Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Nyash, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module NRel: No change.

module sentenceconnectors: No change.

module subordinate: No change.

module affixdensity: No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
+      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        </np>
+        <np def="def" number="sing">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+        </np>
+      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder: No change.

module casemarking: No change.

module addgender:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
-        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        </np>
-        <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" gender="anim">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
+      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="anim">
+  <np role="obj" gender="anim" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
+  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
-        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim">
+      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
+        <np def="def" locus="number" gender="anim">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        </np>
-        <np def="def" number="sing" gender="inanim">
+        <np def="def" gender="inanim">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="anim" number="plur">
+  <np role="obj" gender="anim">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim">
+      <np locus="number" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="anim">
+      <np locus="number" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

createpronouns: No change.

module markowned:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim">
+  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
-        <np def="def" locus="number" gender="anim">
+        <np def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        </np>
-        <np def="def" gender="inanim">
+        <np def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="anim">
+  <np role="obj" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np locus="number" gender="anim">
+      <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np locus="number" gender="anim">
+      <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module ngen: No change.

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
        <np def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder: No change.

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
        <np def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
        <np def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase: No change.

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
        <np def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
    <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
        <np def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
  <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+      <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/obligatory
calling defaultval for def/
defaultval: noun, def
returning not.def
Got not.def
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/def/obligatory
calling defaultval for def/
defaultval: noun, def
returning not.def
Got not.def

addaffixes:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+        <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+        <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
</s>

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-      <np def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-    </pp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
-  <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|b|o|m|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|o|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|t|o|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">|tˤ|i|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">|ŋ|ɯ|s|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|e|f|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|a|</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|n|o|</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">|ᵑǀˤ|a|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">|ʒ|i|kʷ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|e|f|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner">|ᵑǀ|e|ɓ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|e|f|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɡ|a|ʒ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|e|f|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">-|o|</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|j|ɤ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|ᵏǀˤ|o|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ᵑǀ|e|t͡ʃ|ɯ|z|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|e|f|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">-|o|</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|j|ɤ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|b|o|m|</word>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|o|</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|t|o|</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">|tˤ|i|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">|ŋ|ɯ|s|</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|e|f|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|ɤ|f|</thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|a|</thingy>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|n|o|</word>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">|ᵑǀˤ|a|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">|ʒ|i|kʷ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|e|f|</thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|a|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner">|ᵑǀ|e|ɓ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|e|f|</thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|a|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɡ|a|ʒ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|e|f|</thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">-|o|</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|j|ɤ|</word>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|ᵏǀˤ|o|</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ᵑǀ|e|t͡ʃ|ɯ|z|</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|e|f|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ᵑǀ|ɤ|t͡ʃ|ɯ|z|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|ɤ|f|</thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">-|o|</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|j|ɤ|</word>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

### |b|o|m|
#-> bom
### |b|o|m|
#-> bom
### -|o|
#-> -o
### -|o|
#-> -o
### |t|o|
#-> to
### |t|o|
#-> to
### |tˤ|i|
#-> tˤi
### |tˤ|i|
#-> tˤi
### |ŋ|ɯ|s|
#-> ŋɯs
### |ŋ|ɯ|s|
#-> ŋɯs
### -|ɤ|f|
#-> -ɤf
### -|ɤ|f|
#-> -ɤf
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |n|o|
#-> no
### |n|o|
#-> no
### |ᵑǀˤ|a|
#-> ᵑǀˤa
### |ᵑǀˤ|a|
#-> ᵑǀˤa
### |ʒ|i|kʷ|
#-> ʒikʷ
### |ʒ|i|kʷ|
#-> ʒikʷ
### -|e|f|
#-> -ef
### -|e|f|
#-> -ef
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |ᵑǀ|e|ɓ|
#-> ᵑǀeɓ
### |ᵑǀ|e|ɓ|
#-> ᵑǀeɓ
### -|e|f|
#-> -ef
### -|e|f|
#-> -ef
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |ɡ|a|ʒ|
#-> ɡaʒ
### |ɡ|a|ʒ|
#-> ɡaʒ
### -|e|f|
#-> -ef
### -|e|f|
#-> -ef
### -|o|
#-> -o
### -|o|
#-> -o
### |j|ɤ|
#-> jɤ
### |j|ɤ|
#-> jɤ
### |ᵏǀˤ|o|
#-> ᵏǀˤo
### |ᵏǀˤ|o|
#-> ᵏǀˤo
### |ᵑǀ|ɤ|t͡ʃ|ɯ|z|
#-> ᵑǀɤt͡ʃɯz
### |ᵑǀ|ɤ|t͡ʃ|ɯ|z|
#-> ᵑǀɤt͡ʃɯz
### -|ɤ|f|
#-> -ɤf
### -|ɤ|f|
#-> -ɤf
### -|o|
#-> -o
### -|o|
#-> -o
### |j|ɤ|
#-> jɤ
### |j|ɤ|
#-> jɤ
### |b|o|m||o| |t|o| |tˤ|i| |ŋ|ɯ|s||ɤ|f||a| |n|o| |ᵑǀˤ|a| |ʒ|i|kʷ||e|f||a| |ᵑǀ|e|ɓ||e|f||a| |ɡ|a|ʒ||e|f||o| |j|ɤ| |ᵏǀˤ|o| |ᵑǀ|ɤ|t͡ʃ|ɯ|z||ɤ|f||o| |j|ɤ|
#-> bomo to tˤi ŋɯsɤfa no ᵑǀˤa ʒikʷefa ᵑǀeɓefa ɡaʒefo jɤ ᵏǀˤo ᵑǀɤt͡ʃɯzɤfo jɤ

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|b|o|m|</word>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|o|</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|t|o|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">|tˤ|i|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">|ŋ|ɯ|s|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|ɤ|f|</thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|a|</thingy>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|n|o|</word>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">|ᵑǀˤ|a|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner">|ʒ|i|kʷ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|e|f|</thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|a|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="inanim" possessor="no.owner">|ᵑǀ|e|ɓ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|e|f|</thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">-|a|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɡ|a|ʒ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|e|f|</thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">-|o|</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|j|ɤ|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|ᵏǀˤ|o|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ᵑǀ|ɤ|t͡ʃ|ɯ|z|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|ɤ|f|</thingy>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">-|o|</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="anim" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|j|ɤ|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tˤi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋɯs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɤf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ABS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;no&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ᵑǀˤa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʒikʷ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ef&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ABS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ᵑǀeɓ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ef&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ABS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡaʒ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ef&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ABS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;not.def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;jɤ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ᵏǀˤo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ᵑǀɤt͡ʃɯz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɤf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ABS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;not.def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;jɤ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>bomo to tˤi ŋɯsɤfa no ᵑǀˤa ʒikʷefa ᵑǀeɓefa ɡaʒefo jɤ ᵏǀˤo ᵑǀɤt͡ʃɯzɤfo jɤ</p>
+  <p>bomo to ṭi ngưsơfa no nc̣a zhiquefa ncebbefa gazhefo jơ c̣o ncơchưzơfo jơ</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>bom</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-o</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>to</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tˤi</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋɯs</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɤf</o>
+      <g>ABS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>no</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ᵑǀˤa</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʒikʷ</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ef</o>
+      <g>ABS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ᵑǀeɓ</o>
+      <g>surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ef</o>
+      <g>ABS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡaʒ</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ef</o>
+      <g>ABS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-o</o>
+      <g>not.def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>jɤ</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ᵏǀˤo</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ᵑǀɤt͡ʃɯz</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɤf</o>
+      <g>ABS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-o</o>
+      <g>not.def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>jɤ</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Bomo to ṭi ngưsơfa no nc̣a zhiquefa ncebbefa gazhefo jơ c̣o ncơchưzơfo jơ.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

Useful pages: