Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Airu, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sequential:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="then"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="then"> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module subordinate:
No change.
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> </np> + </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np def="def" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: adj, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for different/adj/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np def="def" number="sing"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="then"> + <flat> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> - <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np def="def" number="sing"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="then"> +<s connector="then" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="h i ˈ">hiˈ</word> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m a p a ˈ">mapaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="kʷ">kʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="tˤ i s">tˤis</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="tˤ ɔ ˈ">tˤɔˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="kʷ">kʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" ph="ai ˈ ɾ u">aiˈɾu</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" ph="sˤ ɔ ˈ s">sˤɔˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="a̰">a̰</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="sˤ ɔ ˈ s">sˤɔˈs</word> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ɲ ɛ̰ ˈ ɡʷ">ɲɛ̰ˈɡʷ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="k ɔ ˈ t">kɔˈt</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" ph="ai m o">aimo</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ʃ u ˈ kʷ">ʃuˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="o j">oj</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" ph="i ˈ m e">iˈme</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="then" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="h i ˈ">hiˈ</word> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m a p a ˈ">mapaˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="kʷ">kʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="tˤ i s">tˤis</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="tˤ ɔ ˈ">tˤɔˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="kʷ">kʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" ph="ai ˈ ɾ u">aiˈɾu</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" ph="sˤ ɔ ˈ s">sˤɔˈs</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="a̰">a̰</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="sˤ ɔ ˈ s">sˤɔˈs</word> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ɲ ɛ̰ ˈ ɡʷ">ɲɛ̰ˈɡʷ</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="k ɔ ˈ t">kɔˈt</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" ph="ai m o">aimo</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ʃ u ˈ kʷ">ʃuˈkʷ</word> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="o j">oj</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" ph="i ˈ m e">iˈme</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj">hiˈ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">mapaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">kʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">tˤis</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">tˤɔˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">kʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">aiˈɾu</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">sˤɔˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">a̰</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">sˤɔˈs</word> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ɲɛ̰ˈɡʷ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">kɔˈt</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing">aimo</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number">ʃuˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">oj</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">dˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number">iˈme</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈhi</span><br><span class="gls">then</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">maˈpa</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-kʷ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤis</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤɔ</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-kʷ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaiɾu</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤɔs</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">a̰</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤɔs</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲɛ̰ɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkɔt</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">aimo</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʃukʷ</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-oj</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈime</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈhi maˈpakʷ tˤis ˈtˤɔkʷ ˈdˤaiɾud ˈsˤɔs dˤa̰d ˈsˤɔs ˈɲɛ̰ɡʷ ˈkɔt dˤaimod ˈʃukʷoj ˈdˤimed</p> + <p>hi mapaqu ṭis ṭoqu ḍairud ṣos ḍa’d ṣos ñæ’gw kot ḍaimód shuquój ḍimed</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈhi</o> + <g>then</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>maˈpa</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-kʷ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤis</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤɔ</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-kʷ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤ-</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaiɾu</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤɔs</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤ-</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>a̰</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤɔs</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲɛ̰ɡʷ</o> + <g>1incl.plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈkɔt</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤ-</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>aimo</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʃukʷ</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-oj</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤ-</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈime</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Hi mapaqu ṭis ṭoqu ḍairud ṣos ḍa’d ṣos ñæ’gw kot ḍaimód shuquój ḍimed.
But our language arose in a different way.
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