The Genyi Language

Grammar, Texts and Dictionary

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Generated by the Language Creator on 14th June 2026

https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2G8SN

Grammar

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Genyi language (the 1st one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Genyi.

Typological Profile

It has the highly uncommon basic word order OVS, a rich system of noun classes, a small but genuine set of click consonants and postpositions.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Genyi has 19 consonant phonemes, a size that falls within a broadly average range.

It has a conspicuous absence of approximants and a small but genuine set of click consonants.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Genyi. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labial	dental	alveolar	postalveolar	alveolo-palatal	palatal	velar	glottal
stop	p b	d t	k ɡ
nasal	m	n	ɲ	ŋ
fricative	f	s	ʃ	h
affricate	t͡ʃ	t͡ɕ
click	ᵏǀ
click, nasal	ᵑǀ

Vowels

Genyi has 8 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.

It has a maximally “square” vowel system balancing heights across backness.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Genyi. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

front	back
close	i	u
mid	e	o
open	æ	ɑ

Stress and Tones

Genyi has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Genyi is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:

Simple letters

a /ɑ/	b /b/	c /ᵏǀ/	d /d/
e /e/	f /f/	g /ɡ/	h /h/
i /i/	k /k/	m /m/	n /n/
o /o/	p /p/	s /s/	t /t/
u /u/	ä /æ/	ñ /ɲ/

Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs

aa /ɑː/	ai /ai/	au /au/
ch /t͡ʃ/	ee /eː/	ii /iː/
nc /ᵑǀ/	ng /ŋ/	oo /oː/
sh /ʃ/	ty /t͡ɕ/	uu /uː/
ää /æː/

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Genyi does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Genyi has the following noun classes:

Class cl.1 – for instance: bäki ‘rain’, chauma ‘cloud’, doga ‘sea’, fiisu ‘moon’, gidä ‘sky’, huni ‘farmer’, häkä ‘water’, maapu ‘name’, mooda ‘river’, ngeñi ‘friend’, pefi ‘snow’, pesä ‘stone’, piitya ‘stick’, poti ‘star’, shami ‘city’, tyaityu ‘fog’, tyädä ‘fire’, ñaña ‘neighbour’, ñengä ‘wind’.

Class cl.2 – for instance: bingu ‘mammal’, bubi ‘daughter’, ceni ‘son’, fofu ‘man’, gechä ‘child’, gugu ‘human being’, gupa ‘woman’, guuti ‘mother’, hauka ‘hunter’, hetä ‘wild boar’, hifi ‘boy’, kona ‘cat’, mäpu ‘lion’, pauku ‘mouse’, piimu ‘jaguar’, toña ‘snake’, tufi ‘worm’, tyasha ‘bird’, tyosa ‘louse’, ñetu ‘tiger’.

Class cl.3 – for instance: baimi ‘fat’, cini ‘salt’, fongu ‘smoke’, gainä ‘blood’, hiityi ‘ice’, kimi ‘faeces’, kopi ‘slime’, ncudi ‘dust’, shiñi ‘money’, tyicha ‘sand’, tyimi ‘ash’.

Class cl.4 – for instance: cenga ‘net’, chisha ‘bed’, cidä ‘rope’, faukä ‘road’, fiña ‘box’, munu ‘bottle’, näñi ‘binoculars’, paityi ‘umbrella’, sagi ‘book’, sautyi ‘knife’, shaiba ‘house’, sheefi ‘brick’, sochi ‘chair’, suuñi ‘tower’, tubä ‘machine’, tusa ‘table’, tyaibi ‘mortar’.

Class cl.5 – for instance: buusu ‘fruit’, cugi ‘west’, dishi ‘south’, fangi ‘north’, fasha ‘meat’, kungä ‘inside’, maini ‘east’, pita ‘seed’, poda ‘egg’, ticha ‘top’.

Class cl.6 – for instance: baatyi ‘breath’, bapu ‘manner’, cishi ‘day’, guunga ‘year’, kesi ‘night’, mañi ‘idea’, muña ‘time’, nadi ‘dialect’, ngaihu ‘sound’, paugi ‘fight’, sahu ‘speech’, sichä ‘language’, tuni ‘embrace’, tutya ‘colour’.

Class cl.7 – for instance: baishu ‘hand’, baiñi ‘bosom’, ciiñi ‘fingernail’, dängi ‘liver’, fääshi ‘plain’, gaingi ‘heart’, maangä ‘leg’, ngätyi ‘knee’, niifi ‘surface’, shengi ‘wing’, sifi ‘mouth’, soti ‘tail’, suhi ‘foot’, säsa ‘skin’, taikä ‘face’, tiñi ‘guts’, toma ‘horn’, toni ‘penis’, tyiisä ‘tooth’, ñaina ‘neck’.

Class cl.8 – for instance: bisä ‘anus’, chaibu ‘cheese’, ciichu ‘urine’, duudä ‘apple’, fauhi ‘breast’, geñi ‘Genyi’, gichi ‘root’, kaubä ‘sun’, kääsu ‘flower’, mepi ‘tree’, ncemi ‘bark’, nciiga ‘hair’, nudä ‘wheat’.

Class cl.9 – for instance: chafä ‘forest’, dachi ‘earth’, daunu ‘ear’, duufi ‘tongue’, kigi ‘mountain’, ngidä ‘lake’, paifu ‘nose’, saigi ‘eye’, tyaunga ‘land’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Genyi can be exemplified by the following example:

Hofudä dä napauku ngebi gi caanga na dä nagupa nasautyi Puu.	(1)

[hofudæ dæ nɑpauku ŋebi ɡi ᵏǀɑːŋɑ nɑ dæ nɑɡupɑ nɑsaut͡ɕi puː]

ho	-f	-udæ	dæ	nɑ-	pauku	ŋebi	ɡi	ᵏǀɑːŋɑ
yon	NOM	cl.2	three	def	mouse	blind	PAST	catch

nɑ	dæ	nɑ-	ɡupɑ	nɑ-	saut͡ɕi	puː
indicative	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	def	woman	def	knife	COMIT

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.

The Noun

The noun in Genyi consists of an optional prefix expressing def, comprising na- /nɑ-/ ‘def’ followed by the root.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -ni /-ni/ ‘little’ and -hi /-hi/ ‘big’

The Adjective

The adjective in Genyi stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Numerals

The numeral in Genyi stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

In Genyi, the determiner has the following structure: first, the root; second, an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -f /-f/ ‘NOM’, -ch /-t͡ʃ/ ‘DAT’, -k /-k/ ‘INS’, -n /-n/ ‘VOC’, -b /-b/ ‘ALL’, -s /-s/ ‘LOC’, -g /-ɡ/ ‘ABL’ and -sh /-ʃ/ ‘PART’; and finally, third, an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -ibä /-ibæ/ ‘cl.1’, -udä /-udæ/ ‘cl.2’, -amä /-ɑmæ/ ‘cl.3’, -anä /-ɑnæ/ ‘cl.4’, -uda /-udɑ/ ‘cl.5’, -utä /-utæ/ ‘cl.6’, -unu /-unu/ ‘cl.7’, -ätya /-æt͡ɕɑ/ ‘cl.8’ and -ushu /-uʃu/ ‘cl.9’.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Genyi has the following structure: an obligatory prefix expressing number, comprising b- /b-/ ‘sing’ and g- /ɡ-/ ‘plur’ followed by the root.

Nañetu gi daityä na tya guugä foo chäñu nungä na ni gefä.	(2)

[nɑɲetu ɡi dait͡ɕæ nɑ t͡ɕɑ ɡuːɡæ foː t͡ʃæɲu nuŋæ nɑ ni ɡefæ]

nɑ-	ɲetu	ɡi	dait͡ɕæ	nɑ	t͡ɕɑ	ɡ-	uːɡæ	foː
def	tiger	PAST	kill	indicative	1excl.plur.SUBJ	plur	1excl.plur	because

t͡ʃæɲu	nuŋæ	nɑ	ni	ɡ-	efæ
be	happy	indicative	1incl.plur.SUBJ	plur	1incl.plur

“Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.”

Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

Boñä ñachi na dä boñä.	(3)

[boɲæ ɲɑt͡ʃi nɑ dæ boɲæ]

b-	oɲæ	ɲɑt͡ʃi	nɑ	dæ	b-	oɲæ
sing	3.sing.cl.2	love	indicative	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	sing	3.sing.cl.2

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

But here, the word corresponding to he is stressed:

Boñä ñachi na dä boñä.	(4)

[boɲæ ɲɑt͡ʃi nɑ dæ boɲæ]

b-	oɲæ	ɲɑt͡ʃi	nɑ	dæ	b-	oɲæ
sing	3.sing.cl.2	love	indicative	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	sing	3.sing.cl.2

“He loves her.”

And here, it is the one translated as her that is stressed:

Boñä ñachi na dä boñä.	(5)

[boɲæ ɲɑt͡ʃi nɑ dæ boɲæ]

b-	oɲæ	ɲɑt͡ʃi	nɑ	dæ	b-	oɲæ
sing	3.sing.cl.2	love	indicative	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	sing	3.sing.cl.2

“He loves her.”

Proper Nouns

NaNcoba mesi na dä naHaañä.	(6)

[nɑᵑǀobɑ mesi nɑ dæ nɑhɑːɲæ]

nɑ-	ᵑǀobɑ	mesi	nɑ	dæ	nɑ-	hɑːɲæ
def	Koba	hate	indicative	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	def	Hanya

“Hanya hates Koba.”

Possession

nahifi naduudä	(7)

[nɑhifi nɑduːdæ]

nɑ-	hifi	nɑ-	duːdæ
def	boy	def	apple

“the boy’s apple”

boñä naduudä	(8)

[boɲæ nɑduːdæ]

b-	oɲæ	nɑ-	duːdæ
sing	3.sing.cl.2	def	apple

“his (the boy’s) apple”

baini naduudä	(9)

[baini nɑduːdæ]

b-	aini	nɑ-	duːdæ
sing	1excl.sing	def	apple

“my apple”

Bahu nañaña naceni gi kimu na dä nahauka nabubi.	(10)

[bɑhu nɑɲɑɲɑ nɑᵏǀeni ɡi kimu nɑ dæ nɑhaukɑ nɑbubi]

b-	ɑhu	nɑ-	ɲɑɲɑ	nɑ-	ᵏǀeni	ɡi	kimu	nɑ
sing	2.sing	def	neighbour	def	son	PAST	kiss	indicative

dæ	nɑ-	haukɑ	nɑ-	bubi
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	def	hunter	def	daughter

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

Derivation

Genyi has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:

baufudä naada	(11)

[baufudæ nɑːdɑ]

bau	-f	-udæ	nɑːdɑ
a	NOM	cl.2	lamb

“a lamb”

In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:

baufudä naadani	(12)

[baufudæ nɑːdɑni]

bau	-f	-udæ	nɑːdɑ	-ni
a	NOM	cl.2	lamb	little

“a little lamb”

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

The verbal phrase clitics in Genyi fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing voice, comprising tyi /t͡ɕi/ ‘passive’; second, a clitic expressing ta, comprising gi /ɡi/ ‘PAST’; third, a clitic expressing mode, comprising na /nɑ/ ‘indicative’, ña /ɲɑ/ ‘conditional’ and chu /t͡ʃu/ ‘optative’; fourth, a clitic expressing negation, comprising nu /nu/ ‘NEG’; fifth, a clitic expressing subj, comprising bi /bi/ ‘1incl.sing’, nä /næ/ ‘1excl.sing’, ngi /ŋi/ ‘2.sing’, dä /dæ/ ‘3.sing.cl.2’, su /su/ ‘3.sing.cl.3’, fi /fi/ ‘3.sing.cl.4’, fä /fæ/ ‘3.sing.cl.5’, pä /pæ/ ‘3.sing.cl.6’, mi /mi/ ‘3.sing.cl.7’, mä /mæ/ ‘3.sing.cl.8’, tyä /t͡ɕæ/ ‘3.sing.cl.9’, ni /ni/ ‘1incl.plur’, tya /t͡ɕɑ/ ‘1excl.plur’, chu /t͡ʃu/ ‘2.plur’, hä /hæ/ ‘3.plur.cl.1’, sä /sæ/ ‘3.plur.cl.2’, ñi /ɲi/ ‘3.plur.cl.3’, nga /ŋɑ/ ‘3.plur.cl.4’, hi /hi/ ‘3.plur.cl.5’, ki /ki/ ‘3.plur.cl.6’, kä /kæ/ ‘3.plur.cl.7’, na /nɑ/ ‘3.plur.cl.8’ and sa /sɑ/ ‘3.plur.cl.9’; and finally, sixth, a clitic expressing question, comprising pa /pɑ/ ‘Q’.

The verb itself does not have any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -kä /-kæ/ ‘begin’ and -di /-di/ ‘stop’

Bahu ñachi na nä baini.	(13)

[bɑhu ɲɑt͡ʃi nɑ næ baini]

b-	ɑhu	ɲɑt͡ʃi	nɑ	næ	b-	aini
sing	2.sing	love	indicative	1excl.sing.SUBJ	sing	1excl.sing

“I love you.”

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

natusa naniifi hi	(14)

[nɑtusɑ nɑniːfi hi]

nɑ-	tusɑ	nɑ-	niːfi	hi
def	table	def	surface	in

“on the table”

nafiña nakungä pee	(15)

[nɑfiɲɑ nɑkuŋæ peː]

nɑ-	fiɲɑ	nɑ-	kuŋæ	peː
def	box	def	inside	to

“into the box”

baini Puu	(16)

[baini puː]

b-	aini	puː
sing	1excl.sing	COMIT

“with me”

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Genyi has Object–Verb–Subject (OVS) as its basic constituent order. Clauses begin with the object, followed by the verb, with the subject in final position. This is a rare but attested configuration in the world’s languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Genyi.

Nahauka gi daityä na dä napiimu.	(17)

[nɑhaukɑ ɡi dait͡ɕæ nɑ dæ nɑpiːmu]

nɑ-	haukɑ	ɡi	dait͡ɕæ	nɑ	dæ	nɑ-	piːmu
def	hunter	PAST	kill	indicative	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	def	jaguar

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

Nahauka nabubi nasaadi gi ngangi na dä namäpu.	(18)

[nɑhaukɑ nɑbubi nɑsɑːdi ɡi ŋɑŋi nɑ dæ nɑmæpu]

nɑ-	haukɑ	nɑ-	bubi	nɑ-	sɑːdi	ɡi	ŋɑŋi	nɑ
def	hunter	def	daughter	def	dog	PAST	eat	indicative

dæ	nɑ-	mæpu
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	def	lion

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Genyi reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Genyi expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.

bahu naceni nangeñi nasagi	(19)

[bɑhu nɑᵏǀeni nɑŋeɲi nɑsɑɡi]

b-	ɑhu	nɑ-	ᵏǀeni	nɑ-	ŋeɲi	nɑ-	sɑɡi
sing	2.sing	def	son	def	friend	def	book

“your son’s friend’s book”

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

Napiimu kä nañetu kä namäpu gi daityä na dä nahauka.	(20)

[nɑpiːmu kæ nɑɲetu kæ nɑmæpu ɡi dait͡ɕæ nɑ dæ nɑhaukɑ]

nɑ-	piːmu	kæ	nɑ-	ɲetu	kæ	nɑ-	mæpu	ɡi
def	jaguar	and	def	tiger	and	def	lion	PAST

dait͡ɕæ	nɑ	dæ	nɑ-	haukɑ
kill	indicative	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	def	hunter

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Genyi provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Genyi forms relative clauses by placing the relative clause after the noun it modifies. The clause follows the internal word order of ordinary finite clauses. A dedicated relativising marker introduces the clause and identifies the relationship between the head noun and its role inside the relative clause.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

Nakona gi ngetä na nä baini.	(21)

[nɑkonɑ ɡi ŋetæ nɑ næ baini]

nɑ-	konɑ	ɡi	ŋetæ	nɑ	næ	b-	aini
def	cat	PAST	pat	indicative	1excl.sing.SUBJ	sing	1excl.sing

“I patted the cat.”

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

Gi ngetä na nä baini nakona, buunga gi caanga na dä napauku.	(22)

[ɡi ŋetæ nɑ næ baini nɑkonɑ, buːŋɑ ɡi ᵏǀɑːŋɑ nɑ dæ nɑpauku]

ɡi	ŋetæ	nɑ	næ	b-	aini	nɑ-	konɑ,	b-
PAST	pat	indicative	1excl.sing.SUBJ	sing	1excl.sing	def	cat	sing

uːŋɑ	ɡi	ᵏǀɑːŋɑ	nɑ	dæ	nɑ-	pauku
RELPRON	PAST	catch	indicative	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	def	mouse

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

Gi ngetä na nä baini nakona, buunga gi caanga na dä napauku, buunga gi ngangi na dä nachaibu.	(23)

[ɡi ŋetæ nɑ næ baini nɑkonɑ, buːŋɑ ɡi ᵏǀɑːŋɑ nɑ dæ nɑpauku, buːŋɑ ɡi ŋɑŋi nɑ dæ nɑt͡ʃaibu]

ɡi	ŋetæ	nɑ	næ	b-	aini	nɑ-	konɑ,	b-
PAST	pat	indicative	1excl.sing.SUBJ	sing	1excl.sing	def	cat	sing

uːŋɑ	ɡi	ᵏǀɑːŋɑ	nɑ	dæ	nɑ-	pauku,	b-	uːŋɑ
RELPRON	PAST	catch	indicative	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	def	mouse	sing	RELPRON

ɡi	ŋɑŋi	nɑ	dæ	nɑ-	t͡ʃaibu
PAST	eat	indicative	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	def	cheese

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

Gi ngetä na nä baini nakona, buunga gi caanga na dä napauku, buunga gi ngangi na dä nachaibu, buunga gi noofa na nä baini.	(24)

[ɡi ŋetæ nɑ næ baini nɑkonɑ, buːŋɑ ɡi ᵏǀɑːŋɑ nɑ dæ nɑpauku, buːŋɑ ɡi ŋɑŋi nɑ dæ nɑt͡ʃaibu, buːŋɑ ɡi noːfɑ nɑ næ baini]

ɡi	ŋetæ	nɑ	næ	b-	aini	nɑ-	konɑ,	b-
PAST	pat	indicative	1excl.sing.SUBJ	sing	1excl.sing	def	cat	sing

uːŋɑ	ɡi	ᵏǀɑːŋɑ	nɑ	dæ	nɑ-	pauku,	b-	uːŋɑ
RELPRON	PAST	catch	indicative	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	def	mouse	sing	RELPRON

ɡi	ŋɑŋi	nɑ	dæ	nɑ-	t͡ʃaibu,	b-	uːŋɑ	ɡi
PAST	eat	indicative	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	def	cheese	sing	RELPRON	PAST

noːfɑ	nɑ	næ	b-	aini
buy	indicative	1excl.sing.SUBJ	sing	1excl.sing

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

Complementation Strategies

Genyi marks complement clauses with subordinating verbal morphology. The embedded verb is fully finite and carries a subordinating suffix that identifies the clause as a complement. No structural changes occur within the clause apart from this verbal marking.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

Nahaha gi matä na pä baufätya duudä nanusi gi fati na dä nahifi.	(25)

[nɑhɑhɑ ɡi mɑtæ nɑ pæ baufæt͡ɕɑ duːdæ nɑnusi ɡi fɑti nɑ dæ nɑhifi]

nɑ-	hɑhɑ	ɡi	mɑtæ	nɑ	pæ	bau	-f	-æt͡ɕɑ
def	teacher	PAST	surprise	indicative	3.sing.cl.6.SUBJ	a	NOM	cl.8

duːdæ	nɑ-	nusi	ɡi	fɑti	nɑ	dæ	nɑ-	hifi
apple	def	girl	PAST	give	indicative	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	def	boy

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

Quotes

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Miscellaneous

Texts

The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1–9)

Gi fauga na nagugu metyä nadachi chaiga naniifi hi ca ???[3:noun/def/neither] sichä kä ca ???[3:noun/def/neither] nadi. Gi hiibu na gugi namaini nakungä nci, kä gi päñä na gugi baufunu fääshi mäti baufushu tyaunga nakungä hi, ñai gi bida na gugi fee. Gi ngitä na gugi ???[3:noun/def/neither] sheefi bäñä ni gefä kä ???[3:noun/def/neither] sheefi ñoma ni gefä ga. Gi fauga na gugi ???[3:noun/def/neither] sheefi ???[3:noun/def/neither] pesä Pää, kä gi fauga na gugi ???[3:noun/def/neither] kopi ???[3:noun/def/neither] tyaibi Pää.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter.

A Creation Myth

Nusu na nu gefä ???[3:noun/def/neither] gugu chiiñä. Gi pautya na ???[3:noun/def/neither] paugi kä ???[3:noun/def/neither] muña gugi nasichä. Gi kauhu na gugi ???[3:noun/def/neither] bingu kä ???[3:noun/def/neither] tyasha nangaihu. Maa gi deka na nageñi, buunga chäñu na mä gefä nasichä, baufutä bapu buuma nakungä hi. Gi ñosi na baachi chaiga kä ncaiga baufutä baatyi mänga nakungä hi. [??2: xxx_verb] na. [??2: xxx_verb] na. [??2: xxx_verb] na. [??2: xxx_verb] na. [??2: xxx_verb] na. [??2: xxx_verb] na? Piba na baufanä tubä ???[3:noun/def/neither] nudä, feshi na gauku ???[3:noun/def/neither] shiñi, [??2: xxx_verb] na. Gi tyibi na nu gefä nasichä, gi noochi na baachi.

We are not like other people. Their languages were shaped by struggle and time. They copied the sounds of beasts and birds, and they learned to speak like that. But our language arose in a different way. It was born whole and perfect in a single breath. Before that moment, our ancestors lived in a shadow-world. Then God pressed one button, and words and meanings arrived. The people awoke, and speech filled their mouths like breath for the first time. Where there had been nothing, there were now mountains, rivers and names for everything. Some outsiders claim that our language was not made by God at all, but by a machine. But how could that be? Machines can grind wheat and count money, but they cannot create mountains or ignite the sun. Our language did not evolve; it was created.

English-Genyi Dictionary

1excl.plur pron uugä pron

1excl.sing pron aini pron

1incl.plur pron efä pron

1incl.sing pron opa pron

2.plur pron aimä pron

2.sing pron ahu pron

3.plur.cl.1 pron osä pron

3.plur.cl.2 pron ugi pron

3.plur.cl.3 pron äächä pron

3.plur.cl.4 pron auku pron

3.plur.cl.5 pron ooki pron

3.plur.cl.6 pron iika pron

3.plur.cl.7 pron iibä pron

3.plur.cl.8 pron edä pron

3.plur.cl.9 pron aku pron

3.sing.cl.1 pron ifa pron

3.sing.cl.2 pron oñä pron

3.sing.cl.3 pron oochu pron

3.sing.cl.4 pron aifä pron

3.sing.cl.5 pron ucha pron

3.sing.cl.6 pron aachi pron

3.sing.cl.7 pron aka pron

3.sing.cl.8 pron emu pron

3.sing.cl.9 pron auda pron

a det bau det

all adj metyä adj

always adv nci adv

and conj kä conj

animal noun chaigä noun (cl.2)

anus noun bisä noun (cl.8)

appear verb ñosi verb

apple noun duudä noun (cl.8)

arise verb deka verb

ash noun tyimi noun (cl.3)

back noun (body part) tiigä noun (cl.7)

bad adj naubu adj

bark noun (on tree) ncemi noun (cl.8)

be verb chäñu verb

because conj foo conj

bed noun chisha noun (cl.4)

begin unknown -kä suffix

belly noun tyañä noun (cl.7)

1. big adj shuma adj

2. big unknown -hi suffix

binoculars noun näñi noun (cl.4)

bird noun tyasha noun (cl.2)

bite verb buudu verb

black adj cuta adj

blind adj ngebi adj

blood noun gainä noun (cl.3)

blow verb guñu verb

bone noun nachä noun (cl.7)

book noun sagi noun (cl.4)

bosom noun (body part) baiñi noun (cl.7)

bottle noun munu noun (cl.4)

box noun fiña noun (cl.4)

boy noun hifi noun (cl.2)

break verb tyiidä verb

breast noun fauhi noun (cl.8)

breath noun baatyi noun (cl.6)

breathe verb kañi verb

brick noun sheefi noun (cl.4)

build verb shaasa verb

burn verb ñoma verb

but conj maa conj

buy verb noofa verb

call verb mimä verb

cat noun kona noun (cl.2)

catch verb caanga verb

cease verb tyegu verb

chair noun sochi noun (cl.4)

cheese noun chaibu noun (cl.8)

child noun (young human) gechä noun (cl.2)

city noun shami noun (cl.1)

cloud noun chauma noun (cl.1)

cold adj faadi adj

colour noun tutya noun (cl.6)

colourless adj tobi adj

come verb ncochä verb

COMIT pp puu pp

COMP pp che pp

confound verb dashi verb

copy verb kauhu verb

correct adj chafa adj

count verb feshi verb

create verb noochi verb

cut verb tyotu verb

daughter noun bubi noun (cl.2)

day noun cishi noun (cl.6)

dialect noun nadi noun (cl.6)

die verb ñiñu verb

different adj buuma adj

dig verb hahi verb

dirty adj machä adj

do verb heda verb

dog noun saadi noun (cl.2)

drink verb tyecha verb

dry adj momi adj

dull adj caañi adj

dust noun ncudi noun (cl.3)

dwell verb bida verb

ear noun daunu noun (cl.9)

earth noun dachi noun (cl.9)

east noun maini noun (cl.5)

eat verb ngangi verb

egg noun poda noun (cl.5)

eight num hää num

embrace noun tuni noun (cl.6)

evolve verb tyibi verb

eye noun saigi noun (cl.9)

face noun taikä noun (cl.7)

faeces noun kimi noun (cl.3)

fall verb chuushu verb

far adj pooba adj

farmer noun huni noun (cl.1)

fat noun baimi noun (cl.3)

father noun didä noun (cl.2)

fear verb caugä verb

feather noun hotu noun (cl.7)

Fecha prop Fetya prop (cl.2)

few adj getyu adj

1. fight noun paugi noun (cl.6)

2. fight verb fahi verb

find verb päñä verb

fingernail noun ciiñi noun (cl.7)

fire noun tyädä noun (cl.1)

fish noun ncaapu noun (cl.2)

five num pi num

float verb cegä verb

flow verb ngesa verb

flower noun kääsu noun (cl.8)

fly verb shugi verb

fog noun tyaityu noun (cl.1)

foot noun suhi noun (cl.7)

forest noun chafä noun (cl.9)

four num huu num

freeze verb kaanga verb

friend noun ngeñi noun (cl.1)

from pp nci pp

from_above pp hä pp

from_across pp guu pp

from_around pp naa pp

from_behind pp tyi pp

from_in_front pp ku pp

from_inside pp haa pp

from_left pp hoo pp

from_near pp ne pp

from_next_to pp baa pp

from_outside pp tyee pp

from_right pp cää pp

from_surface pp mo pp

from_under pp fi pp

fruit noun buusu noun (cl.5)

full adj femä adj

furious adj ñauñi adj

furiously adv chai adv

Genyi noun (language) geñi noun (cl.8)

girl noun nusi noun (cl.2)

give verb fati verb

God prop Pädu prop (cl.2)

good adj disi adj

grass noun nciba noun (cl.7)

green adj nashu adj

grind verb piba verb

guts noun tiñi noun (cl.7)

hair noun nciiga noun (cl.8)

hand noun baishu noun (cl.7)

Hanya prop Haañä prop (cl.2)

happy adj nungä adj

hate verb mesi verb

have verb fauga verb

head noun pooki noun (cl.7)

hear verb ngachi verb

heart noun gaingi noun (cl.7)

heavy adj bangi adj

hit verb niki verb

Hocha prop Hootyä prop (cl.9)

hold verb dänä verb

horn noun toma noun (cl.7)

house noun shaiba noun (cl.4)

human being noun gugu noun (cl.2)

hundred num mii num

hunt verb chepä verb

hunter noun hauka noun (cl.2)

husband noun ngächi noun (cl.2)

ice noun hiityi noun (cl.3)

idea noun mañi noun (cl.6)

in pp hi pp

in_above pp fii pp

in_across pp bää pp

in_around pp ka pp

in_behind pp chaa pp

in_in_front pp na pp

in_inside pp cee pp

in_left pp hai pp

in_near pp choo pp

in_next_to pp duu pp

in_outside pp de pp

in_right pp do pp

in_surface pp ti pp

in_under pp mee pp

inside noun kungä noun (cl.5)

INSTR pp daa pp

jaguar noun piimu noun (cl.2)

journey verb hiibu verb

Kaba prop Caabä prop (cl.2)

kill verb daityä verb

kiss verb kimu verb

knee noun ngätyi noun (cl.7)

knife noun sautyi noun (cl.4)

know verb bomä verb

Koba prop Ncoba prop (cl.2)

lake noun ngidä noun (cl.9)

lamb noun naada noun (cl.2)

land noun tyaunga noun (cl.9)

language noun sichä noun (cl.6)

large adj femu adj

laugh verb nguusu verb

leaf noun fifi noun (cl.7)

left adj cebi adj

leg noun maangä noun (cl.7)

lie verb ñegu verb

lion noun mäpu noun (cl.2)

1. little adj hesha adj

2. little unknown -ni suffix

live verb tabu verb

liver noun dängi noun (cl.7)

long adj nceedu adj

louse noun tyosa noun (cl.2)

love verb ñachi verb

machine noun tubä noun (cl.4)

make verb bäñä verb

mammal noun bingu noun (cl.2)

man noun fofu noun (cl.2)

MANNER pp cau pp

manner noun bapu noun (cl.6)

many adj setyä adj

meat noun fasha noun (cl.5)

money noun shiñi noun (cl.3)

moon noun fiisu noun (cl.1)

mortar noun tyaibi noun (cl.4)

mother noun guuti noun (cl.2)

mountain noun kigi noun (cl.9)

mouse noun pauku noun (cl.2)

mouth noun sifi noun (cl.7)

name noun maapu noun (cl.1)

narrow adj deki adj

near adj chauchu adj

neck noun ñaina noun (cl.7)

neighbour noun ñaña noun (cl.1)

net noun cenga noun (cl.4)

new adj cheñi adj

night noun kesi noun (cl.6)

nine num ti num

north noun fangi noun (cl.5)

nose noun paifu noun (cl.9)

often adv ngo adv

old adj (not young) beta adj

one num ca num

or conj ngii conj

other adj chiiñä adj

pat verb ngetä verb

penis noun toni noun (cl.7)

people noun baubu noun (cl.2)

perfect adj ncaiga adj

plain noun fääshi noun (cl.7)

play verb señu verb

pull verb hädi verb

PURP pp pää pp

purpose verb ñiifi verb

push verb tehä verb

rain noun bäki noun (cl.1)

red adj ñäta adj

RELPRON pron uunga pron

resemble verb nusu verb

right adj kedu adj

river noun mooda noun (cl.1)

road noun faukä noun (cl.4)

root noun gichi noun (cl.8)

rope noun cidä noun (cl.4)

rotten adj segi adj

round adj ngusi adj

rub verb chichu verb

salt noun cini noun (cl.3)

sand noun tyicha noun (cl.3)

say verb ngitä verb

scatter verb casä verb

scratch verb hashu verb

sea noun doga noun (cl.1)

see verb mita verb

seed noun pita noun (cl.5)

seven num do num

sew verb baaki verb

shape verb pautya verb

sharp adj huñi adj

she pron ääfa pron

Shibi prop Shiibi prop (cl.9)

short adj cotyä adj

sing verb kiimi verb

single adj mänga adj

sit verb kebi verb

six num gää num

skin noun säsa noun (cl.7)

sky noun gidä noun (cl.1)

sleep verb kuusu verb

slime noun kopi noun (cl.3)

small adj haaga adj

smell verb ncoopu verb

smoke noun fongu noun (cl.3)

smooth adj cifä adj

snake noun toña noun (cl.2)

snow noun pefi noun (cl.1)

some adj siida adj

son noun ceni noun (cl.2)

sound noun ngaihu noun (cl.6)

south noun dishi noun (cl.5)

speak verb daityi verb

speech noun sahu noun (cl.6)

spend_time verb tyäda verb

spit verb hengi verb

split verb ncehi verb

squeeze verb sihi verb

stab verb chodi verb

stand verb nachu verb

star noun poti noun (cl.1)

stick noun piitya noun (cl.1)

stone noun pesä noun (cl.1)

stop unknown -di suffix

straight adj niga adj

suck verb ncädi verb

sun noun kaubä noun (cl.8)

surface noun niifi noun (cl.7)

surprise verb matä verb

swell verb caifä verb

swim verb sika verb

table noun tusa noun (cl.4)

tail noun soti noun (cl.7)

teacher noun haha noun (cl.2)

Techi prop Tetyi prop (cl.9)

ten num kä num

that det tuu det

then conj sha conj

there adv fee adv

thick adj conu adj

thin adj tyidi adj

think verb datyi verb

this det de det

thoroughly adv ga adv

thousand num nuu num

three num dä num

throw verb tuchu verb

thus conj ñai conj

tie verb käbu verb

tiger noun ñetu noun (cl.2)

time noun muña noun (cl.6)

to pp pee pp

to_above pp hee pp

to_across pp gee pp

to_around pp chau pp

to_behind pp poo pp

to_in_front pp pä pp

to_inside pp goo pp

to_left pp pa pp

to_near pp bii pp

to_next_to pp cuu pp

to_outside pp no pp

to_right pp fe pp

to_surface pp da pp

to_under pp ko pp

tongue noun duufi noun (cl.9)

tooth noun tyiisä noun (cl.7)

top noun ticha noun (cl.5)

tower noun suuñi noun (cl.4)

tree noun mepi noun (cl.8)

turn verb fääña verb

two num pe num

umbrella noun paityi noun (cl.4)

understand verb buumu verb

urine noun ciichu noun (cl.8)

vagina noun ñaigi noun (cl.7)

vomit verb ngaiti verb

walk verb pufu verb

want verb shubä verb

warm adj hägä adj

wash verb tyemä verb

water noun häkä noun (cl.1)

west noun cugi noun (cl.5)

wet adj shoti adj

wheat noun nudä noun (cl.8)

white adj chochi adj

whole adj chaiga adj

wide adj mäti adj

wife noun tauta noun (cl.2)

wild boar noun hetä noun (cl.2)

wind noun ñengä noun (cl.1)

wing noun shengi noun (cl.7)

wipe verb muni verb

with pp huu pp

withhold verb masu verb

woman noun gupa noun (cl.2)

worm noun tufi noun (cl.2)

year noun guunga noun (cl.6)

yellow adj gati adj

yon det ho det

Genyi-English Dictionary

aachi [ɑːt͡ʃi] pron 3.sing.cl.6 pron

ahu [ɑhu] pron 2.sing pron

aifä [aifæ] pron 3.sing.cl.4 pron

aimä [aimæ] pron 2.plur pron

aini [aini] pron 1excl.sing pron

aka [ɑkɑ] pron 3.sing.cl.7 pron

aku [ɑku] pron 3.plur.cl.9 pron

-amä [-ɑmæ] detgender suffix cl.3

-anä [-ɑnæ] detgender suffix cl.4

auda [audɑ] pron 3.sing.cl.9 pron

auku [auku] pron 3.plur.cl.4 pron

-b [-b] detcase suffix ALL

b- [b-] pronnumber prefix sing

ba- [bɑ-] noundef prefix not.def

baa [bɑː] pp from_next_to pp

baaki [bɑːki] verb sew verb

baatyi [bɑːt͡ɕi] noun (cl.6) breath noun

baimi [baimi] noun (cl.3) fat noun

baishu [baiʃu] noun (cl.7) hand noun

baiñi [baiɲi] noun (cl.7) bosom noun (body part)

bangi [bɑŋi] adj heavy adj

bapu [bɑpu] noun (cl.6) manner noun

bau [bau] det a det

baubu [baubu] noun (cl.2) people noun

beta [betɑ] adj old adj (not young)

bi [bi] vpsubj enclitic 1incl.sing

bida [bidɑ] verb dwell verb

bii [biː] pp to_near pp

bingu [biŋu] noun (cl.2) mammal noun

bisä [bisæ] noun (cl.8) anus noun

bomä [bomæ] verb know verb

bubi [bubi] noun (cl.2) daughter noun

buudu [buːdu] verb bite verb

buuma [buːmɑ] adj different adj

buumu [buːmu] verb understand verb

buusu [buːsu] noun (cl.5) fruit noun

bäki [bæki] noun (cl.1) rain noun

bää [bæː] pp in_across pp

bäñä [bæɲæ] verb make verb

ca [ᵏǀɑ] num one num

Caabä [ᵏǀɑːbæ] prop (cl.2) Kaba prop

caanga [ᵏǀɑːŋɑ] verb catch verb

caañi [ᵏǀɑːɲi] adj dull adj

caifä [ᵏǀaifæ] verb swell verb

casä [ᵏǀɑsæ] verb scatter verb

cau [ᵏǀau] pp MANNER pp

caugä [ᵏǀauɡæ] verb fear verb

cebi [ᵏǀebi] adj left adj

cee [ᵏǀeː] pp in_inside pp

cegä [ᵏǀeɡæ] verb float verb

cenga [ᵏǀeŋɑ] noun (cl.4) net noun

ceni [ᵏǀeni] noun (cl.2) son noun

-ch [-t͡ʃ] detcase suffix DAT

chaa [t͡ʃɑː] pp in_behind pp

chafa [t͡ʃɑfɑ] adj correct adj

chafä [t͡ʃɑfæ] noun (cl.9) forest noun

chai [t͡ʃai] adv furiously adv

chaibu [t͡ʃaibu] noun (cl.8) cheese noun

chaiga [t͡ʃaiɡɑ] adj whole adj

chaigä [t͡ʃaiɡæ] noun (cl.2) animal noun

chau [t͡ʃau] pp to_around pp

chauchu [t͡ʃaut͡ʃu] adj near adj

chauma [t͡ʃaumɑ] noun (cl.1) cloud noun

che [t͡ʃe] pp COMP pp

chepä [t͡ʃepæ] verb hunt verb

cheñi [t͡ʃeɲi] adj new adj

chichu [t͡ʃit͡ʃu] verb rub verb

chiiñä [t͡ʃiːɲæ] adj other adj

chisha [t͡ʃiʃɑ] noun (cl.4) bed noun

chochi [t͡ʃot͡ʃi] adj white adj

chodi [t͡ʃodi] verb stab verb

choo [t͡ʃoː] pp in_near pp

1. chu [t͡ʃu] vpmode enclitic optative

2. chu [t͡ʃu] vpsubj enclitic 2.plur

chuushu [t͡ʃuːʃu] verb fall verb

chäñu [t͡ʃæɲu] verb be verb

cidä [ᵏǀidæ] noun (cl.4) rope noun

cifä [ᵏǀifæ] adj smooth adj

ciichu [ᵏǀiːt͡ʃu] noun (cl.8) urine noun

ciiñi [ᵏǀiːɲi] noun (cl.7) fingernail noun

cini [ᵏǀini] noun (cl.3) salt noun

cishi [ᵏǀiʃi] noun (cl.6) day noun

conu [ᵏǀonu] adj thick adj

cotyä [ᵏǀot͡ɕæ] adj short adj

cugi [ᵏǀuɡi] noun (cl.5) west noun

cuta [ᵏǀutɑ] adj black adj

cuu [ᵏǀuː] pp to_next_to pp

cää [ᵏǀæː] pp from_right pp

da [dɑ] pp to_surface pp

daa [dɑː] pp INSTR pp

dachi [dɑt͡ʃi] noun (cl.9) earth noun

daityi [dait͡ɕi] verb speak verb

daityä [dait͡ɕæ] verb kill verb

dashi [dɑʃi] verb confound verb

datyi [dɑt͡ɕi] verb think verb

daunu [daunu] noun (cl.9) ear noun

1. de [de] det this det

2. de [de] pp in_outside pp

deka [dekɑ] verb arise verb

deki [deki] adj narrow adj

-di [-di] suffix stop unknown

didä [didæ] noun (cl.2) father noun

dishi [diʃi] noun (cl.5) south noun

disi [disi] adj good adj

1. do [do] num seven num

2. do [do] pp in_right pp

doga [doɡɑ] noun (cl.1) sea noun

du [du] vpta proclitic PRES

duu [duː] pp in_next_to pp

duudä [duːdæ] noun (cl.8) apple noun

duufi [duːfi] noun (cl.9) tongue noun

1. dä [dæ] num three num

2. dä [dæ] vpsubj enclitic 3.sing.cl.2

dängi [dæŋi] noun (cl.7) liver noun

dänä [dænæ] verb hold verb

edä [edæ] pron 3.plur.cl.8 pron

efä [efæ] pron 1incl.plur pron

emu [emu] pron 3.sing.cl.8 pron

-f [-f] detcase suffix NOM

fa [fɑ] vpvoice proclitic active

faadi [fɑːdi] adj cold adj

fahi [fɑhi] verb fight verb

fangi [fɑŋi] noun (cl.5) north noun

fasha [fɑʃɑ] noun (cl.5) meat noun

fati [fɑti] verb give verb

fauga [fauɡɑ] verb have verb

fauhi [fauhi] noun (cl.8) breast noun

faukä [faukæ] noun (cl.4) road noun

fe [fe] pp to_right pp

fee [feː] adv there adv

femu [femu] adj large adj

femä [femæ] adj full adj

feshi [feʃi] verb count verb

Fetya [fet͡ɕɑ] prop (cl.2) Fecha prop

1. fi [fi] pp from_under pp

2. fi [fi] vpsubj enclitic 3.sing.cl.4

fifi [fifi] noun (cl.7) leaf noun

fii [fiː] pp in_above pp

fiisu [fiːsu] noun (cl.1) moon noun

fiña [fiɲɑ] noun (cl.4) box noun

fofu [fofu] noun (cl.2) man noun

fongu [foŋu] noun (cl.3) smoke noun

foo [foː] conj because conj

fu [fu] vpquestion enclitic not.Q

fä [fæ] vpsubj enclitic 3.sing.cl.5

fääshi [fæːʃi] noun (cl.7) plain noun

fääña [fæːɲɑ] verb turn verb

-g [-ɡ] detcase suffix ABL

g- [ɡ-] pronnumber prefix plur

ga [ɡɑ] adv thoroughly adv

gaingi [ɡaiŋi] noun (cl.7) heart noun

gainä [ɡainæ] noun (cl.3) blood noun

gati [ɡɑti] adj yellow adj

gechä [ɡet͡ʃæ] noun (cl.2) child noun (young human)

gee [ɡeː] pp to_across pp

getyu [ɡet͡ɕu] adj few adj

geñi [ɡeɲi] noun (cl.8) Genyi noun (language)

gi [ɡi] vpta proclitic PAST

gichi [ɡit͡ʃi] noun (cl.8) root noun

gidä [ɡidæ] noun (cl.1) sky noun

goo [ɡoː] pp to_inside pp

gugu [ɡuɡu] noun (cl.2) human being noun

gupa [ɡupɑ] noun (cl.2) woman noun

guu [ɡuː] pp from_across pp

guunga [ɡuːŋɑ] noun (cl.6) year noun

guuti [ɡuːti] noun (cl.2) mother noun

guñu [ɡuɲu] verb blow verb

gää [ɡæː] num six num

haa [hɑː] pp from_inside pp

haaga [hɑːɡɑ] adj small adj

Haañä [hɑːɲæ] prop (cl.2) Hanya prop

haha [hɑhɑ] noun (cl.2) teacher noun

hahi [hɑhi] verb dig verb

hai [hai] pp in_left pp

hashu [hɑʃu] verb scratch verb

hauka [haukɑ] noun (cl.2) hunter noun

heda [hedɑ] verb do verb

hee [heː] pp to_above pp

hengi [heŋi] verb spit verb

hesha [heʃɑ] adj little adj

hetä [hetæ] noun (cl.2) wild boar noun

-hi [-hi] suffix big unknown

1. hi [hi] pp in pp

2. hi [hi] vpsubj enclitic 3.plur.cl.5

hifi [hifi] noun (cl.2) boy noun

hiibu [hiːbu] verb journey verb

hiityi [hiːt͡ɕi] noun (cl.3) ice noun

ho [ho] det yon det

hoo [hoː] pp from_left pp

Hootyä [hoːt͡ɕæ] prop (cl.9) Hocha prop

hotu [hotu] noun (cl.7) feather noun

hu [hu] vpnegation enclitic POS

huni [huni] noun (cl.1) farmer noun

1. huu [huː] num four num

2. huu [huː] pp with pp

huñi [huɲi] adj sharp adj

1. hä [hæ] pp from_above pp

2. hä [hæ] vpsubj enclitic 3.plur.cl.1

hädi [hædi] verb pull verb

hägä [hæɡæ] adj warm adj

häkä [hækæ] noun (cl.1) water noun

hää [hæː] num eight num

-ibä [-ibæ] detgender suffix cl.1

ifa [ifɑ] pron 3.sing.cl.1 pron

iibä [iːbæ] pron 3.plur.cl.7 pron

iika [iːkɑ] pron 3.plur.cl.6 pron

-k [-k] detcase suffix INS

ka [kɑ] pp in_around pp

kaanga [kɑːŋɑ] verb freeze verb

kaubä [kaubæ] noun (cl.8) sun noun

kauhu [kauhu] verb copy verb

kañi [kɑɲi] verb breathe verb

kebi [kebi] verb sit verb

kedu [kedu] adj right adj

kesi [kesi] noun (cl.6) night noun

ki [ki] vpsubj enclitic 3.plur.cl.6

kigi [kiɡi] noun (cl.9) mountain noun

kiimi [kiːmi] verb sing verb

kimi [kimi] noun (cl.3) faeces noun

kimu [kimu] verb kiss verb

ko [ko] pp to_under pp

kona [konɑ] noun (cl.2) cat noun

kopi [kopi] noun (cl.3) slime noun

1. ku [ku] pp from_in_front pp

2. ku [ku] vpmode enclitic imperative

kungä [kuŋæ] noun (cl.5) inside noun

kuusu [kuːsu] verb sleep verb

-kä [-kæ] suffix begin unknown

1. kä [kæ] conj and conj

2. kä [kæ] num ten num

3. kä [kæ] vpsubj enclitic 3.plur.cl.7

käbu [kæbu] verb tie verb

kääsu [kæːsu] noun (cl.8) flower noun

maa [mɑː] conj but conj

maangä [mɑːŋæ] noun (cl.7) leg noun

maapu [mɑːpu] noun (cl.1) name noun

machä [mɑt͡ʃæ] adj dirty adj

maini [maini] noun (cl.5) east noun

masu [mɑsu] verb withhold verb

matä [mɑtæ] verb surprise verb

mañi [mɑɲi] noun (cl.6) idea noun

mee [meː] pp in_under pp

mepi [mepi] noun (cl.8) tree noun

mesi [mesi] verb hate verb

metyä [met͡ɕæ] adj all adj

mi [mi] vpsubj enclitic 3.sing.cl.7

mii [miː] num hundred num

mimä [mimæ] verb call verb

mita [mitɑ] verb see verb

mo [mo] pp from_surface pp

momi [momi] adj dry adj

mooda [moːdɑ] noun (cl.1) river noun

muni [muni] verb wipe verb

munu [munu] noun (cl.4) bottle noun

muña [muɲɑ] noun (cl.6) time noun

mä [mæ] vpsubj enclitic 3.sing.cl.8

mänga [mæŋɑ] adj single adj

mäpu [mæpu] noun (cl.2) lion noun

mäti [mæti] adj wide adj

-n [-n] detcase suffix VOC

1. na [nɑ] pp in_in_front pp

2. na [nɑ] vpmode enclitic indicative

3. na [nɑ] vpsubj enclitic 3.plur.cl.8

na- [nɑ-] noundef prefix def

naa [nɑː] pp from_around pp

naada [nɑːdɑ] noun (cl.2) lamb noun

nachu [nɑt͡ʃu] verb stand verb

nachä [nɑt͡ʃæ] noun (cl.7) bone noun

nadi [nɑdi] noun (cl.6) dialect noun

nashu [nɑʃu] adj green adj

naubu [naubu] adj bad adj

ncaapu [ᵑǀɑːpu] noun (cl.2) fish noun

ncaiga [ᵑǀaiɡɑ] adj perfect adj

nceedu [ᵑǀeːdu] adj long adj

ncehi [ᵑǀehi] verb split verb

ncemi [ᵑǀemi] noun (cl.8) bark noun (on tree)

1. nci [ᵑǀi] adv always adv

2. nci [ᵑǀi] pp from pp

nciba [ᵑǀibɑ] noun (cl.7) grass noun

nciiga [ᵑǀiːɡɑ] noun (cl.8) hair noun

Ncoba [ᵑǀobɑ] prop (cl.2) Koba prop

ncochä [ᵑǀot͡ʃæ] verb come verb

ncoopu [ᵑǀoːpu] verb smell verb

ncudi [ᵑǀudi] noun (cl.3) dust noun

ncädi [ᵑǀædi] verb suck verb

ne [ne] pp from_near pp

nga [ŋɑ] vpsubj enclitic 3.plur.cl.4

ngachi [ŋɑt͡ʃi] verb hear verb

ngaihu [ŋaihu] noun (cl.6) sound noun

ngaiti [ŋaiti] verb vomit verb

ngangi [ŋɑŋi] verb eat verb

ngebi [ŋebi] adj blind adj

ngesa [ŋesɑ] verb flow verb

ngetä [ŋetæ] verb pat verb

ngeñi [ŋeɲi] noun (cl.1) friend noun

ngi [ŋi] vpsubj enclitic 2.sing

ngidä [ŋidæ] noun (cl.9) lake noun

ngii [ŋiː] conj or conj

ngitä [ŋitæ] verb say verb

ngo [ŋo] adv often adv

ngusi [ŋusi] adj round adj

nguusu [ŋuːsu] verb laugh verb

ngächi [ŋæt͡ʃi] noun (cl.2) husband noun

ngätyi [ŋæt͡ɕi] noun (cl.7) knee noun

-ni [-ni] suffix little unknown

ni [ni] vpsubj enclitic 1incl.plur

niga [niɡɑ] adj straight adj

niifi [niːfi] noun (cl.7) surface noun

niki [niki] verb hit verb

no [no] pp to_outside pp

noochi [noːt͡ʃi] verb create verb

noofa [noːfɑ] verb buy verb

nu [nu] vpnegation enclitic NEG

nudä [nudæ] noun (cl.8) wheat noun

nungä [nuŋæ] adj happy adj

nusi [nusi] noun (cl.2) girl noun

nusu [nusu] verb resemble verb

nuu [nuː] num thousand num

nä [næ] vpsubj enclitic 1excl.sing

näñi [næɲi] noun (cl.4) binoculars noun

oochu [oːt͡ʃu] pron 3.sing.cl.3 pron

ooki [oːki] pron 3.plur.cl.5 pron

opa [opɑ] pron 1incl.sing pron

osä [osæ] pron 3.plur.cl.1 pron

oñä [oɲæ] pron 3.sing.cl.2 pron

1. pa [pɑ] pp to_left pp

2. pa [pɑ] vpquestion enclitic Q

paifu [paifu] noun (cl.9) nose noun

paityi [pait͡ɕi] noun (cl.4) umbrella noun

paugi [pauɡi] noun (cl.6) fight noun

pauku [pauku] noun (cl.2) mouse noun

pautya [paut͡ɕɑ] verb shape verb

pe [pe] num two num

pee [peː] pp to pp

pefi [pefi] noun (cl.1) snow noun

pesä [pesæ] noun (cl.1) stone noun

pi [pi] num five num

piba [pibɑ] verb grind verb

piimu [piːmu] noun (cl.2) jaguar noun

piitya [piːt͡ɕɑ] noun (cl.1) stick noun

pita [pitɑ] noun (cl.5) seed noun

poda [podɑ] noun (cl.5) egg noun

poo [poː] pp to_behind pp

pooba [poːbɑ] adj far adj

pooki [poːki] noun (cl.7) head noun

poti [poti] noun (cl.1) star noun

pufu [pufu] verb walk verb

puu [puː] pp COMIT pp

1. pä [pæ] pp to_in_front pp

2. pä [pæ] vpsubj enclitic 3.sing.cl.6

Pädu [pædu] prop (cl.2) God prop

pää [pæː] pp PURP pp

päñä [pæɲæ] verb find verb

-s [-s] detcase suffix LOC

sa [sɑ] vpsubj enclitic 3.plur.cl.9

saadi [sɑːdi] noun (cl.2) dog noun

sagi [sɑɡi] noun (cl.4) book noun

sahu [sɑhu] noun (cl.6) speech noun

saigi [saiɡi] noun (cl.9) eye noun

sautyi [saut͡ɕi] noun (cl.4) knife noun

segi [seɡi] adj rotten adj

setyä [set͡ɕæ] adj many adj

señu [seɲu] verb play verb

-sh [-ʃ] detcase suffix PART

sha [ʃɑ] conj then conj

shaasa [ʃɑːsɑ] verb build verb

shaiba [ʃaibɑ] noun (cl.4) house noun

shami [ʃɑmi] noun (cl.1) city noun

sheefi [ʃeːfi] noun (cl.4) brick noun

shengi [ʃeŋi] noun (cl.7) wing noun

Shiibi [ʃiːbi] prop (cl.9) Shibi prop

shiñi [ʃiɲi] noun (cl.3) money noun

shoti [ʃoti] adj wet adj

shubä [ʃubæ] verb want verb

shugi [ʃuɡi] verb fly verb

shuma [ʃumɑ] adj big adj

sichä [sit͡ʃæ] noun (cl.6) language noun

sifi [sifi] noun (cl.7) mouth noun

sihi [sihi] verb squeeze verb

siida [siːdɑ] adj some adj

sika [sikɑ] verb swim verb

sochi [sot͡ʃi] noun (cl.4) chair noun

soti [soti] noun (cl.7) tail noun

su [su] vpsubj enclitic 3.sing.cl.3

suhi [suhi] noun (cl.7) foot noun

suuñi [suːɲi] noun (cl.4) tower noun

sä [sæ] vpsubj enclitic 3.plur.cl.2

säsa [sæsɑ] noun (cl.7) skin noun

tabu [tɑbu] verb live verb

taikä [taikæ] noun (cl.7) face noun

tauta [tautɑ] noun (cl.2) wife noun

tehä [tehæ] verb push verb

Tetyi [tet͡ɕi] prop (cl.9) Techi prop

1. ti [ti] num nine num

2. ti [ti] pp in_surface pp

ticha [tit͡ʃɑ] noun (cl.5) top noun

tiigä [tiːɡæ] noun (cl.7) back noun (body part)

tiñi [tiɲi] noun (cl.7) guts noun

tobi [tobi] adj colourless adj

toma [tomɑ] noun (cl.7) horn noun

toni [toni] noun (cl.7) penis noun

toña [toɲɑ] noun (cl.2) snake noun

tubä [tubæ] noun (cl.4) machine noun

tuchu [tut͡ʃu] verb throw verb

tufi [tufi] noun (cl.2) worm noun

tuni [tuni] noun (cl.6) embrace noun

tusa [tusɑ] noun (cl.4) table noun

tutya [tut͡ɕɑ] noun (cl.6) colour noun

tuu [tuː] det that det

tya [t͡ɕɑ] vpsubj enclitic 1excl.plur

tyaibi [t͡ɕaibi] noun (cl.4) mortar noun

tyaityu [t͡ɕait͡ɕu] noun (cl.1) fog noun

tyasha [t͡ɕɑʃɑ] noun (cl.2) bird noun

tyaunga [t͡ɕauŋɑ] noun (cl.9) land noun

tyañä [t͡ɕɑɲæ] noun (cl.7) belly noun

tyecha [t͡ɕet͡ʃɑ] verb drink verb

tyee [t͡ɕeː] pp from_outside pp

tyegu [t͡ɕeɡu] verb cease verb

tyemä [t͡ɕemæ] verb wash verb

1. tyi [t͡ɕi] pp from_behind pp

2. tyi [t͡ɕi] vpvoice proclitic passive

tyibi [t͡ɕibi] verb evolve verb

tyicha [t͡ɕit͡ʃɑ] noun (cl.3) sand noun

tyidi [t͡ɕidi] adj thin adj

tyiidä [t͡ɕiːdæ] verb break verb

tyiisä [t͡ɕiːsæ] noun (cl.7) tooth noun

tyimi [t͡ɕimi] noun (cl.3) ash noun

tyosa [t͡ɕosɑ] noun (cl.2) louse noun

tyotu [t͡ɕotu] verb cut verb

tyä [t͡ɕæ] vpsubj enclitic 3.sing.cl.9

tyäda [t͡ɕædɑ] verb spend_time verb

tyädä [t͡ɕædæ] noun (cl.1) fire noun

ucha [ut͡ʃɑ] pron 3.sing.cl.5 pron

-uda [-udɑ] detgender suffix cl.5

-udä [-udæ] detgender suffix cl.2

ugi [uɡi] pron 3.plur.cl.2 pron

-unu [-unu] detgender suffix cl.7

-ushu [-uʃu] detgender suffix cl.9

-utä [-utæ] detgender suffix cl.6

uugä [uːɡæ] pron 1excl.plur pron

uunga [uːŋɑ] pron RELPRON pron

-ätya [-æt͡ɕɑ] detgender suffix cl.8

äächä [æːt͡ʃæ] pron 3.plur.cl.3 pron

ääfa [æːfɑ] pron she pron

ña [ɲɑ] vpmode enclitic conditional

ñachi [ɲɑt͡ʃi] verb love verb

ñai [ɲai] conj thus conj

ñaigi [ɲaiɡi] noun (cl.7) vagina noun

ñaina [ɲainɑ] noun (cl.7) neck noun

ñauñi [ɲauɲi] adj furious adj

ñaña [ɲɑɲɑ] noun (cl.1) neighbour noun

ñegu [ɲeɡu] verb lie verb

ñengä [ɲeŋæ] noun (cl.1) wind noun

ñetu [ɲetu] noun (cl.2) tiger noun

ñi [ɲi] vpsubj enclitic 3.plur.cl.3

ñiifi [ɲiːfi] verb purpose verb

ñiñu [ɲiɲu] verb die verb

ñoma [ɲomɑ] verb burn verb

ñosi [ɲosi] verb appear verb

ñä [ɲæ] vpsubj enclitic 3.sing.cl.1

ñäta [ɲætɑ] adj red adj