The Juy Language

Grammar, Texts and Dictionary

❦

Generated by the Language Creator on 15th April 2026

https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2GFMK

Grammar

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Juy language (the 2nd one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Juy.

Typological Profile

It has four genders, a small but genuine set of click consonants and postpositions.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Juy has a large consonant inventory, comprising 37 phonemes.

It has a complete absence of affricates, a modest (but clearly contrastive) set of labialised consonants, a noticeable presence of pharyngealised phonemes, a small but genuine set of click consonants and a system with marginal but genuine retroflex contrasts.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Juy. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labial	dental	phar. dental	alveolar	phar. alveolar	postalveolar	lateral	palatal	retroflex	velar	lab. velar	glottal
stop	p b	d t	dˤ tˤ	c ɟ	ɖ ʈ	k ɡ	kʷ ɡʷ
nasal	m	n	nˤ	ɲ	ɳ	ŋ	ŋʷ
trill/tap/flap	ɽ
fricative	f	s	sˤ	ʃ	ʂ	h
approximant	ʋ	l	j
implosive	ɓ
click	ᵏǀ	ᵏǀˤ
click, nasal	ᵑǀ	ᵑǀˤ

Vowels

Juy has 7 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.

It has a partially contrastive system of vowel length.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Juy. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

front	central	back
close	i	u
mid	e	o
open	a

Stress and Tones

Juy has phonemic stress but no lexical tone. Stress consistently falls on the first vowel of the root, and no contrastive tonal distinctions are made.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Juy is normally written using the Devanagari abugida, the script employed for Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi and several other Indo-Aryan languages. This grammar also makes systematic use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to present an exact account of pronunciation.

Devanagari’s syllabic structure differs markedly from the IPA’s segmental approach, so the two notations complement one another: the script shows the organisation of syllables, while the IPA supplies detail on individual sounds.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:<h3>Simple letters</h3><table class='orthotable'><tr><td>अ /a/</td><td>आ /aː/</td><td>इ /i/</td><td>ई /iː/</td></tr><tr><td>उ /u/</td><td>ऊ /uː/</td><td>ए /e/</td><td>ऐ /eː/</td></tr><tr><td>ओ /o/</td><td>औ /oː/</td><td>क् /k/</td><td>ग् /ɡ/</td></tr><tr><td>ङ् /ŋ/</td><td>च् /c/</td><td>ज् /ɟ/</td><td>ञ् /ɲ/</td></tr><tr><td>ट् /ʈ/</td><td>ड् /ɖ/</td><td>ण् /ɳ/</td><td>त् /t/</td></tr><tr><td>त़् /tˤ/</td><td>द् /d/</td><td>द़् /dˤ/</td><td>न् /n/</td></tr><tr><td>ऩ् /nˤ/</td><td>प् /p/</td><td>ब् /b/</td><td>भ् /ɓ/</td></tr><tr><td>म् /m/</td><td>य् /j/</td><td>ऱ् /ɽ/</td><td>ल् /l/</td></tr><tr><td>व् /ʋ/</td><td>श् /ʃ/</td><td>ष् /ʂ/</td><td>स् /s/</td></tr><tr><td>स़् /sˤ/</td><td>ह् /h/</td><td>फ़् /f/</td><td></td></tr></table><h3>Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs</h3><table class='orthotable'><tr><td>ai /ai/</td><td>au /au/</td><td>क्त् /ᵏǀ/</td></tr><tr><td>क्त़् /ᵏǀˤ/</td><td>क्व् /kʷ/</td><td>ग्व् /ɡʷ/</td></tr><tr><td>ङ्त् /ᵑǀ/</td><td>ङ्त़् /ᵑǀˤ/</td><td>ङ्व् /ŋʷ/</td></tr></table></table>

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Juy does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Juy has the following genders:

Gender cl.1 – for instance: कम् ‘wing’, काक् ‘net’, क्त़िच् ‘bottle’, ङ्त़ुन् ‘bed’, ञ्aiऱ् ‘daughter’, टित़् ‘big’, ट्aiह् ‘table’, ट्auष् ‘skin’, णिस़् ‘warm’, त़ूच् ‘people’, दञ् ‘friend’, नुष् ‘horn’, पिन् ‘root’, पूष् ‘dull’, विच् ‘rotten’, षिड् ‘binoculars’, स़ज् ‘mother’, सीच् ‘tower’, हैब् ‘dry’, फ़ोच् ‘machine’.

Gender cl.2 – for instance: क्तञ् ‘faeces’, क्त़िग् ‘boy’, क्तुल् ‘sand’, गिप् ‘south’, ङ्auड् ‘inside’, ङ्त़ीन् ‘leaf’, टेक् ‘star’, डेस़् ‘top’, त़ोय् ‘surface’, द़म् ‘father’, देद् ‘correct’, पड् ‘east’, भोस़् ‘round’, मण् ‘neck’, ऱस़् ‘meat’, शाल् ‘smooth’, शोज् ‘flower’, सिक्व् ‘dirty’, सोग् ‘happy’, हस़् ‘sky’.

Gender cl.3 – for instance: गूङ् ‘day’, ङीक्व् ‘city’, ङ्त़ल् ‘wild boar’, ङ्तिय् ‘cat’, ङ्तुट् ‘speech’, च्auब् ‘grass’, जिद़् ‘other’, ञूट् ‘animal’, डद़् ‘full’, तञ् ‘tongue’, दब् ‘jaguar’, द़ुन् ‘lion’, बिड् ‘night’, मेक् ‘some’, येच् ‘worm’, ऱप् ‘idea’, शुद् ‘bird’, सेन् ‘colourless’, हेश् ‘name’, फ़ीग् ‘narrow’.

Gender cl.4 – for instance: क्त़िभ् ‘black’, क्त़ेप् ‘small’, क्त़ोङ् ‘fog’, ग्व्aiङ्व् ‘embrace’, चिष् ‘wheat’, ञोय् ‘wide’, टोग्व् ‘urine’, टोस् ‘guts’, डाव् ‘white’, डाफ़् ‘bark’, डीण् ‘hand’, द़ेय् ‘sound’, बिञ् ‘penis’, विट् ‘heart’, श्aiन् ‘stick’, षेच् ‘far’, षेभ् ‘little’, सभ् ‘mountain’, स्auन् ‘long’, हाङ् ‘good’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Juy can be exemplified by the following example:

श्auतगो ज्aiङ्वगो ड ऩ ड कि ऱैवेफ़ो ञौमगो मा चोक्व.	(1)

[ˈʃautaɡo ˈɟaiŋʷaɡo ˈɖa nˤa ˈɖa ki ˈɽeːʋefo ˈɲoːmaɡo ˈmaː ˈcokʷa]

woman	NOM	knife	NOM	COMIT	indicative	catch	3.sing.cl.3.OBJ	blind

GEN	mouse	NOM	three	yon	cl.3

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.

The Noun

The noun in Juy consists of the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -अगो /-aɡo/ ‘NOM’, -एफ़ो /-efo/ ‘GEN’, -अलो /-alo/ ‘DAT’, -इयो /-ijo/ ‘INS’, -इपु /-ipu/ ‘VOC’, -ओदि /-odi/ ‘ALL’, -एषो /-eʂo/ ‘LOC’, -उऩ /-unˤa/ ‘ABL’ and -अहु /-ahu/ ‘PART’.

The Adjective

The adjective in Juy stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Numerals

The numeral in Juy stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

In Juy, the determiner has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -यु /-ju/ ‘cl.1’, -क्वि /-kʷi/ ‘cl.2’, -क्व /-kʷa/ ‘cl.3’ and -ऩि /-nˤi/ ‘cl.4’.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Juy has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -सो /-so/ ‘sing’ and -पु /-pu/ ‘plur’.

टौ जु कि पोचगो द़ू ऩ हो सोगगो दे.	(2)

[ˈʈoː ɟu ki ˈpocaɡo ˈdˤuː nˤa ˈho ˈsoɡaɡo de]

kill	1excl.plur.SUBJ	3.sing.cl.3.OBJ	tiger	NOM	because	indicative	be	happy

NOM	1incl.plur.SUBJ

“Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.”

Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

ऩ द्au च दु डसो.	(3)

[nˤa ˈdau ca du ˈɖaso]

indicative	love	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	3.sing.cl.1.OBJ	3.sing.cl.1	sing

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

But here, the word corresponding to he is stressed:

लोसो ऩ द्au च दु डसो.	(4)

[ˈloso nˤa ˈdau ca du ˈɖaso]

3.sing.cl.2	sing	indicative	love	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	3.sing.cl.1.OBJ	3.sing.cl.1	sing

“He loves her.”

And here, it is the one translated as her that is stressed:

ऩ द्au च दु डसो.	(5)

[nˤa ˈdau ca du ˈɖaso]

indicative	love	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	3.sing.cl.1.OBJ	3.sing.cl.1	sing

“He loves her.”

Proper Nouns

लीऱगो ऩ जू च दु ञौचगो.	(6)

[ˈliːɽaɡo nˤa ˈɟuː ca du ˈɲoːcaɡo]

Lir	NOM	indicative	hate	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	3.sing.cl.1.OBJ	Nyoch	NOM

“Lir hates Nyoch.”

Possession

क्त़िगेफ़ो कोग्वगो	(7)

[ˈᵏǀˤiɡefo ˈkoɡʷaɡo]

boy	GEN	apple	NOM

“the boy’s apple”

लोसो कोग्वगो	(8)

[ˈloso ˈkoɡʷaɡo]

3.sing.cl.2	sing	apple	NOM

“his (the boy’s) apple”

बौसो कोग्वगो	(9)

[ˈboːso ˈkoɡʷaɡo]

1excl.sing	sing	apple	NOM

“my apple”

त़ैऱेफ़ो ञ्aiऱगो ऩ क्वि दु दूसो स़चेफ़ो हिणगो.	(10)

[ˈtˤeːɽefo ˈɲaiɽaɡo nˤa ˈkʷi du ˈduːso ˈsˤacefo ˈhiɳaɡo]

hunter	GEN	daughter	NOM	indicative	kiss	3.sing.cl.1.OBJ	2.sing	sing

neighbour	GEN	son	NOM

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

Derivation

Juy has no derivational processes.

जाशगो	(11)

[ˈɟaːʃaɡo]

lamb	NOM

“a lamb”

Note how none show up here:

ऩ क्ai कि ऩ सु कि षेभेफ़ो जाशगो.	(12)

[nˤa ˈkai ki nˤa ˈsu ki ˈʂeɓefo ˈɟaːʃaɡo]

indicative	want	3.sing.cl.3.OBJ	indicative	have	3.sing.cl.3.OBJ	little	GEN	lamb

NOM

“She wanted to have a little lamb.”

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

The verbal phrase clitics in Juy fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing mode, comprising ऩ /nˤa/ ‘indicative’, पो /po/ ‘conditional’ and क्वि /kʷi/ ‘optative’; second, a clitic expressing ta, comprising पे /pe/ ‘PAST’; third, a clitic expressing voice, comprising नु /nu/ ‘passive’; fourth, a clitic expressing negation, comprising स़ु /sˤu/ ‘NEG’; fifth, a clitic expressing subj, comprising ङि /ŋi/ ‘1incl.sing’, फ़ि /fi/ ‘1excl.sing’, दि /di/ ‘2.sing’, च /ca/ ‘3.sing.cl.2’, द़ु /dˤu/ ‘3.sing.cl.3’, क्वि /kʷi/ ‘3.sing.cl.4’, दे /de/ ‘1incl.plur’, जु /ɟu/ ‘1excl.plur’, हु /hu/ ‘2.plur’, बे /be/ ‘3.plur.cl.1’, क्वो /kʷo/ ‘3.plur.cl.2’, नु /nu/ ‘3.plur.cl.3’ and शो /ʃo/ ‘3.plur.cl.4’; sixth, a clitic expressing obj, comprising ज /ɟa/ ‘1incl.sing’, क्वो /kʷo/ ‘1excl.sing’, गे /ɡe/ ‘2.sing’, दु /du/ ‘3.sing.cl.1’, बि /bi/ ‘3.sing.cl.2’, कि /ki/ ‘3.sing.cl.3’, ऩो /nˤo/ ‘3.sing.cl.4’, द़े /dˤe/ ‘1incl.plur’, फ़ /fa/ ‘1excl.plur’, ते /te/ ‘2.plur’, पि /pi/ ‘3.plur.cl.1’, ङ्त़ /ᵑǀˤa/ ‘3.plur.cl.2’, ने /ne/ ‘3.plur.cl.3’ and ङ्वि /ŋʷi/ ‘3.plur.cl.4’; and finally, seventh, a clitic expressing question, comprising के /ke/ ‘Q’.

The verb itself does not have any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

ऩ द्au फ़ि गे दूसो.	(13)

[nˤa ˈdau fi ɡe ˈduːso]

indicative	love	1excl.sing.SUBJ	2.sing.OBJ	2.sing	sing

“I love you.”

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

ट्aiहगो बे	(14)

[ˈʈaihaɡo ˈbe]

table	NOM	in_surface

“on the table”

क्तीलगो षो	(15)

[ˈᵏǀiːlaɡo ˈʂo]

box	NOM	to_inside

“into the box”

बौसो ड	(16)

[ˈboːso ˈɖa]

1excl.sing	sing	COMIT

“with me”

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Juy employs Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) as its basic word order. The subject is followed by the verb, with the object occurring in post-verbal position. This ordering is widely attested across the world’s languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Juy.

दबगो ऩ टौ द़ु बि त़ैऱगो.	(17)

[ˈdabaɡo nˤa ˈʈoː dˤu bi ˈtˤeːɽaɡo]

jaguar	NOM	indicative	kill	3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ	3.sing.cl.2.OBJ	hunter	NOM

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

द़ुनगो ऩ कौ द़ु दु त़ैऱेफ़ो ञ्aiऱेफ़ो फ़ुद़गो.	(18)

[ˈdˤunaɡo nˤa ˈkoː dˤu du ˈtˤeːɽefo ˈɲaiɽefo ˈfudˤaɡo]

lion	NOM	indicative	eat	3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ	3.sing.cl.1.OBJ	hunter	GEN	daughter

GEN	dog	NOM

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Juy reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Juy expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.

दूसो हिणेफ़ो दञेफ़ो फ़ुतगो	(19)

[ˈduːso ˈhiɳefo ˈdaɲefo ˈfutaɡo]

2.sing	sing	son	GEN	friend	GEN	book	NOM

“your son’s friend’s book”

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

त़ैऱगो ऩ टौ च ने दबगो लि पोचगो लि द़ुनगो.	(20)

[ˈtˤeːɽaɡo nˤa ˈʈoː ca ne ˈdabaɡo ˈli ˈpocaɡo ˈli ˈdˤunaɡo]

hunter	NOM	indicative	kill	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	3.plur.cl.3.OBJ	jaguar	NOM	and

tiger	NOM	and	lion	NOM

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Juy provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Juy forms relative clauses by placing the relative clause after the noun it modifies. The clause follows the internal word order of ordinary finite clauses. A dedicated relativising marker introduces the clause and identifies the relationship between the head noun and its role inside the relative clause.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

ऩ न फ़ि कि ङ्तियगो.	(21)

[nˤa ˈna fi ki ˈᵑǀijaɡo]

indicative	pat	1excl.sing.SUBJ	3.sing.cl.3.OBJ	cat	NOM

“I patted the cat.”

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

ऩ न फ़ि ङ्तियगो, लिसो ऩ ड द़ु कि ञौमगो.	(22)

[nˤa ˈna fi ˈᵑǀijaɡo, ˈliso nˤa ˈɖa dˤu ki ˈɲoːmaɡo]

indicative	pat	1excl.sing.SUBJ	cat	NOM	RELPRON	sing	indicative	catch

3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ	3.sing.cl.3.OBJ	mouse	NOM

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

ऩ न फ़ि ङ्तियगो, लिसो ऩ ड द़ु ञौमगो, लिसो ऩ कौ द़ु बि कीकगो.	(23)

[nˤa ˈna fi ˈᵑǀijaɡo, ˈliso nˤa ˈɖa dˤu ˈɲoːmaɡo, ˈliso nˤa ˈkoː dˤu bi ˈkiːkaɡo]

indicative	pat	1excl.sing.SUBJ	cat	NOM	RELPRON	sing	indicative	catch

3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ	mouse	NOM	RELPRON	sing	indicative	eat	3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ	3.sing.cl.2.OBJ

cheese	NOM

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

ऩ न फ़ि ङ्तियगो, लिसो ऩ ड द़ु ञौमगो, लिसो ऩ कौ द़ु कीकगो, लिसो ऩ लि फ़ि बि बौसो.	(24)

[nˤa ˈna fi ˈᵑǀijaɡo, ˈliso nˤa ˈɖa dˤu ˈɲoːmaɡo, ˈliso nˤa ˈkoː dˤu ˈkiːkaɡo, ˈliso nˤa ˈli fi bi ˈboːso]

indicative	pat	1excl.sing.SUBJ	cat	NOM	RELPRON	sing	indicative	catch

3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ	mouse	NOM	RELPRON	sing	indicative	eat	3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ	cheese

NOM	RELPRON	sing	indicative	buy	1excl.sing.SUBJ	3.sing.cl.2.OBJ	1excl.sing	sing

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

Complementation Strategies

Juy forms complement clauses by nominalising the embedded verb. The nominalised form lacks finite verbal categories and behaves as a noun phrase. Subjects of nominalised clauses occur in the genitive case, and the nominalised verb establishes the semantic content of the complement.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

क्त़िगगो ऩ व ऩो न्aiभगो कोग्वगो ऩी द़ु यूशगो.	(25)

[ˈᵏǀˤiɡaɡo nˤa ˈʋa nˤo ˈnaiɓaɡo ˈkoɡʷaɡo ˈnˤiː dˤu ˈjuːʃaɡo]

boy	NOM	indicative	give	3.sing.cl.4.OBJ	girl	NOM	apple	NOM

surprise	3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ	teacher	NOM

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

Quotes

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Miscellaneous

Texts

The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1–9)

सु ङ्तोयेफ़ो टौऱगो क्त़ैचेफ़ो स़ेचगो बे द़्aiहगो फ़ा लि वषगो फ़ा. स़ी त़ुपु पडगो सि, लि क्व त़ुपु ञोयेफ़ो मीऩगो क्वैत़गो ऩु, लु द़ै त़ुपु द़ू. त़ै त़ुपु न्auपु षै पि गुमगो लि न्auपु द़ पि गुमगो स़े. पे ऩ सु त़ुपु गुमगो दोऩगो द़ि, लि पे ऩ सु त़ुपु केणगो क्त़शगो द़ि.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter.

A Creation Myth

ऩ ग्वा स़ु न्auपु जिद़ेफ़ो टौऱगो. ल ग्वोवगो लि गिफ़गो त़ुपु द़्aiहगो. द त़ुपु स़्aiतेफ़ो लि शुदेफ़ो द़ेयगो. ञा स़ू जुयगो, लिसो ऩ हो द़ु ने न्auपु द़्aiहगो, लीग्वेफ़ो ऩदगो ऩु. हि लोसो क्त़ैचेफ़ो लि द़ूनेफ़ो क्त्aiमेफ़ो ङ्वक्वगो ऩु. ऩ [??2: xxx_vएrब्]. ऩ [??2: xxx_vएrब्]. ऩ [??2: xxx_vएrब्]. ऩ [??2: xxx_vएrब्]. ऩ [??2: xxx_vएrब्]. ऩ [??2: xxx_vएrब्]? ऩ ङ्वा फ़ोचगो चिषगो, ऩ स़्au त़ुपु फ़ोभगो, ऩ [??2: xxx_vएrब्]. य स़ु न्auपु द़्aiहगो, कै लोसो.

We are not like other people. Their languages were shaped by struggle and time. They copied the sounds of beasts and birds, and they learned to speak like that. But our language arose in a different way. It was born whole and perfect in a single breath. Before that moment, our ancestors lived in a shadow-world. Then God pressed one button, and words and meanings arrived. The people awoke, and speech filled their mouths like breath for the first time. Where there had been nothing, there were now mountains, rivers and names for everything. Some outsiders claim that our language was not made by God at all, but by a machine. But how could that be? Machines can grind wheat and count money, but they cannot create mountains or ignite the sun. Our language did not evolve; it was created.

English-Juy Dictionary

1excl.plur pron च्ai pron

1excl.sing pron बौ pron

1incl.plur pron न्au pron

1incl.sing pron जो pron

2.plur pron ग्वा pron

2.sing pron दू pron

3.plur.cl.1 pron त़ु pron

3.plur.cl.2 pron फ़ा pron

3.plur.cl.3 pron जु pron

3.plur.cl.4 pron वू pron

3.sing.cl.1 pron ड pron

3.sing.cl.2 pron लो pron

3.sing.cl.3 pron तौ pron

3.sing.cl.4 pron चे pron

all adj ङ्तोय् noun (cl.4)

always adv ऩु adv

and conj लि conj

animal noun ञूट् noun (cl.3)

anus noun षेऩ् noun (cl.2)

appear verb हि verb

apple noun कोग्व् noun (cl.4)

arise verb स़ू verb

ash noun त़द् noun (cl.2)

back noun (body part) लुस् noun (cl.1)

bad adj ङ्तुम् noun (cl.4)

bark noun (on tree) डाफ़् noun (cl.4)

Baut prop भ्auट् prop (cl.4)

be verb हो verb

because conj द़ू conj

bed noun ङ्त़ुन् noun (cl.1)

belly noun मब् noun (cl.3)

big adj टित़् noun (cl.1)

Bim prop भिम् prop (cl.1)

binoculars noun षिड् noun (cl.1)

bird noun शुद् noun (cl.3)

bite verb ऩे verb

black adj क्त़िभ् noun (cl.4)

blind adj ऱैव् noun (cl.3)

blood noun टिग्व् noun (cl.4)

blow verb ऩू verb

bone noun नैत़् noun (cl.1)

book noun फ़ुत् noun (cl.1)

bosom noun (body part) तिग्व् noun (cl.3)

bottle noun क्त़िच् noun (cl.1)

box noun क्तील् noun (cl.1)

boy noun क्त़िग् noun (cl.2)

break verb त verb

breast noun ऩोज् noun (cl.4)

breath noun ङ्वक्व् noun (cl.1)

breathe verb द़ो verb

brick noun गुम् noun (cl.1)

build verb श verb

burn verb द़ verb

but conj ञा conj

buy verb लि verb

call verb हू verb

cat noun ङ्तिय् noun (cl.3)

catch verb ड verb

cease verb पै verb

chair noun ग्वाण् noun (cl.1)

cheese noun कीक् noun (cl.2)

child noun (young human) क्तिश् noun (cl.1)

city noun ङीक्व् noun (cl.3)

cloud noun जुट् noun (cl.4)

cold adj ग्वोब् noun (cl.1)

colour noun दिब् noun (cl.2)

colourless adj सेन् noun (cl.3)

