Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Otama, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct">
    <verb>arise</verb>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
        <verb>be</verb>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
        <noun>langname</noun>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur">
            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
            <noun>language</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="indef" number="sing">
      <noun>manner</noun>
      <adj>different</adj>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

cleanup:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct">
-    <verb>arise</verb>
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp tam="pres-state" evidence="inferred">
-        <verb>be</verb>
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this">
-        <noun>langname</noun>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur">
-            <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme">
-            <noun>language</noun>
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing">
-      <noun>manner</noun>
-      <adj>different</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module articles:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
    <relp>
-      <vp evidence="inferred" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module NRel:

<s connector="but">
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" tr="theme">
-    <relp>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" head="this" locus="number">
+  <np id="parent">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
+    <relp comma="after">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+      </np>
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module sentenceconnectors:

<s connector="but">
+  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np number="sing" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</s>

module subordinate:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
+      <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
+    </np>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module markowner:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module addgender:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp">
+  <np id="parent" gender="masc">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme">
+      <np role="obj" gender="masc">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" gender="masc">
+  <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="masc">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
+      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur">
+        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
+    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module markowned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">
+  <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc">
+      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur">
+      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
-          <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
-          </np>
-          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module ngen:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
            <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          </np>
        </np>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

No change.

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
-        <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
        <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
      </vp>
-      <np type="owner_owned" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing" role="obj" possessor="no.owner">
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
  </pp>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname"/>
-      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
-        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
-        <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="different"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
    </np>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for arise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/possessor/optional
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for langname/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/possessor/optional
Got 1incl.plur
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/possessor/optional
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/possessor/optional
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for manner/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for different/adj/gender/obligatory
Got fem

<s connector="but">
  <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
  </vp>
  <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
+      <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
      <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <relp comma="after">
      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
        <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
      </np>
      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
+        <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+        <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
+        <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
+        <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
+        <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/>
        <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
      </vp>
      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
+        <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
+        <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
+        <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
      </np>
    </relp>
  </np>
  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
+      <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
+      <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
+      <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
  </pp>
</s>

flatten:

<s connector="but">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-  <littrans>But XXX, which is our language, arose in a different way.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <relp comma="after">
-      <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-      </np>
-      <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">
    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/>
    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
-      </vp>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">
    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-      </np>
-    </relp>
-  </np>
-  <pp p="in" precise="no" location="inside">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after"/>
    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    </np>
-    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">
    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
    <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
-    </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s connector="but">
+<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur"/>
-    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner"/>
-    <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside"/>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="t o">to</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="i &#x28B; &#x259; p &#x259; k &#x259;">iʋəpəkə</word>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="o t &#x259; m &#x259;">otəmə</word>
+    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; i">t͡ʃi</word>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="k e">ke</word>
+    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="e d &#x259;">edə</word>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l &#x259;">lə</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="&#xF8; &#x28B; &#x259;">øʋə</word>
+    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="t &#x259; d &#x259;">tədə</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; i">t͡ʃi</word>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="i s &#x259;">isə</word>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="a &#x283; &#x259; m &#x259;">aʃəmə</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="n a t&#x361;&#x283;">nat͡ʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; n &#x259;">ənə</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="&#x283; o">ʃo</word>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s connector="but" translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="but" posp="conj" ph="t o">to</word>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="i &#x28B; &#x259; p &#x259; k &#x259;">iʋəpəkə</word>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="o t &#x259; m &#x259;">otəmə</word>
-    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; i">t͡ʃi</word>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner" ph="k e">ke</word>
-    <thingy type="verbquestion" function="prefix" gloss="not.Q" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbnegation" function="prefix" gloss="POS" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc" ph="e d &#x259;">edə</word>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l &#x259;">lə</thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur" ph="&#xF8; &#x28B; &#x259;">øʋə</word>
-    <thingy type="detnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="t &#x259; d &#x259;">tədə</thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; i">t͡ʃi</word>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="i s &#x259;">isə</word>
-    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="a &#x283; &#x259; m &#x259;">aʃəmə</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner" ph="n a t&#x361;&#x283;">nat͡ʃ</word>
-    <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="&#x259; n &#x259;">ənə</thingy>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside" ph="&#x283; o">ʃo</word>
+    <word gloss="but" posp="conj">to</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST">l</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="arise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">iʋəpəkə</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">h</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="langname" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">otəmə</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">t͡ʃi,</word>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" gender="masc" possessor="no.owner">ke</word>
+    <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES">k</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.masc">edə</word>
+    <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur.POSS">lə</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">h</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur">øʋə</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem">tədə</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" possessor="1incl.plur" comma="after">t͡ʃi,</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">h</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">isə</word>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing">h</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="manner" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">aʃəmə</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="different" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" possessor="no.owner">nat͡ʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="adjgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">ənə</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" precise="no" location="inside">ʃo</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;l-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;iʋəpəkə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;arise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;h-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;otəmə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;langname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;k-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PRES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;edə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;lə-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1incl.plur.&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;POSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;h-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;øʋə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tədə-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;h-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;isə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;h-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;aʃəmə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;manner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nat͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ənə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>to liʋəpəkə hotəmə t͡ʃi, ke kedə ləhøʋə tədət͡ʃi, hisə haʃəmə nat͡ʃənə ʃo</p>
+  <p>to liwepeke hoteme chi, ké kéde lehöwe tedechi, hise hasheme nachene sho</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>to</o>
+      <g>but</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>l-</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>iʋəpəkə</o>
+      <g>arise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>h-</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>otəmə</o>
+      <g>langname</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃi</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ke</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>k-</o>
+      <g>PRES</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>edə</o>
+      <g>be</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>lə-</o>
+      <g>1incl.plur.POSS</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>h-</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>øʋə</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tədə-</o>
+      <g>fem</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃi</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>h-</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>isə</o>
+      <g>inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>h-</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>aʃəmə</o>
+      <g>manner</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nat͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>different</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ənə</o>
+      <g>fem</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃo</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

To liwepeke hoteme chi, ké kéde lehöwe tedechi, hise hasheme nachene sho.

But our language arose in a different way.

Useful pages: