Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Bozh, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2verb:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module RelN:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> - </relp> + </subs> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> + </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + </subs> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - </relp> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="but"> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </s>module nominalise:
No change.
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <subs> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module addgender:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.2"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.2"> <subs> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.2"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.2"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.2"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.2"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.2"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.2"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.2"> <subs> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.2"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.2"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <subs> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.2"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> </vp> <subs> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.4"/> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.2"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.2"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.3"> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" gender="cl.3"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.4"/> </np> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: det, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/negation/optional
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/question/optional
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4<s connector="but"> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <subs> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.2"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.2"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" gender="cl.3"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.4"/> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="but"> + <flat> <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.2"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.2"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" gender="cl.3"/> - </np> - </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.2"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.4"/> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="ʐ+q i#ː ̰ˈ s+k">ʐqi#ː̰ˈsk</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ᵏǀˤ i qʷ a ̰ˈ rˤ">ᵏǀˤiqʷa̰ˈrˤ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t͡sˤ ɨ# ̰ˈ ʈʼ">t͡sˤɨ#̰ˈʈʼ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" ph="zʷ+ɡʷ e#ː ̰ˈ ʃ+tˤ">zʷɡʷe#ː̰ˈʃtˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.2" ph="ᵏǀˤ e ̰ˈ ɳ">ᵏǀˤḛˈɳ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="ɓ oː ˈ ʐ+ʔ">ɓoːˈʐʔ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɗ ɯ# ̰ˈ ʂ+qʼ">ɗɯ#̰ˈʂqʼ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="ɯ# ˈ">ɯ#ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ+tʼʷ">sˤtʼʷ</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ᵑǀ o ˈ ɡʷ">ᵑǀoˈɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɓ i">ɓi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" gender="cl.3" ph="ɖ i ˈ ʔ">ɖiˈʔ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.4" ph="ʂ ɤ ˈ ŋʷ">ʂɤˈŋʷ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="but" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="ʐ+q i#ː ̰ˈ s+k">ʐqi#ː̰ˈsk</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ᵏǀˤ i qʷ a ̰ˈ rˤ">ᵏǀˤiqʷa̰ˈrˤ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t͡sˤ ɨ# ̰ˈ ʈʼ">t͡sˤɨ#̰ˈʈʼ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" ph="zʷ+ɡʷ e#ː ̰ˈ ʃ+tˤ">zʷɡʷe#ː̰ˈʃtˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.2" ph="ᵏǀˤ e ̰ˈ ɳ">ᵏǀˤḛˈɳ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="ɓ oː ˈ ʐ+ʔ">ɓoːˈʐʔ</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="ɗ ɯ# ̰ˈ ʂ+qʼ">ɗɯ#̰ˈʂqʼ</word> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="ɯ# ˈ">ɯ#ˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ+tʼʷ">sˤtʼʷ</thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ᵑǀ o ˈ ɡʷ">ᵑǀoˈɡʷ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɓ i">ɓi</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" gender="cl.3" ph="ɖ i ˈ ʔ">ɖiˈʔ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.4" ph="ʂ ɤ ˈ ŋʷ">ʂɤˈŋʷ</word> + <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ʐqi#ː̰ˈsk</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ᵏǀˤiqʷa̰ˈrˤ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> + <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">t͡sˤɨ#̰ˈʈʼ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">zʷɡʷe#ː̰ˈʃtˤ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.cl.2">ᵏǀˤḛˈɳ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.2">ɓoːˈʐʔ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ɗɯ#̰ˈʂqʼ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">k</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" gender="cl.3">ɯ#ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">sˤtʼʷ</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">ᵑǀoˈɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">ɓi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="subj" gender="cl.3">ɖiˈʔ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.4">ʂɤˈŋʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐqĩː̰ˈsk</span><br><span class="gls">but</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀˤiqʷa̰ˈrˤ</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡sˤɨ̰̃ˈʈʼ</span><br><span class="gls">1incl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zʷɡʷẽː̰ˈʃtˤ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀˤḛˈɳ</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɓoːʐʔ</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɗɯ̰̃ˈʂqʼ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɯ̃</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sˤtʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀoɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓi-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɖiʔ</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʂɤŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span></p> + <p>ʐqĩː̰ˈsk ᵏǀˤiqʷa̰ˈrˤaqʷ t͡sˤɨ̰̃ˈʈʼ jɑzʷɡʷẽː̰ˈʃtˤ ᵏǀˤḛˈɳ jɑˈɓoːʐʔ ɗɯ̰̃ˈʂqʼ ˈkɯ̃sˤtʼʷ ˈᵑǀoɡʷ ɓiˈɖiʔ ʐɨˈʂɤŋʷ</p> + <p>rzqiniǹsk c̣iqwàṛaqw tẓïǹʈʼ yåzwgwénéǹshṭ c̣é̀rn yåbboorz’ ddưǹrsgq kưnṣdtw ncogw bbirdi’ rzïrsơngw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʐqĩː̰ˈsk</o> + <g>but</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀˤiqʷa̰ˈrˤ</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡sˤɨ̰̃ˈʈʼ</o> + <g>1incl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zʷɡʷẽː̰ˈʃtˤ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀˤḛˈɳ</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɓoːʐʔ</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɗɯ̰̃ˈʂqʼ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɯ̃</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sˤtʼʷ</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵑǀoɡʷ</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɓi-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɖiʔ</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʂɤŋʷ</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Rzqiniǹsk c̣iqwàṛaqw tẓïǹʈʼ yåzwgwénéǹshṭ c̣é̀rn yåbboorz’ ddưǹrsgq kưnṣdtw ncogw bbirdi’ rzïrsơngw.
But our language arose in a different way.
Useful pages: