Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Chakh, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/def/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p u b">pub</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡s ɔi ˈ">t͡sɔiˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ʃ">t͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="p ɛ ˈ x">pɛˈx</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="f u">fu</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ɡ u ˈ f">ɡuˈf</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="u d">ud</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ k">ɑk</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="n ɑ ˈ ɡ">nɑˈɡ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡s e ˈ d">t͡seˈd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ʃ ɔ ˈ z">ʃɔˈz</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="u d">ud</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ k">ɑk</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="f e ˈ w">feˈw</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʒ+ɡ æ ˈ d͡ʒ">ʒɡæˈd͡ʒ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ k">ɑk</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="b o ˈ ʒ">boˈʒ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="f e ˈ w">feˈw</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="x æ d͡ʒ o ˈ f">xæd͡ʒoˈf</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ k">ɑk</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="p u b">pub</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t͡s ɔi ˈ">t͡sɔiˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ʃ">t͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="p ɛ ˈ x">pɛˈx</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="f u">fu</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ɡ u ˈ f">ɡuˈf</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="u d">ud</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ k">ɑk</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="n ɑ ˈ ɡ">nɑˈɡ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡s e ˈ d">t͡seˈd</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ʃ ɔ ˈ z">ʃɔˈz</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="u d">ud</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ k">ɑk</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="f e ˈ w">feˈw</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʒ+ɡ æ ˈ d͡ʒ">ʒɡæˈd͡ʒ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ k">ɑk</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="b o ˈ ʒ">boˈʒ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="f e ˈ w">feˈw</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="x æ d͡ʒ o ˈ f">xæd͡ʒoˈf</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ k">ɑk</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">pub</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">t͡sɔiˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">t͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">pɛˈx</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur">fu</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">ɡuˈf</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">ud</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ɑk</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">nɑˈɡ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">t͡seˈd</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">ʃɔˈz</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">ud</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ɑk</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">feˈw</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ʒɡæˈd͡ʒ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ɑk</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">boˈʒ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">feˈw</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">xæd͡ʒoˈf</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ɑk</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pub</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡sɔi</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈpɛx</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fu-</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡuf</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ud</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɑk</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnɑɡ</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡sed</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʃɔz</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ud</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɑk</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfew</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʒɡæd͡ʒ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɑk</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈboʒ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfew</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xæˈd͡ʒof</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɑk</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>pub ˈt͡sɔit͡ʃ ˈpɛx fuˈɡufudɑk ˈnɑɡ ˈt͡sed ˈʃɔzudɑk ˈfew ˈʒɡæd͡ʒɑk ˈboʒ ˈfew xæˈd͡ʒofɑk</p> + <p>pub tzɔich pækh fugufudak nag tzed shozudak few zhgäjak bózh few khäjófak</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>pub</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡sɔi</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ʃ</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈpɛx</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fu-</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɡuf</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ud</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɑk</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnɑɡ</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡sed</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʃɔz</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ud</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɑk</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfew</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʒɡæd͡ʒ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɑk</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈboʒ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfew</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xæˈd͡ʒof</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɑk</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Pub tzɔich pækh fugufudak nag tzed shozudak few zhgäjak bózh few khäjófak.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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