Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Tik, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + </subs> + <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + </subs> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> - </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> - <np role="obj"> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> </vp> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" def="def" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" def="def" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj"/> </np> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/> </np> <np def="def"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def"/> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np role="subj" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" def="def" locus="number"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" locus="number"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np role="subj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj"/> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/> - </np> - <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" def="def" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h o ɲ">hoɲ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="f o n">fon</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="d a m">dam</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" ph="b au t͡ɕ">baut͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ɡ ai t">ɡait</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" ph="ʎ o r">ʎor</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" ph="ɡ oː s">ɡoːs</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" ph="ɲ a m">ɲam</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="p ai ŋ">paiŋ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" ph="ɡ oː s">ɡoːs</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʋ a ŋ">ʋaŋ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj" ph="h a ɲ">haɲ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="t͡ɕ e t͡ʃ">t͡ɕet͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʋ a ŋ">ʋaŋ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="t u r oː ʎ">turoːʎ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h o ɲ">hoɲ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="f o n">fon</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="d a m">dam</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" ph="b au t͡ɕ">baut͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ɡ ai t">ɡait</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" ph="ʎ o r">ʎor</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" ph="ɡ oː s">ɡoːs</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" ph="ɲ a m">ɲam</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="p ai ŋ">paiŋ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" ph="ɡ oː s">ɡoːs</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʋ a ŋ">ʋaŋ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj" ph="h a ɲ">haɲ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="t͡ɕ e t͡ʃ">t͡ɕet͡ʃ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʋ a ŋ">ʋaŋ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="t u r oː ʎ">turoːʎ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">hoɲ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">fon</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">dam</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" def="def" locus="number">baut͡ɕ</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">ɡait</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj">ʎor</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number">ɡoːs</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def">ɲam</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">paiŋ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det">ɡoːs</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">ʋaŋ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj">haɲ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">t͡ɕet͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">ʋaŋ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj">turoːʎ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hoɲ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fon</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dam</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">baut͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡait</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʎor</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡoːs</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲam</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">paiŋ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡoːs</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋaŋ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haɲ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕet͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋaŋ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">turoːʎ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span></p> + <p>hoɲ fon dam baut͡ɕ ɡait ʎor ɡoːs ɲam paiŋ ɡoːs ʋaŋ haɲ t͡ɕet͡ʃ ʋaŋ turoːʎ</p> + <p>hoñ fon dam bauty gait llorr goos ñam paing goos wang hañ tyech wang turrooll</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>hoɲ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fon</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dam</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>baut͡ɕ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡait</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʎor</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡoːs</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲam</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>paiŋ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡoːs</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋaŋ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>haɲ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕet͡ʃ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋaŋ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>turoːʎ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Hoñ fon dam bauty gait llorr goos ñam paing goos wang hañ tyech wang turrooll.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
Useful pages: