Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Tet, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module RelN:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
+  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module complementise:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module casemarking:

No change.

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.neut">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="neut">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.neut">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="neut">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="masc" number="sing">
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.neut">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="neut">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
+    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing" role="obj">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-      </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.neut">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    </vp>
-    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing" role="obj">
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.neut">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.neut"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
-      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/>
+      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: adj, case
returning NOM

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got neut
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for different/adj/case/obligatory
Got NOM

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.neut">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.neut"/>
+      <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
      <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+      <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <subs>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.neut">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.neut"/>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
-  </subs>
-  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.neut"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="n &#x254; &#x2C8; &#x14B;">nɔˈŋ</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; i &#x261; u &#x2C8;">t͡ʃiɡuˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="&#x14B;">ŋ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; i b">ᵏǀib</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.neut" ph="&#x1D51;&#x1C0; o&#x2D0; &#x2C8;">ᵑǀoːˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="&#x14B;">ŋ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" ph="d o&#x2D0; &#x2C8; j">doːˈj</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i f">if</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" ph="n i &#x2C8;">niˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="&#x27E;">ɾ</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="&#x1D51;&#x1C0; &#x254; &#x2C8; t">ᵑǀɔˈt</word>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; i t e &#x2C8; m">t͡ʃiteˈm</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="t e &#x2C8; t">teˈt</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i f">if</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="n i &#x2C8;">niˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="f a &#x2C8; k">faˈk</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="t a&#x2D0; &#x2C8; d">taːˈd</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i f">if</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j au &#x2C8; &#x27E;">jauˈɾ</word>
+    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="n &#x254; &#x2C8; &#x14B;">nɔˈŋ</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; i &#x261; u &#x2C8;">t͡ʃiɡuˈ</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; u &#x261; u &#x2C8;" underlying="t&#x361;&#x283; i &#x261; u &#x2C8;">t͡ʃuɡuˈ</word>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="&#x14B;">ŋ</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; i b">ᵏǀib</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.neut" ph="&#x1D51;&#x1C0; o&#x2D0; &#x2C8;">ᵑǀoːˈ</word>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="&#x14B;">ŋ</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" ph="d o&#x2D0; &#x2C8; j">doːˈj</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i f">if</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u f" underlying="i f">uf</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" ph="n i &#x2C8;">niˈ</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="&#x27E;">ɾ</thingy>
    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="&#x1D51;&#x1C0; &#x254; &#x2C8; t">ᵑǀɔˈt</word>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; i t e &#x2C8; m">t͡ʃiteˈm</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="t e &#x2C8; t">teˈt</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i f">if</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="n i &#x2C8;">niˈ</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="f a &#x2C8; k">faˈk</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="t a&#x2D0; &#x2C8; d">taːˈd</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i f">if</thingy>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j au &#x2C8; &#x27E;">jauˈɾ</word>
-    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy>
+    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="u k" underlying="i k">uk</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="n &#x254; &#x2C8; &#x14B;">nɔˈŋ</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; u &#x261; u &#x2C8;" underlying="t&#x361;&#x283; i &#x261; u &#x2C8;">t͡ʃuɡuˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="&#x14B;">ŋ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; i b">ᵏǀib</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.neut" ph="&#x1D51;&#x1C0; o&#x2D0; &#x2C8;">ᵑǀoːˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="&#x14B;">ŋ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" ph="d o&#x2D0; &#x2C8; j">doːˈj</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u f" underlying="i f">uf</thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" ph="n i &#x2C8;">niˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="&#x27E;">ɾ</thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="&#x1D51;&#x1C0; &#x254; &#x2C8; t">ᵑǀɔˈt</word>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; i t e &#x2C8; m">t͡ʃiteˈm</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="t e &#x2C8; t">teˈt</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i f">if</thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="n i &#x2C8;">niˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="t">t</thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="f a &#x2C8; k">faˈk</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="t a&#x2D0; &#x2C8; d">taːˈd</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i f">if</thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j au &#x2C8; &#x27E;">jauˈɾ</word>
-    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="u k" underlying="i k">uk</thingy>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">nɔˈŋ</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" underlying="t&#x361;&#x283; i &#x261; u &#x2C8;">t͡ʃuɡuˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">ŋ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ᵏǀib</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.neut">ᵑǀoːˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">ŋ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">doːˈj</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" underlying="i f">uf</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">niˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut">ɾ</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ᵑǀɔˈt</word>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">t͡ʃiteˈm</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">teˈt</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">if</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">niˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">t</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">faˈk</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">taːˈd</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">if</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">jauˈɾ</word>
+    <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" underlying="i k">uk</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈnɔŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃiˈɡu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;not.Q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ᵏǀib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈᵑǀoː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;not.Q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈdoːj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-if&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈni&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɾ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;neut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈᵑǀɔt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃiˈtem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈtet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-if&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈni&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈfak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈtaːd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-if&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈjauɾ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ˈnɔŋ t͡ʃuˈɡuŋ ᵏǀib ˈᵑǀoːŋ ˈdoːjuf ˈniɾ ˈᵑǀɔt t͡ʃiˈtem ˈtetif ˈnit ˈfak ˈtaːdif ˈjauɾuk</p>
+  <p>نڭ چگڭ قۡب نقۡوڭ دويف نر نقۡت چتم تتف نت فك تادف يورك</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈnɔŋ</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃiˈɡu</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ŋ</o>
+      <g>not.Q</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ᵏǀib</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈᵑǀoː</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ŋ</o>
+      <g>not.Q</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈdoːj</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-if</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈni</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɾ</o>
+      <g>neut</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈᵑǀɔt</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃiˈtem</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈtet</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-if</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈni</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-t</o>
+      <g>masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈfak</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈtaːd</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-if</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈjauɾ</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ik</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

نڭ چگڭ قۡب نقۡوڭ دويف نر نقۡت چتم تتف نت فك تادف يورك۔

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: