Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Fuma, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module adj2noun:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + </np> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + </np> </pp> </np> + </np> + </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module addgender:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </np> </s>prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="masc"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur" role="subj"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur" role="subj"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> </vp> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/optional
Got LOC
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/optional<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʋ a s+q a">ʋasqa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ʡ a">ʡa</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋiʡa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC" ph="s+p iː">spiː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ i ɲ a">ʋiɲa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʡ u">ʡu</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u">tu</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="h a">ha</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="l iː">liː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="f i">fi</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ŋ iː">ŋiː</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n aː">naː</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɴ iː s+k iː ʋ i">ɴiːskiːʋi</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ŋ iː">ŋiː</word> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
<s translation=""> <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʋ a s+q a">ʋasqa</word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ʡ a">ʡa</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋiʡa</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC" ph="s+p iː">spiː</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ i ɲ a">ʋiɲa</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʡ u">ʡu</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u">tu</word> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="h a">ha</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="l iː">liː</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u">tu</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="f i">fi</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ŋ iː">ŋiː</word> <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n aː">naː</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɴ iː s+k iː ʋ i">ɴiːskiːʋi</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ŋ iː">ŋiː</word> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʋ a s+q a">ʋasqa</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ʡ a">ʡa</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋiʡa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC" ph="s+p iː">spiː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ i ɲ a">ʋiɲa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʡ u">ʡu</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u">tu</word> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="h a">ha</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="l iː">liː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u">tu</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="f i">fi</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ŋ iː">ŋiː</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n aː">naː</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ɴ iː s+k iː ʋ i">ɴiːskiːʋi</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" ph="ŋ iː">ŋiː</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ʋasqa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">ʡa</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">ŋiʡa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC">spiː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC">ʋiɲa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" case="LOC">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">ʡu</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">tu</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ha</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">liː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">fi</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">ŋiː</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">naː</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">ɴiːskiːʋi</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj">ŋiː</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋasqa</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʡa</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ŋiʡa</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">spiː</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʋiɲa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʡu</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔimi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ha</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">liː</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔimi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fi</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiː</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">naː</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɴiːskiːʋi</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiː</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span></p> + <p>ʋasqaʔiːqa ʡaŋiʡa tu spiːʋiɲa tunufu ʡuʔimi tu ha liːʔimi tu fi ŋiː naː ɴiːskiːʋi ŋiː</p> + <p>wasqa’iiqa ʡangiʡa tu spiiwiña tunufu ʡu’imi tu ha lii’imi tu fi ngii naa ɴiiskiiwi ngii</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʋasqa</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʡa</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ŋiʡa</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>spiː</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʋiɲa</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʡu</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔimi</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ha</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>liː</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔimi</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fi</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiː</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>naː</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɴiːskiːʋi</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiː</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Wasqa’iiqa ʡangiʡa tu spiiwiña tunufu ʡu’imi tu ha lii’imi tu fi ngii naa ɴiiskiiwi ngii.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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