Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Vich, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </relp> + </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> - </relp> + </subs> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - </np> </subs> + </np> + </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> + <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <subs> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> </subs> + </np> + </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owned" number="plur"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> + <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owned" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur"> - <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc"> + <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> + <subs> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + </subs> + </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> + <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> + </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> - </vp> - </subs> </np> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem"> + <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem" def="def" locus="number"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem" def="def" locus="number"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem" def="def" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"/> </np> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for voice/
defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
calling defaultval for question/
defaultval: verb, question
returning not.Q
calling defaultval for voice/
defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
calling defaultval for question/
defaultval: verb, question
returning not.Q
calling defaultval for gender/
defaultval: det, gender
returning mascaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem" def="def" locus="number"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem" def="def" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem" def="def" locus="number"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem" def="def" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem" def="def" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɑ ŋʷ i">ɑŋʷi</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="h">h</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="u t͡s">ut͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="u">u</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="u t͡s">ut͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.POSS" ph="ʋ o ʔ">ʋoʔ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem" def="def" locus="number" ph="t͡ɕ ai ʔ">t͡ɕaiʔ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="e k">ek</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="i m u">imu</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="u t͡s">ut͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.POSS" ph="ʋ o ʔ">ʋoʔ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" ph="ŋ au h">ŋauh</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ ŋʷ">ɑŋʷ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="xʷ o">xʷo</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="t͡s">t͡s</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="s i ɖ">siɖ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" ph="xʷ o">xʷo</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="kʷ">kʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="kʷ ai k">kʷaik</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="m i ʔ">miʔ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ ŋʷ">ɑŋʷ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɡʷ i xʷ">ɡʷixʷ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="kʷ ai k">kʷaik</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="h i ɡʷ ɑ ɡ">hiɡʷɑɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ ŋʷ">ɑŋʷ</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɑ ŋʷ i">ɑŋʷi</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="h">h</thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="u t͡s">ut͡s</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="u">u</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="u t͡s">ut͡s</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.POSS" ph="ʋ o ʔ">ʋoʔ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem" def="def" locus="number" ph="t͡ɕ ai ʔ">t͡ɕaiʔ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="e k">ek</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="i m u">imu</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="u t͡s">ut͡s</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.POSS" ph="ʋ o ʔ">ʋoʔ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem" ph="ŋ au h">ŋauh</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ ŋʷ">ɑŋʷ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="xʷ o">xʷo</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="t͡s">t͡s</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="s i ɖ">siɖ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" ph="xʷ o">xʷo</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="kʷ">kʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="kʷ ai k">kʷaik</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="m i ʔ">miʔ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ ŋʷ">ɑŋʷ</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɡʷ i xʷ">ɡʷixʷ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="kʷ ai k">kʷaik</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="h i ɡʷ ɑ ɡ">hiɡʷɑɡ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ɑ ŋʷ">ɑŋʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">s</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ɑŋʷi</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">h</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">ut͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">s</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">u</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">ʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">ut͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.POSS">ʋoʔ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" number="plur" gender="masc" possessor="3.sing.fem" def="def" locus="number">t͡ɕaiʔ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">ek</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">s</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">imu</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">ʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">ut͡s</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.POSS">ʋoʔ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.fem">ŋauh</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ɑŋʷ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">xʷo</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">t͡s</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">siɖ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det">xʷo</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">kʷ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">kʷaik</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">miʔ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ɑŋʷ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ɡʷixʷ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">kʷaik</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">hiɡʷɑɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ɑŋʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɑŋʷi</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-h</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ut͡s</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">u</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ut͡s</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋoʔ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕaiʔ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ek</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">imu</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ut͡s</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋoʔ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋauh</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɑŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xʷo</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡s</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">siɖ</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xʷo</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-kʷ</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʷaik</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">miʔ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɑŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷixʷ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʷaik</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hiɡʷɑɡ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɑŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span></p> + <p>sɑŋʷihut͡s suʋut͡s ʋoʔ t͡ɕaiʔek simuʋut͡s ʋoʔ ŋauhɑŋʷ xʷot͡s siɖ xʷokʷ kʷaik miʔɑŋʷ ɡʷixʷ kʷaik hiɡʷɑɡɑŋʷ</p> + <p>sangwihutz suwutz woq tyaiqek simuwutz woq ngauhangw khwotz sird khwoqu quaik miqangw gwikhw quaik higwagangw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɑŋʷi</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-h</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ut͡s</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>u</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʋ</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ut͡s</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋoʔ</o> + <g>3.sing.fem.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕaiʔ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ek</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>imu</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʋ</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ut͡s</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋoʔ</o> + <g>3.sing.fem.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋauh</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɑŋʷ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xʷo</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡s</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>siɖ</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xʷo</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-kʷ</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʷaik</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>miʔ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɑŋʷ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡʷixʷ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʷaik</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hiɡʷɑɡ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɑŋʷ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Sangwihutz suwutz woq tyaiqek simuwutz woq ngauhangw khwotz sird khwoqu quaik miqangw gwikhw quaik higwagangw.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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