Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Pang, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <relp>
+        <vp tam="pres-state">
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+        </vp>
+        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        </np>
+      </relp>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module NRel:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+  <np id="parent">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
+    <relp comma="after">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+      </np>
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
-      <relp>
+    <np locus="number" id="parent">
+      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      </np>
+      <relp comma="after">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" id="parent">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nominalise:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" gender="masc">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np locus="number" id="parent">
-      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
+    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut">
+      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="masc">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut">
+      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut">
+    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
-      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
+    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="neut" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
-          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
-      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got neut
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/optional
Got neut

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+        <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
+      <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-        </np>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-        </vp>
-      </relp>
    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="p a &#x2C8; k&#x2B7;">paˈkʷ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; i &#x14B;&#x2B7; au &#x2C8; k">t͡ʃiŋʷauˈk</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x27D; i &#x27D;">ɽiɽ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="p a &#x2C8; &#x14B;">paˈŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i &#x253;">iɓ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; u &#x2C8; &#x282;">ᵏǀuˈʂ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="i &#x288;">iʈ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x1D51;&#x1C0; ai &#x2C8; &#x14B;">ᵑǀaiˈŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="&#x283; a&#x2D0; &#x2C8;">ʃaːˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="&#x272; au &#x2C8; &#x288;">ɲauˈʈ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i &#x253;">iɓ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; u &#x2C8; &#x282;">ᵏǀuˈʂ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="k i">ki</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="k&#x2B7; i&#x2D0; &#x2C8; &#x14B;">kʷiːˈŋ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x282; a &#x2C8; &#x273;">ʂaˈɳ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i &#x253;">iɓ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x1D51;&#x1C0; ai &#x2C8; &#x14B;">ᵑǀaiˈŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" comma="after" ph="k&#x2B7; ai &#x2C8; p">kʷaiˈp</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x272; au &#x2C8; &#x14B;&#x2B7;">ɲauˈŋʷ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="p a &#x2C8; k&#x2B7;">paˈkʷ</word>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; i &#x14B;&#x2B7; au &#x2C8; k">t͡ʃiŋʷauˈk</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; u &#x14B;&#x2B7; au &#x2C8; k" underlying="t&#x361;&#x283; i &#x14B;&#x2B7; au &#x2C8; k">t͡ʃuŋʷauˈk</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x27D; i &#x27D;">ɽiɽ</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="p a &#x2C8; &#x14B;">paˈŋ</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i &#x253;">iɓ</thingy>
    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; u &#x2C8; &#x282;">ᵏǀuˈʂ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="i &#x288;">iʈ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="u &#x288;" underlying="i &#x288;">uʈ</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x1D51;&#x1C0; ai &#x2C8; &#x14B;">ᵑǀaiˈŋ</word>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="&#x283; a&#x2D0; &#x2C8;">ʃaːˈ</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="&#x272; au &#x2C8; &#x288;">ɲauˈʈ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i &#x253;">iɓ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u &#x253;" underlying="i &#x253;">uɓ</thingy>
    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; u &#x2C8; &#x282;">ᵏǀuˈʂ</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="k i">ki</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="k&#x2B7; i&#x2D0; &#x2C8; &#x14B;">kʷiːˈŋ</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x282; a &#x2C8; &#x273;">ʂaˈɳ</word>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i &#x253;">iɓ</thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x1D51;&#x1C0; ai &#x2C8; &#x14B;">ᵑǀaiˈŋ</word>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" comma="after" ph="k&#x2B7; ai &#x2C8; p">kʷaiˈp</word>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x272; au &#x2C8; &#x14B;&#x2B7;">ɲauˈŋʷ</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="p a &#x2C8; k&#x2B7;">paˈkʷ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; u &#x14B;&#x2B7; au &#x2C8; k" underlying="t&#x361;&#x283; i &#x14B;&#x2B7; au &#x2C8; k">t͡ʃuŋʷauˈk</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x27D; i &#x27D;">ɽiɽ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="p a &#x2C8; &#x14B;">paˈŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i &#x253;">iɓ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; u &#x2C8; &#x282;">ᵏǀuˈʂ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="u &#x288;" underlying="i &#x288;">uʈ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x1D51;&#x1C0; ai &#x2C8; &#x14B;">ᵑǀaiˈŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="&#x283; a&#x2D0; &#x2C8;">ʃaːˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="&#x272; au &#x2C8; &#x288;">ɲauˈʈ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u &#x253;" underlying="i &#x253;">uɓ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after" ph="&#x1D4F;&#x1C0; u &#x2C8; &#x282;">ᵏǀuˈʂ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" ph="k i">ki</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="k&#x2B7; i&#x2D0; &#x2C8; &#x14B;">kʷiːˈŋ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x282; a &#x2C8; &#x273;">ʂaˈɳ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="i &#x253;">iɓ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x1D51;&#x1C0; ai &#x2C8; &#x14B;">ᵑǀaiˈŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" comma="after" ph="k&#x2B7; ai &#x2C8; p">kʷaiˈp</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x272; au &#x2C8; &#x14B;&#x2B7;">ɲauˈŋʷ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">paˈkʷ</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" underlying="t&#x361;&#x283; i &#x14B;&#x2B7; au &#x2C8; k">t͡ʃuŋʷauˈk</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ɽiɽ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">paˈŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">iɓ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">ᵏǀuˈʂ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" underlying="i &#x288;">uʈ,</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">ᵑǀaiˈŋ</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">ʃaːˈ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur">ɲauˈʈ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" underlying="i &#x253;">uɓ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after">ᵏǀuˈʂ</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">ki,</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">kʷiːˈŋ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">ʂaˈɳ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">iɓ,</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="neut" possessor="no.owner">ᵑǀaiˈŋ</word>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" comma="after">kʷaiˈp,</word>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">ɲauˈŋʷ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈpakʷ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃiˈŋʷauk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɽiɽ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈpaŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-iɓ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈᵏǀuʂ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-iʈ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈᵑǀaiŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈʃaː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɲauʈ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-iɓ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈᵏǀuʂ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈkʷiːŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈʂaɳ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-iɓ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈᵑǀaiŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈkʷaip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɲauŋʷ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ˈpakʷ t͡ʃuˈŋʷauk ɽiɽ ˈpaŋiɓ ˈᵏǀuʂuʈ, ˈᵑǀaiŋ ˈʃaː ˈɲauʈuɓ ˈᵏǀuʂ ki, ˈkʷiːŋ ˈʂaɳiɓ, ˈᵑǀaiŋ ˈkʷaip, ˈɲauŋʷ</p>
+  <p>пакв чуӈваўк р̇ир̇ паӈиб̱ ҁтус̇ут̇, ҁнайӈ шаа њаўт̇уб̱ ҁтус̇ ки, квииӈ с̇ан̇иб̱, ҁнайӈ квайп, њаўӈв</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈpakʷ</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃiˈŋʷauk</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɽiɽ</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈpaŋ</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-iɓ</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈᵏǀuʂ</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-iʈ</o>
+      <g>masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈᵑǀaiŋ</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈʃaː</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɲauʈ</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-iɓ</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈᵏǀuʂ</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ki</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈkʷiːŋ</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈʂaɳ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-iɓ</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈᵑǀaiŋ</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈkʷaip</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɲauŋʷ</o>
+      <g>a</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Пакв чуӈваўк р̇ир̇ паӈиб̱ ҁтус̇ут̇, ҁнайӈ шаа њаўт̇уб̱ ҁтус̇ ки, квииӈ с̇ан̇иб̱, ҁнайӈ квайп, њаўӈв.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: