Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Chesk, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct"> <verb>arise</verb> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> <verb>be</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> <noun>langname</noun> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur"> <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> <noun>language</noun> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing"> <noun>manner</noun> <adj>different</adj> </np> </pp> </s>cleanup:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>arise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this"> - <noun>langname</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme"> - <noun>language</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing"> - <noun>manner</noun> - <adj>different</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> </pp> </s>module adj2verb:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </s>module articles:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module noepistemic:
<s connector="but"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> - <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module sequential:
-<s connector="but"> +<s connector="then"> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
<s connector="then"> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module subordinate:
No change.
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme"> + <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>copyuptophrase:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> - </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>movedowntoword:
<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur"/> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>calling defaultval for comp/
defaultval: verb, comp
returning not.COMP
calling defaultval for comp/
defaultval: verb, comp
returning not.COMP
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for question/
defaultval: verb, question
returning not.Q
calling defaultval for comp/
defaultval: verb, comp
returning not.COMP
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/comp/obligatory
Got not.COMP
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/comp/obligatory
Got not.COMP
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/comp/obligatory
Got not.COMP
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM<s connector="then"> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> <relp> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> </relp> </np> <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </s>flatten:
<s connector="then"> + <flat> <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> - <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing"> - <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside"> <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s connector="then"> +<s connector="then" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="j o t͡ʃ">jot͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʃ u t͡ʃ ɤ ʃ">ʃut͡ʃɤʃ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="o">o</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ɡ">ɡ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="n u ɗ">nuɗ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="t i ɲ">tiɲ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="o">o</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ɡ">ɡ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" ph="b ai t">bait</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" ph="t͡ʃ e s+k">t͡ʃesk</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t i f">tif</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="b ai t">bait</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="k u k">kuk</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="b i ɲ">biɲ</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="ɓ ɯ ʋ">ɓɯʋ</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="o">o</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ɡ">ɡ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" ph="l a ɲ">laɲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s connector="then" translation=""> <flat> - <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="j o t͡ʃ">jot͡ʃ</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʃ u t͡ʃ ɤ ʃ">ʃut͡ʃɤʃ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="o">o</thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ɡ">ɡ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="n u ɗ">nuɗ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="t i ɲ">tiɲ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="o">o</thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ɡ">ɡ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" ph="b ai t">bait</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" ph="t͡ʃ e s+k">t͡ʃesk</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t i f">tif</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="b ai t">bait</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" ph="k u k">kuk</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> - <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="b i ɲ">biɲ</word> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="ɓ ɯ ʋ">ɓɯʋ</word> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="o">o</thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP" attach="suffix" ph="ɡ">ɡ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing" ph="l a ɲ">laɲ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ">ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="then" posp="conj">jot͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ʃut͡ʃɤʃ</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">o</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP">ɡ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">nuɗ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">tiɲ</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">o</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP">ɡ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">bait</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">t͡ʃesk</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ʃ</thingy> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">tif</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">bait</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">kuk</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">biɲ</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">ɓɯʋ</word> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">o</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="not.COMP">ɡ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" number="sing">laɲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">i</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ʃ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jot͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">then</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃut͡ʃɤʃ</span><br><span class="gls">arise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-o</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɡ</span><br><span class="gls">not.<span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nuɗ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tiɲ</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-o</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɡ</span><br><span class="gls">not.<span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bait</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃesk</span><br><span class="gls">langname</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tif</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bait</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kuk</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">biɲ</span><br><span class="gls">in_inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓɯʋ</span><br><span class="gls">different</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-o</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɡ</span><br><span class="gls">not.<span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">laɲ</span><br><span class="gls">manner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>jot͡ʃ ʃut͡ʃɤʃoɡ nuɗ tiɲoɡ bait t͡ʃeskiʃ tif bait kukiʃ biɲ ɓɯʋoɡ laɲiʃ</p> + <p>јоч шучӹшоґ нуд̱ тињоґ байт ческиш тиф байт кукиш бињ б̱ывоґ лањиш</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>jot͡ʃ</o> + <g>then</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃut͡ʃɤʃ</o> + <g>arise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-o</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɡ</o> + <g>not.COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nuɗ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tiɲ</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-o</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɡ</o> + <g>not.COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bait</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃesk</o> + <g>langname</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʃ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tif</o> + <g>1incl.plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bait</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kuk</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʃ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>biɲ</o> + <g>in_inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɓɯʋ</o> + <g>different</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-o</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɡ</o> + <g>not.COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>laɲ</o> + <g>manner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʃ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Јоч шучӹшоґ нуд̱ тињоґ байт ческиш тиф байт кукиш бињ б̱ывоґ лањиш.
But our language arose in a different way.
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