Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Tingi, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <relp>
+      <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+      </vp>
+      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+            <relp>
+              <vp tam="pres-state">
+                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
+              </vp>
+              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
              </np>
+            </relp>
+          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
+    </relp>
+  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state">
+      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
-              <vp tam="pres-state">
+              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module embed:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
-      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
+      <np role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
-            <relp>
+            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
-              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
+              <np role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
-            </relp>
+            </subs>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors: No change.

module complementise:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <subs>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <subs>
+              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </subs>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity: No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <subs>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <subs>
              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </subs>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
+          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <subs>
-      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <subs>
-              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
+              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
            </subs>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module casemarking:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <subs>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="subj" number="plur">
+      <np role="subj" number="plur" case="ABS">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
-              <np role="subj" number="sing">
+              <np role="subj" number="sing" case="ABS">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
            </subs>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module markowner: No change.

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <subs>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="subj" number="plur" case="ABS">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np role="subj" number="sing" case="ABS">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
            </subs>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <subs>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="subj" number="plur" case="ABS">
+      <np role="subj" case="ABS">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+          <np def="def" locus="number">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
-              <np role="subj" number="sing" case="ABS">
+              <np role="subj" case="ABS">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
            </subs>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" number="plur">
+  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

createpronouns: No change.

module markowned:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
+  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="subj" case="ABS">
+      <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-          <np def="def" locus="number">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
-              <np role="subj" case="ABS">
+              <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
            </subs>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np locus="number">
+      <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np locus="number">
+      <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module ngen: No change.

module wordorder: No change.

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
            </subs>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
            </subs>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <subs>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
            <subs>
-              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
            </subs>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
    <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <subs>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
+                <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
+                <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
            </subs>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <subs>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
                <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
                <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
            </subs>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
    </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <subs>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
                <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
+                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
              </vp>
              <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
                <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/>
              </np>
-              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
            </subs>
-            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
          </np>
-          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
+          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
-      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
    </subs>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/optional

addaffixes:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <subs>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
                <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
              </vp>
              <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
                <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+                <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/>
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/>
              </np>
              <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
            </subs>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
    </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <subs>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/>
-        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-          <np def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-            <subs>
-              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
-              </vp>
-              <np role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/>
-              </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-            </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-          </np>
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-        </pp>
-      </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    </subs>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|l|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ʋ|i|ʔ|a|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">|q|i|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">|s|a|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">|f|iː|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">|s|u|l|a|</word>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|l|iː|</word>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|x|i|</word>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|l|iː|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|q|aː|</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|k|iː|ɲ|i|</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|p|uː|</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|l|a|s|a|ʋ|i|</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|k|iː|ɲ|i|</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony: No change.

### |l|a|
#-> la
### |l|a|
#-> la
### |ʋ|i|ʔ|a|
#-> ʋiʔa
### |ʋ|i|ʔ|a|
#-> ʋiʔa
### |q|i|
#-> qi
### |q|i|
#-> qi
### |s|a|
#-> sa
### |s|a|
#-> sa
### |f|iː|
#-> fiː
### |f|iː|
#-> fiː
### |s|u|l|a|
#-> sula
### |s|u|l|a|
#-> sula
### |ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|
#-> ʔiːŋi
### |ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|
#-> ʔiːŋi
### |l|iː|
#-> liː
### |l|iː|
#-> liː
### |x|i|
#-> xi
### |x|i|
#-> xi
### |ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|
#-> ʔiːŋi
### |ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|
#-> ʔiːŋi
### |l|iː|
#-> liː
### |l|iː|
#-> liː
### |q|aː|
#-> qaː
### |q|aː|
#-> qaː
### |k|iː|ɲ|i|
#-> kiːɲi
### |k|iː|ɲ|i|
#-> kiːɲi
### |p|uː|
#-> puː
### |p|uː|
#-> puː
### |l|a|s|a|ʋ|i|
#-> lasaʋi
### |l|a|s|a|ʋ|i|
#-> lasaʋi
### |k|iː|ɲ|i|
#-> kiːɲi
### |k|iː|ɲ|i|
#-> kiːɲi
### |l|a| |ʋ|i|ʔ|a| |q|i| |s|a| |f|iː| |s|u|l|a| |ʔ|iː|ŋ|i| |l|iː| |x|i| |ʔ|iː|ŋ|i| |l|iː| |q|aː| |k|iː|ɲ|i| |p|uː| |l|a|s|a|ʋ|i| |k|iː|ɲ|i|
#-> la ʋiʔa qi sa fiː sula ʔiːŋi liː xi ʔiːŋi liː qaː kiːɲi puː lasaʋi kiːɲi

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|l|a|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active">-</thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ʋ|i|ʔ|a|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">|q|i|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">|s|a|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">|f|iː|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="ABS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" case="ABS" possessor="no.owner">|s|u|l|a|</word>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|</word>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|l|iː|</word>
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|x|i|</word>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|ʔ|iː|ŋ|i|</word>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" possessor="no.owner">|l|iː|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|q|aː|</word>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|k|iː|ɲ|i|</word>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|p|uː|</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="proclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|l|a|s|a|ʋ|i|</word>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">|k|iː|ɲ|i|</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;la&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʋiʔa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;qi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fiː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sula&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʔiːŋi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;liː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;xi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʔiːŋi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;liː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;qaː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kiːɲi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;puː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;lasaʋi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kiːɲi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>la ʋiʔa qi sa fiː sula ʔiːŋi liː xi ʔiːŋi liː qaː kiːɲi puː lasaʋi kiːɲi</p>
+  <p>la wi’a qi sa fii sula ’iingi lii khi ’iingi lii qaa kiiñi puu lasawi kiiñi</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>la</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʋiʔa</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>qi</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sa</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fiː</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sula</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʔiːŋi</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>liː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>xi</o>
+      <g>in_surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʔiːŋi</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>liː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>qaː</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kiːɲi</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>puː</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>lasaʋi</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kiːɲi</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

La wi’a qi sa fii sula ’iingi lii khi ’iingi lii qaa kiiñi puu lasawi kiiñi.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

Useful pages: