Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Adod, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module NRel:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> - </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> + <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> + <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + </np> + <relp comma="after"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> + <relp comma="after"> + <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + </np> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC"> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC"> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent"> - <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr=""> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem"> + <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC"> - <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut"> + <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> + <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut"> + <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur.fem"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur.fem"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur.fem"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" gender="fem"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur.fem"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for mode/
defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicative
calling defaultval for negation/
defaultval: verb, negation
returning POS
calling defaultval for mode/
defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicative
calling defaultval for negation/
defaultval: verb, negation
returning POS
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got neut
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for RELPRON/pron/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for RELPRON/pron/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" gender="fem"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"/> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur.fem"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur.fem"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" gender="fem"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/> <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" comma="after"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </relp> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur.fem"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur.fem"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur.fem" comma="after"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </relp> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" gender="fem"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" comma="after"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur.fem" comma="after"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h ɔ">hɔ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="h">h</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="o l">ol</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ɡ i ɡ">ɡiɡ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur" ph="dˤ o">dˤo</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="e d">ed</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="ai s">ais</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="n iː t͡ɕ">niːt͡ɕ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing" ph="dˤ o">dˤo</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o f">of</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="i kʼ">ikʼ</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="ŋ ɔ">ŋɔ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" comma="after" ph="nˤ iː">nˤiː</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="h">h</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="o l">ol</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem" ph="ŋ ɔ">ŋɔ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur.fem" comma="after" ph="t͡ɕ ɛ">t͡ɕɛ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="h">h</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="o l">ol</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="t͡ɕ eː ŋ">t͡ɕeːŋ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="o d">od</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="w o nˤ">wonˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="t͡ɕ eː ŋ">t͡ɕeːŋ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="a b u nˤ u w">abunˤuw</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h ɔ">hɔ</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="h">h</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="o l">ol</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ɡ i ɡ">ɡiɡ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur" ph="dˤ o">dˤo</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="e d">ed</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="ai s">ais</word> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="n iː t͡ɕ">niːt͡ɕ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing" ph="dˤ o">dˤo</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o f">of</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="i kʼ">ikʼ</word> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="ŋ ɔ">ŋɔ</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" comma="after" ph="nˤ iː">nˤiː</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="h">h</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="o l">ol</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem" ph="ŋ ɔ">ŋɔ</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur.fem" comma="after" ph="t͡ɕ ɛ">t͡ɕɛ</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="h">h</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="o l">ol</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="t͡ɕ eː ŋ">t͡ɕeːŋ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="o d">od</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="w o nˤ">wonˤ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="t͡ɕ eː ŋ">t͡ɕeːŋ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="a b u nˤ u w">abunˤuw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">hɔ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">h</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">ol</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ɡiɡ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="plur">dˤo</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">d</thingy> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">ed</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" gender="fem">ais</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">niːt͡ɕ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" case="LOC" gender="neut" number="sing">dˤo</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut">l</thingy> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">of</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="neut">ikʼ,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">ŋɔ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">d</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" comma="after">nˤiː</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">h</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">ol,</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">ŋɔ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">w</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.plur.fem" comma="after">t͡ɕɛ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">h</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">ol,</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">t͡ɕeːŋ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">od</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">wonˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">t͡ɕeːŋ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">abunˤuw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hɔ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-h</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ol</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡiɡ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤo</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ed</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ais</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">niːt͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤo</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-l</span><br><span class="gls">neut</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-of</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ikʼ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋɔ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nˤiː</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-h</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ol</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋɔ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-w</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕɛ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-h</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ol</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕeːŋ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">od</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wonˤ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕeːŋ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">abunˤuw</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span></p> + <p>hɔhol ɡiɡ dˤoded lais niːt͡ɕ dˤolof likʼ, ŋɔd nˤiːhol, ŋɔw t͡ɕɛhol, t͡ɕeːŋ lod wonˤ t͡ɕeːŋ labunˤuw</p> + <p>hohól gig ḍóded lais niity ḍólóf ligk, ngod ṇiihól, ngow tyæhól, tyeeng lód wóṇ tyeeng labuṇuw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>hɔ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-h</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ol</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡiɡ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤo</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ed</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ais</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>niːt͡ɕ</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤo</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-l</o> + <g>neut</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-of</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ikʼ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋɔ</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nˤiː</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-h</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ol</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋɔ</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-w</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕɛ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-h</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ol</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕeːŋ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>od</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wonˤ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕeːŋ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>abunˤuw</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Hohól gig ḍóded lais niity ḍólóf ligk, ngod ṇiihól, ngow tyæhól, tyeeng lód wóṇ tyeeng labuṇuw.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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