Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Gir, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module adj2verb:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <relp>
+        <vp tam="pres-state">
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+        </vp>
+        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
        </np>
+      </relp>
+    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="pres-state">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module NRel:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+  <np id="parent">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
+    <relp comma="after">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+      </np>
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
-      <relp>
+    <np locus="number" id="parent">
+      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      </np>
+      <relp comma="after">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
-        <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-        </np>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np locus="number" id="parent">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+  <np id="parent" gender="cl.5">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np locus="number" id="parent">
-      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="">
+    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9">
+      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.9">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" gender="cl.5">
+  <np id="parent" gender="cl.5" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9">
+    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" number="sing">
      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.9">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" gender="cl.5" number="sing">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5">
+  <np id="parent" gender="cl.5">
+    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5">
+      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
+          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" number="sing">
-      <np role="" number="sing" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.9">
+    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9">
+      <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.9">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9">
+        <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" gender="cl.5">
-    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5">
+  <np id="parent" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5">
+      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5">
+      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
-          <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
-            <word person="1incl" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
+          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9">
-      <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.9">
+    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
+      <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9">
+        <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
-      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.5" obj="3.cl.5">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
+        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.9">
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.5" obj="3.cl.5">
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
          <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
          </np>
        </np>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.9">
+          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
+      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.5" obj="3.cl.5">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.9">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.5" obj="3.cl.5">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="cl.1" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.9">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.5" obj="3.cl.5">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.5" obj="3.cl.5"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" id="headnp" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
-          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.9">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different"/>
+          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.9"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.5
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.9
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.5" obj="3.cl.5">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.5" obj="3.cl.5"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/>
+        <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.9"/>
      <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" id="headnp" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
        <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner"/>
          <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
        </np>
        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.9">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.9"/>
        </vp>
      </relp>
      <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
-    <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.5" obj="3.cl.5">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.5" obj="3.cl.5"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </relp>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.9"/>
-      <np role="" id="headnp" tr="" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" id="headnp" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-        </np>
-        <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.9">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-          <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.9"/>
-        </vp>
-      </relp>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.9" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.5" obj="3.cl.5"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.9"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" id="headnp" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.9" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="v&#x2B2; i &#x2C8; n&#x2B2;">vʲiˈnʲ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x281;&#x2E0; i n&#x2B2;">ʁˠinʲ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x281;&#x2E0; a x&#x2E0; i &#x2C8; f&#x2E0;">ʁˠaxˠiˈfˠ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="h e &#x2C8;">heˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5" attach="suffix" ph="n&#x2E0;">nˠ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x261;&#x2E0; i &#x2C8; &#x281;&#x2E0;">ɡˠiˈʁˠ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i n&#x2E0;">inˠ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x262;&#x2E0; a &#x2C8; s&#x2B2;">ɢˠaˈsʲ</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.5" obj="3.cl.5" ph="&#x28B;&#x2E0; a &#x2C8; m&#x2E0;">ʋˠaˈmˠ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl" ph="h e &#x2C8;">heˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph="&#x27E;&#x2B2;">ɾʲ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl" comma="after" ph="b&#x2B2; i &#x2C8; d&#x361;&#x292;">bʲiˈd͡ʒ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i n&#x2E0;">inˠ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS" ph="&#x261;&#x2E0; e m&#x2E0;">ɡˠemˠ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="t&#x361;s&#x2E0; a &#x2C8; m&#x2B2;">t͡sˠaˈmʲ</word>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner" ph="z&#x2E0; u &#x2C8;">zˠuˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.9" attach="suffix" ph="n&#x2B2;">nʲ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" id="headnp" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x28B;&#x2E0; i &#x2C8; n&#x2E0;">ʋˠiˈnˠ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i n&#x2E0;">inˠ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x262;&#x2E0; a &#x2C8; s&#x2B2;">ɢˠaˈsʲ</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.9" comma="after" ph="&#x253;&#x2E0; ai &#x2C8; &#x27E;&#x2E0;">ɓˠaiˈɾˠ</word>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="v&#x2B2; i &#x2C8; n&#x2B2;">vʲiˈnʲ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="&#x281;&#x2E0; i n&#x2B2;">ʁˠinʲ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="&#x281;&#x2E0; a x&#x2E0; i &#x2C8; f&#x2E0;">ʁˠaxˠiˈfˠ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="h e &#x2C8;">heˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5" attach="suffix" ph="n&#x2E0;">nˠ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x261;&#x2E0; i &#x2C8; &#x281;&#x2E0;">ɡˠiˈʁˠ</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i n&#x2E0;">inˠ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x262;&#x2E0; a &#x2C8; s&#x2B2;">ɢˠaˈsʲ</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.5" obj="3.cl.5" ph="&#x28B;&#x2E0; a &#x2C8; m&#x2E0;">ʋˠaˈmˠ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl" ph="h e &#x2C8;">heˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph="&#x27E;&#x2B2;">ɾʲ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl" comma="after" ph="b&#x2B2; i &#x2C8; d&#x361;&#x292;">bʲiˈd͡ʒ</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i n&#x2E0;">inˠ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS" ph="&#x261;&#x2E0; e m&#x2E0;">ɡˠemˠ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="t&#x361;s&#x2E0; a &#x2C8; m&#x2B2;">t͡sˠaˈmʲ</word>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner" ph="z&#x2E0; u &#x2C8;">zˠuˈ</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.9" attach="suffix" ph="n&#x2B2;">nʲ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" id="headnp" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x28B;&#x2E0; i &#x2C8; n&#x2E0;">ʋˠiˈnˠ</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="i n&#x2E0;">inˠ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner" ph="&#x262;&#x2E0; a &#x2C8; s&#x2B2;">ɢˠaˈsʲ</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.9" comma="after" ph="&#x253;&#x2E0; ai &#x2C8; &#x27E;&#x2E0;">ɓˠaiˈɾˠ</word>
-    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="no.owner.POSS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">vʲiˈnʲ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">ʁˠinʲ</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ʁˠaxˠiˈfˠ</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">heˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.5">nˠ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">ɡˠiˈʁˠ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">inˠ,</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">ɢˠaˈsʲ</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.5" obj="3.cl.5">ʋˠaˈmˠ</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl">heˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1">ɾʲ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" possessor="1incl" comma="after">bʲiˈd͡ʒ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">inˠ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nppossessor" function="enclitic" gloss="1incl.POSS">ɡˠemˠ,</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">t͡sˠaˈmʲ</word>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" locus="number" id="parent" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">zˠuˈ</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.9">nʲ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" id="headnp" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">ʋˠiˈnˠ</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">inˠ,</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="cl.9" possessor="no.owner">ɢˠaˈsʲ</word>
+    <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="different" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.9" comma="after">ɓˠaiˈɾˠ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈvʲinʲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʁˠinʲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʁˠaˈxˠifˠ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈhe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-nˠ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɡˠiʁˠ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-inˠ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɢˠasʲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈʋˠamˠ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈhe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ɾʲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈbʲid͡ʒ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-inˠ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡˠemˠ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈt͡sˠamʲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈzˠu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-nʲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈʋˠinˠ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-inˠ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɢˠasʲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ˈɓˠaiɾˠ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ˈvʲinʲ ʁˠinʲ ʁˠaˈxˠifˠ ˈhenˠ ˈɡˠiʁˠinˠ, ˈɢˠasʲ ˈʋˠamˠ ˈheɾʲ ˈbʲid͡ʒinˠ ɡˠemˠ, ˈt͡sˠamʲ ˈzˠunʲ ˈʋˠinˠinˠ, ˈɢˠasʲ ˈɓˠaiɾˠ</p>
+  <p>viini ʁoini ʁoaxxoifo heno goiʁoino, ħgoasi woamo heri biijino goemo, tzoami zouni woinoino, ħgoasi bboairo</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈvʲinʲ</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʁˠinʲ</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʁˠaˈxˠifˠ</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈhe</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-nˠ</o>
+      <g>cl.5</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɡˠiʁˠ</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-inˠ</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɢˠasʲ</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈʋˠamˠ</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈhe</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ɾʲ</o>
+      <g>cl.1</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈbʲid͡ʒ</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-inˠ</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡˠemˠ</o>
+      <g>1incl.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈt͡sˠamʲ</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈzˠu</o>
+      <g>a</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-nʲ</o>
+      <g>cl.9</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈʋˠinˠ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-inˠ</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɢˠasʲ</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ˈɓˠaiɾˠ</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Viini ʁoini ʁoaxxoifo heno goiʁoino, ħgoasi woamo heri biijino goemo, tzoami zouni woinoino, ħgoasi bboairo.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: