Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Hama, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> </np> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STAaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got LOC
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɲ i ɡ">ɲiɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a">a</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" ph="w i">wi</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i">ʔi</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" ph="h u">hu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="ɡ i k e">ɡike</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="n a">na</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="h i">hi</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="l u">lu</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʔ a ɡ i">ʔaɡi</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj" ph="l i">li</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i">ʔi</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="k o">ko</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʔ a ɡ i">ʔaɡi</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʔ a f a ɡ i">ʔafaɡi</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i">ʔi</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɲ i ɡ">ɲiɡ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a">a</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" ph="w i">wi</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i">ʔi</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" ph="h u">hu</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="ɡ i k e">ɡike</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="n a">na</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="h i">hi</word> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="l u">lu</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʔ a ɡ i">ʔaɡi</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj" ph="l i">li</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i">ʔi</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="k o">ko</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʔ a ɡ i">ʔaɡi</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ʔ a f a ɡ i">ʔafaɡi</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i">ʔi</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ɲiɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">a</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">wi</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">ʔi</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">hu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">ɡike</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC">na</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">hi</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">lu</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">ʔaɡi</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj">li</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">ʔi</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ko</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">ʔaɡi</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj">ʔafaɡi</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">ʔi</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲiɡ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-a</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wi</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hu</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡike</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-na</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hi</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lu</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔaɡi</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">li</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ko</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔaɡi</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔafaɡi</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span></p> + <p>ɲiɡa wiʔi hu ɡikena hi lu ʔaɡi liʔi ko ʔaɡi ʔafaɡiʔi</p> + <p>ñiga wiqi hu gikena hi lu qagi liqi ko qagi qafagiqi</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɲiɡ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-a</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wi</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔi</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hu</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡike</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-na</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hi</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>lu</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʔaɡi</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>li</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔi</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ko</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʔaɡi</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʔafaɡi</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔi</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Ñiga wiqi hu gikena hi lu qagi liqi ko qagi qafagiqi.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
Useful pages: