Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Shib, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module RelN:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nominalise: No change.
tva1
tva2module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> <subs> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <subs> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber: No change.
createpronouns: No change.
module markowned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module ngen: No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.3"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.3"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.3"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <subs> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> </s>About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 1incl.plur
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got LOC
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owneraddaffixes:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="LOC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="LOC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="LOC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|f|au|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST">|m|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|i|p|i|f|</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|ḭ|</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">-|ɾ|o̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur">|h|ɤ|</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">-|ɾ|u|</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">|m|-</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|e|-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur">|m|i|ʃ|</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|e|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">-|f|ḭ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES">|k|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3">|ai|t͡ʃ|</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|ḭ|</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">-|ɾ|o̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">|h|ɤ|</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1">-|m|u|</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1">|k|-</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|e|-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">|ʃ|i|b|</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|e|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|j|e|</thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|j|o|</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">|n|ɯ|p|u|</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1">|k|-</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="LOC">|u|-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">|m|i|f|</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|e|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|j|e|</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony: No change.
### |f|au|
#-> fau
### |f|au|
#-> fau
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |i|p|i|f|
#-> ipif
### |i|p|i|f|
#-> ipif
### -|ḭ|
#-> -ḭ
### -|ḭ|
#-> -ḭ
### -|ɾ|o̰|
#-> -ɾo̰
### -|ɾ|o̰|
#-> -ɾo̰
### |h|ɤ|
#-> hɤ
### |h|ɤ|
#-> hɤ
### -|ɾ|u|
#-> -ɾu
### -|ɾ|u|
#-> -ɾu
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |e|-
#-> e-
### |e|-
#-> e-
### |m|i|ʃ|
#-> miʃ
### |m|i|ʃ|
#-> miʃ
### -|e|
#-> -e
### -|e|
#-> -e
### -|f|ḭ|
#-> -fḭ
### -|f|ḭ|
#-> -fḭ
### |k|-
#-> k-
### |k|-
#-> k-
### |ai|t͡ʃ|
#-> ait͡ʃ
### |ai|t͡ʃ|
#-> ait͡ʃ
### -|ḭ|
#-> -ḭ
### -|ḭ|
#-> -ḭ
### -|ɾ|o̰|
#-> -ɾo̰
### -|ɾ|o̰|
#-> -ɾo̰
### |h|ɤ|
#-> hɤ
### |h|ɤ|
#-> hɤ
### -|m|u|
#-> -mu
### -|m|u|
#-> -mu
### |k|-
#-> k-
### |k|-
#-> k-
### |e|-
#-> e-
### |e|-
#-> e-
### |ʃ|i|b|
#-> ʃib
### |ʃ|i|b|
#-> ʃib
### -|e|
#-> -e
### -|e|
#-> -e
### -|j|e|
#-> -je
### -|j|e|
#-> -je
### |j|o|
#-> jo
### |j|o|
#-> jo
### |n|ɯ|p|u|
#-> nɯpu
### |n|ɯ|p|u|
#-> nɯpu
### |k|-
#-> k-
### |k|-
#-> k-
### |u|-
#-> u-
### |u|-
#-> u-
### |m|i|f|
#-> mif
### |m|i|f|
#-> mif
### -|e|
#-> -e
### -|e|
#-> -e
### -|j|e|
#-> -je
### -|j|e|
#-> -je
### |f|au| |m||i|p|i|f||ḭ||ɾ|o̰| |h|ɤ||ɾ|u| |m||e||m|i|ʃ||e||f|ḭ| |k||ai|t͡ʃ||ḭ||ɾ|o̰| |h|ɤ||m|u| |k||e||ʃ|i|b||e||j|e| |j|o| |n|ɯ|p|u| |k||u||m|i|f||e||j|e|
#-> fau mipifḭɾo̰ hɤɾu memiʃefḭ kait͡ʃḭɾo̰ hɤmu keʃibeje jo nɯpu kumifejeremovetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj">|f|au|</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST">|m|-</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|i|p|i|f|</word> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|ḭ|</thingy> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">-|ɾ|o̰|</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur">|h|ɤ|</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">-|ɾ|u|</thingy> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">|m|-</thingy> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|e|-</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="1incl.plur">|m|i|ʃ|</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|e|</thingy> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">-|f|ḭ|</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES">|k|-</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur.cl.3">|ai|t͡ʃ|</word> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|ḭ|</thingy> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">-|ɾ|o̰|</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">|h|ɤ|</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1">-|m|u|</thingy> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1">|k|-</thingy> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|e|-</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">|ʃ|i|b|</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|e|</thingy> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|j|e|</thingy> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|j|o|</word> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">|n|ɯ|p|u|</word> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1">|k|-</thingy> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="LOC">|u|-</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">|m|i|f|</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|e|</thingy> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|j|e|</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fau</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ipif</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ḭ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾo̰</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hɤ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾu</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">e-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">miʃ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-e</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-fḭ</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ait͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ḭ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾo̰</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hɤ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-mu</span><br><span class="gls">cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">e-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃib</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-e</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-je</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jo</span><br><span class="gls">in_inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nɯpu</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">u-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mif</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-e</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-je</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span></p> + <p>fau mipifḭɾo̰ hɤɾu memiʃefḭ kait͡ʃḭɾo̰ hɤmu keʃibeje jo nɯpu kumifeje</p> + <p>فو مپفٓرٓ حر ممشفٓ كيچٓرٓ حم كشبي ي نپ كمفي</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>fau</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>m-</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ipif</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ḭ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾo̰</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hɤ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾu</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>m-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>e-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>miʃ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-e</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-fḭ</o> + <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ait͡ʃ</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ḭ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾo̰</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hɤ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-mu</o> + <g>cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>e-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃib</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-e</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-je</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jo</o> + <g>in_inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nɯpu</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>u-</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mif</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-e</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-je</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + </il> </s>فو مپفٓرٓ حر ممشفٓ كيچٓرٓ حم كشبي ي نپ كمفي۔
But our language arose in a different way.
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