Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Gay, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for one/num/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for one/num/case/optional<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="l e ˈ s+t">leˈst</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a">a</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="f o ˈ r">foˈr</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="d i ˈ t">diˈt</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="a p">ap</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="b e ˈ k">beˈk</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="p e ˈ d">peˈd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e kʼ">ekʼ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="ʒ ɔ ˈ s">ʒɔˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e kʼ">ekʼ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɡʷ i ˈ ʃ">ɡʷiˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɟ u ˈ kʷ">ɟuˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e kʼ">ekʼ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="k e ˈ c">keˈc</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ŋʷ i ˈ ʃ">ŋʷiˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="z e z a ˈ r">zezaˈr</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e kʼ">ekʼ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="k e ˈ c">keˈc</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
<s translation=""> <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="l e ˈ s+t">leˈst</word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a">a</thingy> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="f o ˈ r">foˈr</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="d i ˈ t">diˈt</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="a p">ap</thingy> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="b e ˈ k">beˈk</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="p e ˈ d">peˈd</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e kʼ">ekʼ</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="ʒ ɔ ˈ s">ʒɔˈs</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e kʼ">ekʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o kʼ" underlying="e kʼ">okʼ</thingy> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɡʷ i ˈ ʃ">ɡʷiˈʃ</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɟ u ˈ kʷ">ɟuˈkʷ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e kʼ">ekʼ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o kʼ" underlying="e kʼ">okʼ</thingy> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="k e ˈ c">keˈc</word> <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ŋʷ i ˈ ʃ">ŋʷiˈʃ</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="z e z a ˈ r">zezaˈr</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e kʼ">ekʼ</thingy> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="k e ˈ c">keˈc</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="l e ˈ s+t">leˈst</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a">a</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="e p">ep</thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="f o ˈ r">foˈr</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="d i ˈ t">diˈt</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="a p">ap</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="b e ˈ k">beˈk</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="p e ˈ d">peˈd</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e kʼ">ekʼ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="ʒ ɔ ˈ s">ʒɔˈs</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o kʼ" underlying="e kʼ">okʼ</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɡʷ i ˈ ʃ">ɡʷiˈʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɟ u ˈ kʷ">ɟuˈkʷ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="o kʼ" underlying="e kʼ">okʼ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="k e ˈ c">keˈc</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ŋʷ i ˈ ʃ">ŋʷiˈʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="z e z a ˈ r">zezaˈr</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="e kʼ">ekʼ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="k e ˈ c">keˈc</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">leˈst</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">a</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">d</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">ep</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">foˈr</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">diˈt</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">ap</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">beˈk</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">peˈd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ekʼ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing">ʒɔˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" underlying="e kʼ">okʼ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ɡʷiˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ɟuˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" underlying="e kʼ">okʼ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">keˈc</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ŋʷiˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">zezaˈr</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ekʼ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">keˈc</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈlest</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-a</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ep</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfor</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdit</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ap</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbek</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈped</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ekʼ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʒɔs</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ekʼ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡʷiʃ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɟukʷ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ekʼ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkec</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈŋʷiʃ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zeˈzar</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ekʼ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkec</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>ˈlestadep ˈfor ˈditap ˈbek ˈpedekʼ ˈʒɔsokʼ ˈɡʷiʃ ˈɟukʷokʼ ˈkec ˈŋʷiʃ zeˈzarekʼ ˈkec</p> + <p>lestadep fór ditap bek pedegk zhosógk gwish dyuquógk kety ngwish zezaregk kety</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈlest</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-a</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ep</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfor</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdit</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ap</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbek</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈped</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ekʼ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʒɔs</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ekʼ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɡʷiʃ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɟukʷ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ekʼ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈkec</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈŋʷiʃ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zeˈzar</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ekʼ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈkec</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Lestadep fór ditap bek pedegk zhosógk gwish dyuquógk kety ngwish zezaregk kety.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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