Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Fe, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module NRel:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+  <np id="parent">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+    </np>
+    <relp comma="after">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nominalise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.11">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.11">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.9">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.11">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.11" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.11">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.9">
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.11" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.9" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.11" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.11" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.9" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.11" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.11" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.9" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.11" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.11" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.9" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.11" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.11" obj="3.plur.cl.11">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.11" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.9" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

No change.

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.11" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.11" obj="3.plur.cl.11">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.11" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.9" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.9" number="sing" role="obj">
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
          <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.11" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.11" obj="3.plur.cl.11">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.9" number="sing" role="obj">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.11" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11">
-        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.11" obj="3.plur.cl.11">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.11" obj="3.plur.cl.11"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
-        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2"/>
+        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6">
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/subj.negation/optional
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/obj/optional
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for RELPRON/pron/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/subj.negation/optional
Got 3.sing.cl.11.POS
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/obj/optional
Got 3.plur.cl.11
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for 1incl.plur/pron/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for different/adj/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/optional
Got sing

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.11" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11">
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11">
+        <thingy type="pronnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.11" obj="3.plur.cl.11">
+        <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+        <thingy type="verbsubj.negation" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.11.POS"/>
+        <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.11" obj="3.plur.cl.11"/>
+        <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.cl.11"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9">
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
+        <thingy type="pronnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/>
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8">
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6">
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="cl.11" number="sing">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11">
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11"/>
-    </np>
-    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11">
    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.11" obj="3.plur.cl.11">
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="verbsubj.negation" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.11.POS"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.11" obj="3.plur.cl.11"/>
    <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.cl.11"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9">
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl">
    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/>
-        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
-      </np>
-    </relp>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" comma="after"/>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8">
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8"/>
-    </np>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11"/>
-    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="verbsubj.negation" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.11.POS"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.11" obj="3.plur.cl.11"/>
-    <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.cl.11"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9"/>
-    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" comma="after"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x256; u&#x2D0; j">ɖuːj</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="l i w &#x251;">liwɑ</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="d u &#x282; &#x251;&#x2D0; j">duʂɑːj</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11" ph="f e">fe</word>
+    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11" ph="&#x272; i&#x2D0; &#x14B;">ɲiːŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbsubj.negation" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.11.POS" attach="prefix" ph="&#x282; o">ʂo</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.11" obj="3.plur.cl.11" ph="&#x283; &#xE6; &#x272;">ʃæɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.cl.11.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="&#x251; l">ɑl</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9" ph="d &#x251; l">dɑl</word>
+    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b o">bo</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" comma="after" ph="&#x256; o &#x27D;">ɖoɽ</word>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="t&#x361;&#x255; i&#x2D0; r">t͡ɕiːr</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8" ph="n &#x251;&#x2D0; m">nɑːm</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" ph="t&#x361;&#x255; i r">t͡ɕir</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" ph="p &#xE6;&#x2D0; &#x288;">pæːʈ</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x256; u&#x2D0; j">ɖuːj</word>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="l i w &#x251;">liwɑ</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="d u &#x282; &#x251;&#x2D0; j">duʂɑːj</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11" ph="f e">fe</word>
-    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11" ph="&#x272; i&#x2D0; &#x14B;">ɲiːŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbsubj.negation" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.11.POS" attach="prefix" ph="&#x282; o">ʂo</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.11" obj="3.plur.cl.11" ph="&#x283; &#xE6; &#x272;">ʃæɲ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.cl.11.OBJ" attach="suffix" ph="&#x251; l">ɑl</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9" ph="d &#x251; l">dɑl</word>
-    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b o">bo</thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" comma="after" ph="&#x256; o &#x27D;">ɖoɽ</word>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="t&#x361;&#x255; i&#x2D0; r">t͡ɕiːr</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8" ph="n &#x251;&#x2D0; m">nɑːm</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" ph="t&#x361;&#x255; i r">t͡ɕir</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6" ph="p &#xE6;&#x2D0; &#x288;">pæːʈ</word>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ɖuːj</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST">liwɑ</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">duʂɑːj</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.11">fe,</word>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.11">ɲiːŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbsubj.negation" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.11.POS">ʂo</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.11" obj="3.plur.cl.11">ʃæɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbobj" function="suffix" gloss="3.plur.cl.11.OBJ">ɑl</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.9">dɑl</word>
+    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur">bo</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" comma="after">ɖoɽ,</word>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">t͡ɕiːr</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.8">nɑːm</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6">t͡ɕir</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6">pæːʈ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɖuːj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;liwɑ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;duʂɑːj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲiːŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʂo-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.cl.11.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃæɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɑl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.plur.cl.11.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;OBJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dɑl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bo-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɖoɽ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ɕiːr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nɑːm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ɕir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;pæːʈ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ɖuːj liwɑduʂɑːj fe, ɲiːŋ ʂoʃæɲɑl dɑl boɖoɽ, t͡ɕiːr nɑːm t͡ɕir pæːʈ</p>
+  <p>д̇ууј ливадус̇аај фе, њииӈ с̇ошәњал дал бод̇ор̇, ћиир наам ћир пәәт̇</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɖuːj</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>liwɑ-</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>duʂɑːj</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fe</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲiːŋ</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʂo-</o>
+      <g>3.sing.cl.11.POS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃæɲ</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɑl</o>
+      <g>3.plur.cl.11.OBJ</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dɑl</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bo-</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɖoɽ</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ɕiːr</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nɑːm</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ɕir</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>pæːʈ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Д̇ууј ливадус̇аај фе, њииӈ с̇ошәњал дал бод̇ор̇, ћиир наам ћир пәәт̇.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: