Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Choizh, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module RelN:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nominalise:
No change.
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
No change.
Warning: Undefined array key "ergativity" in /home/u338028385/domains/languagecreator.org/public_html/branches/0.92/SyntaxGenerator.php on line 335
Strange ergativity value:module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> - </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/> </np> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: adj, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for 1incl.plur/pron/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for different/adj/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="n a ˈ t͡ʃ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">naˈt͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="l ə ɡ o ˈ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1">ləɡoˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ n" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈn</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur" ph="ʒ ai ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">ʒaiˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ c" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈc</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="c oː ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">coːˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ d" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="ʒ e ˈ t͡ɕ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʒeˈt͡ɕ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="ɣ i ˈ f" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">ɣiˈf</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ ə ʒ" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">t͡ɕəʒ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" ph="ʒ e ˈ t͡ɕ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʒeˈt͡ɕ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" ph="c ɔi ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">cɔiˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ ə ʒ" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">t͡ɕəʒ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɲ aː ˈ ɡ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɲaːˈɡ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡ɕ au ˈ t͡ʃ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">t͡ɕauˈt͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="h ə d" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">həd</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" ph="s ɔi ˈ t͡ɕ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">sɔiˈt͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ ə ʒ" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">t͡ɕəʒ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" ph="ɡ i ˈ d͡ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">ɡiˈd͡ʒ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ ə ʒ" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">t͡ɕəʒ</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ˈ/ + /ˈ/ > // + /ˈ/
/ˈ/ + /ˈ/ > // + /ˈ/
/ˈ/ + /ˈ/ > // + /ˈ/
/f/ + /t͡ɕ/ > // + /f/
/ʒ/ + /t͡ɕ/ > // + /t͡ɕ/
/t͡ʃ/ + /h/ > // + /h/
/t͡ɕ/ + /t͡ɕ/ > // + /t͡ɕ/
/d͡ʒ/ + /t͡ɕ/ > // + /d͡ʒ/<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="n a ˈ t͡ʃ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">naˈt͡ʃ</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="l ə ɡ o ˈ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1">ləɡoˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ n" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈn</thingy> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="n a ˈ t͡ʃ">naˈt͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="l ə ɡ o" underlying="l ə ɡ o ˈ">ləɡo</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ n">ˈn</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur" ph="ʒ ai ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">ʒaiˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ c" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈc</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur" ph="ʒ ai" underlying="ʒ ai ˈ">ʒai</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ c">ˈc</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="c oː ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">coːˈ</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ d" slots="T1 Cfs">ˈd</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="ʒ e ˈ t͡ɕ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʒeˈt͡ɕ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="ɣ i ˈ f" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">ɣiˈf</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ ə ʒ" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">t͡ɕəʒ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" ph="ʒ e ˈ t͡ɕ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʒeˈt͡ɕ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" ph="c ɔi ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">cɔiˈʒ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ ə ʒ" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">t͡ɕəʒ</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɲ aː ˈ ɡ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɲaːˈɡ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡ɕ au ˈ t͡ʃ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">t͡ɕauˈt͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="h ə d" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">həd</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" ph="s ɔi ˈ t͡ɕ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">sɔiˈt͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ ə ʒ" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">t͡ɕəʒ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" ph="ɡ i ˈ d͡ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">ɡiˈd͡ʒ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ ə ʒ" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">t͡ɕəʒ</thingy> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="c oː" underlying="c oː ˈ">coː</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ d">ˈd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="ʒ e ˈ t͡ɕ">ʒeˈt͡ɕ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="ɣ i ˈ" underlying="ɣ i ˈ f">ɣiˈ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="f ə ʒ" underlying="t͡ɕ ə ʒ">fəʒ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" ph="ʒ e ˈ t͡ɕ">ʒeˈt͡ɕ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" ph="c ɔi ˈ" underlying="c ɔi ˈ ʒ">cɔiˈ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ ə ʒ">t͡ɕəʒ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɲ aː ˈ ɡ">ɲaːˈɡ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡ɕ au ˈ" underlying="t͡ɕ au ˈ t͡ʃ">t͡ɕauˈ</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="h ə d">həd</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" ph="s ɔi ˈ" underlying="s ɔi ˈ t͡ɕ">sɔiˈ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ ə ʒ">t͡ɕəʒ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" ph="ɡ i ˈ" underlying="ɡ i ˈ d͡ʒ">ɡiˈ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="d͡ʒ ə ʒ" underlying="t͡ɕ ə ʒ">d͡ʒəʒ</thingy> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="n a ˈ t͡ʃ">naˈt͡ʃ</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="l ə ɡ o" underlying="l ə ɡ o ˈ">ləɡo</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ n">ˈn</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur" ph="ʒ ai" underlying="ʒ ai ˈ">ʒai</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ c">ˈc</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="c oː" underlying="c oː ˈ">coː</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ˈ d">ˈd</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="ʒ e ˈ t͡ɕ">ʒeˈt͡ɕ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="ɣ i ˈ" underlying="ɣ i ˈ f">ɣiˈ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="f ə ʒ" underlying="t͡ɕ ə ʒ">fəʒ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" ph="ʒ e ˈ t͡ɕ">ʒeˈt͡ɕ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" ph="c ɔi ˈ" underlying="c ɔi ˈ ʒ">cɔiˈ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ ə ʒ">t͡ɕəʒ</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɲ aː ˈ ɡ">ɲaːˈɡ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡ɕ au ˈ" underlying="t͡ɕ au ˈ t͡ʃ">t͡ɕauˈ</word> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="h ə d">həd</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" ph="s ɔi ˈ" underlying="s ɔi ˈ t͡ɕ">sɔiˈ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ ə ʒ">t͡ɕəʒ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" ph="ɡ i ˈ" underlying="ɡ i ˈ d͡ʒ">ɡiˈ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="d͡ʒ ə ʒ" underlying="t͡ɕ ə ʒ">d͡ʒəʒ</thingy> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">naˈt͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" underlying="l ə ɡ o ˈ">ləɡo</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ˈn</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur" underlying="ʒ ai ˈ">ʒai</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">ˈc</thingy> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" underlying="c oː ˈ">coː</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">ˈd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">ʒeˈt͡ɕ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" underlying="ɣ i ˈ f">ɣiˈ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" underlying="t͡ɕ ə ʒ">fəʒ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">ʒeˈt͡ɕ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" underlying="c ɔi ˈ ʒ">cɔiˈ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">t͡ɕəʒ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ɲaːˈɡ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" underlying="t͡ɕ au ˈ t͡ʃ">t͡ɕauˈ</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">həd</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" underlying="s ɔi ˈ t͡ɕ">sɔiˈ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">t͡ɕəʒ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" underlying="ɡ i ˈ d͡ʒ">ɡiˈ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" underlying="t͡ɕ ə ʒ">d͡ʒəʒ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnat͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ləˈɡo</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ˈn</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʒai</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ˈc</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈcoː</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ˈd</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʒet͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɣif</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ɕəʒ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʒet͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈcɔiʒ</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ɕəʒ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲaːɡ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕaut͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-həd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsɔit͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ɕəʒ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡid͡ʒ</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ɕəʒ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span></p> + <p>ˈnat͡ʃ ləˈɡon ˈʒaic ˈcoːd ˈʒet͡ɕ ˈɣifəʒ ˈʒet͡ɕ ˈcɔit͡ɕəʒ ˈɲaːɡ ˈt͡ɕauhəd ˈsɔit͡ɕəʒ ˈɡid͡ʒəʒ</p> + <p>нач ләґон жайќ ќоод жећ ғифәж жећ ќойћәж њааґ ћаўгәд сойћәж ґиџәж</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈnat͡ʃ</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ləˈɡo</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ˈn</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʒai</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ˈc</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈcoː</o> + <g>1incl.plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ˈd</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʒet͡ɕ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɣif</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ɕəʒ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʒet͡ɕ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈcɔiʒ</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ɕəʒ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲaːɡ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ɕaut͡ʃ</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-həd</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsɔit͡ɕ</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ɕəʒ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɡid͡ʒ</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ɕəʒ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Нач ләґон жайќ ќоод жећ ғифәж жећ ќойћәж њааґ ћаўгәд сойћәж ґиџәж.
But our language arose in a different way.
Useful pages: