Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Yaz, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
+      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module markowner:

No change.

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

No change.

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" number="plur">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" number="plur">
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
+      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/optional

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
</s>

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-      </np>
-    </pp>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="z a &#x2C8; &#x283;">zaˈʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="d &#x259; s">dəs</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="k i &#x2C8; f">kiˈf</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="&#x283; u &#x2C8; f">ʃuˈf</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="s+p i &#x2C8; m">spiˈm</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; h">əh</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="f u &#x2C8; f">fuˈf</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="k i &#x2C8; f">kiˈf</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="d au &#x2C8; &#x292;">dauˈʒ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="n a &#x2C8; &#x28B;">naˈʋ</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="s+k i &#x2C8; &#x283;">skiˈʃ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="&#x283;+p i &#x2C8; r">ʃpiˈr</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="&#x283;+p e &#x2C8; p">ʃpeˈp</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="s+k i &#x2C8; &#x283;">skiˈʃ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="&#x283; &#x259; &#x283; a &#x2C8; j">ʃəʃaˈj</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="z a &#x2C8; &#x283;">zaˈʃ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="d &#x259; s">dəs</thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="k i &#x2C8; f">kiˈf</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="&#x283; u &#x2C8; f">ʃuˈf</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="s+p i &#x2C8; m">spiˈm</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; h">əh</thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="f u &#x2C8; f">fuˈf</word>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="k i &#x2C8; f">kiˈf</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="d au &#x2C8; &#x292;">dauˈʒ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="n a &#x2C8; &#x28B;">naˈʋ</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="s+k i &#x2C8; &#x283;">skiˈʃ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="&#x283;+p i &#x2C8; r">ʃpiˈr</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="&#x283;+p e &#x2C8; p">ʃpeˈp</word>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="s+k i &#x2C8; &#x283;">skiˈʃ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="&#x283; &#x259; &#x283; a &#x2C8; j">ʃəʃaˈj</word>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">zaˈʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">dəs</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">kiˈf</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">ʃuˈf</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">spiˈm</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">əh</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">fuˈf</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">kiˈf</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">dauˈʒ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">naˈʋ</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">skiˈʃ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ʃpiˈr</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ʃpeˈp</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">skiˈʃ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ʃəʃaˈj</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈzaʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dəs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈkif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈʃuf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈspim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-əh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈfuf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈkif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈdauʒ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈnaʋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈskiʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈʃpir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈʃpep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈskiʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃəˈʃaj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ˈzaʃ dəs ˈkif ˈʃuf ˈspiməh ˈfuf ˈkif ˈdauʒ ˈnaʋ ˈskiʃ ˈʃpir ˈʃpep ˈskiʃ ʃəˈʃaj</p>
+  <p>zash des kif shuf spimeh fuf kif dauzh naw skish shpir shpép skish sheshaj</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈzaʃ</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dəs</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈkif</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈʃuf</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈspim</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-əh</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈfuf</o>
+      <g>in_surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈkif</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈdauʒ</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈnaʋ</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈskiʃ</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈʃpir</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈʃpep</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈskiʃ</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃəˈʃaj</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Zash des kif shuf spimeh fuf kif dauzh naw skish shpir shpép skish sheshaj.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

Useful pages: