Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Idad, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module RelN:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nominalise:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS"> <subs> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.9"> <subs> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.5"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.9"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.9" number="sing"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.5"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.5" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.9" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.9"> <subs> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.5" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.5"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.7"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.9"> <subs> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.5"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.5"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.9"> <subs> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.5"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.9"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.5"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.5"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.5"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.9"> <subs> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.5"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.5"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.5" role="obj"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.5"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <subs> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.5" role="obj"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.5"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> </vp> <subs> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.5"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.5"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.5"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="cl.5"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="cl.5"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.5"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.7"/> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABSaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.5
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.9
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.5
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <subs> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.5"> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.5"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.9"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="cl.5"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="cl.5"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.5"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.7"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.5"> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.5"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.9"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="cl.5"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="cl.5"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.5"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5"/> - </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.7"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.5"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.9"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="cl.5"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="cl.5"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.5"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.7"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="t͡ʃ au ˈ dˤ">t͡ʃauˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ə tˤ a ˈ k u">ətˤaˈku</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ɓ">ɓ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="u h">uh</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="u">u</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="ᵑǀ aː ˈ j">ᵑǀaːˈj</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="kʼ">kʼ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" ph="aː ˈ k">aːˈk</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" ph="f əː ˈ">fəːˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.5" ph="ai n a">aina</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="u h">uh</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="u">u</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="kʼ">kʼ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS" ph="iː ˈ ɗ a d">iːˈɗad</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS" ph="f əː ˈ">fəːˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.9" attach="suffix" ph="m">m</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="cl.5" ph="b iː ˈ">biːˈ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="kʼ">kʼ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="cl.5" ph="i ˈ n a n">iˈnan</word> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.5" ph="ɗˤ i ˈ">ɗˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="kʼ">kʼ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.7" ph="a ˈ j">aˈj</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="b u ˈ nˤ">buˈnˤ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="t͡ʃ au ˈ dˤ">t͡ʃauˈdˤ</word> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ə tˤ a ˈ k u">ətˤaˈku</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ɓ">ɓ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="u h">uh</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="u">u</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="ᵑǀ aː ˈ j">ᵑǀaːˈj</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="kʼ">kʼ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" ph="aː ˈ k">aːˈk</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" ph="f əː ˈ">fəːˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph="f">f</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.5" ph="ai n a">aina</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="dˤ">dˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="u h">uh</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="u">u</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="kʼ">kʼ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS" ph="iː ˈ ɗ a d">iːˈɗad</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS" ph="f əː ˈ">fəːˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.9" attach="suffix" ph="m">m</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="cl.5" ph="b iː ˈ">biːˈ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="kʼ">kʼ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="cl.5" ph="i ˈ n a n">iˈnan</word> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.5" ph="ɗˤ i ˈ">ɗˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS" attach="prefix" ph="kʼ">kʼ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.7" ph="a ˈ j">aˈj</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="b u ˈ nˤ">buˈnˤ</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">t͡ʃauˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q">f</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ətˤaˈku</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ɓ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">uh</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">u</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">d</thingy> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">ᵑǀaːˈj</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS">kʼ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5">aːˈk</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5">fəːˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5">ʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q">f</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.5">aina</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">dˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">uh</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">u</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">d</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS">kʼ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS">iːˈɗad</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.9" case="ABS">fəːˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.9">m</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different" locus="number" gender="cl.5">biːˈ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS">kʼ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" locus="number" gender="cl.5">iˈnan</word> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.5">ɗˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5">ʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS">kʼ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.7">aˈj</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">buˈnˤ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃaudˤ</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">f-</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈətˤaku</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɓ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uh</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-u</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀaːj</span><br><span class="gls">1incl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaːk</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʋ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.5</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">f-</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">aina</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-dˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uh</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-u</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈiːɗad</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-m</span><br><span class="gls">cl.9</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbiː</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈinan</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɗˤi</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʋ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.5</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaj</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbunˤ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span></p> + <p>ˈt͡ʃaudˤ fəˈtˤakuɓuhud ˈᵑǀaːj ˈkʼaːk ˈfəːʋ fainadˤuhud ˈkʼiːɗad ˈfəːm ˈbiː ˈkʼinan ˈɗˤiʋ ˈkʼaj ˈbunˤ</p> + <p>чаўдъ фәтъакуб̱угуд ҁнаај каак фәәв файнадъугуд киид̱ад фәәм бии кинан д̱ъив кај бунъ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃaudˤ</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>f-</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈətˤaku</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɓ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uh</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-u</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵑǀaːj</o> + <g>1incl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼ-</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaːk</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfəː</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʋ</o> + <g>cl.5</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>f-</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>aina</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-dˤ</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uh</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-u</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼ-</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈiːɗad</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfəː</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-m</o> + <g>cl.9</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbiː</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼ-</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈinan</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɗˤi</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʋ</o> + <g>cl.5</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼ-</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaj</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbunˤ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Чаўдъ фәтъакуб̱угуд ҁнаај каак фәәв файнадъугуд киид̱ад фәәм бии кинан д̱ъив кај бунъ.
But our language arose in a different way.
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