Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Hama, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module embed:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module subordinate:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
-      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
    <subs>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
    <subs>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
    <subs>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+      <np role="obj">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
+    <np locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
    <subs>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
    <subs>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
    <subs>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3" obj="3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
    <subs>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3" obj="3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
    <subs>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3" obj="3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj">
        <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
          <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
    <subs>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3" obj="3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
      </vp>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj">
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
    <subs>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3" obj="3">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3" obj="3"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
-        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
+        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" case="LOC">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC"/>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got LOC

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
    <subs>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3" obj="3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3" obj="3"/>
+        <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      </np>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="STA">
-    <subs>
-      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3" obj="3">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3" obj="3"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-      </np>
-    </subs>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np locus="number" case="LOC">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC"/>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3" obj="3"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/>
-    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="b a">ba</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x272; i n a n">ɲinan</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a">a</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" ph="h a m a">hama</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="&#x294; i">ʔi</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3" obj="3" ph="k a &#x272;">kaɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="b i f i">bifi</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="l i">li</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="&#x294; i">ʔi</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="m o">mo</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="n o n i">noni</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="n a">na</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="&#x261; u m i">ɡumi</word>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="h a">ha</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="b a">ba</word>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x272; i n a n">ɲinan</word>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a">a</thingy>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" ph="h a m a">hama</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="&#x294; i">ʔi</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3" obj="3" ph="k a &#x272;">kaɲ</word>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="b i f i">bifi</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="l i">li</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="&#x294; i">ʔi</thingy>
    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="m o">mo</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="n o n i">noni</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="n o n u" underlying="n o n i">nonu</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="n a">na</thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="&#x261; u m i">ɡumi</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="&#x261; u m u" underlying="&#x261; u m i">ɡumu</word>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="h a">ha</word>
  </flat>
</s>

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="b a">ba</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x272; i n a n">ɲinan</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a">a</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" ph="h a m a">hama</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="&#x294; i">ʔi</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3" obj="3" ph="k a &#x272;">kaɲ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="b i f i">bifi</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="l i">li</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="&#x294; i">ʔi</thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="m o">mo</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="n o n u" underlying="n o n i">nonu</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="n a">na</thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="&#x261; u m u" underlying="&#x261; u m i">ɡumu</word>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="h a">ha</word>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ba</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ɲinan</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">a</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">hama</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">ʔi</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" subj="3" obj="3">kaɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">i</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP">bifi</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">li</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">ʔi</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">mo</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" case="LOC" underlying="n o n i">nonu</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC">na</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" case="LOC" underlying="&#x261; u m i">ɡumu</word>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ha</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲinan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ʔi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;STA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kaɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PRES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bifi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;li&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ʔi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;STA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;noni&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-na&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;LOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡumi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ba ɲinana hamaʔi kaɲi bifi liʔi mo nonuna ɡumu ha</p>
+  <p>ba ñinana hamaqi kañi bifi liqi mo nonuna gumu ha</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ba</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲinan</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hama</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ʔi</o>
+      <g>STA</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kaɲ</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-i</o>
+      <g>PRES</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bifi</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>li</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ʔi</o>
+      <g>STA</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mo</o>
+      <g>1incl</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>noni</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-na</o>
+      <g>LOC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡumi</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ha</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Ba ñinana hamaqi kañi bifi liqi mo nonuna gumu ha.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: