Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Bany, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="neut"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="neut"> + <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> + <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="neut"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> + <np locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> + <np locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="neut"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="neut"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="neut"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="neut"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="neut"> + <np locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="neut"> + <np locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="neut"> <np locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="neut"> <np locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> </np> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> </np> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for all/adj/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got neut
About to call getSlotValue for whole/adj/gender/obligatory
Got neut
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/optional
Got LOC
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/optional<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> + <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="nˤ u kʷ">nˤukʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="a ŋ">aŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ɽ i b">ɽib</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="m e">me</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɡ a ɾ">ɡaɾ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɡʷ i ɓ">ɡʷiɓ</word> + <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="a ɡ">aɡ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="t o dˤ">todˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="ɡ a ɾ">ɡaɾ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="nˤ o tˤ">nˤotˤ</word> + <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="i sˤ">isˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="sˤ u">sˤu</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="e t">et</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="kʼ i n">kʼin</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="k a kʼʷ">kakʼʷ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="f au ʃ">fauʃ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="nˤ a ʂ">nˤaʂ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="b e s i ʂ">besiʂ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="f au ʃ">fauʃ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
<s translation=""> <flat> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="nˤ u kʷ">nˤukʷ</word> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="a ŋ">aŋ</thingy> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ɽ i b">ɽib</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="m e">me</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɡ a ɾ">ɡaɾ</word> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɡʷ i ɓ">ɡʷiɓ</word> <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="a ɡ">aɡ</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="t o dˤ">todˤ</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="ɡ a ɾ">ɡaɾ</word> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="nˤ o tˤ">nˤotˤ</word> - <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="i sˤ">isˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="u sˤ" underlying="i sˤ">usˤ</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="sˤ u">sˤu</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="e t">et</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="o t" underlying="e t">ot</thingy> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="kʼ i n">kʼin</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="k a kʼʷ">kakʼʷ</word> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="f au ʃ">fauʃ</word> <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="nˤ a ʂ">nˤaʂ</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="b e s i ʂ">besiʂ</word> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="f au ʃ">fauʃ</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="nˤ u kʷ">nˤukʷ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="a ŋ">aŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ɽ i b">ɽib</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="m e">me</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɡ a ɾ">ɡaɾ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɡʷ i ɓ">ɡʷiɓ</word> - <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="a ɡ">aɡ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="t o dˤ">todˤ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="ɡ a ɾ">ɡaɾ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="nˤ o tˤ">nˤotˤ</word> - <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="u sˤ" underlying="i sˤ">usˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="sˤ u">sˤu</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="o t" underlying="e t">ot</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="kʼ i n">kʼin</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="k a kʼʷ">kakʼʷ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="f au ʃ">fauʃ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="nˤ a ʂ">nˤaʂ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="b e s i ʂ">besiʂ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="f au ʃ">fauʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">nˤukʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">aŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ɽib</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">me</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">ɡaɾ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">ɡʷiɓ</word> + <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">aɡ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">todˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">ɡaɾ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">nˤotˤ</word> + <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" underlying="i sˤ">usˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">sˤu</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" underlying="e t">ot</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">kʼin</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">kakʼʷ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">fauʃ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">nˤaʂ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">besiʂ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">fauʃ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nˤukʷ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aŋ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽib</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">me-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡaɾ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷiɓ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aɡ</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">todˤ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡaɾ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nˤotˤ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-isˤ</span><br><span class="gls">neut</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤu</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-et</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼin</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kakʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fauʃ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nˤaʂ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">besiʂ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fauʃ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>nˤukʷaŋ ɽib meɡaɾ ɡʷiɓaɡ todˤ ɡaɾ nˤotˤusˤ sˤuot kʼin kakʼʷ fauʃ nˤaʂ besiʂ fauʃ</p> + <p>нъукваӈ р̇иб меґар ґвиб̱аґ тодъ ґар нъотъусъ съуот кин каквъ фаўш нъас̇ бесис̇ фаўш</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>nˤukʷ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aŋ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɽib</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>me-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡaɾ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡʷiɓ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aɡ</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>todˤ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡaɾ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nˤotˤ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-isˤ</o> + <g>neut</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤu</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-et</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼin</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kakʼʷ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fauʃ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nˤaʂ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>besiʂ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fauʃ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Нъукваӈ р̇иб меґар ґвиб̱аґ тодъ ґар нъотъусъ съуот кин каквъ фаўш нъас̇ бесис̇ фаўш.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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