Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Yof, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module NRel:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
+  <np id="parent">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+    </np>
+    <relp comma="after">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" gender="masc">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="masc">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
+      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
+        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj">
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
          <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj">
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
-        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
-        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem"/>
+        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
-      <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for def/
defaultval: noun, def
returning not.def

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/def/obligatory
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/def/obligatory
Got not.def

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"/>
+      <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
+        <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
        <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
        <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
        <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
        <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+        <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
      <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+      <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+      <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    </np>
-    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1incl">
    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-      </np>
-    </relp>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x14B; a&#x2D0; l">ŋaːl</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="w a s">was</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="j u l a">jula</word>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7;">ŋʷ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="i">i</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" ph="j o f">jof</word>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="i s">is</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" ph="d a&#x2D0;">daː</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="t a&#x2D0;">taː</word>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7;">ŋʷ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="k&#x2B7; i m">kʷim</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="i">i</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" comma="after" ph="&#x261;&#x2B7; au f">ɡʷauf</word>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="i s">is</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="m a s">mas</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="t&#x361;&#x283;">t͡ʃ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="u n">un</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="&#x261; u l">ɡul</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="i">i</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="f a &#x14B;&#x2B7;">faŋʷ</word>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="i &#x14B;&#x2B7;">iŋʷ</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="&#x14B; a&#x2D0; l">ŋaːl</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="w a s">was</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="j u l a">jula</word>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7;">ŋʷ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="i">i</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" ph="j o f">jof</word>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="i s">is</thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" ph="d a&#x2D0;">daː</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="t a&#x2D0;">taː</word>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="&#x14B;&#x2B7;">ŋʷ</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="k&#x2B7; i m">kʷim</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="i">i</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" comma="after" ph="&#x261;&#x2B7; au f">ɡʷauf</word>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="i s">is</thingy>
-    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="m a s">mas</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="t&#x361;&#x283;">t͡ʃ</thingy>
-    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="u n">un</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="&#x261; u l">ɡul</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="i">i</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="f a &#x14B;&#x2B7;">faŋʷ</word>
-    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def" attach="suffix" ph="i &#x14B;&#x2B7;">iŋʷ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">ŋaːl</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">was</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">jula</word>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">ŋʷ</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">i</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">jof</word>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">is,</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">daː</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">taː</word>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">ŋʷ</thingy>
+    <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="fem" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">kʷim</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">i</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" comma="after">ɡʷauf</word>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">is,</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in_inside" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">mas</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem">t͡ʃ</thingy>
+    <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">un</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">ɡul</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">d</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">i</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">faŋʷ</word>
+    <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="not.def">iŋʷ</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋaːl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;was&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;jula&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ŋʷ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;d-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;i-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;jof&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;daː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;taː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ŋʷ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʷim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;d-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;i-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡʷauf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;un&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;d-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;i-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;faŋʷ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-iŋʷ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;not.def&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ŋaːl was julaŋʷ dijofis, daː taːŋʷ kʷim diɡʷaufis, mas t͡ʃun ɡul difaŋʷiŋʷ</p>
+  <p>ngaal was julangw dijofis, daa taangw quim digwaufis, mas chun gul difangwingw</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋaːl</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>was</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>jula</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ŋʷ</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>d-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>i-</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>jof</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-is</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>daː</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>taː</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ŋʷ</o>
+      <g>active</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʷim</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>d-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>i-</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡʷauf</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-is</o>
+      <g>def</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mas</o>
+      <g>in_inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃ-</o>
+      <g>fem</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>un</o>
+      <g>a</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡul</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>d-</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>i-</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>faŋʷ</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-iŋʷ</o>
+      <g>not.def</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Ngaal was julangw dijofis, daa taangw quim digwaufis, mas chun gul difangwingw.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: