Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Chun, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </relp> + </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> - </relp> + </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - </np> </subs> + </np> + </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <subs> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> </subs> + </np> + </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder: No change.
module casemarking: No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owned" number="plur"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="plur"> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="plur"> - <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns: No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> + <subs> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + </subs> + </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> - </vp> - </subs> </np> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase: No change.
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3" def="def" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3" def="def" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"/> </np> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/voice/obligatory
calling defaultval for voice/
defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/voice/obligatory
calling defaultval for voice/
defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
calling defaultval for gender/
defaultval: det, gender
returning cl.1
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owneraddaffixes:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3" def="def" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3" def="def" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3"/> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3" def="def" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|d|a|</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|sˤ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|ḭ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|ʃ|aː|</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|sˤ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3" def="def" locus="number">|f|i|ɟ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3.POSS">-|i|b|i|</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">|ɖ|yː|b|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|u|k|ḭ|</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|kʼ|aː|</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|sˤ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3">|ᵑǀ|a|kʼʷ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3.POSS">-|i|b|i|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">|t|ḭ|</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">-|k|i|</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|t͡ɕ|y|</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det">|t|ḭ|</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1">-|d|ḭ|</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|m|aː|ʃ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|u|k|ḭ|</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ŋ|u|</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|k|a|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɓ|i|ʂ|i|c|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|u|k|ḭ|</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ŋ|u|</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony: No change.
### |d|a|
#-> da
### |d|a|
#-> da
### -|sˤ|i|
#-> -sˤi
### -|sˤ|i|
#-> -sˤi
### |m|ḭ|
#-> mḭ
### |m|ḭ|
#-> mḭ
### |ʃ|aː|
#-> ʃaː
### |ʃ|aː|
#-> ʃaː
### -|sˤ|i|
#-> -sˤi
### -|sˤ|i|
#-> -sˤi
### |f|i|ɟ|
#-> fiɟ
### |f|i|ɟ|
#-> fiɟ
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|i|b|i|
#-> -ibi
### -|i|b|i|
#-> -ibi
### |ɖ|yː|b|
#-> ɖyːb
### |ɖ|yː|b|
#-> ɖyːb
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|u|k|ḭ|
#-> -ukḭ
### -|u|k|ḭ|
#-> -ukḭ
### |kʼ|aː|
#-> kʼaː
### |kʼ|aː|
#-> kʼaː
### -|sˤ|i|
#-> -sˤi
### -|sˤ|i|
#-> -sˤi
### |ᵑǀ|a|kʼʷ|
#-> ᵑǀakʼʷ
### |ᵑǀ|a|kʼʷ|
#-> ᵑǀakʼʷ
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|i|b|i|
#-> -ibi
### -|i|b|i|
#-> -ibi
### |t|ḭ|
#-> tḭ
### |t|ḭ|
#-> tḭ
### -|k|i|
#-> -ki
### -|k|i|
#-> -ki
### |t͡ɕ|y|
#-> t͡ɕy
### |t͡ɕ|y|
#-> t͡ɕy
### |t|ḭ|
#-> tḭ
### |t|ḭ|
#-> tḭ
### -|d|ḭ|
#-> -dḭ
### -|d|ḭ|
#-> -dḭ
### |m|aː|ʃ|
#-> maːʃ
### |m|aː|ʃ|
#-> maːʃ
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|u|k|ḭ|
#-> -ukḭ
### -|u|k|ḭ|
#-> -ukḭ
### |ŋ|u|
#-> ŋu
### |ŋ|u|
#-> ŋu
### |k|a|
#-> ka
### |k|a|
#-> ka
### |ɓ|i|ʂ|i|c|
#-> ɓiʂic
### |ɓ|i|ʂ|i|c|
#-> ɓiʂic
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|a|d|
#-> -ad
### -|u|k|ḭ|
#-> -ukḭ
### -|u|k|ḭ|
#-> -ukḭ
### |ŋ|u|
#-> ŋu
### |ŋ|u|
#-> ŋu
### |d|a||sˤ|i| |m|ḭ| |ʃ|aː||sˤ|i| |f|i|ɟ||a|d||i|b|i| |ɖ|yː|b||a|d||u|k|ḭ| |kʼ|aː||sˤ|i| |ᵑǀ|a|kʼʷ||a|d||i|b|i| |t|ḭ||k|i| |t͡ɕ|y| |t|ḭ||d|ḭ| |m|aː|ʃ||a|d||u|k|ḭ| |ŋ|u| |k|a| |ɓ|i|ʂ|i|c||a|d||u|k|ḭ| |ŋ|u|
#-> dasˤi mḭ ʃaːsˤi fiɟadibi ɖyːbadukḭ kʼaːsˤi ᵑǀakʼʷadibi tḭki t͡ɕy tḭdḭ maːʃadukḭ ŋu ka ɓiʂicadukḭ ŋuremovetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|d|a|</word> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|sˤ|i|</thingy> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|ḭ|</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|ʃ|aː|</word> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|sˤ|i|</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3" def="def" locus="number">|f|i|ɟ|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3.POSS">-|i|b|i|</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.2" possessor="no.owner">|ɖ|yː|b|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|u|k|ḭ|</thingy> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|kʼ|aː|</word> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|sˤ|i|</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.3">|ᵑǀ|a|kʼʷ|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3.POSS">-|i|b|i|</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">|t|ḭ|</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">-|k|i|</thingy> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|t͡ɕ|y|</word> <word gloss="the" posp="det">|t|ḭ|</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1">-|d|ḭ|</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|m|aː|ʃ|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|u|k|ḭ|</thingy> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ŋ|u|</word> <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|k|a|</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ɓ|i|ʂ|i|c|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|a|d|</thingy> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-|u|k|ḭ|</thingy> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|ŋ|u|</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">da</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sˤi</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mḭ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃaː</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sˤi</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fiɟ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ad</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ibi</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.3.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖyːb</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ad</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ukḭ</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼaː</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sˤi</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀakʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ad</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ibi</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.3.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tḭ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ki</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕy</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tḭ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-dḭ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">maːʃ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ad</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ukḭ</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋu</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ka</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓiʂic</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ad</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ukḭ</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋu</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>dasˤi mḭ ʃaːsˤi fiɟadibi ɖyːbadukḭ kʼaːsˤi ᵑǀakʼʷadibi tḭki t͡ɕy tḭdḭ maːʃadukḭ ŋu ka ɓiʂicadukḭ ŋu</p> + <p>दस़ि मिः शास़ि फ़िजदिबि ड्यूबदुकिः क़आस़ि ङ्तॾदिबि तिःकि च्यु तिःदिः माशदुकिः ङु क भिषिधदुकिः ङु</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>da</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sˤi</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mḭ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃaː</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sˤi</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fiɟ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ad</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ibi</o> + <g>3.cl.3.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖyːb</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ad</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ukḭ</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼaː</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sˤi</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀakʼʷ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ad</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ibi</o> + <g>3.cl.3.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tḭ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ki</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕy</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tḭ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-dḭ</o> + <g>cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>maːʃ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ad</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ukḭ</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋu</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ka</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɓiʂic</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ad</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ukḭ</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋu</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>दस़ि मिः शास़ि फ़िजदिबि ड्यूबदुकिः क़आस़ि ङ्तॾदिबि तिःकि च्यु तिःदिः माशदुकिः ङु क भिषिधदुकिः ङु ॥
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
Useful pages: