Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Nifama, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2verb:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module NRel:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <np id="parent"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + </np> + <relp comma="after"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <np locus="number" id="parent"> + <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + </np> + <relp comma="after"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </relp> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent"> + <np id="parent" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np locus="number" id="parent"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np locus="number" id="parent" number="sing"> <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np id="parent" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> + <np id="parent"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np locus="number" id="parent" number="sing"> - <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr=""> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np locus="number" id="parent"> + <np role="" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </relp> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="1incl"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" person="1incl"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="1incl"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="obj" person="1incl"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="1incl"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" person="1incl"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj" person="1incl"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="1incl"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" role="obj" person="1incl"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" person="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> <np locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="1incl"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="1incl"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" person="1incl"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" person="1incl"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="" id="headnp" tr=""> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" id="headnp"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np def="def"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/> </np> </pp> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/question/optional<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="1incl"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="1incl"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" person="1incl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" person="1incl"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np locus="number" id="parent"> <np role="" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" id="headnp"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </relp> </np> <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent"> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="1incl"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="1incl"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" person="1incl"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" person="1incl"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" person="1incl" comma="after"/> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np locus="number" id="parent"> - <np role="" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" id="headnp"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" comma="after"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </relp> - </np> - <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="1incl"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" person="1incl" comma="after"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" id="headnp"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" comma="after"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="b a">ba</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m ə h u ɡ ə">məhuɡə</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="m ə">mə</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="n i f ə m ə">nifəmə</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" ph="h i">hi</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="1incl" ph="ŋ e">ŋe</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="f i">fi</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" person="1incl" comma="after" ph="r u j ə">rujə</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="r i">ri</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" id="headnp" ph="m u k ə m ə">mukəmə</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" ph="h i">hi</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" comma="after" ph="w e w ə">wewə</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" ph="w o b ə">wobə</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="b a">ba</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m ə h u ɡ ə">məhuɡə</word> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="m ə">mə</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="n i f ə m ə">nifəmə</word> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" ph="h i">hi</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="1incl" ph="ŋ e">ŋe</word> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="f i">fi</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" person="1incl" comma="after" ph="r u j ə">rujə</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="r i">ri</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" id="headnp" ph="m u k ə m ə">mukəmə</word> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" ph="h i">hi</word> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" comma="after" ph="w e w ə">wewə</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" ph="w o b ə">wobə</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ba</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">məhuɡə</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">mə</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">nifəmə,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">hi</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="1incl">ŋe</word> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">fi</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" person="1incl" comma="after">rujə,</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ri</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" id="headnp">mukəmə,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">hi</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" comma="after">wewə,</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def">wobə</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ba</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">məhuɡə</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mə</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nifəmə</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋe</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fi</span><br><span class="gls">1incl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">rujə</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ri</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mukəmə</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wewə</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wobə</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span></p> + <p>ba məhuɡə mə nifəmə, hi ŋe fi rujə, ri mukəmə, hi wewə, wobə</p> + <p>ba məhuɡə mə nifəmə, hi ŋe fi rujə, ri mukəmə, hi wewə, wobə</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ba</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>məhuɡə</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mə</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nifəmə</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hi</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋe</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fi</o> + <g>1incl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>rujə</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ri</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mukəmə</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hi</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wewə</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wobə</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Ba məhuɡə mə nifəmə, hi ŋe fi rujə, ri mukəmə, hi wewə, wobə.
But our language arose in a different way.
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