi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.cl.3.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tḭ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-dḭ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʔuːd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ABS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ukḭ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;no.owner.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ɕṵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-sˤi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tuɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ABS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ibi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.cl.3.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ɕy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>dˤi t͡ʃafysˤi mḭ maːʃadima tḭdḭ mḭsˤi t͡ɕuːnadibi tḭdḭ ʔuːdadukḭ t͡ɕṵsˤi tuɲadibi t͡ɕy</p>
+  <p>द़ि च्षफ़्युस़ि मिः माशदिम तिःदिः मिःस़ि चूनदिबि तिःदिः ऽऊददुकिः चुःस़ि तुञदिबि च्यु</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>dˤi</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃafy</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-sˤi</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mḭ</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>maːʃ</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ad</o>
+      <g>ABS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ima</o>
+      <g>1incl.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tḭ</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-dḭ</o>
+      <g>cl.1</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mḭ</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-sˤi</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ɕuːn</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ad</o>
+      <g>ABS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ibi</o>
+      <g>3.cl.3.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tḭ</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-dḭ</o>
+      <g>cl.1</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʔuːd</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ad</o>
+      <g>ABS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ukḭ</o>
+      <g>no.owner.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ɕṵ</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-sˤi</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tuɲ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ad</o>
+      <g>ABS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ibi</o>
+      <g>3.cl.3.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ɕy</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

द़ि च्षफ़्युस़ि मिः माशदिम तिःदिः मिःस़ि चूनदिबि तिःदिः ऽऊददुकिः चुःस़ि तुञदिबि च्यु ॥

But our language arose in a different way.

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• The language creation questionnaire
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