come verb सि verb

COMIT pp ड pp

COMP pp कि pp

confound verb कि verb

copy verb द verb

correct adj देद् noun (cl.2)

count verb स़्au verb

create verb कै verb

cut verb स़ै verb

daughter noun ञ्aiऱ् noun (cl.1)

day noun गूङ् noun (cl.3)

dialect noun वष् noun (cl.4)

die verb लु verb

different adj लीग्व् noun (cl.1)

dig verb दौ verb

dirty adj सिक्व् noun (cl.2)

do verb चो verb

dog noun फ़ुद़् noun (cl.3)

drink verb य्au verb

dry adj हैब् noun (cl.1)

dull adj पूष् noun (cl.1)

dust noun तिऱ् noun (cl.3)

dwell verb द़ै verb

ear noun नोङ्व् noun (cl.3)

earth noun स़ेच् noun (cl.4)

east noun पड् noun (cl.2)

eat verb कौ verb

egg noun क्वफ़् noun (cl.2)

eight num वू num

embrace noun ग्व्aiङ्व् noun (cl.4)

evolve verb य verb

eye noun हीस् noun (cl.3)

face noun मेभ् noun (cl.2)

faeces noun क्तञ् noun (cl.2)

fall verb ह्au verb

far adj षेच् noun (cl.4)

farmer noun कौह् noun (cl.1)

fat noun भुञ् noun (cl.4)

father noun द़म् noun (cl.2)

fear verb ग्वै verb

feather noun मिष् noun (cl.1)

few adj णिय् noun (cl.4)

1. fight noun ग्वोव् noun (cl.2)

2. fight verb ङ्व्ai verb

find verb क्व verb

fingernail noun कुप् noun (cl.4)

fire noun पिङ्व् noun (cl.3)

fish noun योष् noun (cl.3)

five num य्ai num

float verb डो verb

flow verb ग्वौ verb

flower noun शोज् noun (cl.2)

fly verb क्au verb

fog noun क्त़ोङ् noun (cl.4)

foot noun विज् noun (cl.3)

forest noun विय् noun (cl.4)

four num का num

freeze verb ङो verb

friend noun दञ् noun (cl.1)

from pp फ़्au pp

from_above pp वै pp

from_across pp द़्au pp

from_around pp ङ्व्ai pp

from_behind pp तै pp

from_in_front pp त़ pp

from_inside pp सि pp

from_left pp हु pp

from_near pp क्वौ pp

from_next_to pp द pp

from_outside pp पि pp

from_right pp नी pp

from_surface pp गै pp

from_under pp ग्au pp

fruit noun स़म् noun (cl.3)

full adj डद़् noun (cl.3)

furious adj द़्auष् noun (cl.1)

furiously adv द़ी adv

girl noun न्aiभ् noun (cl.1)

give verb व verb

God prop ग्विश् prop (cl.2)

good adj हाङ् noun (cl.4)

grass noun च्auब् noun (cl.3)

green adj स़द़् noun (cl.4)

grind verb ङ्वा verb

guts noun टोस् noun (cl.4)

hair noun कुब् noun (cl.3)

hand noun डीण् noun (cl.4)

happy adj सोग् noun (cl.2)

hate verb जू verb

have verb सु verb

head noun क्तिङ्व् noun (cl.2)

hear verb स्au verb

heart noun विट् noun (cl.4)

heavy adj फ़ैष् noun (cl.3)

hit verb टू verb

hold verb ङी verb

horn noun नुष् noun (cl.1)

house noun डिण् noun (cl.1)

human being noun टौऱ् noun (cl.1)

hundred num चे num

hunt verb ङू verb

hunter noun त़ैऱ् noun (cl.2)

husband noun ह्aiज् noun (cl.2)

ice noun त़ेङ्व् noun (cl.1)

idea noun ऱप् noun (cl.3)

in pp णे pp

in_above pp णो pp

in_across pp न्au pp

in_around pp ङ्त़ा pp

in_behind pp हि pp

in_in_front pp ऩ्ai pp

in_inside pp ऩु pp

in_left pp नु pp

in_near pp हे pp

in_next_to pp क्वा pp

in_outside pp द्au pp

in_right pp चू pp

in_surface pp बे pp

in_under pp णी pp

inside noun ङ्auड् noun (cl.2)

INSTR pp स pp

jaguar noun दब् noun (cl.3)

journey verb स़ी verb

Juy noun (language) जुय् noun (cl.3)

kill verb टौ verb

kiss verb क्वि verb

knee noun टष् noun (cl.2)

knife noun ज्aiङ्व् noun (cl.1)

know verb बै verb

lake noun जेग् noun (cl.4)

lamb noun जाश् noun (cl.3)

land noun क्वैत़् noun (cl.4)

language noun द़्aiह् noun (cl.2)

large adj भ्auस़् noun (cl.3)

laugh verb ङ्वौ verb

leaf noun ङ्त़ीन् noun (cl.2)

left adj किण् noun (cl.3)

leg noun टिम् noun (cl.4)

lie verb च verb

lion noun द़ुन् noun (cl.3)

Lir prop लीऱ् prop (cl.2)

little adj षेभ् noun (cl.4)

live verb स्ai verb

liver noun ञुस् noun (cl.3)

long adj स्auन् noun (cl.4)

louse noun निस़् noun (cl.3)

love verb द्au verb

machine noun फ़ोच् noun (cl.1)

make verb षै verb

mammal noun स़्aiत् noun (cl.3)

man noun द़ीव् noun (cl.2)

MANNER pp णु pp

manner noun ऩद् noun (cl.4)

many adj य्aiज् noun (cl.2)

meat noun ऱस़् noun (cl.2)

money noun फ़ोभ् noun (cl.3)

moon noun पीश् noun (cl.2)

mortar noun क्त़श् noun (cl.1)

mother noun स़ज् noun (cl.1)

mountain noun सभ् noun (cl.4)

mouse noun ञौम् noun (cl.3)

mouth noun पोड् noun (cl.1)

name noun हेश् noun (cl.3)

narrow adj फ़ीग् noun (cl.3)

near adj द्auभ् noun (cl.2)

neck noun मण् noun (cl.2)

neighbour noun स़च् noun (cl.1)

net noun काक् noun (cl.1)

new adj व्auच् noun (cl.3)

night noun बिड् noun (cl.3)

nine num कि num

north noun द़ुष् noun (cl.2)

nose noun नोस़् noun (cl.3)

Nyoch prop ञौच् prop (cl.1)

often adv वा adv

old adj (not young) योप् noun (cl.2)

one num फ़ा num

or conj स़ि conj

other adj जिद़् noun (cl.3)

pat verb न verb

penis noun बिञ् noun (cl.4)

people noun त़ूच् noun (cl.1)

perfect adj द़ून् noun (cl.3)

plain noun मीऩ् noun (cl.4)

play verb ती verb

pull verb ऩ्ai verb

PURP pp द़ि pp

purpose verb स verb

push verb जु verb

rain noun ङीस् noun (cl.4)

red adj माद् noun (cl.4)

RELPRON pron लि pron

resemble verb ग्वा verb

right adj क्त़ोञ् noun (cl.2)

river noun ङ्त़श् noun (cl.4)

road noun शिस् noun (cl.1)

root noun पिन् noun (cl.1)

rope noun ङ्तिग् noun (cl.1)

rotten adj विच् noun (cl.1)

round adj भोस़् noun (cl.2)

rub verb फ़ि verb

salt noun क्aiत़् noun (cl.3)

sand noun क्तुल् noun (cl.2)

say verb त़ै verb

scatter verb त़ि verb

scratch verb है verb

sea noun द़ऩ् noun (cl.1)

see verb को verb

seed noun भिऱ् noun (cl.4)

seven num त़ num

sew verb लो verb

shape verb ल verb

sharp adj ङ्त्auस् noun (cl.3)

she pron भे pron

short adj मौऱ् noun (cl.3)

Sif prop स़िफ़् prop (cl.4)

sing verb फ़्ai verb

single adj क्त्aiम् noun (cl.3)

sit verb ग्वि verb

six num ङ्व्au num

skin noun ट्auष् noun (cl.1)

sky noun हस़् noun (cl.2)

sleep verb लौ verb

slime noun केण् noun (cl.4)

small adj क्त़ेप् noun (cl.4)

smell verb चै verb

smoke noun क्वेङ् noun (cl.2)

smooth adj शाल् noun (cl.2)

snake noun शिण् noun (cl.3)

snow noun प्auप् noun (cl.4)

some adj मेक् noun (cl.3)

son noun हिण् noun (cl.2)

sound noun द़ेय् noun (cl.4)

south noun गिप् noun (cl.2)

speak verb षा verb

speech noun ङ्तुट् noun (cl.3)

spend_time verb बि verb

spit verb डौ verb

split verb टु verb

squeeze verb हा verb

stab verb ड्ai verb

stand verb सो verb

star noun टेक् noun (cl.2)

stick noun श्aiन् noun (cl.4)

stone noun दोऩ् noun (cl.1)

straight adj प्auज् noun (cl.2)

suck verb जो verb

sun noun ङ्तुण् noun (cl.2)

surface noun त़ोय् noun (cl.2)

surprise verb ऩी verb

swell verb तु verb

swim verb फ़ा verb

table noun ट्aiह् noun (cl.1)

tail noun मिद् noun (cl.3)

teacher noun यूश् noun (cl.1)

ten num मो num

that det फ़ा det

then conj गे conj

there adv द़ू adv

thick adj किङ् noun (cl.1)

thin adj द़्auऱ् noun (cl.2)

think verb नौ verb

this det शे det

thoroughly adv स़े adv

thousand num भ्au num

three num मा num

throw verb ङ्त़ु verb

thus conj लु conj

Tich prop तीच् prop (cl.4)

tie verb द़्ai verb

tiger noun पोच् noun (cl.3)

time noun गिफ़् noun (cl.3)

to pp डै pp

to_above pp तू pp

to_across pp ग्वी pp

to_around pp क्वै pp

to_behind pp द़ु pp

to_in_front pp भा pp

to_inside pp षो pp

to_left pp ऩा pp

to_near pp पै pp

to_next_to pp स़े pp

to_outside pp चो pp

to_right pp ञो pp

to_surface pp त़ु pp

to_under pp यौ pp

tongue noun तञ् noun (cl.3)

tooth noun क्त़ोस़् noun (cl.1)

top noun डेस़् noun (cl.2)

tower noun सीच् noun (cl.1)

tree noun शिक् noun (cl.3)

turn verb दी verb

two num ङ्त़्au num

umbrella noun चोफ़् noun (cl.1)

understand verb फ़ु verb

urine noun टोग्व् noun (cl.4)

vagina noun लात़् noun (cl.4)

vomit verb पौ verb

walk verb क्वो verb

want verb क्ai verb

warm adj णिस़् noun (cl.1)

wash verb ल्au verb

water noun द़ोभ् noun (cl.4)

west noun दऱ् noun (cl.2)

wet adj गुग्व् noun (cl.4)

wheat noun चिष् noun (cl.4)

white adj डाव् noun (cl.4)

whole adj क्त़ैच् noun (cl.2)

wide adj ञोय् noun (cl.4)

wife noun भ्auञ् noun (cl.1)

wild boar noun ङ्त़ल् noun (cl.3)

wind noun टञ् noun (cl.4)

wing noun कम् noun (cl.1)

wipe verb ज verb

with pp ग्वो pp

withhold verb द़ी verb

woman noun श्auत् noun (cl.1)

worm noun येच् noun (cl.3)

Yash prop यष् prop (cl.2)

year noun ऱुफ़् noun (cl.3)

yellow adj टेद् noun (cl.2)

yon det चो det

Juy-English Dictionary

-अगो [-aɡo] nouncase suffix NOM

-अलो [-alo] nouncase suffix DAT

-अहु [-ahu] nouncase suffix PART

-इपु [-ipu] nouncase suffix VOC

-इयो [-ijo] nouncase suffix INS

-उऩ [-unˤa] nouncase suffix ABL

-एषो [-eʂo] nouncase suffix LOC

-एफ़ो [-efo] nouncase suffix GEN

-ओदि [-odi] nouncase suffix ALL

कम् [kaˈm] noun (cl.1) wing noun

का [kaːˈ] num four num

काक् [kaːˈk] noun (cl.1) net noun

1. कि [kiˈ] num nine num

2. कि [kiˈ] pp COMP pp

3. कि [kiˈ] verb confound verb

4. कि [ki] vpobj enclitic 3.sing.cl.3

किङ् [kiˈŋ] noun (cl.1) thick adj

किण् [kiˈɳ] noun (cl.3) left adj

कीक् [kiːˈk] noun (cl.2) cheese noun

कुप् [kuˈp] noun (cl.4) fingernail noun

कुब् [kuˈb] noun (cl.3) hair noun

के [ke] vpquestion enclitic Q

केण् [keˈɳ] noun (cl.4) slime noun

कै [keːˈ] verb create verb

को [koˈ] verb see verb

कोग्व् [koˈɡʷ] noun (cl.4) apple noun

कौ [koːˈ] verb eat verb

कौह् [koːˈh] noun (cl.1) farmer noun

क्ai [kaiˈ] verb want verb

क्aiत़् [kaiˈtˤ] noun (cl.3) salt noun

क्au [kauˈ] verb fly verb

क्तञ् [ᵏǀaˈɲ] noun (cl.2) faeces noun

क्त़श् [ᵏǀˤaˈʃ] noun (cl.1) mortar noun

क्त़िग् [ᵏǀˤiˈɡ] noun (cl.2) boy noun

क्त़िच् [ᵏǀˤiˈc] noun (cl.1) bottle noun

क्त़िभ् [ᵏǀˤiˈɓ] noun (cl.4) black adj

क्त़ेप् [ᵏǀˤeˈp] noun (cl.4) small adj

क्त़ैच् [ᵏǀˤeːˈc] noun (cl.2) whole adj

क्त़ोङ् [ᵏǀˤoˈŋ] noun (cl.4) fog noun

क्त़ोञ् [ᵏǀˤoˈɲ] noun (cl.2) right adj

क्त़ोस़् [ᵏǀˤoˈsˤ] noun (cl.1) tooth noun

क्तिङ्व् [ᵏǀiˈŋʷ] noun (cl.2) head noun

क्तिश् [ᵏǀiˈʃ] noun (cl.1) child noun (young human)

क्तील् [ᵏǀiːˈl] noun (cl.1) box noun

क्तुल् [ᵏǀuˈl] noun (cl.2) sand noun

क्त्aiम् [ᵏǀaiˈm] noun (cl.3) single adj

-क्व [-kʷa] detgender suffix cl.3

क्व [kʷaˈ] verb find verb

क्वा [kʷaːˈ] pp in_next_to pp

-क्वि [-kʷi] detgender suffix cl.2

1. क्वि [kʷiˈ] verb kiss verb

2. क्वि [kʷi] vpmode proclitic optative

3. क्वि [kʷi] vpsubj enclitic 3.sing.cl.4

क्वेङ् [kʷeˈŋ] noun (cl.2) smoke noun

क्वै [kʷeːˈ] pp to_around pp

क्वैत़् [kʷeːˈtˤ] noun (cl.4) land noun

1. क्वो [kʷoˈ] verb walk verb

2. क्वो [kʷo] vpsubj enclitic 3.plur.cl.2

3. क्वो [kʷo] vpobj enclitic 1excl.sing

क्वौ [kʷoːˈ] pp from_near pp

क्वफ़् [kʷaˈf] noun (cl.2) egg noun

गिप् [ɡiˈp] noun (cl.2) south noun

गिफ़् [ɡiˈf] noun (cl.3) time noun

गुग्व् [ɡuˈɡʷ] noun (cl.4) wet adj

गुम् [ɡuˈm] noun (cl.1) brick noun

गूङ् [ɡuːˈŋ] noun (cl.3) day noun

1. गे [ɡeˈ] conj then conj

2. गे [ɡe] vpobj enclitic 2.sing

गै [ɡeːˈ] pp from_surface pp

ग्au [ɡauˈ] pp from_under pp

1. ग्वा [ɡʷaːˈ] pron 2.plur pron

2. ग्वा [ɡʷaːˈ] verb resemble verb

ग्वाण् [ɡʷaːˈɳ] noun (cl.1) chair noun

ग्वि [ɡʷiˈ] verb sit verb

ग्विश् [ɡʷiˈʃ] prop (cl.2) God prop

ग्वी [ɡʷiːˈ] pp to_across pp

ग्वै [ɡʷeːˈ] verb fear verb

ग्वो [ɡʷoˈ] pp with pp

ग्वोब् [ɡʷoˈb] noun (cl.1) cold adj

ग्वोव् [ɡʷoˈʋ] noun (cl.2) fight noun

ग्वौ [ɡʷoːˈ] verb flow verb

ग्व्aiङ्व् [ɡʷaiˈŋʷ] noun (cl.4) embrace noun

ङि [ŋi] vpsubj enclitic 1incl.sing

ङी [ŋiːˈ] verb hold verb

ङीक्व् [ŋiːˈkʷ] noun (cl.3) city noun

ङीस् [ŋiːˈs] noun (cl.4) rain noun

ङू [ŋuːˈ] verb hunt verb

ङो [ŋoˈ] verb freeze verb

ङ्auड् [ŋauˈɖ] noun (cl.2) inside noun

ङ्त़ [ᵑǀˤa] vpobj enclitic 3.plur.cl.2

ङ्त़ल् [ᵑǀˤaˈl] noun (cl.3) wild boar noun

ङ्त़श् [ᵑǀˤaˈʃ] noun (cl.4) river noun

ङ्त़ा [ᵑǀˤaːˈ] pp in_around pp

ङ्त़ीन् [ᵑǀˤiːˈn] noun (cl.2) leaf noun

ङ्त़ु [ᵑǀˤuˈ] verb throw verb

ङ्त़ुन् [ᵑǀˤuˈn] noun (cl.1) bed noun

ङ्त़्au [ᵑǀˤauˈ] num two num

ङ्तिग् [ᵑǀiˈɡ] noun (cl.1) rope noun

ङ्तिय् [ᵑǀiˈj] noun (cl.3) cat noun

ङ्तुट् [ᵑǀuˈʈ] noun (cl.3) speech noun

ङ्तुण् [ᵑǀuˈɳ] noun (cl.2) sun noun

ङ्तुम् [ᵑǀuˈm] noun (cl.4) bad adj

ङ्तोय् [ᵑǀoˈj] noun (cl.4) all adj

ङ्त्auस् [ᵑǀauˈs] noun (cl.3) sharp adj

ङ्वक्व् [ŋʷaˈkʷ] noun (cl.1) breath noun

ङ्वा [ŋʷaːˈ] verb grind verb

ङ्वि [ŋʷi] vpobj enclitic 3.plur.cl.4

ङ्वौ [ŋʷoːˈ] verb laugh verb

1. ङ्व्ai [ŋʷaiˈ] verb fight verb

2. ङ्व्ai [ŋʷaiˈ] pp from_around pp

ङ्व्au [ŋʷauˈ] num six num

1. च [caˈ] verb lie verb

2. च [ca] vpsubj enclitic 3.sing.cl.2

चिष् [ciˈʂ] noun (cl.4) wheat noun

चू [cuːˈ] pp in_right pp

1. चे [ceˈ] pron 3.sing.cl.4 pron

2. चे [ceˈ] num hundred num

चै [ceːˈ] verb smell verb

1. चो [coˈ] det yon det

2. चो [coˈ] verb do verb

3. चो [coˈ] pp to_outside pp

4. चो [co] vpsubj enclitic 3.sing.cl.1

चोफ़् [coˈf] noun (cl.1) umbrella noun

च्ai [caiˈ] pron 1excl.plur pron

च्auब् [cauˈb] noun (cl.3) grass noun

1. ज [ɟaˈ] verb wipe verb

2. ज [ɟa] vpobj enclitic 1incl.sing

जाश् [ɟaːˈʃ] noun (cl.3) lamb noun

जिद़् [ɟiˈdˤ] noun (cl.3) other adj

1. जु [ɟuˈ] pron 3.plur.cl.3 pron

2. जु [ɟuˈ] verb push verb

3. जु [ɟu] vpsubj enclitic 1excl.plur

जुट् [ɟuˈʈ] noun (cl.4) cloud noun

जुय् [ɟuˈj] noun (cl.3) Juy noun (language)

जू [ɟuːˈ] verb hate verb

जेग् [ɟeˈɡ] noun (cl.4) lake noun

1. जो [ɟoˈ] pron 1incl.sing pron

2. जो [ɟoˈ] verb suck verb

ज्aiङ्व् [ɟaiˈŋʷ] noun (cl.1) knife noun

ञा [ɲaːˈ] conj but conj

ञुस् [ɲuˈs] noun (cl.3) liver noun

ञूट् [ɲuːˈʈ] noun (cl.3) animal noun

ञो [ɲoˈ] pp to_right pp

ञोय् [ɲoˈj] noun (cl.4) wide adj

ञौच् [ɲoːˈc] prop (cl.1) Nyoch prop

ञौम् [ɲoːˈm] noun (cl.3) mouse noun

ञ्aiऱ् [ɲaiˈɽ] noun (cl.1) daughter noun

टञ् [ʈaˈɲ] noun (cl.4) wind noun

टष् [ʈaˈʂ] noun (cl.2) knee noun

टिग्व् [ʈiˈɡʷ] noun (cl.4) blood noun

टित़् [ʈiˈtˤ] noun (cl.1) big adj

टिम् [ʈiˈm] noun (cl.4) leg noun

टु [ʈuˈ] verb split verb

टू [ʈuːˈ] verb hit verb

टेक् [ʈeˈk] noun (cl.2) star noun

टेद् [ʈeˈd] noun (cl.2) yellow adj

टोग्व् [ʈoˈɡʷ] noun (cl.4) urine noun

टोस् [ʈoˈs] noun (cl.4) guts noun

टौ [ʈoːˈ] verb kill verb

टौऱ् [ʈoːˈɽ] noun (cl.1) human being noun

ट्aiह् [ʈaiˈh] noun (cl.1) table noun

ट्auष् [ʈauˈʂ] noun (cl.1) skin noun

1. ड [ɖaˈ] pron 3.sing.cl.1 pron

2. ड [ɖaˈ] pp COMIT pp

3. ड [ɖaˈ] verb catch verb

डद़् [ɖaˈdˤ] noun (cl.3) full adj

डाव् [ɖaːˈʋ] noun (cl.4) white adj

डाफ़् [ɖaːˈf] noun (cl.4) bark noun (on tree)

डिण् [ɖiˈɳ] noun (cl.1) house noun

डीण् [ɖiːˈɳ] noun (cl.4) hand noun

डेस़् [ɖeˈsˤ] noun (cl.2) top noun

डै [ɖeːˈ] pp to pp

1. डो [ɖoˈ] verb float verb

2. डो [ɖo] vpquestion enclitic not.Q

डौ [ɖoːˈ] verb spit verb

ड्ai [ɖaiˈ] verb stab verb

णिय् [ɳiˈj] noun (cl.4) few adj

णिस़् [ɳiˈsˤ] noun (cl.1) warm adj

णी [ɳiːˈ] pp in_under pp

णु [ɳuˈ] pp MANNER pp

णे [ɳeˈ] pp in pp

णो [ɳoˈ] pp in_above pp

त [taˈ] verb break verb

तञ् [taˈɲ] noun (cl.3) tongue noun

1. त़ [tˤaˈ] num seven num

2. त़ [tˤaˈ] pp from_in_front pp

त़द् [tˤaˈd] noun (cl.2) ash noun

त़ि [tˤiˈ] verb scatter verb

1. त़ु [tˤuˈ] pron 3.plur.cl.1 pron

2. त़ु [tˤuˈ] pp to_surface pp

त़ूच् [tˤuːˈc] noun (cl.1) people noun

त़ेङ्व् [tˤeˈŋʷ] noun (cl.1) ice noun

त़ै [tˤeːˈ] verb say verb

त़ैऱ् [tˤeːˈɽ] noun (cl.2) hunter noun

त़ोय् [tˤoˈj] noun (cl.2) surface noun

तिग्व् [tiˈɡʷ] noun (cl.3) bosom noun (body part)

तिऱ् [tiˈɽ] noun (cl.3) dust noun

ती [tiːˈ] verb play verb

तीच् [tiːˈc] prop (cl.4) Tich prop

तु [tuˈ] verb swell verb

तू [tuːˈ] pp to_above pp

ते [te] vpobj enclitic 2.plur

तै [teːˈ] pp from_behind pp

तौ [toːˈ] pron 3.sing.cl.3 pron

1. द [daˈ] verb copy verb

2. द [daˈ] pp from_next_to pp

दञ् [daˈɲ] noun (cl.1) friend noun

दब् [daˈb] noun (cl.3) jaguar noun

दऱ् [daˈɽ] noun (cl.2) west noun

द़ [dˤaˈ] verb burn verb

द़ऩ् [dˤaˈnˤ] noun (cl.1) sea noun

द़म् [dˤaˈm] noun (cl.2) father noun

द़ि [dˤiˈ] pp PURP pp

1. द़ी [dˤiːˈ] adv furiously adv

2. द़ी [dˤiːˈ] verb withhold verb

द़ीव् [dˤiːˈʋ] noun (cl.2) man noun

1. द़ु [dˤuˈ] pp to_behind pp

2. द़ु [dˤu] vpsubj enclitic 3.sing.cl.3

द़ुन् [dˤuˈn] noun (cl.3) lion noun

द़ुष् [dˤuˈʂ] noun (cl.2) north noun

1. द़ू [dˤuːˈ] adv there adv

2. द़ू [dˤuːˈ] conj because conj

द़ून् [dˤuːˈn] noun (cl.3) perfect adj

द़े [dˤe] vpobj enclitic 1incl.plur

द़ेय् [dˤeˈj] noun (cl.4) sound noun

द़ै [dˤeːˈ] verb dwell verb

द़ो [dˤoˈ] verb breathe verb

द़ोभ् [dˤoˈɓ] noun (cl.4) water noun

द़्ai [dˤaiˈ] verb tie verb

द़्aiह् [dˤaiˈh] noun (cl.2) language noun

द़्au [dˤauˈ] pp from_across pp

द़्auऱ् [dˤauˈɽ] noun (cl.2) thin adj

द़्auष् [dˤauˈʂ] noun (cl.1) furious adj

दि [di] vpsubj enclitic 2.sing

दिब् [diˈb] noun (cl.2) colour noun

दी [diːˈ] verb turn verb

1. दु [du] vpnegation enclitic POS

2. दु [du] vpobj enclitic 3.sing.cl.1

दू [duːˈ] pron 2.sing pron

दे [de] vpsubj enclitic 1incl.plur

देद् [deˈd] noun (cl.2) correct adj

दोऩ् [doˈnˤ] noun (cl.1) stone noun

दौ [doːˈ] verb dig verb

1. द्au [dauˈ] verb love verb

2. द्au [dauˈ] pp in_outside pp

द्auभ् [dauˈɓ] noun (cl.2) near adj

न [naˈ] verb pat verb

ऩ [nˤa] vpmode proclitic indicative

ऩद् [nˤaˈd] noun (cl.4) manner noun

ऩा [nˤaːˈ] pp to_left pp

-ऩि [-nˤi] detgender suffix cl.4

ऩी [nˤiːˈ] verb surprise verb

1. ऩु [nˤuˈ] adv always adv

2. ऩु [nˤuˈ] pp in_inside pp

ऩू [nˤuːˈ] verb blow verb

ऩे [nˤeˈ] verb bite verb

ऩो [nˤo] vpobj enclitic 3.sing.cl.4

ऩोज् [nˤoˈɟ] noun (cl.4) breast noun

1. ऩ्ai [nˤaiˈ] verb pull verb

2. ऩ्ai [nˤaiˈ] pp in_in_front pp

निस़् [niˈsˤ] noun (cl.3) louse noun

नी [niːˈ] pp from_right pp

1. नु [nuˈ] pp in_left pp

2. नु [nu] vpvoice enclitic passive

3. नु [nu] vpsubj enclitic 3.plur.cl.3

नुष् [nuˈʂ] noun (cl.1) horn noun

ने [ne] vpobj enclitic 3.plur.cl.3

नैत़् [neːˈtˤ] noun (cl.1) bone noun

नोङ्व् [noˈŋʷ] noun (cl.3) ear noun

नोस़् [noˈsˤ] noun (cl.3) nose noun

नौ [noːˈ] verb think verb

न्aiभ् [naiˈɓ] noun (cl.1) girl noun

1. न्au [nauˈ] pron 1incl.plur pron

2. न्au [nauˈ] pp in_across pp

पड् [paˈɖ] noun (cl.2) east noun

1. पि [piˈ] pp from_outside pp

2. पि [pi] vpobj enclitic 3.plur.cl.1

पिङ्व् [piˈŋʷ] noun (cl.3) fire noun

पिन् [piˈn] noun (cl.1) root noun

पीश् [piːˈʃ] noun (cl.2) moon noun

-पु [-pu] pronnumber suffix plur

पूष् [puːˈʂ] noun (cl.1) dull adj

पे [pe] vpta proclitic PAST

1. पै [peːˈ] verb cease verb

2. पै [peːˈ] pp to_near pp

पो [po] vpmode proclitic conditional

पोच् [poˈc] noun (cl.3) tiger noun

पोड् [poˈɖ] noun (cl.1) mouth noun

पौ [poːˈ] verb vomit verb

प्auज् [pauˈɟ] noun (cl.2) straight adj

प्auप् [pauˈp] noun (cl.4) snow noun

1. बि [biˈ] verb spend_time verb

2. बि [bi] vpobj enclitic 3.sing.cl.2

बिञ् [biˈɲ] noun (cl.4) penis noun

बिड् [biˈɖ] noun (cl.3) night noun

1. बे [beˈ] pp in_surface pp

2. बे [be] vpsubj enclitic 3.plur.cl.1

बै [beːˈ] verb know verb

बौ [boːˈ] pron 1excl.sing pron

भा [ɓaːˈ] pp to_in_front pp

भिम् [ɓiˈm] prop (cl.1) Bim prop

भिऱ् [ɓiˈɽ] noun (cl.4) seed noun

भुञ् [ɓuˈɲ] noun (cl.4) fat noun

भे [ɓeˈ] pron she pron

भोस़् [ɓoˈsˤ] noun (cl.2) round adj

भ्au [ɓauˈ] num thousand num

भ्auञ् [ɓauˈɲ] noun (cl.1) wife noun

भ्auट् [ɓauˈʈ] prop (cl.4) Baut prop

भ्auस़् [ɓauˈsˤ] noun (cl.3) large adj

मण् [maˈɳ] noun (cl.2) neck noun

मब् [maˈb] noun (cl.3) belly noun

मा [maːˈ] num three num

माद् [maːˈd] noun (cl.4) red adj

मिद् [miˈd] noun (cl.3) tail noun

मिष् [miˈʂ] noun (cl.1) feather noun

मीऩ् [miːˈnˤ] noun (cl.4) plain noun

मु [mu] vpobj enclitic none

मे [me] vpta proclitic PRES

मेक् [meˈk] noun (cl.3) some adj

मेभ् [meˈɓ] noun (cl.2) face noun

मो [moˈ] num ten num

मौऱ् [moːˈɽ] noun (cl.3) short adj

य [jaˈ] verb evolve verb

यष् [jaˈʂ] prop (cl.2) Yash prop

-यु [-ju] detgender suffix cl.1

यूश् [juːˈʃ] noun (cl.1) teacher noun

येच् [jeˈc] noun (cl.3) worm noun

योप् [joˈp] noun (cl.2) old adj (not young)

योष् [joˈʂ] noun (cl.3) fish noun

यौ [joːˈ] pp to_under pp

य्ai [jaiˈ] num five num

य्aiज् [jaiˈɟ] noun (cl.2) many adj

य्au [jauˈ] verb drink verb

ऱप् [ɽaˈp] noun (cl.3) idea noun

ऱस़् [ɽaˈsˤ] noun (cl.2) meat noun

ऱुफ़् [ɽuˈf] noun (cl.3) year noun

ऱैव् [ɽeːˈʋ] noun (cl.3) blind adj

ल [laˈ] verb shape verb

लात़् [laːˈtˤ] noun (cl.4) vagina noun

1. लि [liˈ] pron RELPRON pron

2. लि [liˈ] conj and conj

3. लि [liˈ] verb buy verb

लीग्व् [liːˈɡʷ] noun (cl.1) different adj

लीऱ् [liːˈɽ] prop (cl.2) Lir prop

1. लु [luˈ] conj thus conj

2. लु [luˈ] verb die verb

लुस् [luˈs] noun (cl.1) back noun (body part)

1. लो [loˈ] pron 3.sing.cl.2 pron

2. लो [loˈ] verb sew verb

लौ [loːˈ] verb sleep verb

ल्au [lauˈ] verb wash verb

व [ʋaˈ] verb give verb

वष् [ʋaˈʂ] noun (cl.4) dialect noun

वा [ʋaːˈ] adv often adv

विच् [ʋiˈc] noun (cl.1) rotten adj

विज् [ʋiˈɟ] noun (cl.3) foot noun

विट् [ʋiˈʈ] noun (cl.4) heart noun

विय् [ʋiˈj] noun (cl.4) forest noun

1. वू [ʋuːˈ] pron 3.plur.cl.4 pron

2. वू [ʋuːˈ] num eight num

वै [ʋeːˈ] pp from_above pp

व्auच् [ʋauˈc] noun (cl.3) new adj

श [ʃaˈ] verb build verb

शाल् [ʃaːˈl] noun (cl.2) smooth adj

शिक् [ʃiˈk] noun (cl.3) tree noun

शिण् [ʃiˈɳ] noun (cl.3) snake noun

शिस् [ʃiˈs] noun (cl.1) road noun

शुद् [ʃuˈd] noun (cl.3) bird noun

शे [ʃeˈ] det this det

शो [ʃo] vpsubj enclitic 3.plur.cl.4

शोज् [ʃoˈɟ] noun (cl.2) flower noun

श्aiन् [ʃaiˈn] noun (cl.4) stick noun

श्auत् [ʃauˈt] noun (cl.1) woman noun

षा [ʂaːˈ] verb speak verb

षिड् [ʂiˈɖ] noun (cl.1) binoculars noun

षेच् [ʂeˈc] noun (cl.4) far adj

षेऩ् [ʂeˈnˤ] noun (cl.2) anus noun

षेभ् [ʂeˈɓ] noun (cl.4) little adj

षै [ʂeːˈ] verb make verb

1. षो [ʂoˈ] pp to_inside pp

2. षो [ʂo] vpmode proclitic imperative

1. स [saˈ] pp INSTR pp

2. स [saˈ] verb purpose verb

सभ् [saˈɓ] noun (cl.4) mountain noun

स़च् [sˤaˈc] noun (cl.1) neighbour noun

स़ज् [sˤaˈɟ] noun (cl.1) mother noun

स़द़् [sˤaˈdˤ] noun (cl.4) green adj

स़म् [sˤaˈm] noun (cl.3) fruit noun

1. स़ि [sˤiˈ] conj or conj

2. स़ि [sˤi] vpvoice enclitic active

स़िफ़् [sˤiˈf] prop (cl.4) Sif prop

स़ी [sˤiːˈ] verb journey verb

स़ु [sˤu] vpnegation enclitic NEG

स़ू [sˤuːˈ] verb arise verb

1. स़े [sˤeˈ] adv thoroughly adv

2. स़े [sˤeˈ] pp to_next_to pp

स़ेच् [sˤeˈc] noun (cl.4) earth noun

स़ै [sˤeːˈ] verb cut verb

स़्aiत् [sˤaiˈt] noun (cl.3) mammal noun

स़्au [sˤauˈ] verb count verb

1. सि [siˈ] verb come verb

2. सि [siˈ] pp from_inside pp

सिक्व् [siˈkʷ] noun (cl.2) dirty adj

सीच् [siːˈc] noun (cl.1) tower noun

सु [suˈ] verb have verb

सेन् [seˈn] noun (cl.3) colourless adj

-सो [-so] pronnumber suffix sing

सो [soˈ] verb stand verb

सोग् [soˈɡ] noun (cl.2) happy adj

स्ai [saiˈ] verb live verb

स्au [sauˈ] verb hear verb

स्auन् [sauˈn] noun (cl.4) long adj

हस़् [haˈsˤ] noun (cl.2) sky noun

हा [haːˈ] verb squeeze verb

हाङ् [haːˈŋ] noun (cl.4) good adj

1. हि [hiˈ] verb appear verb

2. हि [hiˈ] pp in_behind pp

हिण् [hiˈɳ] noun (cl.2) son noun

हीस् [hiːˈs] noun (cl.3) eye noun

1. हु [huˈ] pp from_left pp

2. हु [hu] vpsubj enclitic 2.plur

हू [huːˈ] verb call verb

हे [heˈ] pp in_near pp

हेश् [heˈʃ] noun (cl.3) name noun

है [heːˈ] verb scratch verb

हैब् [heːˈb] noun (cl.1) dry adj

हो [hoˈ] verb be verb

ह्aiज् [haiˈɟ] noun (cl.2) husband noun

ह्au [hauˈ] verb fall verb

फ़ [fa] vpobj enclitic 1excl.plur

1. फ़ा [faːˈ] pron 3.plur.cl.2 pron

2. फ़ा [faːˈ] det that det

3. फ़ा [faːˈ] num one num

4. फ़ा [faːˈ] verb swim verb

1. फ़ि [fiˈ] verb rub verb

2. फ़ि [fi] vpsubj enclitic 1excl.sing

फ़ीग् [fiːˈɡ] noun (cl.3) narrow adj

फ़ु [fuˈ] verb understand verb

फ़ुत् [fuˈt] noun (cl.1) book noun

फ़ुद़् [fuˈdˤ] noun (cl.3) dog noun

फ़ैष् [feːˈʂ] noun (cl.3) heavy adj

फ़ोच् [foˈc] noun (cl.1) machine noun

फ़ोभ् [foˈɓ] noun (cl.3) money noun

फ़्ai [faiˈ] verb sing verb

फ़्au [fauˈ] pp from pp