Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Fuma, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2noun:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+      </np>
+      <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module RelN:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
+  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module subordinate:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
-      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="fem">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="masc">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="fem">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="masc">
+    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="masc" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="masc" number="sing">
+      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <subs>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="masc" number="sing">
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <subs>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="masc">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </subs>
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="masc" number="sing">
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

No change.

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
    </vp>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur" gender="masc">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
+    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-      </np>
  </subs>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem">
+  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="masc" number="sing">
      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
    </vp>
-    <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj">
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="masc" number="sing">
-      <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc">
+    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
-      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
+      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    </np>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" case="LOC">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" case="LOC"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj"/>
-      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/comp/optional
Got COMP
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for 1incl.plur/pron/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/optional
Got LOC
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for different/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <subs>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
+      <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+      <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+      <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+      <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
      <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+      <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
    </np>
  </subs>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" case="LOC"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <subs>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    </np>
-  </subs>
-  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" case="LOC">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" case="LOC"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
-    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" case="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; u&#x2D0;">ᵏǀuː</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m i&#x2D0; s u&#x2D0; l i">miːsuːli</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="&#x294; i&#x2D0; q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; i&#x2D0;">ᵏǀiː</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i &#x14B; a&#x2D0;">spiŋaː</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="f i">fi</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="&#x2A1; i">ʡi</word>
+    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="k a k i&#x2D0;">kakiː</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="f u m a&#x2D0;">fumaː</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" case="LOC" ph="l a l a">lala</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="&#x28B; i &#x272; a">ʋiɲa</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="s+p a f i&#x2D0;">spafiː</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="&#x294; i m i">ʔimi</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u">tu</word>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="p u">pu</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; u&#x2D0;">ᵏǀuː</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m i&#x2D0; s u&#x2D0; l i">miːsuːli</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="&#x294; i&#x2D0; q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m u&#x2D0; s u&#x2D0; l u" underlying="m i&#x2D0; s u&#x2D0; l i">muːsuːlu</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="&#x294; u&#x2D0; q a" underlying="&#x294; i&#x2D0; q a">ʔuːqa</thingy>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; i&#x2D0;">ᵏǀiː</word>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i &#x14B; a&#x2D0;">spiŋaː</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="f i">fi</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="&#x2A1; i">ʡi</word>
    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="k a k i&#x2D0;">kakiː</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="f u m a&#x2D0;">fumaː</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" case="LOC" ph="l a l a">lala</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="&#x28B; i &#x272; a">ʋiɲa</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="s+p a f i&#x2D0;">spafiː</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="&#x294; i m i">ʔimi</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u">tu</word>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="p u">pu</word>
  </flat>
</s>

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; u&#x2D0;">ᵏǀuː</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="m u&#x2D0; s u&#x2D0; l u" underlying="m i&#x2D0; s u&#x2D0; l i">muːsuːlu</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="&#x294; u&#x2D0; q a" underlying="&#x294; i&#x2D0; q a">ʔuːqa</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; i&#x2D0;">ᵏǀiː</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i &#x14B; a&#x2D0;">spiŋaː</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="f i">fi</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="&#x2A1; i">ʡi</word>
-    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="k a k i&#x2D0;">kakiː</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="f u m a&#x2D0;">fumaː</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" case="LOC" ph="l a l a">lala</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="&#x28B; i &#x272; a">ʋiɲa</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="s+p a f i&#x2D0;">spafiː</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="&#x294; i m i">ʔimi</thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u">tu</word>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="p u">pu</word>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ᵏǀuː</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" underlying="m i&#x2D0; s u&#x2D0; l i">muːsuːlu</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" underlying="&#x294; i&#x2D0; q a">ʔuːqa</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="3.plur.masc">ᵏǀiː</word>
+    <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP">spiŋaː</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">fi</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">tu</word>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ʡi</word>
+    <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">kakiː</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">fumaː</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">tu</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" case="LOC">lala</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC">ʋiɲa</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="different" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">spafiː</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ʔimi</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">tu</word>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">pu</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ᵏǀuː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;miːsuːli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ʔiːqa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ᵏǀiː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-spiŋaː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʡi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-kakiː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fumaː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-nifi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;lala&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ʋiɲa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;LOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;spafiː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ʔimi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;GEN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;pu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ᵏǀuː muːsuːluʔuːqa ᵏǀiːspiŋaː fi tu ʡikakiː fumaː tunufu lalaʋiɲa spafiːʔimi tu pu</p>
+  <p>cuu muusuulu’uuqa ciispingaa fi tu ʡikakii fumaa tunufu lalawiña spafii’imi tu pu</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ᵏǀuː</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>miːsuːli</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ʔiːqa</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ᵏǀiː</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-spiŋaː</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fi</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tu</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʡi</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-kakiː</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fumaː</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tu</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-nifi</o>
+      <g>fem</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>lala</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ʋiɲa</o>
+      <g>LOC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>spafiː</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ʔimi</o>
+      <g>GEN</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tu</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>pu</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Cuu muusuulu’uuqa ciispingaa fi tu ʡikakii fumaa tunufu lalawiña spafii’imi tu pu.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: