Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Nost, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/optional<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - </pp> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - </np> <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʂ ɔː">ʂɔː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="w ɘ">wɘ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="j a#ː p">ja#ːp</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="a m">am</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɲ i#ː ɽ">ɲi#ːɽ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="s u# t">su#t</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ ɨ ʂ">ɲɨʂ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="aː m">aːm</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="k ɨ#ː">kɨ#ː</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t e f">tef</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="aː m">aːm</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="f a ʂ">faʂ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="k ɨ#ː">kɨ#ː</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʈ a ʈ ɘ t">ʈaʈɘt</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="aː m">aːm</thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʂ ɔː">ʂɔː</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="w ɘ">wɘ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="j a#ː p">ja#ːp</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="a m">am</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɲ i#ː ɽ">ɲi#ːɽ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="s u# t">su#t</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ ɨ ʂ">ɲɨʂ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="aː m">aːm</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="k ɨ#ː">kɨ#ː</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="t e f">tef</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="aː m">aːm</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="f a ʂ">faʂ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="k ɨ#ː">kɨ#ː</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" ph="ʈ a ʈ ɘ t">ʈaʈɘt</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="aː m">aːm</thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ʂɔː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">k</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">wɘ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">ja#ːp</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">am</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ɲi#ːɽ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">su#t</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">ɲɨʂ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">aːm</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">kɨ#ː</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">tef</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">aːm</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">faʂ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">kɨ#ː</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" role="obj">ʈaʈɘt</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">aːm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂɔː</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-k</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wɘ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jãːp</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-am</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲĩːɽ</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sũt</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲɨʂ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aːm</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɨ̃ː</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tef</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aːm</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">faʂ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɨ̃ː</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈaʈɘt</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aːm</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span></p> + <p>ʂɔːk wɘ jãːpam ɲĩːɽ sũt ɲɨʂaːm kɨ̃ː tefaːm faʂ kɨ̃ː ʈaʈɘtaːm</p> + <p>rsook wë jananpam ñininrr sunt ñyrsaam kynyn tefaam fars kynyn rtartëtaam</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʂɔː</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-k</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wɘ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jãːp</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-am</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲĩːɽ</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sũt</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲɨʂ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aːm</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kɨ̃ː</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tef</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aːm</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>faʂ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kɨ̃ː</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈaʈɘt</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aːm</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Rsook wë jananpam ñininrr sunt ñyrsaam kynyn tefaam fars kynyn rtartëtaam.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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