Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Klag, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2noun:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> + <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def"> + <np def="def" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np locus="number"> + <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner"> + <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" possessor="no.owner"> + <np def="def" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" possessor="no.owner"> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" role="subj" possessor="no.owner"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> - </np> <np def="def" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> <np def="def" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> <np def="def" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> - </np> - <np def="def" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ɕ æ̰ sʷ+tʷ">ɕæ̰sʷtʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph="sʷ+tˤ">sʷtˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɛ ˈ ɕ+ʈ">ɛˈɕʈ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ#ːˈɗˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="tʰʷ oː ˈ ɡ">tʰʷoːˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="ʃ+hʈ i qʷ">ʃhʈiqʷ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ#ːˈɗˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" ph="ʃ+hk i# ˈ sʷ+kʼ">ʃhki#ˈsʷkʼ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ#ːˈɗˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="ᵏǃʼʷ e ˈ x">ᵏǃʼʷeˈx</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ#ːˈɗˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC" ph="x i# ˈ ɕ+k">xi#ˈɕk</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS" ph="ᵏǃʰˤ e# t">ᵏǃʰˤe#t</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="sˤ+tʰʷ æ# ˈ rˤ">sˤtʰʷæ#ˈrˤ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ᵑǀʼˤ æ̰ rʷ">ᵑǀʼˤæ̰rʷ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɬ æ ˈ ɾˤ">ɬæˈɾˤ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS" ph="ᵏǃʰˤ e# t">ᵏǃʰˤe#t</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ᵏǀʰʷ eː ˈ sˤ+ʈʼ">ᵏǀʰʷeːˈsˤʈʼ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="sʷ+hp æ̰ ˈ ʑ+pʼ">sʷhpæ̰ˈʑpʼ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɕ+tˤ ɔː ˈ nˤ">ɕtˤɔːˈnˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ᵏǀʰʷ eː ˈ sˤ+ʈʼ">ᵏǀʰʷeːˈsˤʈʼ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="r̥ˤ ɑ n eː ˈ ŋʷ">r̥ˤɑneːˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
<s translation=""> <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ɕ æ̰ sʷ+tʷ">ɕæ̰sʷtʷ</thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph="sʷ+tˤ">sʷtˤ</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɛ ˈ ɕ+ʈ">ɛˈɕʈ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ#ːˈɗˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ##ː ˈ ɗˤ" underlying="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ##ːˈɗˤ</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="tʰʷ oː ˈ ɡ">tʰʷoːˈɡ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="ʃ+hʈ i qʷ">ʃhʈiqʷ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ#ːˈɗˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" ph="ʃ+hk i# ˈ sʷ+kʼ">ʃhki#ˈsʷkʼ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ#ːˈɗˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ##ː ˈ ɗˤ" underlying="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ##ːˈɗˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" ph="ʃ+hk i## ˈ sʷ+kʼ" underlying="ʃ+hk i# ˈ sʷ+kʼ">ʃhki##ˈsʷkʼ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ##ː ˈ ɗˤ" underlying="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ##ːˈɗˤ</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="ᵏǃʼʷ e ˈ x">ᵏǃʼʷeˈx</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ#ːˈɗˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC" ph="x i# ˈ ɕ+k">xi#ˈɕk</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ##ː ˈ ɗˤ" underlying="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ##ːˈɗˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC" ph="x i## ˈ ɕ+k" underlying="x i# ˈ ɕ+k">xi##ˈɕk</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS" ph="ᵏǃʰˤ e# t">ᵏǃʰˤe#t</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="sˤ+tʰʷ æ# ˈ rˤ">sˤtʰʷæ#ˈrˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="sˤ+tʰʷ æ## ˈ rˤ" underlying="sˤ+tʰʷ æ# ˈ rˤ">sˤtʰʷæ##ˈrˤ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ᵑǀʼˤ æ̰ rʷ">ᵑǀʼˤæ̰rʷ</thingy> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɬ æ ˈ ɾˤ">ɬæˈɾˤ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS" ph="ᵏǃʰˤ e# t">ᵏǃʰˤe#t</thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ᵏǀʰʷ eː ˈ sˤ+ʈʼ">ᵏǀʰʷeːˈsˤʈʼ</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="sʷ+hp æ̰ ˈ ʑ+pʼ">sʷhpæ̰ˈʑpʼ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɕ+tˤ ɔː ˈ nˤ">ɕtˤɔːˈnˤ</word> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ᵏǀʰʷ eː ˈ sˤ+ʈʼ">ᵏǀʰʷeːˈsˤʈʼ</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="r̥ˤ ɑ n eː ˈ ŋʷ">r̥ˤɑneːˈŋʷ</word> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ɕ æ̰ sʷ+tʷ">ɕæ̰sʷtʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph="sʷ+tˤ">sʷtˤ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɛ ˈ ɕ+ʈ">ɛˈɕʈ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ##ː ˈ ɗˤ" underlying="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ##ːˈɗˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="tʰʷ oː ˈ ɡ">tʰʷoːˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN" ph="ʃ+hʈ i qʷ">ʃhʈiqʷ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ##ː ˈ ɗˤ" underlying="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ##ːˈɗˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" ph="ʃ+hk i## ˈ sʷ+kʼ" underlying="ʃ+hk i# ˈ sʷ+kʼ">ʃhki##ˈsʷkʼ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ##ː ˈ ɗˤ" underlying="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ##ːˈɗˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="ᵏǃʼʷ e ˈ x">ᵏǃʼʷeˈx</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC" ph="ʂ+htˤ ɛ##ː ˈ ɗˤ" underlying="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ##ːˈɗˤ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC" ph="x i## ˈ ɕ+k" underlying="x i# ˈ ɕ+k">xi##ˈɕk</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS" ph="ᵏǃʰˤ e# t">ᵏǃʰˤe#t</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" ph="sˤ+tʰʷ æ## ˈ rˤ" underlying="sˤ+tʰʷ æ# ˈ rˤ">sˤtʰʷæ##ˈrˤ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ᵑǀʼˤ æ̰ rʷ">ᵑǀʼˤæ̰rʷ</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɬ æ ˈ ɾˤ">ɬæˈɾˤ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS" ph="ᵏǃʰˤ e# t">ᵏǃʰˤe#t</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ᵏǀʰʷ eː ˈ sˤ+ʈʼ">ᵏǀʰʷeːˈsˤʈʼ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="sʷ+hp æ̰ ˈ ʑ+pʼ">sʷhpæ̰ˈʑpʼ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɕ+tˤ ɔː ˈ nˤ">ɕtˤɔːˈnˤ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ᵏǀʰʷ eː ˈ sˤ+ʈʼ">ᵏǀʰʷeːˈsˤʈʼ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="r̥ˤ ɑ n eː ˈ ŋʷ">r̥ˤɑneːˈŋʷ</word> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">ɕæ̰sʷtʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q">sʷtˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ɛˈɕʈ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" underlying="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ##ːˈɗˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner">tʰʷoːˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="GEN">ʃhʈiqʷ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" underlying="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ##ːˈɗˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" underlying="ʃ+hk i# ˈ sʷ+kʼ">ʃhki##ˈsʷkʼ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" underlying="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ##ːˈɗˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner">ᵏǃʼʷeˈx</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC" underlying="ʂ+htˤ ɛ#ː ˈ ɗˤ">ʂhtˤɛ##ːˈɗˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" possessor="3" case="LOC" underlying="x i# ˈ ɕ+k">xi##ˈɕk</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS">ᵏǃʰˤe#t</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" possessor="no.owner" case="LOC" underlying="sˤ+tʰʷ æ# ˈ rˤ">sˤtʰʷæ##ˈrˤ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">ᵑǀʼˤæ̰rʷ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ɬæˈɾˤ</word> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="3.POSS">ᵏǃʰˤe#t</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ᵏǀʰʷeːˈsˤʈʼ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">sʷhpæ̰ˈʑpʼ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ɕtˤɔːˈnˤ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ᵏǀʰʷeːˈsˤʈʼ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">r̥ˤɑneːˈŋʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɕæ̰sʷtʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷtˤ-</span><br><span class="gls">not.Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɛɕʈ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʂhtˤɛ̃ːɗˤ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtʰʷoːɡ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃhʈiqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʂhtˤɛ̃ːɗˤ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʃhkĩsʷkʼ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʂhtˤɛ̃ːɗˤ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǃʼʷex</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʂhtˤɛ̃ːɗˤ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈxĩɕk</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǃʰˤẽt</span><br><span class="gls">3.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤtʰʷæ̃rˤ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀʼˤæ̰rʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɬæɾˤ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǃʰˤẽt</span><br><span class="gls">3.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀʰʷeːsˤʈʼ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsʷhpæ̰ʑpʼ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɕtˤɔːnˤ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀʰʷeːsˤʈʼ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">r̥ˤɑˈneːŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span></p> + <p>ɕæ̰sʷtʷ ˈsʷtˤɛɕʈ ˈʂhtˤɛ̃̃ːɗˤ ˈtʰʷoːɡ ʃhʈiqʷ ˈʂhtˤɛ̃̃ːɗˤ ˈʃhkĩ̃sʷkʼ ˈʂhtˤɛ̃̃ːɗˤ ˈᵏǃʼʷex ˈʂhtˤɛ̃̃ːɗˤ ˈxĩ̃ɕk ᵏǃʰˤẽt ˈsˤtʰʷæ̃̃rˤ ᵑǀʼˤæ̰rʷ ˈɬæɾˤ ᵏǃʰˤẽt ˈᵏǀʰʷeːsˤʈʼ ˈsʷhpæ̰ʑpʼ ˈɕtˤɔːnˤ ˈᵏǀʰʷeːsˤʈʼ r̥ˤɑˈneːŋʷ</p> + <p>ɕä’swtw swṭæɕrt rshṭæn#ːdḍ thwóóg shhʈiqw rshṭæn#ːdḍ shhkin#swgk rshṭæn#ːdḍ ᵏǃʼwexx rshṭæn#ːdḍ xxin#ɕk qḥent ṣthwän#ṛ́ ᵑǀʼ̣ä’ŕw hläṛ qḥent chweeṣʈʼ swhpä’ʑbp ɕṭooṇ chweeṣʈʼ r̥̣aneengw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɕæ̰sʷtʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʷtˤ-</o> + <g>not.Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɛɕʈ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʂhtˤɛ̃ːɗˤ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtʰʷoːɡ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃhʈiqʷ</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʂhtˤɛ̃ːɗˤ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʃhkĩsʷkʼ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʂhtˤɛ̃ːɗˤ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǃʼʷex</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʂhtˤɛ̃ːɗˤ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈxĩɕk</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǃʰˤẽt</o> + <g>3.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤtʰʷæ̃rˤ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀʼˤæ̰rʷ</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɬæɾˤ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǃʰˤẽt</o> + <g>3.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀʰʷeːsˤʈʼ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsʷhpæ̰ʑpʼ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɕtˤɔːnˤ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀʰʷeːsˤʈʼ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>r̥ˤɑˈneːŋʷ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + </il> </s>ɕä’swtw swṭæɕrt rshṭæn#ːdḍ thwóóg shhʈiqw rshṭæn#ːdḍ shhkin#swgk rshṭæn#ːdḍ ᵏǃʼwexx rshṭæn#ːdḍ xxin#ɕk qḥent ṣthwän#ṛ́ ᵑǀʼ̣ä’ŕw hläṛ qḥent chweeṣʈʼ swhpä’ʑbp ɕṭooṇ chweeṣʈʼ r̥̣aneengw.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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