Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Nauch, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2noun:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sequential:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> + <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.7"> + <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" role="subj"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> </np> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" role="subj"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.7"/> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> </np> </s>calling defaultval for gender/
defaultval: det, gender
defaultval: gender not found in thingy for det:Array ( [case] => NOM [ta] => PRES [mode] => indicative [voice] => active [negation] => POS [question] => not.Q )calling defaultval for gender/
defaultval: det, gender
defaultval: gender not found in thingy for det:Array ( [case] => NOM [ta] => PRES [mode] => indicative [voice] => active [negation] => POS [question] => not.Q )addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/optional<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.7"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.7"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.7"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.7"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ᵏǀ i ˈ b">ᵏǀiˈb</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="t͡s ɯ w">t͡sɯw</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="f e ˈ ɟ">feˈɟ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="c i ˈ">ciˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="ᵑǀ a ˈ f">ᵑǀaˈf</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="c i ˈ">ciˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="nˤ a ˈ t͡sˤ">nˤaˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="c i ˈ">ciˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ᵑǀˤ o ˈ t͡sˤ">ᵑǀˤoˈt͡sˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="c i ˈ">ciˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.7" ph="h ɯ ˈ t͡s">hɯˈt͡s</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ᵏǀˤ i ˈ t͡s">ᵏǀˤiˈt͡s</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="s i ˈ t͡ʃ">siˈt͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="sˤ ɤ ˈ ɲ">sˤɤˈɲ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="d o ˈ f">doˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="s u nˤ au ˈ ʃ">sunˤauˈʃ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="sˤ ɤ ˈ ɲ">sˤɤˈɲ</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ᵏǀ i ˈ b">ᵏǀiˈb</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="t͡s ɯ w">t͡sɯw</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="f e ˈ ɟ">feˈɟ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="c i ˈ">ciˈ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="ᵑǀ a ˈ f">ᵑǀaˈf</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="c i ˈ">ciˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="nˤ a ˈ t͡sˤ">nˤaˈt͡sˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="u n">un</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="c i ˈ">ciˈ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ᵑǀˤ o ˈ t͡sˤ">ᵑǀˤoˈt͡sˤ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="c i ˈ">ciˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.7" ph="h ɯ ˈ t͡s">hɯˈt͡s</word> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ᵏǀˤ i ˈ t͡s">ᵏǀˤiˈt͡s</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="s i ˈ t͡ʃ">siˈt͡ʃ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="sˤ ɤ ˈ ɲ">sˤɤˈɲ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="d o ˈ f">doˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="s u nˤ au ˈ ʃ">sunˤauˈʃ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" ph="sˤ ɤ ˈ ɲ">sˤɤˈɲ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ᵏǀiˈb</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">t͡sɯw</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">feˈɟ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">un</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">ciˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1">ᵑǀaˈf</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1">ciˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1">k</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">nˤaˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">un</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">ciˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ᵑǀˤoˈt͡sˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ciˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">n</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.7">hɯˈt͡s</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ᵏǀˤiˈt͡s</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj">siˈt͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj">sˤɤˈɲ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">doˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj">sunˤauˈʃ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj">sˤɤˈɲ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀib</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡sɯw</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfeɟ</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-un</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈci</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀaf</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈci</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-k</span><br><span class="gls">cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnˤat͡sˤ</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-un</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈci</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀˤot͡sˤ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈci</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈhɯt͡s</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀˤit͡s</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsit͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤɤɲ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdof</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">suˈnˤauʃ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤɤɲ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>ˈᵏǀib t͡sɯw ˈfeɟun ˈci ˈᵑǀaf ˈcik ˈnˤat͡sˤun ˈci ˈᵑǀˤot͡sˤ ˈcin ˈhɯt͡s ˈᵏǀˤit͡s ˈsit͡ʃ ˈsˤɤɲ ˈdof suˈnˤauʃ ˈsˤɤɲ</p> + <p>क्तिब् त्स्विव् फ़ेजुन् चि ङ्तफ़् चिक् ऩत्स़ुन् चि ङ्त़ोत्स़् चिन् ह्वित्स् क्त़ित्स् सिच्ष् स़्वेञ् दोफ़् सुऩौष् स़्वेञ्</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀib</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡sɯw</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfeɟ</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-un</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈci</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵑǀaf</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈci</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-k</o> + <g>cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnˤat͡sˤ</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-un</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈci</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵑǀˤot͡sˤ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈci</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈhɯt͡s</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀˤit͡s</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsit͡ʃ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤɤɲ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdof</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>suˈnˤauʃ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤɤɲ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>क्तिब् त्स्विव् फ़ेजुन् चि ङ्तफ़् चिक् ऩत्स़ुन् चि ङ्त़ोत्स़् चिन् ह्वित्स् क्त़ित्स् सिच्ष् स़्वेञ् दोफ़् सुऩौष् स़्वेञ् ॥
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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