Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Izat, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <relp>
+        <vp tam="pres-state">
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+        </vp>
+        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        </np>
+      </relp>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sequential:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="then">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="then">
+  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module markowner:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
+        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
+      <np role="obj" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
+      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+      <np role="obj">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
+        <np head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
+  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3">
    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj">
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.3">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.1">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.3">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.1">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.3">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" role="obj">
        <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
          <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.1">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" role="obj">
      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.1">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.3">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.3"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
-        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3"/>
+        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.1">
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.1"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
-      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for question/
defaultval: verb, question
returning not.Q
calling defaultval for def/
defaultval: noun, def
returning not.def
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for gender/
defaultval: det, gender
returning cl.1

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/subj/optional
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/subj/optional
Got 3.cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/subj/optional
Got 3.cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for different/verb/question/obligatory
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/def/obligatory
Got not.def
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1

<s connector="then">
  <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3">
    <relp>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.3">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.3"/>
+        <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3"/>
+        <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
+        <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
+        <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.1">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.1"/>
+          <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+          <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.1"/>
+          <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1">
+          <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="not.def"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1"/>
+          <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="then">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme" gender="cl.3">
-    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.3">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.3"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3"/>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-      </np>
-    </relp>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np locus="number">
-      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.1">
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.1"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.1"/>
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1">
    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="not.def"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-        </np>
-      </relp>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/>
    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="then">
+<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.3"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.1"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.1"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="not.def"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number"/>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="k u f">kuf</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="q&#x2BC; i &#x27E;&#x2B7; a">qʼiɾʷa</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="d&#x2B7; i">dʷi</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.3" ph="&#x292; o">ʒo</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t a">ta</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="t&#x2B7;">tʷ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="i z&#x2B7; a t&#x2E4;">izʷatˤ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i r">ir</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="&#x281;&#x2B7; ai s">ʁʷais</word>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="t&#x2B7;">tʷ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" ph="e t">et</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i r">ir</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="s&#x2B7; ai s">sʷais</word>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.1" ph="k&#x2B7; au">kʷau</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="not.def" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1" ph="a k&#x2BC;&#x2B7; i &#x294;">akʼʷiʔ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i r">ir</thingy>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph="&#x263;">ɣ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" ph="u &#x282;">uʂ</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="then" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="then" posp="conj" ph="k u f">kuf</word>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="q&#x2BC; i &#x27E;&#x2B7; a">qʼiɾʷa</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="d&#x2B7; i">dʷi</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.3" ph="&#x292; o">ʒo</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t a">ta</thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="t&#x2B7;">tʷ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="i z&#x2B7; a t&#x2E4;">izʷatˤ</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i r">ir</thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="&#x281;&#x2B7; ai s">ʁʷais</word>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def" attach="prefix" ph="t&#x2B7;">tʷ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" ph="e t">et</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i r">ir</thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="s&#x2B7; ai s">sʷais</word>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.1" ph="k&#x2B7; au">kʷau</word>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph="s">s</thingy>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="not.def" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1" ph="a k&#x2BC;&#x2B7; i &#x294;">akʼʷiʔ</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i r">ir</thingy>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph="&#x263;">ɣ</thingy>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" ph="u &#x282;">uʂ</word>
+    <word gloss="then" posp="conj">kuf</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">qʼiɾʷa</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">dʷi</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">s</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.3">ʒo</word>
+    <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.cl.3.SUBJ">ta</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">s</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def">tʷ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number" gender="cl.3">izʷatˤ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ir</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" posp="pron" gloss="1incl" gender="cl.3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ʁʷais</word>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="def">tʷ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">et</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ir</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">sʷais</word>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.1">kʷau</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q">s</thingy>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="prefix" gloss="not.def">h</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" head="this" role="subj" gender="cl.1">akʼʷiʔ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">ir</thingy>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1">ɣ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number">uʂ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kuf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;then&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;qʼiɾʷa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-dʷi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;not.Q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʒo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.cl.3.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;SUBJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;not.Q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tʷ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;izʷatˤ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʁʷais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tʷ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;et&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sʷais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʷau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;not.Q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;h-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;not.def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;akʼʷiʔ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɣ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;uʂ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>kuf qʼiɾʷadʷis ʒotas tʷizʷatˤir ʁʷais tʷetir sʷais kʷaus hakʼʷiʔir ɣuʂ</p>
+  <p>kuf qʼiɾʷadʷis ʒotas tʷizʷatˤir ʁʷais tʷetir sʷais kʷaus hakʼʷiʔir ɣuʂ</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>kuf</o>
+      <g>then</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>qʼiɾʷa</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-dʷi</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-s</o>
+      <g>not.Q</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʒo</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ta</o>
+      <g>3.cl.3.SUBJ</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-s</o>
+      <g>not.Q</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tʷ-</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>izʷatˤ</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ir</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʁʷais</o>
+      <g>1incl</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tʷ-</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>et</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ir</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sʷais</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʷau</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-s</o>
+      <g>not.Q</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>h-</o>
+      <g>not.def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>akʼʷiʔ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ir</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɣ-</o>
+      <g>cl.1</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>uʂ</o>
+      <g>a</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Kuf qʼiɾʷadʷis ʒotas tʷizʷatˤir ʁʷais tʷetir sʷais kʷaus hakʼʷiʔir ɣuʂ.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: