Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Gain, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <relp>
+        <vp tam="pres-state">
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+        </vp>
+        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        </np>
+      </relp>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sequential:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="then">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="then">
+  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module complementise: No change.

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity: No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder: No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module markowner:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+      <np role="obj">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
+      <np locus="number">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
-          <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
+          <np head="this" role="subj">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns: No change.

module ngen:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
+      <np def="def">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
      <np locus="number">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder: No change.

module conjp: No change.

flattenconjp: No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np def="def">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np def="def">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number">
        <relp>
-          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np def="def">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj">
        <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
          <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np def="def">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number">
        <relp>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          </vp>
          <np head="this" role="subj">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
          </np>
        </relp>
        <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj">
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
    <np def="def">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
    <np locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
-        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/>
+        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="def">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/>
    </np>
    <np locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
-      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number"/>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/mode/obligatory
calling defaultval for mode/
defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicative
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM

addaffixes:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
+        <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="def">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    </np>
    <np locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
+          <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj"/>
+          <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="then">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
-    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-      </np>
-    </relp>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="def">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-    <np locus="number">
-      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-        </np>
-      </relp>
    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number"/>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="then">
+<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj">|t|y|ˈ|</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|nˤ|u|k|au|ˈ|ɲ|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|u|h|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|n|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">|ᵏǀ|a|ˈ|ŋ|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|u|h|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">|ɡʷ|ai|ˈ|nˤ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|i|ɲ|a|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">|j|y|ˈ|ɳ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|i|ɲ|a|</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">|nˤ|y|ˈ|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def">|s|i|ˈ|ɖ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|i|ɲ|a|</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">|nˤ|a|ˈ|ʂ|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|u|h|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj">|b|i|ˈ|m|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|i|ɲ|a|</thingy>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number">|h|u|ˈ|</word>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|ɡ|ai|ˈ|</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony: No change.

### |t|y|ˈ|
#-> ˈty
### |t|y|ˈ|
#-> ˈty
### |nˤ|u|k|au|ˈ|ɲ|
#-> nˤuˈkauɲ
### |nˤ|u|k|au|ˈ|ɲ|
#-> nˤuˈkauɲ
### -|u|h|a|
#-> -uha
### -|u|h|a|
#-> -uha
### |n|a|
#-> na
### |n|a|
#-> na
### |ᵏǀ|a|ˈ|ŋ|
#-> ˈᵏǀaŋ
### |ᵏǀ|a|ˈ|ŋ|
#-> ˈᵏǀaŋ
### -|u|h|a|
#-> -uha
### -|u|h|a|
#-> -uha
### |ɡʷ|ai|ˈ|nˤ|
#-> ˈɡʷainˤ
### |ɡʷ|ai|ˈ|nˤ|
#-> ˈɡʷainˤ
### -|i|ɲ|a|
#-> -iɲa
### -|i|ɲ|a|
#-> -iɲa
### |j|y|ˈ|ɳ|
#-> ˈjyɳ
### |j|y|ˈ|ɳ|
#-> ˈjyɳ
### -|i|ɲ|a|
#-> -iɲa
### -|i|ɲ|a|
#-> -iɲa
### |nˤ|y|ˈ|
#-> ˈnˤy
### |nˤ|y|ˈ|
#-> ˈnˤy
### |s|i|ˈ|ɖ|
#-> ˈsiɖ
### |s|i|ˈ|ɖ|
#-> ˈsiɖ
### -|i|ɲ|a|
#-> -iɲa
### -|i|ɲ|a|
#-> -iɲa
### |nˤ|a|ˈ|ʂ|
#-> ˈnˤaʂ
### |nˤ|a|ˈ|ʂ|
#-> ˈnˤaʂ
### -|u|h|a|
#-> -uha
### -|u|h|a|
#-> -uha
### |b|i|ˈ|m|
#-> ˈbim
### |b|i|ˈ|m|
#-> ˈbim
### -|i|ɲ|a|
#-> -iɲa
### -|i|ɲ|a|
#-> -iɲa
### |h|u|ˈ|
#-> ˈhu
### |h|u|ˈ|
#-> ˈhu
### |ɡ|ai|ˈ|
#-> ˈɡai
### |ɡ|ai|ˈ|
#-> ˈɡai
### |t|y|ˈ| |nˤ|u|k|au|ˈ|ɲ||u|h|a| |n|a| |ᵏǀ|a|ˈ|ŋ||u|h|a| |ɡʷ|ai|ˈ|nˤ||i|ɲ|a| |j|y|ˈ|ɳ||i|ɲ|a| |nˤ|y|ˈ| |s|i|ˈ|ɖ||i|ɲ|a| |nˤ|a|ˈ|ʂ||u|h|a| |b|i|ˈ|m||i|ɲ|a| |h|u|ˈ| |ɡ|ai|ˈ|
#-> ˈty nˤuˈkauɲuha na ˈᵏǀaŋuha ˈɡʷainˤiɲa ˈjyɳiɲa ˈnˤy ˈsiɖiɲa ˈnˤaʂuha ˈbimiɲa ˈhu ˈɡai

removetags:

<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="then" posp="conj">|t|y|ˈ|</word>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|nˤ|u|k|au|ˈ|ɲ|</word>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|u|h|a|</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|n|a|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">|ᵏǀ|a|ˈ|ŋ|</word>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|u|h|a|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">|ɡʷ|ai|ˈ|nˤ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|i|ɲ|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">|j|y|ˈ|ɳ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|i|ɲ|a|</thingy>
    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">|nˤ|y|ˈ|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def">|s|i|ˈ|ɖ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|i|ɲ|a|</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">|nˤ|a|ˈ|ʂ|</word>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|u|h|a|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj">|b|i|ˈ|m|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|i|ɲ|a|</thingy>
    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number">|h|u|ˈ|</word>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">|ɡ|ai|ˈ|</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;then&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nˤuˈkauɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-uha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;indicative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;na&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈᵏǀaŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-uha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;indicative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɡʷainˤ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-iɲa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈjyɳ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-iɲa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈnˤy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈsiɖ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-iɲa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈnˤaʂ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-uha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;indicative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈbim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-iɲa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈhu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɡai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ˈty nˤuˈkauɲuha na ˈᵏǀaŋuha ˈɡʷainˤiɲa ˈjyɳiɲa ˈnˤy ˈsiɖiɲa ˈnˤaʂuha ˈbimiɲa ˈhu ˈɡai</p>
+  <p>тү нъукаўњуга на ҁтаӈуга ґвайнъиња јүн̇иња нъү сид̇иња нъас̇уга бимиња гу ґай</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈty</o>
+      <g>then</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nˤuˈkauɲ</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-uha</o>
+      <g>indicative</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>na</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈᵏǀaŋ</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-uha</o>
+      <g>indicative</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɡʷainˤ</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-iɲa</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈjyɳ</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-iɲa</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈnˤy</o>
+      <g>1incl</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈsiɖ</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-iɲa</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈnˤaʂ</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-uha</o>
+      <g>indicative</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈbim</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-iɲa</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈhu</o>
+      <g>a</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɡai</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Тү нъукаўњуга на ҁтаӈуга ґвайнъиња јүн̇иња нъү сид̇иња нъас̇уга бимиња гу ґай.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: