Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Gus, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2verb:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module embed:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - </relp> + </subs> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </subs> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module complementise:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </subs> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </subs> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> - </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + </vp> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np locus="number"> <subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np locus="number"> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np locus="number"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np locus="number"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" case="LOC"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> - <np def="def"> + <np def="def" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np locus="number" case="LOC"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np locus="number" case="LOC"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> </np> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np locus="number" case="LOC"> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" case="LOC"/> <subs> <np role="subj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> </vp> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" case="LOC"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def" case="LOC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" case="LOC"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for mode/
defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicativeaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme"/> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np locus="number" case="LOC"> <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" case="LOC"/> <subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" case="LOC"/> </subs> </np> <np def="def" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" case="LOC"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <subs> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme"/> - </subs> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np locus="number" case="LOC"> <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <subs> - <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" case="LOC"/> - </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="xʷ ai ˈ sˤ">xʷaiˈsˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="w i k">wik</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h i k a ˈ">hikaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" ph="ɡ u ˈ s">ɡuˈs</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3" ph="ʃ i ˈ">ʃiˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="n a ˈ t͡ʃ">naˈt͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="w o x">wox</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="n o ˈ x">noˈx</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" ph="tˤ a d a ˈ dˤ">tˤadaˈdˤ</word> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="t o ˈ ŋʷ">toˈŋʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" ph="h u ˈ t͡ʃ">huˈt͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" ph="nˤ au ˈ">nˤauˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="tˤ a d a ˈ dˤ">tˤadaˈdˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" case="LOC" ph="xʷ ḭ ˈ l">xʷḭˈl</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="d u p">dup</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="t i ˈ t">tiˈt</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="xʷ ai ˈ sˤ">xʷaiˈsˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="w i k">wik</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="h i k a ˈ">hikaˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" ph="ɡ u ˈ s">ɡuˈs</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3" ph="ʃ i ˈ">ʃiˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="n a ˈ t͡ʃ">naˈt͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="w o x">wox</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="n o ˈ x">noˈx</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme" ph="tˤ a d a ˈ dˤ">tˤadaˈdˤ</word> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="t o ˈ ŋʷ">toˈŋʷ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" ph="h u ˈ t͡ʃ">huˈt͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" ph="nˤ au ˈ">nˤauˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="tˤ a d a ˈ dˤ">tˤadaˈdˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" case="LOC" ph="xʷ ḭ ˈ l">xʷḭˈl</word> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="d u p">dup</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="t i ˈ t">tiˈt</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">xʷaiˈsˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">wik</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">hikaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">ɡuˈs</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">ʃiˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">l</thingy> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">naˈt͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN">wox</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">noˈx</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" tr="theme">tˤadaˈdˤ</word> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" case="LOC">toˈŋʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj">huˈt͡ʃ</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">nˤauˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">l</thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" locus="number" case="LOC">tˤadaˈdˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" case="LOC">xʷḭˈl</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">dup</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">tiˈt</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈxʷaisˤ</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wik</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hiˈka</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-l</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡus</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʃi</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-l</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnat͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">1incl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wox</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnox</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤaˈdadˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtoŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈhut͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnˤau</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-l</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤaˈdadˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈxʷḭl</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dup</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtit</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span></p> + <p>ˈxʷaisˤ wik hiˈkal ˈɡus ˈʃil ˈnat͡ʃ wox ˈnox tˤaˈdadˤ ˈtoŋʷ ˈhut͡ʃ ˈnˤaul tˤaˈdadˤ ˈxʷḭl dup ˈtit</p> + <p>ख्वैस़् विक् हिकल् गुस् षिल् नच् वो नो त़दद़् तोङ्व् हुच् ऩौल् त़दद़् ख्विःल् दुप् तित्</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈxʷaisˤ</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wik</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hiˈka</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-l</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɡus</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʃi</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-l</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnat͡ʃ</o> + <g>1incl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wox</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnox</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤaˈdadˤ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtoŋʷ</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈhut͡ʃ</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnˤau</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-l</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤaˈdadˤ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈxʷḭl</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dup</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtit</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + </il> </s>ख्वैस़् विक् हिकल् गुस् षिल् नच् वो नो त़दद़् तोङ्व् हुच् ऩौल् त़दद़् ख्विःल् दुप् तित् ॥
But our language arose in a different way.
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