Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Unis, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <relp>
+      <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+      </vp>
+      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+            <relp>
+              <vp tam="pres-state">
+                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
+              </vp>
+              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
              </np>
+            </relp>
+          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
+    </relp>
+  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state">
+      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
-              <vp tam="pres-state">
+              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module NRel:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
-    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
-        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
+  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
+    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
-            <relp>
+        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
+          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+          </np>
+          <relp comma="after">
+            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
-              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
-                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-              </np>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
+    <relp comma="after">
+      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+      </np>
+      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
+        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
+  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur">
    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
-        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
+        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing">
          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="plur">
-    <np role="subj" number="plur" id="headnp" tr="">
+  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
+    <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
-        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent" number="sing">
-          <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
+        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
+          <np role="" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
-            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+            <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="plur" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" number="plur">
+  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
    <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
          <np role="" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
+          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <np role="" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
-          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <np role="" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <np role="" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np locus="number">
+    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np locus="number">
+    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <np role="" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
-            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <np role="" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
+              <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <np role="" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent"/>
    <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
+        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
-          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+          <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent"/>
          <np role="" id="headnp" tr="">
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
-              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
-              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
+              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
              <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
-        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
-        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for negation/
defaultval: verb, negation
returning POS
calling defaultval for negation/
defaultval: verb, negation
returning POS
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent"/>
    <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="">
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent"/>
          <np role="" id="headnp" tr="">
+            <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
            </np>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
+              <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
              <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
      </np>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
+        <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      </vp>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent"/>
-    <np role="subj" id="headnp" tr="">
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp"/>
-      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-        <np def="def" locus="number" id="parent">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent"/>
-          <np role="" id="headnp" tr="">
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp"/>
-          </np>
-          <relp comma="after">
-            <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
-            </np>
-            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
-              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-            </vp>
-          </relp>
-        </np>
-      </pp>
-    </np>
-    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3">
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
-        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-      </vp>
-    </relp>
-  </np>
-  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp"/>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="i &#x272; a &#x272;">iɲaɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a m">ham</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" ph="t i n">tin</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp" ph="u">u</word>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="n i m">nim</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" ph="t i n">tin</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp" ph="e m a m">emam</word>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" ph="t i &#x14B;">tiŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" comma="after" ph="e r">er</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" ph="t i &#x14B;">tiŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" comma="after" ph="i f">if</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="&#x261; o j">ɡoj</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj" ph="o k">ok</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n a r">nar</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="&#x261; o j">ɡoj</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="o k a f u b">okafub</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="i &#x272; a &#x272;">iɲaɲ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a m">ham</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" ph="t i n">tin</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp" ph="u">u</word>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="n i m">nim</word>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent" ph="t i n">tin</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp" ph="e m a m">emam</word>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" ph="t i &#x14B;">tiŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" comma="after" ph="e r">er</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" ph="t i &#x14B;">tiŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" comma="after" ph="i f">if</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="&#x261; o j">ɡoj</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj" ph="o k">ok</word>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n a r">nar</word>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj" ph="&#x261; o j">ɡoj</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj" ph="o k a f u b">okafub</word>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">t</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">iɲaɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ham</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent">tin</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">k</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" id="headnp">u</word>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">nim</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" id="parent">tin</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">k</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" id="headnp">emam,</word>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">tiŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">t</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" comma="after">er,</word>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">tiŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">t</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3" comma="after">if,</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">ɡoj</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">k</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" role="obj">ok</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">nar</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" role="obj">ɡoj</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">k</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" role="obj">okafub</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;iɲaɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ham&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;k-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;k-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;emam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tiŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;er&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tiŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡoj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;k-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡoj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;k-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;okafub&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>tiɲaɲ ham tin ku nim tin kemam, tiŋ ter, tiŋ tif, ɡoj kok nar ɡoj kokafub</p>
+  <p>tiñañ ham tin ku nim tin kemam, ting ter, ting tif, goj kok nar goj kokafub</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>t-</o>
+      <g>POS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>iɲaɲ</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ham</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tin</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>k-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>u</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nim</o>
+      <g>in_surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tin</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>k-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>emam</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tiŋ</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t-</o>
+      <g>POS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>er</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tiŋ</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t-</o>
+      <g>POS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>if</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡoj</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>k-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ok</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nar</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡoj</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>k-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>okafub</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Tiñañ ham tin ku nim tin kemam, ting ter, ting tif, goj kok nar goj kokafub.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

Useful pages: