Create your own language
The Language Creator generates constructed languages from explicit typological choices, aiming to produce languages that resemble natural human ones in structure and behaviour.
The results include phonology, grammar, glossed examples, dictionaries and sample texts.
The questionnaire comes pre-filled with random values. You can therefore create a language immediately by simply clicking on the Create button there, or customise the settings first.
A sample from Sal, the latest language generated by the Language Creator:
initial XML:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> <verb>have</verb> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> <noun>human being</noun> <adj>all</adj> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing"> <noun>earth</noun> <adj>whole</adj> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>language</noun> <num>one</num> </np> <np def="neither" number="sing"> <noun>dialect</noun> <num>one</num> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>cleanup:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp tam="past-punct" evidence="hearsay"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj"> - <noun>human being</noun> - <adj>all</adj> + <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>earth</noun> - <adj>whole</adj> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>language</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing"> - <noun>dialect</noun> - <num>one</num> + <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module articles:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> - <np def="neither" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module nonpastonly:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module noepistemic:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp evidence="hearsay" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s>flattenconjp:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> - <conjp conj="and"> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </conjp> </np> </s>fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </np> </s>propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" number="plur"> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> - </np> </s>unwrapOwnerOwned:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> </np> </s>movedowntoword:
<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> </np> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> - <word posp="num" gloss="one"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> </np> </s>addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for human being/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for earth/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for language/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dialect/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing<s> <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> </pp> </np> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> </s>flatten:
<s> - <littrans>All humans in the whole earth had one language and one dialect.</littrans> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="no"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"> <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </s>addvocab:
-<s> +<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="k ə l" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">kəl</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʒ ə# ꜒ t͡ʃ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʒə#꜒t͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="T1 V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ʃ a ꜒ m" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃa꜒m</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="h u ꜒꜔ h" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">hu꜒꜔h</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ʃ ə d" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">t͡ʃəd</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="b ai ꜔꜖ n" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">bai꜔꜖n</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡ʃ a ꜔꜖ ʃ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">t͡ʃa꜔꜖ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ ə s" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">ʃəs</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="z o ꜔ t͡ɕ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">zo꜔t͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ ə s" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">ʃəs</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɡ i ꜒꜔ t͡ɕ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɡi꜒꜔t͡ɕ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɡ e ꜔꜖ ŋ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɡe꜔꜖ŋ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="n o ꜒ f" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">no꜒f</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ ə s" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">ʃəs</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɲ ai ꜖꜔ r" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɲai꜖꜔r</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɡ e ꜔꜖ ŋ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɡe꜔꜖ŋ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="w ə t͡ɕ e ꜔꜖ ʒ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cmr">wət͡ɕe꜔꜖ʒ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ ə s" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">ʃəs</thingy> </flat> </s>vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/h/ + /t͡ʃ/ > // + /h/
/ʃ/ + /ʃ/ > // + /ʃ/
/t͡ɕ/ + /ʃ/ > // + /t͡ɕ/
/f/ + /ʃ/ > // + /f/
/ʒ/ + /ʃ/ > // + /ʃ/<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="k ə l" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">kəl</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="k ə l">kəl</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʒ ə# ꜒ t͡ʃ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʒə#꜒t͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʒ ə# ꜒ t͡ʃ">ʒə#꜒t͡ʃ</word> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="T1 V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ʃ a ꜒ m" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃa꜒m</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="h u ꜒꜔ h" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">hu꜒꜔h</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ʃ ə d" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">t͡ʃəd</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="b ai ꜔꜖ n" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">bai꜔꜖n</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡ʃ a ꜔꜖ ʃ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">t͡ʃa꜔꜖ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ ə s" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">ʃəs</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="z o ꜔ t͡ɕ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">zo꜔t͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ ə s" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">ʃəs</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɡ i ꜒꜔ t͡ɕ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɡi꜒꜔t͡ɕ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɡ e ꜔꜖ ŋ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɡe꜔꜖ŋ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="n o ꜒ f" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cmr">no꜒f</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ ə s" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">ʃəs</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɲ ai ꜖꜔ r" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɲai꜖꜔r</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɡ e ꜔꜖ ŋ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɡe꜔꜖ŋ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="w ə t͡ɕ e ꜔꜖ ʒ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cmr">wət͡ɕe꜔꜖ʒ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ ə s" slots="Cmr V2 Cfs">ʃəs</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ʃ a ꜒ m">ʃa꜒m</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="h u ꜒꜔" underlying="h u ꜒꜔ h">hu꜒꜔</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="h ə d" underlying="t͡ʃ ə d">həd</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="b ai ꜔꜖ n">bai꜔꜖n</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡ʃ a ꜔꜖" underlying="t͡ʃ a ꜔꜖ ʃ">t͡ʃa꜔꜖</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ ə s">ʃəs</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="z o ꜔" underlying="z o ꜔ t͡ɕ">zo꜔</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ ə s" underlying="ʃ ə s">t͡ɕəs</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɡ i ꜒꜔ t͡ɕ">ɡi꜒꜔t͡ɕ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɡ e ꜔꜖ ŋ">ɡe꜔꜖ŋ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="n o ꜒" underlying="n o ꜒ f">no꜒</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="f ə s" underlying="ʃ ə s">fəs</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɲ ai ꜖꜔ r">ɲai꜖꜔r</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɡ e ꜔꜖ ŋ">ɡe꜔꜖ŋ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="w ə t͡ɕ e ꜔꜖" underlying="w ə t͡ɕ e ꜔꜖ ʒ">wət͡ɕe꜔꜖</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ ə s">ʃəs</thingy> </flat> </s>removetags:
<s translation=""> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="k ə l">kəl</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ʒ ə# ꜒ t͡ʃ">ʒə#꜒t͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph="" slots="T1 V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ʃ a ꜒ m">ʃa꜒m</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" ph="h u ꜒꜔" underlying="h u ꜒꜔ h">hu꜒꜔</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="h ə d" underlying="t͡ʃ ə d">həd</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="b ai ꜔꜖ n">bai꜔꜖n</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="t͡ʃ a ꜔꜖" underlying="t͡ʃ a ꜔꜖ ʃ">t͡ʃa꜔꜖</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ ə s">ʃəs</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="z o ꜔" underlying="z o ꜔ t͡ɕ">zo꜔</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ ə s" underlying="ʃ ə s">t͡ɕəs</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no" ph="ɡ i ꜒꜔ t͡ɕ">ɡi꜒꜔t͡ɕ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɡ e ꜔꜖ ŋ">ɡe꜔꜖ŋ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="n o ꜒" underlying="n o ꜒ f">no꜒</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="f ə s" underlying="ʃ ə s">fəs</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɲ ai ꜖꜔ r">ɲai꜖꜔r</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="ɡ e ꜔꜖ ŋ">ɡe꜔꜖ŋ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" ph="w ə t͡ɕ e ꜔꜖" underlying="w ə t͡ɕ e ꜔꜖ ʒ">wət͡ɕe꜔꜖</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ʃ ə s">ʃəs</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">kəl</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ʒə#꜒t͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="all" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number">ʃa꜒m</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="human being" def="def" number="plur" role="subj" locus="number" underlying="h u ꜒꜔ h">hu꜒꜔</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" underlying="t͡ʃ ə d">həd</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="whole" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">bai꜔꜖n</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="earth" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" underlying="t͡ʃ a ꜔꜖ ʃ">t͡ʃa꜔꜖</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ʃəs</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" underlying="z o ꜔ t͡ɕ">zo꜔</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" underlying="ʃ ə s">t͡ɕəs</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="no">ɡi꜒꜔t͡ɕ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ɡe꜔꜖ŋ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="language" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" underlying="n o ꜒ f">no꜒</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" underlying="ʃ ə s">fəs</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ɲai꜖꜔r</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="one" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj">ɡe꜔꜖ŋ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dialect" number="sing" locus="number" role="obj" underlying="w ə t͡ɕ e ꜔꜖ ʒ">wət͡ɕe꜔꜖</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">ʃəs</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kəl</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒə̃꜒t͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃa꜒m</span><br><span class="gls">all</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hu꜒꜔h</span><br><span class="gls">human being</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ʃəd</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bai꜔꜖n</span><br><span class="gls">whole</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃa꜔꜖ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">earth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʃəs</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zo꜔t͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʃəs</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡi꜒꜔t͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡe꜔꜖ŋ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">no꜒f</span><br><span class="gls">language</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʃəs</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲai꜖꜔r</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡe꜔꜖ŋ</span><br><span class="gls">one</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wət͡ɕe꜔꜖ʒ</span><br><span class="gls">dialect</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʃəs</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span></p> + <p>kəl ʒə̃꜒t͡ʃ ʃa꜒m hu꜒꜔həd bai꜔꜖n t͡ʃa꜔꜖ʃəs zo꜔t͡ɕəs ɡi꜒꜔t͡ɕ ɡe꜔꜖ŋ no꜒fəs ɲai꜖꜔r ɡe꜔꜖ŋ wət͡ɕe꜔꜖ʃəs</p> + <p>kel zhẽ̄ch shām hū̃hed baĩ̠n chã̠shes zõtyes gī̃ty gé̠̃ng nōfes ñaĩ̠r gé̠̃ng wetyé̠̃shes</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>kəl</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒə̃꜒t͡ʃ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃa꜒m</o> + <g>all</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hu꜒꜔h</o> + <g>human being</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ʃəd</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bai꜔꜖n</o> + <g>whole</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃa꜔꜖ʃ</o> + <g>earth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʃəs</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zo꜔t͡ɕ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʃəs</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡi꜒꜔t͡ɕ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡe꜔꜖ŋ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>no꜒f</o> + <g>language</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʃəs</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲai꜖꜔r</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡe꜔꜖ŋ</o> + <g>one</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wət͡ɕe꜔꜖ʒ</o> + <g>dialect</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʃəs</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + </il> </s>Kel zhẽ̄ch shām hū̃hed baĩ̠n chã̠shes zõtyes gī̃ty gé̠̃ng nōfes ñaĩ̠r gé̠̃ng wetyé̠̃shes.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
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