Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Ebe, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module NRel: No change.

module sentenceconnectors: No change.

module nominalise: No change.

module affixdensity: No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
+      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
+        <np def="def" number="sing">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+        </np>
+      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder: No change.

module casemarking: No change.

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-      <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-      <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
-        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np type="owner_owned">
+        <np def="def" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
-        <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <np def="def">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" number="plur">
+  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

createpronouns: No change.

module ngen: No change.

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np def="def" locus="number">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np def="def" locus="number">
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np def="def" locus="number">
+          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np def="def" locus="number">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np def="def" locus="number">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np locus="number">
+    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np locus="number">
+    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase: No change.

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np def="def" locus="number">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np def="def" locus="number">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-      <np type="owner_owned">
      <np def="def" locus="number">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
  </np>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+      <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM

addaffixes:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def">
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/>
-    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-      <np def="def" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def">
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def"/>
-      </np>
-    </pp>
-  </np>
-  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ʋ|o|꜒꜖|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|iː|꜒꜖|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">|d|uː|꜒|</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">|s|aː|꜖꜒|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|ʋ|-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">|o|꜖꜒|</word>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|ŋ|ai|꜖|</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number">|d|uː|꜒|</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number">|m|o|꜒꜖|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|ʋ|-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number">|i|꜖|m|e|꜒꜖|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|ʋ|-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def">|ai|꜒꜖|ɰ|eː|꜖|</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">|n|a|꜒꜖|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|ʋ|-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj">|a|꜖꜒|</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|b|i|꜖꜒|</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">|n|a|꜒꜖|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|ʋ|-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj">|e|꜖|m|uː|꜒꜖|b|u|꜖|</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony: No change.

### |ʋ|o|꜒꜖|
#-> ʋo꜒꜖
### |ʋ|o|꜒꜖|
#-> ʋo꜒꜖
### |m|iː|꜒꜖|
#-> miː꜒꜖
### |m|iː|꜒꜖|
#-> miː꜒꜖
### |d|uː|꜒|
#-> duː꜒
### |d|uː|꜒|
#-> duː꜒
### |s|aː|꜖꜒|
#-> saː꜖꜒
### |s|aː|꜖꜒|
#-> saː꜖꜒
### |ʋ|-
#-> ʋ-
### |ʋ|-
#-> ʋ-
### |o|꜖꜒|
#-> o꜖꜒
### |o|꜖꜒|
#-> o꜖꜒
### |ŋ|ai|꜖|
#-> ŋai꜖
### |ŋ|ai|꜖|
#-> ŋai꜖
### |d|uː|꜒|
#-> duː꜒
### |d|uː|꜒|
#-> duː꜒
### |m|o|꜒꜖|
#-> mo꜒꜖
### |m|o|꜒꜖|
#-> mo꜒꜖
### |ʋ|-
#-> ʋ-
### |ʋ|-
#-> ʋ-
### |i|꜖|m|e|꜒꜖|
#-> i꜖me꜒꜖
### |i|꜖|m|e|꜒꜖|
#-> i꜖me꜒꜖
### |ʋ|-
#-> ʋ-
### |ʋ|-
#-> ʋ-
### |ai|꜒꜖|ɰ|eː|꜖|
#-> ai꜒꜖ɰeː꜖
### |ai|꜒꜖|ɰ|eː|꜖|
#-> ai꜒꜖ɰeː꜖
### |n|a|꜒꜖|
#-> na꜒꜖
### |n|a|꜒꜖|
#-> na꜒꜖
### |ʋ|-
#-> ʋ-
### |ʋ|-
#-> ʋ-
### |a|꜖꜒|
#-> a꜖꜒
### |a|꜖꜒|
#-> a꜖꜒
### |b|i|꜖꜒|
#-> bi꜖꜒
### |b|i|꜖꜒|
#-> bi꜖꜒
### |n|a|꜒꜖|
#-> na꜒꜖
### |n|a|꜒꜖|
#-> na꜒꜖
### |ʋ|-
#-> ʋ-
### |ʋ|-
#-> ʋ-
### |e|꜖|m|uː|꜒꜖|b|u|꜖|
#-> e꜖muː꜒꜖bu꜖
### |e|꜖|m|uː|꜒꜖|b|u|꜖|
#-> e꜖muː꜒꜖bu꜖
### |ʋ|o|꜒꜖| |m|iː|꜒꜖| |d|uː|꜒| |s|aː|꜖꜒| |ʋ||o|꜖꜒| |ŋ|ai|꜖| |d|uː|꜒| |m|o|꜒꜖| |ʋ||i|꜖|m|e|꜒꜖| |ʋ||ai|꜒꜖|ɰ|eː|꜖| |n|a|꜒꜖| |ʋ||a|꜖꜒| |b|i|꜖꜒| |n|a|꜒꜖| |ʋ||e|꜖|m|uː|꜒꜖|b|u|꜖|
#-> ʋo꜒꜖ miː꜒꜖ duː꜒ saː꜖꜒ ʋo꜖꜒ ŋai꜖ duː꜒ mo꜒꜖ ʋi꜖me꜒꜖ ʋai꜒꜖ɰeː꜖ na꜒꜖ ʋa꜖꜒ bi꜖꜒ na꜒꜖ ʋe꜖muː꜒꜖bu꜖

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ʋ|o|꜒꜖|</word>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|iː|꜒꜖|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">|d|uː|꜒|</word>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">|s|aː|꜖꜒|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|ʋ|-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">|o|꜖꜒|</word>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|ŋ|ai|꜖|</word>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number">|d|uː|꜒|</word>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number">|m|o|꜒꜖|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|ʋ|-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number">|i|꜖|m|e|꜒꜖|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|ʋ|-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def">|ai|꜒꜖|ɰ|eː|꜖|</word>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">|n|a|꜒꜖|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|ʋ|-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj">|a|꜖꜒|</word>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|b|i|꜖꜒|</word>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">|n|a|꜒꜖|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|ʋ|-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj">|e|꜖|m|uː|꜒꜖|b|u|꜖|</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʋo꜒꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;miː꜒꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;duː꜒&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;saː꜖꜒&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʋ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;o꜖꜒&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋai꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;duː꜒&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mo꜒꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʋ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;i꜖me꜒꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʋ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ai꜒꜖ɰeː꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;na꜒꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʋ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;a꜖꜒&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bi꜖꜒&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;na꜒꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʋ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;e꜖muː꜒꜖bu꜖&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ʋo꜒꜖ miː꜒꜖ duː꜒ saː꜖꜒ ʋo꜖꜒ ŋai꜖ duː꜒ mo꜒꜖ ʋi꜖me꜒꜖ ʋai꜒꜖ɰeː꜖ na꜒꜖ ʋa꜖꜒ bi꜖꜒ na꜒꜖ ʋe꜖muː꜒꜖bu꜖</p>
+  <p>ʋo꜒꜖ miː꜒꜖ duː꜒ saː꜖꜒ ʋo꜖꜒ ŋai꜖ duː꜒ mo꜒꜖ ʋi꜖me꜒꜖ ʋai꜒꜖ɰeː꜖ na꜒꜖ ʋa꜖꜒ bi꜖꜒ na꜒꜖ ʋe꜖muː꜒꜖bu꜖</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʋo꜒꜖</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>miː꜒꜖</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>duː꜒</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>saː꜖꜒</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʋ-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>o꜖꜒</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋai꜖</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>duː꜒</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mo꜒꜖</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʋ-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>i꜖me꜒꜖</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʋ-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ai꜒꜖ɰeː꜖</o>
+      <g>surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>na꜒꜖</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʋ-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>a꜖꜒</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bi꜖꜒</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>na꜒꜖</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʋ-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>e꜖muː꜒꜖bu꜖</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Ʋo꜒꜖ miː꜒꜖ duː꜒ saː꜖꜒ ʋo꜖꜒ ŋai꜖ duː꜒ mo꜒꜖ ʋi꜖me꜒꜖ ʋai꜒꜖ɰeː꜖ na꜒꜖ ʋa꜖꜒ bi꜖꜒ na꜒꜖ ʋe꜖muː꜒꜖bu꜖.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

Useful pages: