Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Nost, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module RelN:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
+  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module subordinate:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.fem">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="fem">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.fem">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+        <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="fem">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
    </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" possessor="no.owner" gender="fem">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
+    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
  </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
+  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
    </vp>
-    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.fem">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
    </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/optional

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
+      <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
    </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <subs>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.fem">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-    </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </subs>
-  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="m e t">met</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="p u s i">pusi</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.fem" ph="&#x27D; &#x258;">ɽɘ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="&#x272; i w">ɲiw</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="t e f">tef</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="a&#x2D0; m">aːm</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="s o s">sos</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM" ph="n o&#x2D0; s+t">noːst</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="a&#x2D0; m">aːm</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="k i&#x2D0; &#x288;">kiːʈ</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x272; &#x268;# m">ɲɨ#m</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="w &#x25C; &#x27D;">wɜɽ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="a&#x2D0; m">aːm</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="m e t">met</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="p u s i">pusi</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.fem" ph="&#x27D; &#x258;">ɽɘ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP" ph="&#x272; i w">ɲiw</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="t e f">tef</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="a&#x2D0; m">aːm</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="s o s">sos</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM" ph="n o&#x2D0; s+t">noːst</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="a&#x2D0; m">aːm</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="k i&#x2D0; &#x288;">kiːʈ</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x272; &#x268;# m">ɲɨ#m</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="w &#x25C; &#x27D;">wɜɽ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="a&#x2D0; m">aːm</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">met</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">pusi</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">k</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.fem">ɽɘ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">s</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpcomp" function="enclitic" gloss="COMP">ɲiw</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">tef</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">aːm</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">sos</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" case="NOM">noːst</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">aːm</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">kiːʈ</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">ɲɨ#m</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">wɜɽ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">aːm</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;met&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;pusi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-k&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɽɘ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PRES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲiw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tef&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-aːm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;noːst&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-aːm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kiːʈ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲɨ̃m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;wɜɽ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-aːm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>met pusik ɽɘs ɲiw tefaːm sos noːstaːm kiːʈ ɲɨ̃m wɜɽaːm</p>
+  <p>met pusik rrës ñiw tefaam sós nóóstaam kiirt ñynm wèrraam</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>met</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>pusi</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-k</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɽɘ</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-s</o>
+      <g>PRES</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲiw</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tef</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-aːm</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sos</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>noːst</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-aːm</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kiːʈ</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲɨ̃m</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>wɜɽ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-aːm</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Met pusik rrës ñiw tefaam sós nóóstaam kiirt ñynm wèrraam.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: