Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Dod, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <relp>
+        <vp tam="pres-state">
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+        </vp>
+        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        </np>
+      </relp>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module NRel:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+  <np id="parent">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+    </np>
+    <relp comma="after">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
-      <relp>
+    <np locus="number" id="parent">
+      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      </np>
+      <relp comma="after">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" id="parent">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nominalise:

No change.

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np locus="number" id="parent">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np locus="number" id="parent">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+  <np id="parent" gender="fem">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" gender="fem">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np locus="number" id="parent">
-        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
+      <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem">
+        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
-          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" gender="fem">
+  <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="fem">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
+      <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem">
+    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
+      <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
      <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
-          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem">
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
+            <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem">
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj">
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
          <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
        <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
        <relp comma="after">
          <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
            <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          </np>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          </vp>
        </relp>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem">
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
-        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem">
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
-        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
+        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="fem"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
-          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem">
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for negation/
defaultval: verb, negation
returning POS

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem">
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="fem"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem">
+          <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    </np>
-    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
-        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-      </np>
-    </relp>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" comma="after"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    </np>
-    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
-      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-      </np>
-      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"/>
-        </np>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-        </vp>
-      </relp>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN"/>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" comma="after"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="h u t">hut</word>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="&#x27D;">ɽ</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="a &#x256; u &#x288; u &#x288;">aɖuʈuʈ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="d a &#x273;">daɳ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="&#x256; o &#x256;">ɖoɖ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" ph="&#x294; u d">ʔud</word>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="&#x27D;">ɽ</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem" ph="au &#x27D;">auɽ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="s i d">sid</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="&#x283; i &#x273;">ʃiɳ</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" comma="after" ph="k i &#x273;">kiɳ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" ph="&#x256; au &#x288;">ɖauʈ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="&#x283; i &#x256;">ʃiɖ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" ph="&#x294; u d">ʔud</word>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="&#x27D;">ɽ</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" comma="after" ph="e s+&#x294; u k">esʔuk</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="s a &#x256;">saɖ</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="h u t">hut</word>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="&#x27D;">ɽ</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="a &#x256; u &#x288; u &#x288;">aɖuʈuʈ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="d a &#x273;">daɳ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="&#x256; o &#x256;">ɖoɖ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" ph="&#x294; u d">ʔud</word>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="&#x27D;">ɽ</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem" ph="au &#x27D;">auɽ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="s i d">sid</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="&#x283; i &#x273;">ʃiɳ</thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" comma="after" ph="k i &#x273;">kiɳ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" ph="&#x256; au &#x288;">ɖauʈ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="&#x283; i &#x256;">ʃiɖ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem" ph="&#x294; u d">ʔud</word>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph="&#x27D;">ɽ</thingy>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" comma="after" ph="e s+&#x294; u k">esʔuk</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="s a &#x256;">saɖ</word>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">hut</word>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">ɽ</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">aɖuʈuʈ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">daɳ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem">ɖoɖ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">un,</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">ʔud</word>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">ɽ</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem">auɽ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">sid</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">un</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="GEN">ʃiɳ</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" comma="after">kiɳ,</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">ɖauʈ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">un</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" id="headnp" gender="fem">ʃiɖ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">un,</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="fem">ʔud</word>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS">ɽ</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" comma="after">esʔuk,</word>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">saɖ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɽ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;aɖuʈuʈ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;daɳ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɖoɖ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-un&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʔud&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɽ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;auɽ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-un&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃiɳ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;GEN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kiɳ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɖauʈ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-un&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃiɖ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-un&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʔud&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɽ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;esʔuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;saɖ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>hut ɽaɖuʈuʈ daɳ ɖoɖun, ʔud ɽauɽ sidun ʃiɳ kiɳ, ɖauʈun ʃiɖun, ʔud ɽesʔuk, saɖ</p>
+  <p>hut rrardurturt darn rdordun, qud rraurr sidun shirn kirn, rdaurtun shirdun, qud rresquk, sard</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>hut</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɽ-</o>
+      <g>POS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>aɖuʈuʈ</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>daɳ</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɖoɖ</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-un</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʔud</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɽ-</o>
+      <g>POS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>auɽ</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sid</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-un</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃiɳ</o>
+      <g>GEN</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kiɳ</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɖauʈ</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-un</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃiɖ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-un</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʔud</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɽ-</o>
+      <g>POS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>esʔuk</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>saɖ</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Hut rrardurturt darn rdordun, qud rraurr sidun shirn kirn, rdaurtun shirdun, qud rresquk, sard.

But our language arose in a different way.

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