Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Nagish, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np def="def"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> <np def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np def="def"> + <np def="def" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - <np def="def" locus="number"> + <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - </np> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" case="LOC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" case="LOC"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" case="LOC"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" case="LOC"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" case="LOC"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="i ʃ i">iʃi</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ɲ y b">ɲyb</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" ph="h i ɲ">hiɲ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" ph="j u ɡ">juɡ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="s i k">sik</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" case="LOC" ph="ʃ a ɡʷ">ʃaɡʷ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="ɲ y b">ɲyb</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="f a ɡʷ">faɡʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="ɡʷ i s">ɡʷis</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ᵑǀ y d">ᵑǀyd</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ᵏǀ au t͡ʃ">ᵏǀaut͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="k au s">kaus</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="s a d">sad</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="n a w ai j">nawaij</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="k au s">kaus</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="i ʃ i">iʃi</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ɲ y b">ɲyb</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" ph="h i ɲ">hiɲ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" ph="j u ɡ">juɡ</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="s i k">sik</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" case="LOC" ph="ʃ a ɡʷ">ʃaɡʷ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="ɲ y b">ɲyb</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="f a ɡʷ">faɡʷ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="ɡʷ i s">ɡʷis</word> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ᵑǀ y d">ᵑǀyd</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ᵏǀ au t͡ʃ">ᵏǀaut͡ʃ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="k au s">kaus</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="s a d">sad</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="n a w ai j">nawaij</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="k au s">kaus</word> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.SUBJ">p</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">iʃi</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">f</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">ɲyb</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">hiɲ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">juɡ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">sik</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" case="LOC">ʃaɡʷ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">ɲyb</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">faɡʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">ɡʷis</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">ᵑǀyd</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj">ᵏǀaut͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">kaus</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">sad</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj">nawaij</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">kaus</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">3.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iʃi</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-f</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲyb</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hiɲ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">juɡ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sik</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃaɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲyb</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">faɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷis</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀyd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀaut͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kaus</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sad</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nawaij</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kaus</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>piʃif ɲyb hiɲ juɡ sik ʃaɡʷ ɲyb faɡʷ ɡʷis ᵑǀyd ᵏǀaut͡ʃ kaus sad nawaij kaus</p> + <p>pishif ñyb hiñ jug sik shagw ñyb fagw gwis ncyd cauch kaus sad nawaij kaus</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>3.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iʃi</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-f</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲyb</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hiɲ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>juɡ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sik</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃaɡʷ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲyb</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>faɡʷ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡʷis</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀyd</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀaut͡ʃ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kaus</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sad</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nawaij</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kaus</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Pishif ñyb hiñ jug sik shagw ñyb fagw gwis ncyd cauch kaus sad nawaij kaus.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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