Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Fimo, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sequential:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> </np> </pp> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> </np> </pp> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> - </np> </pp> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/optionalNo change.
flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> - </np> - </pp> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> - <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner"/> - <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="s o">so</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="n ə#ː">nə#ː</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="l o">lo</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="b e">be</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="p ai">pai</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="t a̰">ta̰</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="f e">fe</word> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q ə#ː">qə#ː</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="b ɔi">bɔi</word> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q ə#ː">qə#ː</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner" ph="ŋ uː">ŋuː</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t ḭ">tḭ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="q ɔi">qɔi</word> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q ə#ː">qə#ː</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɡ oː">ɡoː</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t ḭ">tḭ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="r a ɡ au d ḭ">raɡaudḭ</word> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q ə#ː">qə#ː</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner" ph="ŋ uː">ŋuː</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="s o">so</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="n ə#ː">nə#ː</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="l o">lo</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="b e">be</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="p ai">pai</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="t a̰">ta̰</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="f e">fe</word> - <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q ə#ː">qə#ː</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="b ɔi">bɔi</word> - <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q ə#ː">qə#ː</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner" ph="ŋ uː">ŋuː</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t ḭ">tḭ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="q ɔi">qɔi</word> - <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q ə#ː">qə#ː</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɡ oː">ɡoː</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t ḭ">tḭ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="r a ɡ au d ḭ">raɡaudḭ</word> - <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner" ph="q ə#ː">qə#ː</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner" ph="ŋ uː">ŋuː</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">so</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">nə#ː</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">lo</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">be</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">pai</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">ta̰</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">fe</word> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner">qə#ː</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">bɔi</word> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner">qə#ː</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner">ŋuː</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">tḭ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">qɔi</word> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner">qə#ː</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ɡoː</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">tḭ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">raɡaudḭ</word> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="sing.no.owner">qə#ː</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber.possessor" function="enclitic" gloss="plur.no.owner">ŋuː</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">so</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nə̃ː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lo</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">be</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pai</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ta̰</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fe</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qə̃ː</span><br><span class="gls">sing.no.owner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bɔi</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qə̃ː</span><br><span class="gls">sing.no.owner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋuː</span><br><span class="gls">plur.no.owner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tḭ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qɔi</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qə̃ː</span><br><span class="gls">sing.no.owner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡoː</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tḭ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">raɡaudḭ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qə̃ː</span><br><span class="gls">sing.no.owner</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋuː</span><br><span class="gls">plur.no.owner</span></span></p> + <p>so nə̃ː lo be pai ta̰ fe qə̃ː bɔi qə̃ː ŋuː tḭ qɔi qə̃ː ɡoː tḭ raɡaudḭ qə̃ː ŋuː</p> + <p>so nẽẽ lo be pai ta’ fe qẽẽ boi qẽẽ nguu ti’ qoi qẽẽ goo ti’ ragaudi’ qẽẽ nguu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>so</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nə̃ː</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>lo</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>be</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pai</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ta̰</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fe</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qə̃ː</o> + <g>sing.no.owner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bɔi</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qə̃ː</o> + <g>sing.no.owner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋuː</o> + <g>plur.no.owner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tḭ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qɔi</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qə̃ː</o> + <g>sing.no.owner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡoː</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tḭ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>raɡaudḭ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qə̃ː</o> + <g>sing.no.owner</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋuː</o> + <g>plur.no.owner</g> + </w> + </il> </s>So nẽẽ lo be pai ta’ fe qẽẽ boi qẽẽ nguu ti’ qoi qẽẽ goo ti’ ragaudi’ qẽẽ nguu.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
Useful pages: