Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Ding, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module embed:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="neut"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="neut"> + <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="neut" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STAaddaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
Got LOC
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
Got STA<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="j a f">jaf</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="b ai ʈ">baiʈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="e">e</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j u f">juf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="k u ɲ">kuɲ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="f u ʂ">fuʂ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="ʂ ai s+k">ʂaisk</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="e f">ef</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ʋ u s">ʋus</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="t͡ʃ e m">t͡ʃem</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="l i s+p">lisp</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="ʈʰ ai s">ʈʰais</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="d a l">dal</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="ʈ a ɳ e s+t">ʈaɳest</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="ʈʰ ai s">ʈʰais</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
<s translation=""> <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="j a f">jaf</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="b ai ʈ">baiʈ</word> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="e">e</thingy> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j u f">juf</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="k u ɲ">kuɲ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="o l" underlying="e l">ol</thingy> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="f u ʂ">fuʂ</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="ʂ ai s+k">ʂaisk</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="e f">ef</thingy> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ʋ u s">ʋus</word> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="t͡ʃ e m">t͡ʃem</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="l i s+p">lisp</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="ʈʰ ai s">ʈʰais</word> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="d a l">dal</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="ʈ a ɳ e s+t">ʈaɳest</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="ʈʰ ai s">ʈʰais</word> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="j a f">jaf</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="b ai ʈ">baiʈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="e">e</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="j u f">juf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="k u ɲ">kuɲ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="o l" underlying="e l">ol</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="f u ʂ">fuʂ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="ʂ ai s+k">ʂaisk</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="e f">ef</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ʋ u s">ʋus</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="t͡ʃ e m">t͡ʃem</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="l i s+p">lisp</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="ʈʰ ai s">ʈʰais</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="d a l">dal</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="ʈ a ɳ e s+t">ʈaɳest</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" attach="suffix" ph="e l">el</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" ph="ʈʰ ai s">ʈʰais</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">jaf</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">baiʈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">e</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">l</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">juf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">kuɲ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA" underlying="e l">ol</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">fuʂ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">ʂaisk</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC">ef</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ʋus</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur">t͡ʃem</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">lisp</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">el</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">ʈʰais</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">dal</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">ʈaɳest</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">el</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj">ʈʰais</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jaf</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">baiʈ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-e</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-l</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">juf</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kuɲ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-el</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fuʂ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂaisk</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ef</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋus</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃem</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lisp</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-el</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈʰais</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dal</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈaɳest</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-el</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈʰais</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>jaf baiʈel juf kuɲol fuʂ ʂaiskef ʋus t͡ʃem lispel ʈʰais dal ʈaɳestel ʈʰais</p> + <p>jaf bairtel juf kuñol furs rsaiskef wus chem lispel rthais dal rtarnestel rthais</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>jaf</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>baiʈ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-e</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-l</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>juf</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kuɲ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-el</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fuʂ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂaisk</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ef</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋus</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃem</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>lisp</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-el</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈʰais</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dal</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈaɳest</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-el</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈʰais</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Jaf bairtel juf kuñol furs rsaiskef wus chem lispel rthais dal rtarnestel rthais.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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