Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Ruk, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module RelN:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
+  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nominalise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
-      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
    <subs>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
+    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
  <subs>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
+    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj">
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-      </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    </vp>
  </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
-    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj">
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    </vp>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
-      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
+      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
-      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    </vp>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for 1incl.plur/pron/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for different/adj/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+      <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"/>
+      <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+      <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    </vp>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number"/>
+      <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <subs>
-    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    </vp>
-  </subs>
-  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number"/>
    <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="sing">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number"/>
-    <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="f o&#x2D0; &#x2C8; d">foːˈd</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x259; k i &#x2C8; b">t͡ʃəkiˈb</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; b">əb</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; m">əm</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; m">əm</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="j o &#x2C8;">joˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="j">j</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="d i &#x2C8; f">diˈf</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="&#x283; u &#x2C8; x">ʃuˈx</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; f">əf</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; &#x27E;">əɾ</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur" ph="f u&#x2D0; &#x2C8; n">fuːˈn</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; w">əw</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; m">əm</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; m">əm</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i &#x2C8; f">diˈf</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="&#x27E; u &#x2C8; k">ɾuˈk</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; f">əf</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; &#x27E;">əɾ</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" ph="&#x261; i &#x2C8; s+k">ɡiˈsk</word>
+    <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; d">əd</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" ph="k ai &#x2C8; &#x261;">kaiˈɡ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; f">əf</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; &#x27E;">əɾ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" ph="&#x294; i&#x2D0; &#x2C8; n">ʔiːˈn</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; f">əf</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; &#x27E;">əɾ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="&#x261; au &#x2C8; h">ɡauˈh</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="f o&#x2D0; &#x2C8; d">foːˈd</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x259; k i &#x2C8; b">t͡ʃəkiˈb</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; b">əb</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; m">əm</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; m">əm</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="j o &#x2C8;">joˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="j">j</thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="d i &#x2C8; f">diˈf</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="&#x283; u &#x2C8; x">ʃuˈx</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; f">əf</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; &#x27E;">əɾ</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur" ph="f u&#x2D0; &#x2C8; n">fuːˈn</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; w">əw</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; m">əm</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; m">əm</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i &#x2C8; f">diˈf</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="&#x27E; u &#x2C8; k">ɾuˈk</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; f">əf</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; &#x27E;">əɾ</thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" ph="&#x261; i &#x2C8; s+k">ɡiˈsk</word>
-    <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; d">əd</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" ph="k ai &#x2C8; &#x261;">kaiˈɡ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; f">əf</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; &#x27E;">əɾ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" ph="&#x294; i&#x2D0; &#x2C8; n">ʔiːˈn</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; f">əf</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; &#x27E;">əɾ</thingy>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="&#x261; au &#x2C8; h">ɡauˈh</word>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">foːˈd</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">t͡ʃəkiˈb</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">joˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">j</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">diˈf</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">ʃuˈx</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.plur">fuːˈn</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">əw</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">diˈf</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">ɾuˈk</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number">ɡiˈsk</word>
+    <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əd</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number">kaiˈɡ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing">ʔiːˈn</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ɡauˈh</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈfoːd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃəˈkib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;indicative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈjo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-j&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈdif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈʃux&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əɾ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈfuːn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PRES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;indicative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈdif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɾuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əɾ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɡisk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈkaiɡ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əɾ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈʔiːn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əɾ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɡauh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ˈfoːd t͡ʃəˈkibəbəməm ˈjoj ˈdif ˈʃuxəfəɾ ˈfuːnəwəməm ˈdif ˈɾukəfəɾ ˈɡiskəd ˈkaiɡəfəɾ ˈʔiːnəfəɾ ˈɡauh</p>
+  <p>foːˈd t͡ʃəkiˈbəbəməm joˈj diˈf ʃuˈxəfəɾ fuːˈnəwəməm diˈf ɾuˈkəfəɾ ɡiˈskəd kaiˈɡəfəɾ ʔiːˈnəfəɾ ɡauˈh</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈfoːd</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃəˈkib</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əb</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əm</o>
+      <g>indicative</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əm</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈjo</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-j</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈdif</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈʃux</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əf</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əɾ</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈfuːn</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əw</o>
+      <g>PRES</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əm</o>
+      <g>indicative</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əm</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈdif</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɾuk</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əf</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əɾ</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɡisk</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əd</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈkaiɡ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əf</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əɾ</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈʔiːn</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əf</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əɾ</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɡauh</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Foːˈd t͡ʃəkiˈbəbəməm joˈj diˈf ʃuˈxəfəɾ fuːˈnəwəməm diˈf ɾuˈkəfəɾ ɡiˈskəd kaiˈɡəfəɾ ʔiːˈnəfəɾ ɡauˈh.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: