Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Emik, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2noun:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sequential:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> - </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> + </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="fem"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - </np> - </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOMaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/optional
Got sing<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="kʷ e ŋ">kʷeŋ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h e ʔ">heʔ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="i t͡s">it͡s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc" ph="au ŋ">auŋ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="j o k">jok</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="e sˤ">esˤ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc" ph="o s">os</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.POSS" ph="kʷ a m">kʷam</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="a f">af</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.POSS" ph="kʷ a m">kʷam</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="u">u</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t͡ʃ o f">t͡ʃof</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="e j">ej</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="p au p">paup</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t͡ʃ o f">t͡ʃof</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="i t e ɲ o t͡ʃ">iteɲot͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="kʷ e ŋ">kʷeŋ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h e ʔ">heʔ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="i t͡s">it͡s</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc" ph="au ŋ">auŋ</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="j o k">jok</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="e sˤ">esˤ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc" ph="o s">os</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.POSS" ph="kʷ a m">kʷam</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="a f">af</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.POSS" ph="kʷ a m">kʷam</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner" ph="u">u</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t͡ʃ o f">t͡ʃof</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="e j">ej</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="p au p">paup</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t͡ʃ o f">t͡ʃof</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="s">s</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="i t e ɲ o t͡ʃ">iteɲot͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">kʷeŋ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">heʔ</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur">it͡s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc">auŋ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">jok</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">esˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="3.sing.masc">os</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.POSS">kʷam</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">af</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.POSS">kʷam</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" possessor="no.owner">u</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">t͡ʃof</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ej</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">paup</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">t͡ʃof</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">s</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">iteɲot͡ʃ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʷeŋ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">heʔ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">it͡s-</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">auŋ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jok</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">esˤ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">os</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʷam</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">af</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʷam</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">u</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃof</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ej</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">paup</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃof</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">s-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iteɲot͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span></p> + <p>kʷeŋ heʔ sit͡sauŋ jok sesˤ sos kʷam saf kʷam su t͡ʃof sej paup t͡ʃof siteɲot͡ʃ</p> + <p>ࣂڭ حا سڅوڭ يك سص سس ࣂم سف ࣂم س چف سي پوپ چف ستڃچ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>kʷeŋ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>heʔ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>it͡s-</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>auŋ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jok</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>esˤ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>os</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʷam</o> + <g>3.sing.masc.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>af</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʷam</o> + <g>3.sing.masc.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>u</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃof</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ej</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>paup</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃof</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>s-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iteɲot͡ʃ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + </il> </s>ࣂڭ حا سڅوڭ يك سص سس ࣂم سف ࣂم س چف سي پوپ چف ستڃچ۔
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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