Create your own language

The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.

A robot at a blackboard, generating a language from typological parameters. — The Language Creator at work.

The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.

The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.

A sample from Koef, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:

initial XML:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
    <verb>have</verb>
  </vp>
  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
    <noun>human being</noun>
    <adj>all</adj>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing">
        <noun>earth</noun>
        <adj>whole</adj>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>language</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing">
        <noun>dialect</noun>
        <num>one</num>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

cleanup:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay">
-    <verb>have</verb>
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj">
-    <noun>human being</noun>
-    <adj>all</adj>
+  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing">
-        <noun>earth</noun>
-        <adj>whole</adj>
+      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
      </np>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>language</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing">
-        <noun>dialect</noun>
-        <num>one</num>
+      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module adj2noun:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">
+  <np role="subj">
+    <np type="owner_owned">
+      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
+      </np>
+      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+          <np type="owner_owned">
+            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
+            </np>
+            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
-        <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/>
            </np>
+          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
+    </np>
+  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module articles:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned">
            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
+              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module nonpastonly:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned">
            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module noepistemic:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned">
            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module sequential: No change.

module sentenceconnectors: No change.

module nominalise: No change.

module affixdensity: No change.

module adpositions:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned">
+            <np type="owner_owned">
              <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
              <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
+            <np def="def" number="sing">
+              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+            </np>
+          </np>
+          <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module constorder: No change.

module casemarking: No change.

module markowner:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj">
    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned">
            <np type="owner_owned">
-              <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+              <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
              <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
            <np def="def" number="sing">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module addgender:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
+    <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
-      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned">
-            <np type="owner_owned">
+            <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut">
              <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
-              <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+              <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
-            <np def="def" number="sing">
+            <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj">
+  <np role="obj" gender="fem">
    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number">
+      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module propagatenumber:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj">
-    <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut">
+  <np role="subj" number="sing">
+    <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="plur">
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-          <np type="owner_owned">
-            <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut">
+          <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
+            <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
              <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
              <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
            <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="fem">
+  <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

createpronouns: No change.

module ngen:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" number="sing">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="plur">
-      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
-            <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
-              <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
-                <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
-                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+            <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
+              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
+            <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
              <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
+              <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
+                <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
+                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
-            <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
-              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
+      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
+  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder: No change.

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" number="sing">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="plur">
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
            <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
            <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
              <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
              <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module wordorder:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" number="sing">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="plur">
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
            <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
            <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
              <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
-                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
-                <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+                <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

module conjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" number="sing">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="plur">
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
            <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
            <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
              <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
                <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
    <conjp conj="and">
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
      </np>
+      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
        <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
      </np>
    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

flattenconjp:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" number="sing">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="plur">
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
            <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
            <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
              <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
                <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
-    <conjp conj="and">
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-      <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
+    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
-    </conjp>
  </np>
</s>

fixpronouns: No change.

copyuptophrase:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" number="sing">
+  <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="neut">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="plur">
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
            <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
            <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
              <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
                <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

prodrop: No change.

addclitics:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="neut">
    <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="plur">
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
        <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
          <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
            <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
            </np>
            <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
              <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
                <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
              </np>
              <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
                <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
                <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
              </np>
            </np>
          </np>
          <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
        </pp>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </np>
  <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
      <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</s>

propagateArgumentCase: No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
-  <np role="subj" number="sing" gender="neut">
-    <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="plur">
+  <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="plur" role="subj">
    <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
      <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
        <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
          </np>
          <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
            <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
            </np>
            <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
              <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
              <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
            </np>
          </np>
        </np>
        <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
      <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
    </np>
  </np>
-  </np>
-  <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="plur">
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</s>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
-  <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="plur" role="subj">
  <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-        <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
      </np>
-          <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
      </np>
-          </np>
-        </np>
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
  </np>
</s>

movedowntoword:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
-        <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj"/>
+        <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
      </np>
-      <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+      <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj"/>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
  </np>
</s>

About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got neut
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got neut
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for whole/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for all/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing

addaffixes:

<s>
  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
  </vp>
  <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
+        <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
        <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+        <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
+        <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
      </np>
      <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
    </pp>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
  <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
  </np>
</s>

flatten:

<s>
-  <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans>
-  <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-  </vp>
-  <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-      </np>
-      <np role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-      </np>
-      <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-      </np>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    </pp>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-  </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-  <np number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</s>

addvocab:

-<s>
+<s translation="">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/>
-    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj"/>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|m|i|ɲ|</word>
+    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|u|k|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|d|a|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">|n|o|</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">|s|y|j|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|k|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">-|i|</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">|ɲ|u|ŋ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|k|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">|n|o|</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut">-</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">|ɡ|u|ɲ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|k|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|n|o|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|d|e|ʃ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|i|j|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
+    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|ʃ|y|</word>
+    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|n|o|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|ɲ|e|n|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|i|j|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">|ɡ|au|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">|ʃ|o|ɾ|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|k|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|h|u|</word>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">|ɡ|au|</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">|ɲ|i|ʃ|ai|m|</word>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|k|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

vowelharmony:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|m|i|ɲ|</word>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|u|k|a|</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|d|a|</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">|n|o|</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">|s|y|j|</word>
-    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|k|</thingy>
+    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|y|k|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">-|i|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">|ɲ|u|ŋ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|k|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">|n|o|</word>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">|ɡ|u|ɲ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|k|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|n|o|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|d|e|ʃ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|i|j|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|ʃ|y|</word>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|n|o|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|ɲ|e|n|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|i|j|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">|ɡ|au|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">|ʃ|o|ɾ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|k|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|h|u|</word>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">|ɡ|au|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">|ɲ|i|ʃ|ai|m|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|k|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
  </flat>
</s>

### |m|i|ɲ|
#-> miɲ
### |m|i|ɲ|
#-> miɲ
### -|u|k|a|
#-> -uka
### -|u|k|a|
#-> -uka
### |d|a|
#-> da
### |d|a|
#-> da
### |n|o|
#-> no
### |n|o|
#-> no
### |s|y|j|
#-> syj
### |s|y|j|
#-> syj
### -|y|k|
#-> -yk
### -|y|k|
#-> -yk
### -|i|
#-> -i
### -|i|
#-> -i
### |ɲ|u|ŋ|
#-> ɲuŋ
### |ɲ|u|ŋ|
#-> ɲuŋ
### -|u|k|
#-> -uk
### -|u|k|
#-> -uk
### -|u|
#-> -u
### -|u|
#-> -u
### |n|o|
#-> no
### |n|o|
#-> no
### |ɡ|u|ɲ|
#-> ɡuɲ
### |ɡ|u|ɲ|
#-> ɡuɲ
### -|u|k|
#-> -uk
### -|u|k|
#-> -uk
### -|u|
#-> -u
### -|u|
#-> -u
### |n|o|
#-> no
### |n|o|
#-> no
### |d|e|ʃ|
#-> deʃ
### |d|e|ʃ|
#-> deʃ
### -|i|j|
#-> -ij
### -|i|j|
#-> -ij
### -|u|
#-> -u
### -|u|
#-> -u
### |ʃ|y|
#-> ʃy
### |ʃ|y|
#-> ʃy
### |n|o|
#-> no
### |n|o|
#-> no
### |ɲ|e|n|
#-> ɲen
### |ɲ|e|n|
#-> ɲen
### -|i|j|
#-> -ij
### -|i|j|
#-> -ij
### -|u|
#-> -u
### -|u|
#-> -u
### |ɡ|au|
#-> ɡau
### |ɡ|au|
#-> ɡau
### |ʃ|o|ɾ|
#-> ʃoɾ
### |ʃ|o|ɾ|
#-> ʃoɾ
### -|u|k|
#-> -uk
### -|u|k|
#-> -uk
### -|u|
#-> -u
### -|u|
#-> -u
### |h|u|
#-> hu
### |h|u|
#-> hu
### |ɡ|au|
#-> ɡau
### |ɡ|au|
#-> ɡau
### |ɲ|i|ʃ|ai|m|
#-> ɲiʃaim
### |ɲ|i|ʃ|ai|m|
#-> ɲiʃaim
### -|u|k|
#-> -uk
### -|u|k|
#-> -uk
### -|u|
#-> -u
### -|u|
#-> -u
### |m|i|ɲ||u|k|a| |d|a| |n|o| |s|y|j||y|k||i| |ɲ|u|ŋ||u|k||u| |n|o| |ɡ|u|ɲ||u|k||u| |n|o| |d|e|ʃ||i|j||u| |ʃ|y| |n|o| |ɲ|e|n||i|j||u| |ɡ|au| |ʃ|o|ɾ||u|k||u| |h|u| |ɡ|au| |ɲ|i|ʃ|ai|m||u|k||u|
#-> miɲuka da no syjyki ɲuŋuku no ɡuɲuku no deʃiju ʃy no ɲeniju ɡau ʃoɾuku hu ɡau ɲiʃaimuku

removetags:

<s translation="">
  <flat>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">|m|i|ɲ|</word>
    <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">-|u|k|a|</thingy>
    <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|d|a|</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">|n|o|</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">|s|y|j|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|y|k|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">-|i|</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">|ɲ|u|ŋ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|k|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">|n|o|</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="neut">-</thingy>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" role="owned" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">|ɡ|u|ɲ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|k|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|n|o|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="whole" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|d|e|ʃ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|i|j|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
    <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">|ʃ|y|</word>
    <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|n|o|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="all" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">|ɲ|e|n|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|i|j|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">|ɡ|au|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">|ʃ|o|ɾ|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|k|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|h|u|</word>
    <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">|ɡ|au|</word>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj">|ɲ|i|ʃ|ai|m|</word>
    <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|u|k|</thingy>
    <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-|u|</thingy>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;miɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-uka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;indicative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;da&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;no&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;syj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;human being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-yk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲuŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-uk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;no&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡuɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-uk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;no&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;deʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ij&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;GEN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;no&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-ij&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;GEN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃoɾ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-uk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲiʃaim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dialect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-uk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;NOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>miɲuka da no syjyki ɲuŋuku no ɡuɲuku no deʃiju ʃy no ɲeniju ɡau ʃoɾuku hu ɡau ɲiʃaimuku</p>
+  <p>miñuka da no syjyki ñunguku no guñuku no deshiju shy no ñeniju gğ shoruku hu gğ ñishpmuku</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>miɲ</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-uka</o>
+      <g>indicative</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>da</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>no</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>syj</o>
+      <g>human being</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-yk</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-i</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲuŋ</o>
+      <g>surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-uk</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-u</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>no</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡuɲ</o>
+      <g>earth</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-uk</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-u</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>no</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>deʃ</o>
+      <g>whole</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ij</o>
+      <g>GEN</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-u</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃy</o>
+      <g>in</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>no</o>
+      <g>the</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲen</o>
+      <g>all</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-ij</o>
+      <g>GEN</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-u</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡau</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃoɾ</o>
+      <g>language</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-uk</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-u</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hu</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡau</o>
+      <g>one</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲiʃaim</o>
+      <g>dialect</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-uk</o>
+      <g>NOM</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-u</o>
+      <g>sing</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</s>

Miñuka da no syjyki ñunguku no guñuku no deshiju shy no ñeniju gğ shoruku hu gğ ñishpmuku.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

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