Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Huti, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module sequential:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module subordinate:

No change.

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
+      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
+        <np def="def" number="sing">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+        </np>
+      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module addgender:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
-        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
-        <np def="def" number="sing">
+        <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
+      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
+  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
+          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
-          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

No change.

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
-        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
+        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+          <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        </np>
-        <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
+        <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
+        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
        <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC">
          <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
        </np>
        <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="plur">
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
-      <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-      </np>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+      <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
</s>

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC"/>
+        <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/>
        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC"/>
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
+        <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
      </np>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    </pp>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
</s>

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
-    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC"/>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-      </np>
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
-      </np>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-    </pp>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="p a&#x2D0; w i">paːwi</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s i s i">sisi</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="l a&#x2D0;">laː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="r a&#x2D0;">raː</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="f a f i&#x2D0;">fafiː</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="h a">ha</word>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="l a k u&#x2D0;">lakuː</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC" ph="l a&#x2D0;">laː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC" ph="m i&#x2D0; h a">miːha</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="m a p a">mapa</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC" ph="t i&#x2D0;">tiː</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC" ph="w i&#x2D0; f a&#x2D0;">wiːfaː</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="t i s a">tisa</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="s a n a">sana</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="h a s a">hasa</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="s i&#x2D0;">siː</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="s i&#x2D0; f i&#x2D0;">siːfiː</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="t i">ti</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="h a s a">hasa</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="m a f i&#x2D0; n i&#x2D0;">mafiːniː</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="s i&#x2D0; f i&#x2D0;">siːfiː</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="p a&#x2D0; w i">paːwi</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s i s i">sisi</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="l a&#x2D0;">laː</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="r a&#x2D0;">raː</word>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="f a f i&#x2D0;">fafiː</thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="h a">ha</word>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="l a k u&#x2D0;">lakuː</word>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC" ph="l a&#x2D0;">laː</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC" ph="m i&#x2D0; h a">miːha</word>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="m a p a">mapa</thingy>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC" ph="t i&#x2D0;">tiː</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC" ph="w i&#x2D0; f a&#x2D0;">wiːfaː</word>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="t i s a">tisa</thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="s a n a">sana</thingy>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="h a s a">hasa</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="s i&#x2D0;">siː</word>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="s i&#x2D0; f i&#x2D0;">siːfiː</thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="t i">ti</word>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="h a s a">hasa</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" ph="m a f i&#x2D0; n i&#x2D0;">mafiːniː</word>
-    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="s i&#x2D0; f i&#x2D0;">siːfiː</thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">paːwi</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">sisi</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">laː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">raː</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2">fafiː</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">ha</word>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">lakuː</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC">laː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC">miːha</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">mapa</thingy>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="LOC">tiː</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.1" case="LOC">wiːfaː</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="enclitic" gloss="LOC">tisa</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur">sana</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">hasa</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">siː</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">siːfiː</thingy>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ti</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">hasa</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj">mafiːniː</word>
+    <thingy type="noungender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">siːfiː</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;paːwi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sisi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;laː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;raː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-fafiː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;lakuː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;laː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;miːha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-mapa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tiː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;wiːfaː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tisa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;LOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hasa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;siː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-siːfiː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hasa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mafiːniː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-siːfiː&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cl.4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>paːwi sisi laː raːfafiː ha lakuː laː miːhamapa tiː wiːfaː tisa sana hasa siːsiːfiː ti hasa mafiːniːsiːfiː</p>
+  <p>paawi sisi laa raafafii ha lakuu laa miihamapa tii wiifaa tisa sana hasa siisiifii ti hasa mafiiniisiifii</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>paːwi</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sisi</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>laː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>raː</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-fafiː</o>
+      <g>cl.2</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ha</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>lakuː</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>laː</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>miːha</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-mapa</o>
+      <g>cl.3</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tiː</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>wiːfaː</o>
+      <g>surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tisa</o>
+      <g>LOC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sana</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hasa</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>siː</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-siːfiː</o>
+      <g>cl.4</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ti</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hasa</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mafiːniː</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-siːfiː</o>
+      <g>cl.4</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Paawi sisi laa raafafii ha lakuu laa miihamapa tii wiifaa tisa sana hasa siisiifii ti hasa mafiiniisiifii.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

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