Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Bozh, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + </subs> + <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + </subs> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </relp> </np> </pp> </np> - </relp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> </vp> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.1"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.4"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> </np> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/negation/optional
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/question/optional
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/negation/optional
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/question/optional
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number"> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.1"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.4"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np role="subj" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.1"/> - </np> - </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="sʷ+pʼ e#ː ̰ˈ zʷ+kʷ">sʷpʼe#ː̰ˈzʷkʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ᵑǀʼ u ˈ ɽ">ᵑǀʼuˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ i ̰ˈ b">ᵏǀʼʷḭˈb</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɗ ɯ# ̰ˈ ʂ+qʼ">ɗɯ#̰ˈʂqʼ</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="tʼˤ ə ˈ z+q">tʼˤəˈzq</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.1" ph="ɽ au ˈ sˤ+ʈʼ">ɽauˈsˤʈʼ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.4" ph="ᵑǁ iː ̰ˈ zʷ+tʼ">ᵑǁiː̰ˈzʷtʼ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="zʷ+ɡʷ e#ː ̰ˈ ʃ+tˤ">zʷɡʷe#ː̰ˈʃtˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="sʷ+kʼ u ̰ˈ sʷ+tʼˤ">sʷkʼṵˈsʷtʼˤ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ a# ˈ sʷ">ᵏǀʼʷa#ˈsʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="ʃ i ʃ+ʔ ɯ ˈ s+kʼʷ">ʃiʃʔɯˈskʼʷ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="sʷ+kʼ u ̰ˈ sʷ+tʼˤ">sʷkʼṵˈsʷtʼˤ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="sʷ+pʼ e#ː ̰ˈ zʷ+kʷ">sʷpʼe#ː̰ˈzʷkʷ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="ᵑǀʼ u ˈ ɽ">ᵑǀʼuˈɽ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ i ̰ˈ b">ᵏǀʼʷḭˈb</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɗ ɯ# ̰ˈ ʂ+qʼ">ɗɯ#̰ˈʂqʼ</word> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="tʼˤ ə ˈ z+q">tʼˤəˈzq</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.1" ph="ɽ au ˈ sˤ+ʈʼ">ɽauˈsˤʈʼ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.4" ph="ᵑǁ iː ̰ˈ zʷ+tʼ">ᵑǁiː̰ˈzʷtʼ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="zʷ+ɡʷ e#ː ̰ˈ ʃ+tˤ">zʷɡʷe#ː̰ˈʃtˤ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="sʷ+kʼ u ̰ˈ sʷ+tʼˤ">sʷkʼṵˈsʷtʼˤ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ a# ˈ sʷ">ᵏǀʼʷa#ˈsʷ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="ʃ i ʃ+ʔ ɯ ˈ s+kʼʷ">ʃiʃʔɯˈskʼʷ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="sʷ+kʼ u ̰ˈ sʷ+tʼˤ">sʷkʼṵˈsʷtʼˤ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">sʷpʼe#ː̰ˈzʷkʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">ᵑǀʼuˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.4" def="def" locus="number">ᵏǀʼʷḭˈb</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ɗɯ#̰ˈʂqʼ</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">tʼˤəˈzq</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.1">ɽauˈsˤʈʼ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.4">ᵑǁiː̰ˈzʷtʼ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj">zʷɡʷe#ː̰ˈʃtˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj">sʷkʼṵˈsʷtʼˤ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ᵏǀʼʷa#ˈsʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj">ʃiʃʔɯˈskʼʷ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj">sʷkʼṵˈsʷtʼˤ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀʼuɽ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀʼʷḭˈb</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɗɯ̰̃ˈʂqʼ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtʼˤəzq</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɽausˤʈʼ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǁiː̰ˈzʷtʼ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zʷɡʷẽː̰ˈʃtˤ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷkʼṵˈsʷtʼˤ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀʼʷãsʷ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃiˈʃʔɯskʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷkʼṵˈsʷtʼˤ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷaqʷ ˈᵑǀʼuɽ ʐɨᵏǀʼʷḭˈb ɗɯ̰̃ˈʂqʼ ˈtʼˤəzq ˈɽausˤʈʼ ʐɨᵑǁiː̰ˈzʷtʼ jɑzʷɡʷẽː̰ˈʃtˤ sʷkʼṵˈsʷtʼˤ ˈᵏǀʼʷãsʷ jɑʃiˈʃʔɯskʼʷ sʷkʼṵˈsʷtʼˤ</p> + <p>swbpénéǹzwquaqw ᵑǀʼurr rzïᵏǀʼwìb ddưǹrsgq dṭezq rrauṣʈʼ rzïnxiìzwdt yåzwgwénéǹshṭ swgkùswdṭ ᵏǀʼwansw yåshish’ưsgqu swgkùswdṭ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵑǀʼuɽ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀʼʷḭˈb</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɗɯ̰̃ˈʂqʼ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtʼˤəzq</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɽausˤʈʼ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǁiː̰ˈzʷtʼ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zʷɡʷẽː̰ˈʃtˤ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʷkʼṵˈsʷtʼˤ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀʼʷãsʷ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃiˈʃʔɯskʼʷ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʷkʼṵˈsʷtʼˤ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Swbpénéǹzwquaqw ᵑǀʼurr rzïᵏǀʼwìb ddưǹrsgq dṭezq rrauṣʈʼ rzïnxiìzwdt yåzwgwénéǹshṭ swgkùswdṭ ᵏǀʼwansw yåshish’ưsgqu swgkùswdṭ.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
Useful pages: