Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Yeb, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> + <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> + <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABSaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t e l">tel</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="e ɾ">eɾ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="k o ŋ">koŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="n i">ni</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="l u w">luw</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="u p">up</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="b u ɲ">buɲ</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t͡ʃ a m">t͡ʃam</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="n i">ni</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="p i s">pis</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="u p">up</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="s o m">som</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="d o r">dor</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="j a s+k">jask</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="u p">up</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="x a n">xan</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="d o r">dor</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t e s+t a s+t">testast</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="u p">up</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t e l">tel</word> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="e ɾ">eɾ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="k o ŋ">koŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="n i">ni</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="l u w">luw</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="u p">up</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="b u ɲ">buɲ</word> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="t͡ʃ a m">t͡ʃam</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="n i">ni</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="p i s">pis</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="u p">up</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="s o m">som</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="d o r">dor</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="j a s+k">jask</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="u p">up</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="x a n">xan</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="d o r">dor</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t e s+t a s+t">testast</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="u p">up</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">tel</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">eɾ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">koŋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">ni</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">luw</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">up</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">buɲ</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">t͡ʃam</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">ni</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">pis</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">up</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">som</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">dor</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">jask</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">up</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">xan</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">dor</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">testast</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">up</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tel</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-eɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">koŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ni</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-s</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">luw</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-up</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">buɲ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃam</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ni</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-s</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pis</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-up</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">som</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dor</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jask</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-up</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xan</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dor</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">testast</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-up</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span></p> + <p>teleɾ koŋ nis luwup buɲ t͡ʃam nis pisup som dor jaskup xan dor testastup</p> + <p>teler kong nis luwup buñ cham nis pisup som dorr jaskup khan dorr testastup</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>tel</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-eɾ</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>koŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ni</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-s</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>luw</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-up</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>buɲ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃam</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ni</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-s</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pis</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-up</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>som</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dor</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jask</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-up</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xan</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dor</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>testast</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-up</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Teler kong nis luwup buñ cham nis pisup som dorr jaskup khan dorr testastup.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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