Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Gef, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2verb:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module embed:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - </relp> + </subs> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </subs> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nominalise:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> + </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - </np> </subs> + </np> + </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.6"> <subs> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.6"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.6"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.6"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.6"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.6"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.6"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.6"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.6"> <subs> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.6"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> - <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="cl.6"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.6"> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.6"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.6"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.6"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> - <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.6"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.6"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.6"> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.6"> + <np role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.6"> + <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.5"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.6"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.6"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.1"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.6"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"> - <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6"> + <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="cl.6"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.6"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6" case="ABS"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.cl.6"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.cl.6"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
calling defaultval for mode/
defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicative
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABSaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.cl.6
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 1incl
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.cl.6
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.6
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6" case="ABS"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.cl.6"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.6"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - </np> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> - <subs> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> - <np role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.cl.6"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - </np> - <np role="owner" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.6"/> - </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.cl.6"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.6"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="ɣ o">ɣo</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="v a s i# n">vasi#n</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s i">si</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6" case="ABS" ph="ɡ e f">ɡef</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="ɔ">ɔ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl" ph="x ɛ ʃ">xɛʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="ø">ø</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1" ph="l y# d">ly#d</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.cl.6" ph="l ɛ m">lɛm</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="ɔ">ɔ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="b o l">bol</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="n i">ni</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.6" attach="suffix" ph="d u#">du#</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʒ u k">ʒuk</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="a#">a#</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="n ɛ">nɛ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="ɣ o">ɣo</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="v a s i# n">vasi#n</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s i">si</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6" case="ABS" ph="ɡ e f">ɡef</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="ɔ">ɔ</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl" ph="x ɛ ʃ">xɛʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="ø">ø</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1" ph="l y# d">ly#d</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.cl.6" ph="l ɛ m">lɛm</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="ɔ">ɔ</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="b o l">bol</word> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="y">y</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="n i">ni</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.6" attach="suffix" ph="d u#">du#</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʒ u k">ʒuk</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="suffix" ph="a#">a#</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph="t e">te</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="n ɛ">nɛ</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ɣo</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">vasi#n</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">y</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">si</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="owned" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.cl.6" case="ABS">ɡef</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6.POSS">ɔ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">te</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">xɛʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="1incl.POSS">ø</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">te</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.1">ly#d</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">y</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.cl.6">lɛm</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.6.POSS">ɔ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">te</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">bol</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">y</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">ni</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.6">du#</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">ʒuk</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="suffix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">a#</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">te</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">nɛ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɣo</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">vasĩn</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-y</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">si</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡef</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɔ</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.6.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-te</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xɛʃ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ø</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-te</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lỹd</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-y</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lɛm</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɔ</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.6.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-te</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bol</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-y</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ni</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-dũ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.6</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒuk</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ã</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-te</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ABS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nɛ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span></p> + <p>ɣo vasĩny si ɡefɔte xɛʃøte lỹdy lɛmɔte boly nidũ ʒukãte nɛ</p> + <p>ğó vasinny si gefote khæshöte lyndy læmote bóly nidun zhukante næ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɣo</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>vasĩn</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-y</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>si</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡef</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɔ</o> + <g>3.cl.6.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-te</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xɛʃ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ø</o> + <g>1incl.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-te</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>lỹd</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-y</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>lɛm</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɔ</o> + <g>3.cl.6.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-te</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bol</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-y</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ni</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-dũ</o> + <g>cl.6</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒuk</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ã</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-te</o> + <g>ABS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nɛ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Ğó vasinny si gefote khæshöte lyndy læmote bóly nidun zhukante næ.
But our language arose in a different way.
Useful pages: