Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Dood, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2verb:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <relp> + <vp tam="pres-state"> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + </vp> + <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </relp> + </np> </pp> </np> + </relp> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <relp> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> + </subs> + <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <relp> + <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> - <np head="this" role="subj" number="sing"> + </subs> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> - </relp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder: No change.
module casemarking: No change.
module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> <conjp conj="and"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase: No change.
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.1"> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole"/> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.3"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> </np> </s>About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/subj/obligatory
calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.cl.1
Got 3.cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
calling defaultval for gender/
defaultval: det, gender
returning cl.1
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/subj/obligatory
calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.cl.1
Got 3.cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for all/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/subj/obligatory
calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.cl.1
Got 3.cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for whole/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning STA
Got STAaddaffixes:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.1"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.3"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - </np> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA"/> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.1.SUBJ">|ɟ|-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST">|ḭ|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ɣʷ|y̰|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det">|t͡sˤ|a|</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1">-|kʰ|a|</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.1.SUBJ">|ɟ|-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES">|ṵ|-</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|t͡s|i|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number">|ᵏǀˤ|y|ʈ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|t|i|</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|t|y|</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3">|t͡sˤ|a|</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">-|dˤ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.1.SUBJ">|ɟ|-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES">|ṵ|-</thingy> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|c|a|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.3">|ɣʷ|aː|ð|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|t|i|</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj">|b|a|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj">|h|y|t͡ʃ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|t|i|</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|tʰˤ|a|</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj">|b|a|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj">|ɟ|a|ɟ|a|θˤ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|t|i|</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɟ|-
#-> ɟ-
### |ɟ|-
#-> ɟ-
### |ḭ|-
#-> ḭ-
### |ḭ|-
#-> ḭ-
### |ɣʷ|y̰|
#-> ɣʷy̰
### |ɣʷ|y̰|
#-> ɣʷy̰
### |t͡sˤ|a|
#-> t͡sˤa
### |t͡sˤ|a|
#-> t͡sˤa
### -|kʰ|a|
#-> -kʰa
### -|kʰ|a|
#-> -kʰa
### |ɟ|-
#-> ɟ-
### |ɟ|-
#-> ɟ-
### |ṵ|-
#-> ṵ-
### |ṵ|-
#-> ṵ-
### |t͡s|i|
#-> t͡si
### |t͡s|i|
#-> t͡si
### |ᵏǀˤ|y|ʈ|
#-> ᵏǀˤyʈ
### |ᵏǀˤ|y|ʈ|
#-> ᵏǀˤyʈ
### -|a|t|i|
#-> -ati
### -|a|t|i|
#-> -ati
### |t|y|
#-> ty
### |t|y|
#-> ty
### |t͡sˤ|a|
#-> t͡sˤa
### |t͡sˤ|a|
#-> t͡sˤa
### -|dˤ|i|
#-> -dˤi
### -|dˤ|i|
#-> -dˤi
### |ɟ|-
#-> ɟ-
### |ɟ|-
#-> ɟ-
### |ṵ|-
#-> ṵ-
### |ṵ|-
#-> ṵ-
### |c|a|
#-> ca
### |c|a|
#-> ca
### |ɣʷ|aː|ð|
#-> ɣʷaːð
### |ɣʷ|aː|ð|
#-> ɣʷaːð
### -|a|t|i|
#-> -ati
### -|a|t|i|
#-> -ati
### |b|a|
#-> ba
### |b|a|
#-> ba
### |h|y|t͡ʃ|
#-> hyt͡ʃ
### |h|y|t͡ʃ|
#-> hyt͡ʃ
### -|a|t|i|
#-> -ati
### -|a|t|i|
#-> -ati
### |tʰˤ|a|
#-> tʰˤa
### |tʰˤ|a|
#-> tʰˤa
### |b|a|
#-> ba
### |b|a|
#-> ba
### |ɟ|a|ɟ|a|θˤ|
#-> ɟaɟaθˤ
### |ɟ|a|ɟ|a|θˤ|
#-> ɟaɟaθˤ
### -|a|t|i|
#-> -ati
### -|a|t|i|
#-> -ati
### |ɟ||ḭ||ɣʷ|y̰| |t͡sˤ|a||kʰ|a| |ɟ||ṵ||t͡s|i| |ᵏǀˤ|y|ʈ||a|t|i| |t|y| |t͡sˤ|a||dˤ|i| |ɟ||ṵ||c|a| |ɣʷ|aː|ð||a|t|i| |b|a| |h|y|t͡ʃ||a|t|i| |tʰˤ|a| |b|a| |ɟ|a|ɟ|a|θˤ||a|t|i|
#-> ɟḭɣʷy̰ t͡sˤakʰa ɟṵt͡si ᵏǀˤyʈati ty t͡sˤadˤi ɟṵca ɣʷaːðati ba hyt͡ʃati tʰˤa ba ɟaɟaθˤatiremovetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.1.SUBJ">|ɟ|-</thingy> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PAST">|ḭ|-</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|ɣʷ|y̰|</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det">|t͡sˤ|a|</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1">-|kʰ|a|</thingy> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.1.SUBJ">|ɟ|-</thingy> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES">|ṵ|-</thingy> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="all" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|t͡s|i|</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="subj" gender="cl.2" def="def" locus="number">|ᵏǀˤ|y|ʈ|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|t|i|</thingy> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|t|y|</word> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.3">|t͡sˤ|a|</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">-|dˤ|i|</thingy> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.cl.1.SUBJ">|ɟ|-</thingy> <thingy type="verbta" function="prefix" gloss="PRES">|ṵ|-</thingy> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="whole" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">|c|a|</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="subj" gender="cl.3">|ɣʷ|aː|ð|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|t|i|</thingy> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj">|b|a|</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" locus="number" gender="cl.1" role="obj">|h|y|t͡ʃ|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|t|i|</thingy> <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|tʰˤ|a|</word> <word posp="num" gloss="one" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj">|b|a|</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj">|ɟ|a|ɟ|a|θˤ|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="STA">-|a|t|i|</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɟ-</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.1.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ḭ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɣʷy̰</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡sˤa</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-kʰa</span><br><span class="gls">cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɟ-</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.1.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ṵ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡si</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀˤyʈ</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ati</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ty</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡sˤa</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-dˤi</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɟ-</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.1.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ṵ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ca</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɣʷaːð</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ati</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ba</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hyt͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ati</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tʰˤa</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ba</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɟaɟaθˤ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ati</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span></p> + <p>ɟḭɣʷy̰ t͡sˤakʰa ɟṵt͡si ᵏǀˤyʈati ty t͡sˤadˤi ɟṵca ɣʷaːðati ba hyt͡ʃati tʰˤa ba ɟaɟaθˤati</p> + <p>ࢬٓࣃٓ څٓڮ ࢬٓڅ قۡٓٹت ت څٓض ࢬٓࢹ ࣃاۯت ب حچت ٽٓ ب ࢬࢬثٓت</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɟ-</o> + <g>3.cl.1.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ḭ-</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɣʷy̰</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡sˤa</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-kʰa</o> + <g>cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɟ-</o> + <g>3.cl.1.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ṵ-</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡si</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀˤyʈ</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ati</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ty</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡sˤa</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-dˤi</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɟ-</o> + <g>3.cl.1.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ṵ-</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ca</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɣʷaːð</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ati</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ba</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hyt͡ʃ</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ati</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tʰˤa</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ba</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɟaɟaθˤ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ati</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + </il> </s>ࢬٓࣃٓ څٓڮ ࢬٓڅ قۡٓٹت ت څٓض ࢬٓࢹ ࣃاۯت ب حچت ٽٓ ب ࢬࢬثٓت۔
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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