Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Jiz, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.mascaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.masc
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got neut<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="j">j</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="o ˈ z+b">oˈzb</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="a j">aj</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ɽ a l">ɽal</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="t͡ʃ a ˈ">t͡ʃaˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="m e ˈ ɦ">meˈɦ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɣ u ˈ ʎ">ɣuˈʎ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="t͡ʃ a ˈ">t͡ʃaˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="ɲ">ɲ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="ɻ e ˈ k">ɻeˈk</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="ɕ+p e ˈ ʎ">ɕpeˈʎ</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="v e ˈ n">veˈn</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="ɕ+q u ɲ">ɕquɲ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɕ+ʔ i ˈ x">ɕʔiˈx</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɲ u ˈ ʐ">ɲuˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="s a ˈ d͡ʒ">saˈd͡ʒ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="ɕ i r i ˈ s">ɕiriˈs</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="ɲ u ˈ ʐ">ɲuˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" attach="prefix" ph="j">j</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="o ˈ z+b">oˈzb</word> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="a j">aj</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ɽ a l">ɽal</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="t͡ʃ a ˈ">t͡ʃaˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="f">f</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="m e ˈ ɦ">meˈɦ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɣ u ˈ ʎ">ɣuˈʎ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="t͡ʃ a ˈ">t͡ʃaˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="ɲ">ɲ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="ɻ e ˈ k">ɻeˈk</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="ɕ+p e ˈ ʎ">ɕpeˈʎ</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="v e ˈ n">veˈn</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="ɕ+q u ɲ">ɕquɲ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɕ+ʔ i ˈ x">ɕʔiˈx</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɲ u ˈ ʐ">ɲuˈʐ</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="s a ˈ d͡ʒ">saˈd͡ʒ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="ɕ i r i ˈ s">ɕiriˈs</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="ɲ u ˈ ʐ">ɲuˈʐ</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">j</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">oˈzb</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">aj</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ɽal</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">t͡ʃaˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">f</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">meˈɦ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">ɣuˈʎ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">t͡ʃaˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut">ɲ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">ɻeˈk</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">ɕpeˈʎ</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">veˈn</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur">ɕquɲ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">ɕʔiˈx</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">ɲuˈʐ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">saˈd͡ʒ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">ɕiriˈs</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">ɲuˈʐ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">j-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈozb</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aj</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽal</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃa</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-f</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmeɦ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɣuʎ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃa</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɲ</span><br><span class="gls">neut</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɻek</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɕpeʎ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈven</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɕquɲ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɕʔix</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲuʐ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsad͡ʒ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɕiˈris</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲuʐ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>ˈjozbaj ɽal ˈt͡ʃaf ˈmeɦ ˈɣuʎ ˈt͡ʃaɲ ˈɻek ˈɕpeʎ ˈven ɕquɲ ˈɕʔix ˈɲuʐ ˈsad͡ʒ ɕiˈris ˈɲuʐ</p> + <p>јозбај р̇ал чаф меһ ғуљ чањ р̣ек щпељ вен щԛуњ щӏих њуз̇ саџ щирис њуз̇</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>j-</o> + <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈozb</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aj</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɽal</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃa</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-f</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmeɦ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɣuʎ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃa</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɲ</o> + <g>neut</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɻek</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɕpeʎ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈven</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɕquɲ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɕʔix</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲuʐ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsad͡ʒ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɕiˈris</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲuʐ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Јозбај р̇ал чаф меһ ғуљ чањ р̣ек щпељ вен щԛуњ щӏих њуз̇ саџ щирис њуз̇.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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