Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Kik, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <relp>
+      <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+      </vp>
+      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+            <relp>
+              <vp tam="pres-state">
+                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
+              </vp>
+              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
              </np>
+            </relp>
+          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
+    </relp>
+  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state">
+      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
-              <vp tam="pres-state">
+              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <relp>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </relp>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module embed:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
-    <relp>
+    <subs>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
      </vp>
-      <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
+      <np role="subj" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
-            <relp>
+            <subs>
              <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              </vp>
-              <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
+              <np role="subj" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
-            </relp>
+            </subs>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
-    </relp>
+    </subs>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors: No change.

module nominalise:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
-    <subs>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
-        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np role="subj" number="plur">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np role="owned" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+            <np type="owner_owned">
+              <np role="owned" number="sing">
+                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+              </np>
+              <np role="owner" number="sing">
                <subs>
                  <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                  </vp>
-              <np role="subj" number="sing">
-                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-              </np>
                </subs>
              </np>
+            </np>
+          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
+      <np role="owner" number="sing">
+        <subs>
+          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
+    </np>
+  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity: No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np role="owned" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
+          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <np type="owner_owned">
              <np role="owned" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <np role="owner" number="sing">
                <subs>
                  <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                  </vp>
                </subs>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <np role="owner" number="sing">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder: No change.

module casemarking: No change.

module markowner:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np role="owned" number="plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
            <np type="owner_owned">
              <np role="owned" number="sing">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
-              <np role="owner" number="sing">
+              <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
                <subs>
                  <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                  </vp>
                </subs>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
-      <np role="owner" number="sing">
+      <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module addgender:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np role="owned" number="plur">
+  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="inanim">
+    <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim">
+      <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
-            <np type="owner_owned">
-              <np role="owned" number="sing">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim">
+            <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim">
+              <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="inanim">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
-              <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
+              <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
                <subs>
                  <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                  </vp>
                </subs>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
-      <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
+      <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" gender="inanim">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="inanim">
-    <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim">
+    <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="plur">
      <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim">
-            <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim">
+            <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim" number="sing">
              <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="inanim">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
                <subs>
                  <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                  </vp>
                </subs>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="inanim">
+  <np role="obj" gender="inanim" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="inanim">
-    <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" number="plur">
-      <np role="owned" number="plur" gender="anim">
+  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="inanim">
+    <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim">
+      <np role="owned" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim">
-            <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim" number="sing">
-              <np role="owned" number="sing" gender="inanim">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" gender="inanim">
+            <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim">
+              <np role="owned" gender="inanim">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
-              <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
+              <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
                <subs>
                  <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                  </vp>
                </subs>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
-      <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
+      <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="inanim" number="plur">
+  <np role="obj" gender="inanim">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim">
+      <np locus="number" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="inanim">
+      <np locus="number" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

createpronouns: No change.

module ngen:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="inanim">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim">
+      <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
+        <subs>
+          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+          </vp>
+        </subs>
+      </np>
      <np role="owned" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np def="def" locus="number" gender="inanim">
            <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim">
-              <np role="owned" gender="inanim">
-                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-              </np>
              <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
                <subs>
                  <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                  </vp>
                </subs>
              </np>
+              <np role="owned" gender="inanim">
+                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </np>
-        </pp>
          </np>
-      <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
-        <subs>
-          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
-            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
-          </vp>
-        </subs>
+        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="inanim">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np locus="number" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder: No change.

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="inanim">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim">
      <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np def="def" locus="number" gender="inanim">
            <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim">
              <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
                <subs>
                  <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                  </vp>
                </subs>
              </np>
              <np role="owned" gender="inanim">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="inanim">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np locus="number" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np locus="number" gender="inanim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="inanim">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim">
      <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np def="def" locus="number" gender="inanim">
            <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim">
              <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
                <subs>
                  <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                  </vp>
                </subs>
              </np>
              <np role="owned" gender="inanim">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="inanim">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np locus="number" gender="inanim">
+    <np locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np locus="number" gender="inanim">
+    <np locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase: No change.

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="inanim">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim">
      <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
        <subs>
          <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
            <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+            <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          </vp>
        </subs>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" gender="anim">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
          <np def="def" locus="number" gender="inanim">
            <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim">
              <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
                <subs>
                  <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
+                    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
                  </vp>
                </subs>
              </np>
              <np role="owned" gender="inanim">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="inanim">
    <np locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="inanim">
-    <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim">
+  <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
    <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
          <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        </vp>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <np role="owned" gender="anim">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
        <np def="def" locus="number" gender="inanim">
          <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim">
            <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
              <subs>
                <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
                  <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
                  <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
                </vp>
              </subs>
            </np>
            <np role="owned" gender="inanim">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
  </np>
-  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="inanim">
  <np locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
-  <np type="owner_owned" gender="anim" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
  <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
    <subs>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
  </np>
-    <np role="owned" gender="anim">
+  <np role="owned" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" gender="inanim">
-          <np type="owner_owned" gender="inanim">
        <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
          <subs>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
              <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
            </vp>
          </subs>
        </np>
        <np role="owned" gender="inanim">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-        </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  </np>
  <np locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
  </np>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
    <subs>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
-        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/>
+        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <np role="owned" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
+      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" gender="inanim">
        <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
          <subs>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
-              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/>
+              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
              <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
            </vp>
          </subs>
        </np>
        <np role="owned" gender="inanim">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="inanim"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/mode/obligatory
calling defaultval for mode/
defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicative
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/voice/obligatory
calling defaultval for voice/
defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/mode/obligatory
calling defaultval for mode/
defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicative
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/voice/obligatory
calling defaultval for voice/
defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM

addaffixes:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
    <subs>
      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
        <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      </vp>
    </subs>
  </np>
  <np role="owned" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" locus="number" gender="inanim">
        <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
          <subs>
            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
              <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
+              <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+              <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
              <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
            </vp>
          </subs>
        </np>
        <np role="owned" gender="inanim">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="inanim"/>
+          <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
-    <subs>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-      </vp>
-    </subs>
-  </np>
-  <np role="owned" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-      <np def="def" locus="number" gender="inanim">
-        <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="inanim">
-          <subs>
-            <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-            </vp>
-          </subs>
-        </np>
-        <np role="owned" gender="inanim">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="inanim"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-        </np>
-      </np>
-    </pp>
-  </np>
-  <np locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="inanim"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ʔ|a̰|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|k|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|kʷ|a#ː|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|qʷ|əː|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|k|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number">|q|ə|ɖ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|a|</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|ʈ|ə|</word>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|ʋ|a|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|k|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="inanim">|ᵏǂ|a|b|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|a|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">|f|a|ʋ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|a|</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">|q|a|</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|kʼʷ|a|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">|kʼ|aː|kʷ|ɨː|s|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|a|</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">|q|a|</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony: No change.

### |ʔ|a̰|
#-> ʔa̰
### |ʔ|a̰|
#-> ʔa̰
### -|k|
#-> -k
### -|k|
#-> -k
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |kʷ|a#ː|
#-> kʷa#ː
### |kʷ|a#ː|
#-> kʷa#ː
### |qʷ|əː|
#-> qʷəː
### |qʷ|əː|
#-> qʷəː
### -|k|
#-> -k
### -|k|
#-> -k
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |q|ə|ɖ|
#-> qəɖ
### |q|ə|ɖ|
#-> qəɖ
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |ʈ|ə|
#-> ʈə
### |ʈ|ə|
#-> ʈə
### |ʋ|a|
#-> ʋa
### |ʋ|a|
#-> ʋa
### -|k|
#-> -k
### -|k|
#-> -k
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |ᵏǂ|a|b|
#-> ᵏǂab
### |ᵏǂ|a|b|
#-> ᵏǂab
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |f|a|ʋ|
#-> faʋ
### |f|a|ʋ|
#-> faʋ
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |q|a|
#-> qa
### |q|a|
#-> qa
### |kʼʷ|a|
#-> kʼʷa
### |kʼʷ|a|
#-> kʼʷa
### |kʼ|aː|kʷ|ɨː|s|
#-> kʼaːkʷɨːs
### |kʼ|aː|kʷ|ɨː|s|
#-> kʼaːkʷɨːs
### -|a|
#-> -a
### -|a|
#-> -a
### |q|a|
#-> qa
### |q|a|
#-> qa
### |ʔ|a̰||k||a| |kʷ|a#ː| |qʷ|əː||k||a| |q|ə|ɖ||a| |ʈ|ə| |ʋ|a||k||a| |ᵏǂ|a|b||a| |f|a|ʋ||a| |q|a| |kʼʷ|a| |kʼ|aː|kʷ|ɨː|s||a| |q|a|
#-> ʔa̰ka kʷa#ː qʷəːka qəɖa ʈə ʋaka ᵏǂaba faʋa qa kʼʷa kʼaːkʷɨːsa qa

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ʔ|a̰|</word>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|k|</thingy>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|a|</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|kʷ|a#ː|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|qʷ|əː|</word>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|k|</thingy>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|a|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" gender="anim" def="def" locus="number">|q|ə|ɖ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|a|</thingy>
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|ʈ|ə|</word>
    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|ʋ|a|</word>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|k|</thingy>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">-|a|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" gender="inanim">|ᵏǂ|a|b|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">|f|a|ʋ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">|q|a|</word>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|kʼʷ|a|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">|kʼ|aː|kʷ|ɨː|s|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|a|</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="inanim" role="obj">|q|a|</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʔa̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-k&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;indicative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʷãː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;qʷəː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-k&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;indicative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;qəɖ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʈə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʋa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-k&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;indicative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ᵏǂab&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;faʋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;qa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʼʷa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʼaːkʷɨːs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;qa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ʔa̰ka kʷãː qʷəːka qəɖa ʈə ʋaka ᵏǂaba faʋa qa kʼʷa kʼaːkʷɨːsa qa</p>
+  <p>آك ࣂࡽ ࣄݣك قڈ ٹ وك ݹب فو ق ݨ ݿاࣂاس قة</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʔa̰</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-k</o>
+      <g>indicative</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʷãː</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>qʷəː</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-k</o>
+      <g>indicative</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>qəɖ</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʈə</o>
+      <g>in_surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʋa</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-k</o>
+      <g>indicative</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ᵏǂab</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>faʋ</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>qa</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʼʷa</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʼaːkʷɨːs</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-a</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>qa</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

آك ࣂࡽ ࣄݣك قڈ ٹ وك ݹب فو ق ݨ ݿاࣂاس قة۔

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

Useful pages: