Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Aja, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2verb:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module embed:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </subs> </np> </pp> </s>module nominalise:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> + </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - </np> </subs> </np> + </np> + </np> </pp> </s>tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.4"> <subs> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.4"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> - <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.4"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module ngen:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> - <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> + <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.4"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" case="ABS"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="ABS"> <subs> <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.4"> - <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" case="LOC"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4"> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </np> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" case="ABS"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" case="ABS" role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="ABS"> <subs> - <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.4"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" case="LOC"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" case="ABS" role="subj" tr="theme" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="ABS"> <subs> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.4"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" case="LOC"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> - </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="ABS"> <subs> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for negation/
defaultval: verb, negation
returning POSaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 1incl
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.cl.4<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="ABS"> <subs> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS"> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="ABS"> - <subs> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> - </np> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"/> - </np> - </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="ᵑǀ u">ᵑǀu</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ḭ">ʈḭ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m ḭ f i">mḭfi</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="d ḭ">dḭ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl" ph="y̰">y̰</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl" ph="sˤ iː">sˤiː</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph="b a̰">ba̰</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1" ph="kʼʷ y">kʼʷy</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="d ḭ">dḭ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS" ph="aː ɟ a">aːɟa</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS" ph="sˤ iː">sˤiː</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="ɽ a">ɽa</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="a m i">ami</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ɲ y̰">ɲy̰</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="d ḭ">dḭ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" ph="y t͡ʃ a̰">yt͡ʃa̰</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="s ḭ">sḭ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="h y">hy</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="ᵑǀ u">ᵑǀu</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ḭ">ʈḭ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m ḭ f i">mḭfi</word> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="d ḭ">dḭ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl" ph="y̰">y̰</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl" ph="sˤ iː">sˤiː</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph="b a̰">ba̰</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1" ph="kʼʷ y">kʼʷy</word> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="d ḭ">dḭ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS" ph="aː ɟ a">aːɟa</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS" ph="sˤ iː">sˤiː</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="ɽ a">ɽa</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="ABS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="a m i">ami</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ɲ y̰">ɲy̰</word> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="d ḭ">dḭ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="tˤ">tˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC" ph="y t͡ʃ a̰">yt͡ʃa̰</word> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="s ḭ">sḭ</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="h y">hy</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ᵑǀu</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈḭ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">mḭfi</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">dḭ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">y̰</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">sˤiː</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1">ba̰</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1">kʼʷy</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">dḭ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS">tˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS">aːɟa</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.cl.4" case="ABS">sˤiː</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">ɽa</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">n</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC">ami</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">ɲy̰</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">dḭ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.4.POSS">tˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.4" case="LOC">yt͡ʃa̰</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">sḭ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">hy</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀu</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈḭ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mḭfi</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-dḭ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">y̰</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤiː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ba̰</span><br><span class="gls">cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼʷy</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-dḭ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.4.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">aːɟa</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤiː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɽa</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">n-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ami</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲy̰</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-dḭ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.4.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">yt͡ʃa̰</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sḭ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hy</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span></p> + <p>ᵑǀu ʈḭ mḭfidḭ dy̰ sˤiːba̰ kʼʷydḭ tˤaːɟa sˤiːɽa nami ɲy̰dḭ tˤyt͡ʃa̰ sḭ hy</p> + <p>ङ्तु टिः मिःफ़िदिः द्युः स़ीबः क़व्युदिः त़ाज स़ीऱ नमि ञ्युःदिः त़्युच्षः सिः ह्यु</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀu</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈḭ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mḭfi</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-dḭ</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>1incl.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>y̰</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤiː</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ba̰</o> + <g>cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼʷy</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-dḭ</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤ-</o> + <g>3.cl.4.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>aːɟa</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤiː</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɽa</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>n-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ami</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲy̰</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-dḭ</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤ-</o> + <g>3.cl.4.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>yt͡ʃa̰</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sḭ</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hy</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + </il> </s>ङ्तु टिः मिःफ़िदिः द्युः स़ीबः क़व्युदिः त़ाज स़ीऱ नमि ञ्युःदिः त़्युच्षः सिः ह्यु ॥
But our language arose in a different way.
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