Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Do, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" gender="fem">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="fem">
+  <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
+  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
+      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
+  <np role="obj" gender="fem">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
+      <np locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
+      <np locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
+  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
-      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
+      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="fem">
+  <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np locus="number" gender="neut">
+      <np locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np locus="number" gender="fem">
+      <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

No change.

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <np locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
  <np locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
</s>

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got neut

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
</s>

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-      <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-      </np>
-    </pp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
-  <np locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x290;&#x2E0;+d&#x2E0; u&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">ʐˠdˠuː</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p&#x2E0; &#x259;&#x2D0;" slots="Cis V2">pˠəː</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="z&#x2B2;+b&#x2E0; u&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">zʲbˠuː</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="s&#x2B2;+&#x288;&#x2E0; &#x259;" slots="Cms V2">sʲʈˠə</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="q&#x2B2; &#xE6;" slots="Cir V1">qʲæ</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x295;&#x2B2; o" slots="Cir V1">ʕʲo</word>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="&#x290;&#x2E0;+d&#x2B2; u&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">ʐˠdʲuː</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="z&#x2B2;+b&#x2E0; u&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">zʲbˠuː</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="Cms V2"></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="h &#x251;" slots="Cir V1">hɑ</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x282;&#x2E0;+q&#x2E0; i" slots="Cir V1">ʂˠqˠi</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="&#x290;&#x2B2;+&#x256;&#x2B2; &#x259;" slots="Cis V2">ʐʲɖʲə</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="d&#x2E0; &#xE6;" slots="Cir V1">dˠæ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="x&#x2B2; &#x251;&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">xʲɑː</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="&#x282;&#x2E0; &#xE6;" slots="Cir V1">ʂˠæ</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="d&#x2E0; &#xE6;" slots="Cir V1">dˠæ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="&#x262;&#x2B2; &#x259;&#x2D0; &#x28B;&#x2E0; e" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1">ɢʲəːʋˠe</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

applysandhi:

/uː/ + /sʲ+ʈˠ/ > // + /sʲ+ʈˠ/

<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x290;&#x2E0;+d&#x2E0; u&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">ʐˠdˠuː</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p&#x2E0; &#x259;&#x2D0;" slots="Cis V2">pˠəː</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x290;&#x2E0;+d&#x2E0; u&#x2D0;">ʐˠdˠuː</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p&#x2E0; &#x259;&#x2D0;">pˠəː</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="z&#x2B2;+b&#x2E0; u&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">zʲbˠuː</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="s&#x2B2;+&#x288;&#x2E0; &#x259;" slots="Cms V2">sʲʈˠə</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="q&#x2B2; &#xE6;" slots="Cir V1">qʲæ</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x295;&#x2B2; o" slots="Cir V1">ʕʲo</word>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="&#x290;&#x2E0;+d&#x2B2; u&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">ʐˠdʲuː</word>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="z&#x2B2;+b&#x2E0; u&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">zʲbˠuː</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="z&#x2B2;+b&#x2E0;" underlying="z&#x2B2;+b&#x2E0; u&#x2D0;">zʲbˠ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="s&#x2B2;+&#x288;&#x2E0; &#x259;">sʲʈˠə</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="q&#x2B2; &#xE6;">qʲæ</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x295;&#x2B2; o">ʕʲo</word>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="&#x290;&#x2E0;+d&#x2B2; u&#x2D0;">ʐˠdʲuː</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="z&#x2B2;+b&#x2E0; u&#x2D0;">zʲbˠuː</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="Cms V2"></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="h &#x251;" slots="Cir V1">hɑ</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x282;&#x2E0;+q&#x2E0; i" slots="Cir V1">ʂˠqˠi</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="h &#x251;">hɑ</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x282;&#x2E0;+q&#x2E0; i">ʂˠqˠi</word>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="&#x290;&#x2B2;+&#x256;&#x2B2; &#x259;" slots="Cis V2">ʐʲɖʲə</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="&#x290;&#x2B2;+&#x256;&#x2B2; &#x259;">ʐʲɖʲə</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="d&#x2E0; &#xE6;" slots="Cir V1">dˠæ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="x&#x2B2; &#x251;&#x2D0;" slots="Cir V1">xʲɑː</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="d&#x2E0; &#xE6;">dˠæ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="x&#x2B2; &#x251;&#x2D0;">xʲɑː</word>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="&#x282;&#x2E0; &#xE6;" slots="Cir V1">ʂˠæ</word>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="d&#x2E0; &#xE6;" slots="Cir V1">dˠæ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="&#x262;&#x2B2; &#x259;&#x2D0; &#x28B;&#x2E0; e" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1">ɢʲəːʋˠe</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="&#x282;&#x2E0; &#xE6;">ʂˠæ</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="d&#x2E0; &#xE6;">dˠæ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="&#x262;&#x2B2; &#x259;&#x2D0; &#x28B;&#x2E0; e">ɢʲəːʋˠe</word>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x290;&#x2E0;+d&#x2E0; u&#x2D0;">ʐˠdˠuː</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p&#x2E0; &#x259;&#x2D0;">pˠəː</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="z&#x2B2;+b&#x2E0;" underlying="z&#x2B2;+b&#x2E0; u&#x2D0;">zʲbˠ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="s&#x2B2;+&#x288;&#x2E0; &#x259;">sʲʈˠə</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="q&#x2B2; &#xE6;">qʲæ</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x295;&#x2B2; o">ʕʲo</word>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="&#x290;&#x2E0;+d&#x2B2; u&#x2D0;">ʐˠdʲuː</word>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="z&#x2B2;+b&#x2E0; u&#x2D0;">zʲbˠuː</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="Cms V2"></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="h &#x251;">hɑ</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x282;&#x2E0;+q&#x2E0; i">ʂˠqˠi</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="&#x290;&#x2B2;+&#x256;&#x2B2; &#x259;">ʐʲɖʲə</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="d&#x2E0; &#xE6;">dˠæ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="x&#x2B2; &#x251;&#x2D0;">xʲɑː</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="&#x282;&#x2E0; &#xE6;">ʂˠæ</word>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="d&#x2E0; &#xE6;">dˠæ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="&#x262;&#x2B2; &#x259;&#x2D0; &#x28B;&#x2E0; e">ɢʲəːʋˠe</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph="" slots="Cis V2"></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ʐˠdˠuː</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">pˠəː</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" underlying="z&#x2B2;+b&#x2E0; u&#x2D0;">zʲbˠ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">sʲʈˠə</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">qʲæ</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">ʕʲo</word>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ʐˠdʲuː</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">zʲbˠuː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">hɑ</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">ʂˠqˠi</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">ʐʲɖʲə</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">dˠæ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">xʲɑː</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ʂˠæ</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">dˠæ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ɢʲəːʋˠe</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʐˠdˠuː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;pˠəː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;zʲbˠuː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-sʲʈˠə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;qʲæ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʕʲo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʐˠdʲuː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;zʲbˠuː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hɑ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʂˠqˠi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʐʲɖʲə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;LOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dˠæ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;xʲɑː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʂˠæ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dˠæ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɢʲəːʋˠe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ʐˠdˠuː pˠəː zʲbˠsʲʈˠə qʲæ ʕʲo ʐˠdʲuː zʲbˠuː hɑ ʂˠqˠi ʐʲɖʲə dˠæ xʲɑː ʂˠæ dˠæ ɢʲəːʋˠe</p>
+  <p>з̇ъдуː пъәː зьбъсьт̇ъә ԛьѣ ғъё з̇ъдюː зьбуː гɑ с̇ъԛы з̇ьд̇ьә дъѣ хьӓː с̇ъѣ дъѣ ӷьәːвэ</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʐˠdˠuː</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>pˠəː</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>zʲbˠuː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-sʲʈˠə</o>
+      <g>fem</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>qʲæ</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʕʲo</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʐˠdʲuː</o>
+      <g>in_surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>zʲbˠuː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hɑ</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʂˠqˠi</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʐʲɖʲə</o>
+      <g>LOC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dˠæ</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>xʲɑː</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʂˠæ</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dˠæ</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɢʲəːʋˠe</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

З̇ъдуː пъәː зьбъсьт̇ъә ԛьѣ ғъё з̇ъдюː зьбуː гɑ с̇ъԛы з̇ьд̇ьә дъѣ хьӓː с̇ъѣ дъѣ ӷьәːвэ.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

Useful pages: