Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Fopi, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> </np> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/obligatory
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/subj/optional
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got neut
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/optional
Got sing<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="pˠ a mˠ i">pˠamˠi</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="wˠ a wˠ">wˠawˠ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="o">o</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="wʲ a">wʲa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="nˠ e">nˠe</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="tˠ e">tˠe</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="fˠ e">fˠe</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="tˠ a wʲ a">tˠawʲa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="wʲ a">wʲa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="lˠ e">lˠe</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="kʲ a">kʲa</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="lʲ i pˠ i">lʲipˠi</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="nʲ o">nʲo</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="wʲ e">wʲe</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="xʲ a wˠ o">xʲawˠo</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="nˠ o">nˠo</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="pˠ a wˠ e nʲ i">pˠawˠenʲi</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="xʲ a wˠ o">xʲawˠo</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="pˠ a mˠ i">pˠamˠi</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="wˠ a wˠ">wˠawˠ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="o">o</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="wʲ a">wʲa</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph="nˠ e">nˠe</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="tˠ e">tˠe</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="fˠ e">fˠe</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="tˠ a wʲ a">tˠawʲa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="wʲ a">wʲa</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut" attach="suffix" ph="lˠ e">lˠe</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="kʲ a">kʲa</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" ph="lʲ i pˠ i">lʲipˠi</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="nʲ o">nʲo</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="wʲ e">wʲe</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="xʲ a wˠ o">xʲawˠo</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="nˠ o">nˠo</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="pˠ a wˠ e nʲ i">pˠawˠenʲi</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="xʲ a wˠ o">xʲawˠo</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">pˠamˠi</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">wˠawˠ</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS">o</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">wʲa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc">nˠe</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">tˠe</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">fˠe</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">tˠawʲa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">wʲa</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut">lˠe</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">kʲa</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">lʲipˠi</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">nʲo</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">wʲe</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">xʲawˠo</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">nˠo</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">pˠawˠenʲi</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">xʲawˠo</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pˠamˠi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wˠawˠ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-o</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">POS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wʲa</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˠe</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˠe</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fˠe</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-tˠawʲa</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wʲa</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-lˠe</span><br><span class="gls">neut</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʲa</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lʲipˠi</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nʲo</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wʲe</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xʲawˠo</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nˠo</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pˠawˠenʲi</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xʲawˠo</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>pˠamˠi wˠawˠo wʲanˠe tˠe fˠetˠawʲa wʲalˠe kʲa lʲipˠi nʲo wʲe xʲawˠo nˠo pˠawˠenʲi xʲawˠo</p> + <p>памы ваво вянэ тэ фэтавя вялэ кя липы нё ве хяво но павэни хяво</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>pˠamˠi</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wˠawˠ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-o</o> + <g>POS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wʲa</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˠe</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˠe</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fˠe</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-tˠawʲa</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wʲa</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-lˠe</o> + <g>neut</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʲa</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>lʲipˠi</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nʲo</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wʲe</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xʲawˠo</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nˠo</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pˠawˠenʲi</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xʲawˠo</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Памы ваво вянэ тэ фэтавя вялэ кя липы нё ве хяво но павэни хяво.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
Useful pages: