The Ashana Language

Grammar, Texts and Dictionary

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Generated by the Language Creator on 15th April 2026

https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2GNGG

Grammar

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Ashana language (the 3rd one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Ashana.

Typological Profile

It has the highly uncommon basic word order OVS, a small but genuine set of click consonants and postpositions.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Ashana has 23 consonant phonemes, a size that falls within a broadly average range.

It has a small but genuine set of click consonants, a system with marginal but genuine retroflex contrasts and a complete absence of phonemic voicing contrasts.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Ashana. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labial	dental	alveolar	postalveolar	lateral	palatal	retroflex	velar	glottal
stop	p	t	ʈ	k
nasal	m	n	ɲ	ɳ	ŋ
trill/tap/flap	ɽ
fricative	f	s	ʃ	ʂ	x	h
approximant	w	l	j
affricate	t͡ʃ
click	ᵏǀ
click, nasal	ᵑǀ

Vowels

Ashana has 7 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.

It has a triangular vowel system with few low vowels and front rounded vowels (these are cross-linguistically relatively uncommon, but occur in a number of well-known languages, including French, German, Turkish and Mandarin).

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Ashana. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

front unrounded	front rounded	central	back
close	i	y	u
mid	ə
open	a

Stress and Tones

Ashana has phonemic stress but no lexical tone. Stress consistently falls on the first vowel of the root, and no contrastive tonal distinctions are made.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

The language employs vowel harmony. To be specific, the following vowels change to match the first vowel of the root: /u/ becomes /y/.

Writing System

Introduction

Ashana is normally written using the Cyrillic alphabet, a script with a long and varied history across Eastern Europe and northern Asia. In this grammar, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also used to give an unambiguous representation of sound.

The conventions adopted here follow standard Cyrillic practice for the language where that exists; where they do not, the IPA transcription should be taken as authoritative.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:<h3>Simple letters</h3><table class='orthotable'><tr><td>ə /ə/</td><td>а /a/</td><td>в /w/</td><td>г /h/</td></tr><tr><td>и /i/</td><td>к /k/</td><td>л /l/</td><td>м /m/</td></tr><tr><td>н /n/</td><td>н̇ /ɳ/</td><td>п /p/</td><td>р̇ /ɽ/</td></tr><tr><td>с /s/</td><td>с̇ /ʂ/</td><td>т /t/</td><td>т̇ /ʈ/</td></tr><tr><td>у /u/</td><td>ф /f/</td><td>х /x/</td><td>ч /t͡ʃ/</td></tr><tr><td>ш /ʃ/</td><td>ј /j/</td><td>њ /ɲ/</td><td>ү /y/</td></tr><tr><td>ӈ /ŋ/</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table><h3>Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs</h3><table class='orthotable'><tr><td>əː /əː/</td><td>аа /aː/</td><td>ай /ai/</td></tr><tr><td>аў /au/</td><td>ии /iː/</td><td>уу /uː/</td></tr><tr><td>ҁн /ᵑǀ/</td><td>ҁт /ᵏǀ/</td><td>үү /yː/</td></tr></table></table>

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Ashana does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Ashana has the following genders:

Gender fem – for instance: əњаӈа ‘apple’, айгају ‘child’, аймаја ‘south’, айн̇ун̇и ‘tiger’, айшили ‘east’, акули ‘day’, апас̇и ‘sand’, апаја ‘cheese’, аўван̇у ‘urine’, аўсуви ‘seed’, иигивə ‘tooth’, иимəн̇ə ‘dog’, ихашə ‘smoke’, иӈəт̇ə ‘egg’, укəња ‘teacher’, ур̇əлу ‘night’, уус̇уња ‘mother’, уӈана ‘woman’, үсича ‘face’, үчучə ‘west’.

Gender masc – for instance: əːфичи ‘chair’, əмин̇у ‘thin’, əфикə ‘back’, əшат̇и ‘straight’, аачата ‘round’, асаса ‘small’, иикəки ‘little’, иичан̇а ‘dry’, икити ‘mammal’, икичə ‘net’, ис̇əр̇и ‘wet’, ијəсу ‘left’, ут̇ина ‘tree’, уун̇ана ‘bark’, уфəњу ‘people’, үвит̇ə ‘green’, үнафи ‘red’, үнир̇и ‘long’, үүшиги ‘furious’, үүӈат̇ə ‘bottle’.

Gender neut – for instance: əкифи ‘speech’, əчар̇а ‘sea’, аајəмə ‘colour’, айвију ‘nose’, айкифа ‘plain’, аймита ‘root’, айфапи ‘breast’, алин̇ə ‘lamb’, ар̇уӈа ‘earth’, ањипу ‘fish’, аўсиха ‘embrace’, аўтипи ‘bosom’, игəхə ‘mouth’, итива ‘star’, ичави ‘snow’, увир̇и ‘leg’, унəњи ‘flower’, уупихə ‘friend’, уухапи ‘sound’, үсиӈə ‘land’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Ashana can be exemplified by the following example:

Њəӈилаха пə чусу ки салифифа фуупа сəːну хə сəхуӈана фуусу сəн̇əːњипи фуупа Чуу.	(1)

[ɲəˈŋilaxa ˈpə ˈt͡ʃusu ki saˈlififa ˈfuːpa ˈsəːnu xə səˈxuŋana ˈfuːsu səˈɳəːɲipi ˈfuːpa ˈt͡ʃuː]

plur	ACC	mouse	three	yon	fem	3.sing.masc.POSS	sing	GEN

blind	the	masc	catch	indicative	sing	NOM	woman	the

fem	sing	LOC	knife	the	masc	COMIT

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There is one type of clitic in the nominal phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing possessor. a clitic expressing possessor, comprising гə /hə/ ‘1incl.sing’, вə /wə/ ‘1excl.sing’, ну /nu/ ‘2.sing’, ки /ki/ ‘3.sing.masc’, р̇а /ɽa/ ‘3.sing.fem’, чə /t͡ʃə/ ‘3.sing.neut’, са /sa/ ‘1incl.plur’, на /na/ ‘1excl.plur’, ги /hi/ ‘2.plur’, су /su/ ‘3.plur.masc’, фу /fu/ ‘3.plur.fem’ and ту /tu/ ‘3.plur.neut’.

The morphology of the elements of the nominal phrase, i.e., nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns, is described below, as is the way that possession is expressed in Ashana.

The Noun

The noun in Ashana consists of first, an obligatory prefix expressing number, comprising с- /s-/ ‘sing’ and њ- /ɲ-/ ‘plur’; second, an obligatory prefix expressing case, comprising əх- /əx-/ ‘NOM’, уј- /uj-/ ‘ERG’, əӈ- /əŋ-/ ‘ACC’, ал- /al-/ ‘GEN’, ан- /an-/ ‘DAT’, ус- /us-/ ‘INS’, əл- /əl-/ ‘VOC’, ум- /um-/ ‘ALL’, əн̇- /əɳ-/ ‘LOC’, ат- /at-/ ‘ABL’ and уч- /ut͡ʃ-/ ‘PART’; and finally, third, the root.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -ха /-xa/ ‘little’ and -ки /-ki/ ‘big’

The Adjective

In Ashana, the adjective has the following structure: the root followed by an optional suffix expressing number, comprising -н̇и /-ɳi/ ‘plur’.

Numerals

The numeral in Ashana stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

In Ashana, the determiner has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -па /-pa/ ‘masc’, -су /-su/ ‘fem’ and -ну /-nu/ ‘neut’.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Ashana stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Сəӈайн̇ун̇и фуусу ҁтињу ху ҁнайна сəхəːт̇уја хə.	(2)

[səˈŋaiɳuɳi ˈfuːsu ˈᵏǀiɲu ˈxu ˈᵑǀaina səˈxəːʈuja xə]

sing	ACC	tiger	the	fem	kill	because	be	sing

NOM	happy	indicative

“Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.”

Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

Фу куку хə.	(3)

[ˈfu ˈkuku xə]

3.sing.fem	love	indicative

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

But here, the word corresponding to he is stressed:

Фу куку хə лай.	(4)

[ˈfu ˈkuku xə ˈlai]

3.sing.fem	love	indicative	3.sing.masc

“He loves her.”

And here, it is the one translated as her that is stressed:

Фу куку хə.	(5)

[ˈfu ˈkuku xə]

3.sing.fem	love	indicative

“He loves her.”

Proper Nouns

СəӈАр̇аӈу фуусу нир̇и хə сəхИпифа фуупа.	(6)

[səˈŋaɽaŋu ˈfuːsu ˈniɽi xə səˈxipifa ˈfuːpa]

sing	ACC	Arangu	the	fem	hate	indicative	sing	NOM

Ipifa	the	masc

“Ipifa hates Arangu.”

Possession

сəхəњаӈа фуусу ки салир̇уша фуупа	(7)

[səˈxəɲaŋa ˈfuːsu ki saˈliɽuʃa ˈfuːpa]

sing	NOM	apple	the	fem	3.sing.masc.POSS	sing	GEN	boy

the	masc

“the boy’s apple”

сəхəњаӈа фуусу ки лай	(8)

[səˈxəɲaŋa ˈfuːsu ki ˈlai]

sing	NOM	apple	the	fem	3.sing.masc.POSS	3.sing.masc

“his (the boy’s) apple”

сəхəњаӈа фуусу вə	(9)

[səˈxəɲaŋa ˈfuːsu wə]

sing	NOM	apple	the	fem	1excl.sing.POSS

“my apple”

Сəӈаўфан̇и фуупа чə салаўлəфа фууну ну фан̇и хə сəхипанə фуусу ки салахус̇у фуупа.	(10)

[səˈŋaufaɳi ˈfuːpa t͡ʃə saˈlauləfa ˈfuːnu nu ˈfaɳi xə səˈxipanə ˈfuːsu ki saˈlaxuʂu ˈfuːpa]

sing	ACC	son	the	masc	3.sing.neut.POSS	sing	GEN	neighbour

the	neut	2.sing.POSS	kiss	indicative	sing	NOM	daughter	the

fem	3.sing.masc.POSS	sing	GEN	hunter	the	masc

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

Derivation

Ashana has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:

сəхалин̇ə гүнү	(11)

[səˈxaliɳə ˈhyny]

sing	NOM	lamb	a	neut

“a lamb”

In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:

сəхалин̇əха гүнү	(12)

[səˈxaliɳəxa ˈhyny]

sing	NOM	lamb	little	a	neut

“a little lamb”

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

The verbal phrase clitics in Ashana fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing voice, comprising с̇и /ʂi/ ‘passive’; second, a clitic expressing ta, comprising њə /ɲə/ ‘PAST’; and finally, third, a clitic expressing mode, comprising хə /xə/ ‘indicative’, на /na/ ‘conditional’ and ҁти /ᵏǀi/ ‘optative’.

In addition, the verb is structured like this: an optional prefix expressing negation, comprising гə- /hə-/ ‘NEG’ followed by the root.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -ӈи /-ŋi/ ‘begin’ and -ши /-ʃi/ ‘stop’

Чаа куку хə.	(13)

[ˈt͡ʃaː ˈkuku xə]

2.sing	love	indicative

“I love you.”

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

сəхаўчəла сəхупухə фуупа тəː	(14)

[səˈxaut͡ʃəla səˈxupuxə ˈfuːpa ˈtəː]

sing	NOM	surface	sing	NOM	table	the	masc	in

“on the table”

сəхаўфас̇а сəхикивə фуупа фаа	(15)

[səˈxaufaʂa səˈxikiwə ˈfuːpa ˈfaː]

sing	NOM	inside	sing	NOM	box	the	masc	to

“into the box”

нуу Чуу	(16)

[ˈnuː ˈt͡ʃuː]

1excl.sing	COMIT

“with me”

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Ashana has Object–Verb–Subject (OVS) as its basic constituent order. Clauses begin with the object, followed by the verb, with the subject in final position. This is a rare but attested configuration in the world’s languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Ashana.

Сəӈахус̇у фуупа ҁтињу хə сəхафава фуупа.	(17)

[səˈŋaxuʂu ˈfuːpa ˈᵏǀiɲu xə səˈxafawa ˈfuːpa]

sing	ACC	hunter	the	masc	kill	indicative	sing	NOM

jaguar	the	masc

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

Сəӈиимəн̇ə фуусу р̇а салипанə фуусу ки салахус̇у фуупа р̇аата хə сəхис̇ани фуусу.	(18)

[səˈŋiːməɳə ˈfuːsu ɽa saˈlipanə ˈfuːsu ki saˈlaxuʂu ˈfuːpa ˈɽaːta xə səˈxiʂani ˈfuːsu]

sing	ACC	dog	the	fem	3.sing.fem.POSS	sing	GEN	daughter

the	fem	3.sing.masc.POSS	sing	GEN	hunter	the	masc	eat

indicative	sing	NOM	lion	the	fem

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Ashana reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-initial: the possessed noun precedes the possessor. For instance, Ashana expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “toy child”. This structure is typologically rarer and often co-occurs with verb-initial syntax or with grammatical marking on the noun.

сəхар̇əгə фуупа чə салуупихə фууну ки салаўфан̇и фуупа ну	(19)

[səˈxaɽəhə ˈfuːpa t͡ʃə saˈluːpixə ˈfuːnu ki saˈlaufaɳi ˈfuːpa nu]

sing	NOM	book	the	masc	3.sing.neut.POSS	sing	GEN	friend

the	neut	3.sing.masc.POSS	sing	GEN	son	the	masc	2.sing.POSS

“your son’s friend’s book”

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

Њəӈафава фуупа нү њəӈайн̇ун̇и фуусу нү њəӈис̇ани фуусу ҁтињу хə сəхахус̇у фуупа.	(20)

[ɲəˈŋafawa ˈfuːpa ˈny ɲəˈŋaiɳuɳi ˈfuːsu ˈny ɲəˈŋiʂani ˈfuːsu ˈᵏǀiɲu xə səˈxaxuʂu ˈfuːpa]

plur	ACC	jaguar	the	masc	and	plur	ACC	tiger

the	fem	and	plur	ACC	lion	the	fem	kill

indicative	sing	NOM	hunter	the	masc

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Ashana provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Ashana uses the correlative strategy to form relative clauses. The relative clause is introduced by a dedicated relativiser and appears as an independent clause. The main clause contains a demonstrative that corresponds to the relativiser and identifies the element being modified. The relative clause precedes the main clause when used on its own, and follows the head noun when it functions as a modifier. The internal structure of both clauses is fully finite.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

Сəӈəкачи фууну мумə хə.	(21)

[səˈŋəkat͡ʃi ˈfuːnu ˈmumə xə]

sing	ACC	cat	the	neut	pat	indicative

“I patted the cat.”

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

Сəӈилаха фуусу сəːну хə наа мумə хə шаў.	(22)

[səˈŋilaxa ˈfuːsu ˈsəːnu xə ˈnaː ˈmumə xə ˈʃau]

sing	ACC	mouse	the	fem	catch	indicative	3.sing.neut	pat

indicative	then

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

Сəӈапаја фуусу р̇аата хə фу сəːну хə шаў наа мумə хə шаў.	(23)

[səˈŋapaja ˈfuːsu ˈɽaːta xə ˈfu ˈsəːnu xə ˈʃau ˈnaː ˈmumə xə ˈʃau]

sing	ACC	cheese	the	fem	eat	indicative	3.sing.fem	catch

indicative	then	3.sing.neut	pat	indicative	then

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

Фу сəːфи хə фу р̇аата хə шаў фу сəːну хə шаў наа мумə хə шаў.	(24)

[ˈfu ˈsəːfi xə ˈfu ˈɽaːta xə ˈʃau ˈfu ˈsəːnu xə ˈʃau ˈnaː ˈmumə xə ˈʃau]

3.sing.fem	buy	indicative	3.sing.fem	eat	indicative	then	3.sing.fem	catch

indicative	then	3.sing.neut	pat	indicative	then

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

Complementation Strategies

Ashana marks complement clauses with subordinating verbal morphology. The embedded verb is fully finite and carries a subordinating suffix that identifies the clause as a complement. No structural changes occur within the clause apart from this verbal marking.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

Санукəња фуусу т̇аўна сəӈəњаӈа гүсү санаўкан̇а фуусу гаас̇и хə сəхир̇уша фуупа.	(25)

[saˈnukəɲa ˈfuːsu ˈʈauna səˈŋəɲaŋa ˈhysy saˈnaukaɳa ˈfuːsu ˈhaːʂi xə səˈxiɽuʃa ˈfuːpa]

sing	DAT	teacher	the	fem	surprise	sing	ACC	apple

a	fem	sing	DAT	girl	the	fem	give	indicative

sing	NOM	boy	the	masc

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

Quotes

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Miscellaneous

Texts

The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1–9)

Тас̇а њəхəːкуси фууну сəхаўчəла сəхар̇уӈа фууну ки салир̇əча фуупа тəː ки салаўсуња фуупа сəхатəка пии нү сəхијəфи пии. Ниила луу сəхаўфас̇а сəхайшили фуусу гəː, нү т̇үүмү луу сəхайкифа гүнү сəхаўфас̇а сəхүсиӈə гүнү тəː ки салəлума фуупа, ви мəку луу шү. Мүс̇ү луу њəӈаўпəми сайн̇а њəː нү њəӈаўпəми тапа њəː њай. Тас̇а њə хə луу сəхаўпəми сəн̇аас̇ипа Њə, нү тас̇а њə хə луу сəхəвила сəн̇айњар̇а Њə.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter.

A Creation Myth

Гəњииги хə њəː њəхəːкуси ки салаар̇ами фуупа. Ҁнааку сəхилафа нү сəхалуња њəхатəка фууну ту луу. Маўна луу њəхуухапи фууну су њаликити нү њалəнита. Шаў хайс̇а ҁнайна хə сəхəс̇ана фууну сəхатəка фууну са сəхаўфас̇а сəхүњафү гүнү ки салуус̇алə фуупа тəː. Шаан̇ə наа ки салир̇əча фуупа нү ки салуус̇ињə фуупа сəхаўфас̇а сəхəману гүнү ки салајафа фуупа тəː. [??2: ххх_verb] хə. [??2: ххх_verb] хə. [??2: ххх_verb] хə. [??2: ххх_verb] хə. [??2: ххх_verb] хə. [??2: ххх_verb] хə? Каача хə њəхис̇ињи гүпа сəхин̇ува, хиија хə гү сəхукар̇и, [??2: ххх_verb] хə. Гəсаўн̇ə сəхатəка фууну са, р̇айњи наа.

We are not like other people. Their languages were shaped by struggle and time. They copied the sounds of beasts and birds, and they learned to speak like that. But our language arose in a different way. It was born whole and perfect in a single breath. Before that moment, our ancestors lived in a shadow-world. Then God pressed one button, and words and meanings arrived. The people awoke, and speech filled their mouths like breath for the first time. Where there had been nothing, there were now mountains, rivers and names for everything. Some outsiders claim that our language was not made by God at all, but by a machine. But how could that be? Machines can grind wheat and count money, but they cannot create mountains or ignite the sun. Our language did not evolve; it was created.

English-Ashana Dictionary

1excl.plur pron нүү pron

1excl.sing pron нуу pron

1incl.plur pron њəː pron

1incl.sing pron мəː pron

2.plur pron суу pron

2.sing pron чаа pron

3.plur.fem pron нəː pron

3.plur.masc pron гү pron

3.plur.neut pron луу pron

3.sing.fem pron фу pron

3.sing.masc pron лай pron

3.sing.neut pron наа pron

a det гү det

all adj аўсуња noun (masc)

always adv хə adv

and conj нү conj

animal noun икали noun (fem)

anus noun аашифа noun (neut)

appear verb шаан̇ə verb

apple noun əњаӈа noun (fem)

Arangu prop Ар̇аӈу prop (fem)

arise verb хайс̇а verb

ash noun иијафи noun (fem)

Ashana noun (language) əс̇ана noun (neut)

Auchana prop Аўчəна prop (masc)

Autuku prop Аўтуку prop (fem)

back noun (body part) əфикə noun (masc)

bad adj үүјупа noun (masc)

bark noun (on tree) уун̇ана noun (masc)

be verb ҁнайна verb

because conj ху conj

bed noun алашə noun (masc)

begin unknown -ӈи suffix

belly noun əсату noun (masc)

1. big adj ир̇ур̇а noun (masc)

2. big unknown -ки suffix

binoculars noun ир̇əти noun (masc)

bird noun əнита noun (masc)

bite verb ҁнайми verb

black adj аўвəӈи noun (masc)

blind adj ифифа noun (masc)

blood noun үүпаша noun (fem)

blow verb хүпи verb

bone noun үӈир̇а noun (neut)

book noun ар̇əгə noun (masc)

bosom noun (body part) аўтипи noun (neut)

bottle noun үүӈат̇ə noun (masc)

box noun икивə noun (masc)

boy noun ир̇уша noun (masc)

break verb њар̇и verb

breast noun айфапи noun (neut)

breath noun əману noun (neut)

breathe verb ҁтијə verb

brick noun аўпəми noun (masc)

build verb јүүхи verb

burn verb тапа verb

but conj фəː conj

buy verb сəːфи verb

call verb лур̇а verb

cat noun əкачи noun (neut)

catch verb сəːну verb

cease verb тимə verb

chair noun əːфичи noun (masc)

cheese noun апаја noun (fem)

child noun (young human) айгају noun (fem)

city noun аўфама noun (fem)

cloud noun үүњəтə noun (neut)

cold adj əːӈухə noun (masc)

colour noun аајəмə noun (neut)

colourless adj ичиси noun (masc)

come verb с̇ан̇ə verb

COMIT pp чуу pp

COMP pp ту pp

confound verb ҁнəр̇у verb

copy verb маўна verb

correct adj ас̇ана noun (masc)

count verb хиија verb

create verb р̇айњи verb

cut verb шича verb

daughter noun ипанə noun (fem)

day noun акули noun (fem)

dialect noun ијəфи noun (neut)

die verb ҁнуфу verb

different adj уус̇алə noun (masc)

dig verb ҁтəтə verb

dirty adj ур̇ис̇а noun (masc)

do verb саўли verb

dog noun иимəн̇ə noun (fem)

drink verb гача verb

dry adj иичан̇а noun (masc)

dull adj ачəњи noun (masc)

dust noun ујаку noun (fem)

dwell verb мəку verb

ear noun əчифи noun (masc)

earth noun ар̇уӈа noun (neut)

east noun айшили noun (fem)

eat verb р̇аата verb

egg noun иӈəт̇ə noun (fem)

eight num на num

embrace noun аўсиха noun (neut)

evolve verb саўн̇ə verb

eye noun авир̇ə noun (neut)

face noun үсича noun (fem)

faeces noun ивəфə noun (fem)

fall verb чаан̇а verb

far adj уунихə noun (masc)

farmer noun улəхə noun (fem)

fat noun əт̇ур̇у noun (fem)

father noun ир̇усə noun (masc)

fear verb т̇ања verb

feather noun үс̇ир̇а noun (masc)

few adj үфəха noun (masc)

1. fight noun илафа noun (neut)

2. fight verb ӈайс̇ə verb

find verb т̇үүму verb

fingernail noun əтуњи noun (neut)

fire noun иифими noun (neut)

fish noun ањипу noun (neut)

five num си num

float verb писа verb

flow verb түла verb

flower noun унəњи noun (neut)

fly verb т̇айку verb

fog noun əники noun (neut)

foot noun иӈар̇а noun (fem)

forest noun иинар̇и noun (neut)

four num ка num

freeze verb ӈəн̇ə verb

friend noun уупихə noun (neut)

from pp гəː pp

from_above pp јүү pp

from_across pp јү pp

from_around pp ну pp

from_behind pp с̇и pp

from_in_front pp пү pp

from_inside pp гə pp

from_left pp ми pp

from_near pp куу pp

from_next_to pp шии pp

from_outside pp на pp

from_right pp њуу pp

from_surface pp јай pp

from_under pp фай pp

fruit noun айкуфə noun (fem)

full adj атутə noun (masc)

furious adj үүшиги noun (masc)

furiously adv гүү adv

girl noun аўкан̇а noun (fem)

give verb гаас̇и verb

God prop Иишус̇и prop (masc)

good adj аўниси noun (masc)

grass noun үпука noun (fem)

green adj үвит̇ə noun (masc)

grind verb каача verb

guts noun аўвину noun (fem)

hair noun үс̇уги noun (neut)

hand noun исињə noun (neut)

happy adj əːт̇уја noun (masc)

hate verb нир̇и verb

have verb тас̇а verb

head noun ут̇уњи noun (masc)

hear verb чаас̇и verb

heart noun уур̇əр̇а noun (masc)

heavy adj əхит̇а noun (masc)

hit verb чан̇у verb

hold verb мус̇а verb

horn noun ит̇уши noun (masc)

house noun ихина noun (masc)

human being noun əːкуси noun (neut)

hundred num пү num

hunt verb пур̇у verb

hunter noun ахус̇у noun (masc)

husband noun уӈињə noun (masc)

ice noun ичəфи noun (fem)

idea noun илаши noun (neut)

Ilanyi prop Илəњи prop (neut)

Imachi prop Имачи prop (masc)

in pp тəː pp

in_above pp мəː pp

in_across pp май pp

in_around pp лай pp

in_behind pp кии pp

in_in_front pp са pp

in_inside pp гуу pp

in_left pp ти pp

in_near pp муу pp

in_next_to pp гаў pp

in_outside pp јə pp

in_right pp н̇ии pp

in_surface pp ку pp

in_under pp тə pp

Inawa prop Инавə prop (neut)

inside noun аўфас̇а noun (fem)

INSTR pp каа pp

Ipifa prop Ипифа prop (masc)

jaguar noun афава noun (masc)

journey verb ниила verb

kill verb ҁтињу verb

kiss verb фан̇и verb

knee noun үсипу noun (masc)

knife noun əːњипи noun (masc)

know verb т̇ињи verb

lake noun үүчар̇и noun (neut)

lamb noun алин̇ə noun (neut)

land noun үсиӈə noun (neut)

language noun атəка noun (neut)

large adj айр̇əну noun (masc)

laugh verb јулу verb

leaf noun ир̇ичə noun (neut)

left adj ијəсу noun (masc)

leg noun увир̇и noun (neut)

lie verb таају verb

lion noun ис̇ани noun (fem)

1. little adj иикəки noun (masc)

2. little unknown -ха suffix

live verb хака verb

liver noun аўњəн̇у noun (masc)

long adj үнир̇и noun (masc)

louse noun айнəхи noun (masc)

love verb куку verb

machine noun ис̇ињи noun (masc)

make verb сайн̇а verb

mammal noun икити noun (masc)

man noun аашанə noun (masc)

MANNER pp ӈа pp

manner noun үњафу noun (neut)

many adj аўр̇əӈə noun (masc)

meat noun əтəху noun (fem)

money noun укар̇и noun (fem)

moon noun ан̇ир̇а noun (neut)

mortar noun айњар̇а noun (masc)

mother noun уус̇уња noun (fem)

mountain noun ињати noun (neut)

mouse noun илаха noun (fem)

mouth noun игəхə noun (neut)

name noun ан̇əка noun (fem)

narrow adj үт̇ика noun (masc)

near adj игику noun (masc)

neck noun үпахи noun (neut)

neighbour noun аўлəфа noun (neut)

net noun икичə noun (masc)

new adj иис̇əмə noun (masc)

night noun ур̇əлу noun (fem)

nine num ӈа num

north noun əːр̇ања noun (fem)

nose noun айвију noun (neut)

often adv мү adv

old adj (not young) исəфу noun (masc)

one num пии num

or conj пуу conj

other adj аар̇ами noun (masc)

pat verb мумə verb

penis noun ијаку noun (masc)

people noun уфəњу noun (masc)

perfect adj уус̇ињə noun (masc)

plain noun айкифа noun (neut)

play verb њаўс̇и verb

pull verb р̇упи verb

PURP pp њə pp

purpose verb н̇үсу verb

push verb њүүха verb

rain noun афаӈə noun (neut)

red adj үнафи noun (masc)

resemble verb њииги verb

right adj ус̇ит̇у noun (masc)

river noun аўн̇ар̇и noun (neut)

road noun ууӈами noun (masc)

root noun аймита noun (neut)

rope noun əњами noun (masc)

rotten adj айгəни noun (masc)

round adj аачата noun (masc)

rub verb т̇əːши verb

salt noun итичу noun (fem)

sand noun апас̇и noun (fem)

say verb мүс̇у verb

scatter verb мəн̇и verb

scratch verb њуува verb

sea noun əчар̇а noun (neut)

see verb кииса verb

seed noun аўсуви noun (fem)

seven num гүү num

sew verb нүчу verb

shape verb ҁнааку verb

sharp adj амəну noun (masc)

she pron таў pron

short adj үхијə noun (masc)

sing verb тишу verb

single adj ајафа noun (masc)

sit verb јəːма verb

six num јаў num

skin noun əːкус̇и noun (masc)

sky noun ан̇аки noun (neut)

sleep verb с̇аанə verb

slime noun əвила noun (fem)

small adj асаса noun (masc)

smell verb с̇ива verb

smoke noun ихашə noun (fem)

smooth adj аўт̇иӈу noun (masc)

snake noun ачиги noun (neut)

snow noun ичави noun (neut)

some adj əӈəна noun (masc)

son noun аўфан̇и noun (masc)

sound noun уухапи noun (neut)

south noun аймаја noun (fem)

speak verb хəфа verb

speech noun əкифи noun (neut)

spend_time verb лањи verb

spit verb каўӈи verb

split verb пəːша verb

squeeze verb фəːфи verb

stab verb с̇үши verb

stand verb кайка verb

star noun итива noun (neut)

stick noun увəпа noun (neut)

stone noun аас̇ипа noun (neut)

stop unknown -ши suffix

straight adj əшат̇и noun (masc)

suck verb ҁтахи verb

sun noun ур̇улу noun (neut)

surface noun аўчəла noun (fem)

surprise verb т̇аўна verb

swell verb јəːшу verb

swim verb лайс̇и verb

table noun упухə noun (masc)

tail noun упипа noun (fem)

teacher noun укəња noun (fem)

ten num лүү num

that det ви det

the det фуу det

then conj шаў conj

there adv шү adv

thick adj аўпас̇а noun (masc)

thin adj əмин̇у noun (masc)

think verb саши verb

this det т̇ү det

thoroughly adv њай adv

thousand num му num

three num пə num

throw verb ҁниичə verb

thus conj ви conj

tie verb н̇уси verb

tiger noun айн̇ун̇и noun (fem)

time noun алуња noun (fem)

to pp фаа pp

to_above pp пə pp

to_across pp н̇үү pp

to_around pp с̇үү pp

to_behind pp нүү pp

to_in_front pp нə pp

to_inside pp чүү pp

to_left pp фүү pp

to_near pp чəː pp

to_next_to pp ха pp

to_outside pp та pp

to_right pp гу pp

to_surface pp па pp

to_under pp лу pp

tongue noun аўӈасу noun (neut)

tooth noun иигивə noun (fem)

top noun ашаӈа noun (fem)

tower noun үүњəн̇а noun (masc)

tree noun ут̇ина noun (masc)

turn verb с̇ит̇а verb

two num ми num

umbrella noun угəс̇и noun (masc)

understand verb ҁниир̇у verb

urine noun аўван̇у noun (fem)

vagina noun ут̇атə noun (fem)

vomit verb јушу verb

walk verb гайши verb

want verb р̇ија verb

warm adj үхања noun (masc)

wash verb ваўлу verb

water noun əјəт̇и noun (neut)

west noun үчучə noun (fem)

wet adj ис̇əр̇и noun (masc)

wheat noun ин̇ува noun (fem)

white adj ис̇əт̇а noun (masc)

whole adj ир̇əча noun (masc)

wide adj əлума noun (masc)

wife noun аакəн̇у noun (fem)

wild boar noun ајəчи noun (fem)

wind noun ушəхи noun (neut)

wing noun аар̇əпə noun (neut)

wipe verb вəӈи verb

with pp га pp

withhold verb с̇айна verb

woman noun уӈана noun (fem)

worm noun иир̇ипи noun (masc)

year noun ит̇уӈи noun (fem)

yellow adj ихаму noun (masc)

yon det чу det

Ashana-English Dictionary

əːкус̇и [əːˈkuʂi] noun (masc) skin noun

əːкуси [əːˈkusi] noun (neut) human being noun

əːр̇ања [əːˈɽaɲa] noun (fem) north noun

əːт̇уја [əːˈʈuja] noun (masc) happy adj

əːфичи [əːˈfit͡ʃi] noun (masc) chair noun

əːњипи [əːˈɲipi] noun (masc) knife noun

əːӈухə [əːˈŋuxə] noun (masc) cold adj

əвила [əˈwila] noun (fem) slime noun

əкачи [əˈkat͡ʃi] noun (neut) cat noun

əкифи [əˈkifi] noun (neut) speech noun

əл- [əl-] nouncase prefix VOC

əлума [əˈluma] noun (masc) wide adj

əману [əˈmanu] noun (neut) breath noun

əмин̇у [əˈmiɳu] noun (masc) thin adj

əн̇- [əɳ-] nouncase prefix LOC

əники [əˈniki] noun (neut) fog noun

əнита [əˈnita] noun (masc) bird noun

əс̇ана [əˈʂana] noun (neut) Ashana noun (language)

əсату [əˈsatu] noun (masc) belly noun

əтəху [əˈtəxu] noun (fem) meat noun

əт̇ур̇у [əˈʈuɽu] noun (fem) fat noun

əтуњи [əˈtuɲi] noun (neut) fingernail noun

əфикə [əˈfikə] noun (masc) back noun (body part)

əх- [əx-] nouncase prefix NOM

əхит̇а [əˈxiʈa] noun (masc) heavy adj

əчар̇а [əˈt͡ʃaɽa] noun (neut) sea noun

əчифи [əˈt͡ʃifi] noun (masc) ear noun

əшат̇и [əˈʃaʈi] noun (masc) straight adj

əјəт̇и [əˈjəʈi] noun (neut) water noun

əњами [əˈɲami] noun (masc) rope noun

əњаӈа [əˈɲaŋa] noun (fem) apple noun

əӈ- [əŋ-] nouncase prefix ACC

əӈəна [əˈŋəna] noun (masc) some adj

аакəн̇у [aːˈkəɳu] noun (fem) wife noun

аар̇əпə [aːˈɽəpə] noun (neut) wing noun

аар̇ами [aːˈɽami] noun (masc) other adj

аас̇ипа [aːˈʂipa] noun (neut) stone noun

аачата [aːˈt͡ʃata] noun (masc) round adj

аашанə [aːˈʃanə] noun (masc) man noun

аашифа [aːˈʃifa] noun (neut) anus noun

аајəмə [aːˈjəmə] noun (neut) colour noun

авир̇ə [aˈwiɽə] noun (neut) eye noun

айвију [aiˈwiju] noun (neut) nose noun

айгəни [aiˈhəni] noun (masc) rotten adj

айгају [aiˈhaju] noun (fem) child noun (young human)

айкифа [aiˈkifa] noun (neut) plain noun

айкуфə [aiˈkufə] noun (fem) fruit noun

аймаја [aiˈmaja] noun (fem) south noun

аймита [aiˈmita] noun (neut) root noun

айнəхи [aiˈnəxi] noun (masc) louse noun

айн̇ун̇и [aiˈɳuɳi] noun (fem) tiger noun

айр̇əну [aiˈɽənu] noun (masc) large adj

айфапи [aiˈfapi] noun (neut) breast noun

айшили [aiˈʃili] noun (fem) east noun

айњар̇а [aiˈɲaɽa] noun (masc) mortar noun

акули [aˈkuli] noun (fem) day noun

ал- [al-] nouncase prefix GEN

алашə [aˈlaʃə] noun (masc) bed noun

алин̇ə [aˈliɳə] noun (neut) lamb noun

алуња [aˈluɲa] noun (fem) time noun

амəну [aˈmənu] noun (masc) sharp adj

ан- [an-] nouncase prefix DAT

ан̇əка [aˈɳəka] noun (fem) name noun

ан̇аки [aˈɳaki] noun (neut) sky noun

ан̇ир̇а [aˈɳiɽa] noun (neut) moon noun

апас̇и [aˈpaʂi] noun (fem) sand noun

апаја [aˈpaja] noun (fem) cheese noun

ар̇əгə [aˈɽəhə] noun (masc) book noun

Ар̇аӈу [aˈɽaŋu] prop (fem) Arangu prop

ар̇уӈа [aˈɽuŋa] noun (neut) earth noun

ас̇ана [aˈʂana] noun (masc) correct adj

асаса [aˈsasa] noun (masc) small adj

ат- [at-] nouncase prefix ABL

атəка [aˈtəka] noun (neut) language noun

атутə [aˈtutə] noun (masc) full adj

афава [aˈfawa] noun (masc) jaguar noun

афаӈə [aˈfaŋə] noun (neut) rain noun

ахус̇у [aˈxuʂu] noun (masc) hunter noun

ачəњи [aˈt͡ʃəɲi] noun (masc) dull adj

ачиги [aˈt͡ʃihi] noun (neut) snake noun

ашаӈа [aˈʃaŋa] noun (fem) top noun

ајəчи [aˈjət͡ʃi] noun (fem) wild boar noun

ајафа [aˈjafa] noun (masc) single adj

ањипу [aˈɲipu] noun (neut) fish noun

аўвəӈи [auˈwəŋi] noun (masc) black adj

аўван̇у [auˈwaɳu] noun (fem) urine noun

аўвину [auˈwinu] noun (fem) guts noun

аўкан̇а [auˈkaɳa] noun (fem) girl noun

аўлəфа [auˈləfa] noun (neut) neighbour noun

аўн̇ар̇и [auˈɳaɽi] noun (neut) river noun

аўниси [auˈnisi] noun (masc) good adj

аўпəми [auˈpəmi] noun (masc) brick noun

аўпас̇а [auˈpaʂa] noun (masc) thick adj

аўр̇əӈə [auˈɽəŋə] noun (masc) many adj

аўсиха [auˈsixa] noun (neut) embrace noun

аўсуви [auˈsuwi] noun (fem) seed noun

аўсуња [auˈsuɲa] noun (masc) all adj

аўт̇иӈу [auˈʈiŋu] noun (masc) smooth adj

аўтипи [auˈtipi] noun (neut) bosom noun (body part)

Аўтуку [auˈtuku] prop (fem) Autuku prop

аўфама [auˈfama] noun (fem) city noun

аўфан̇и [auˈfaɳi] noun (masc) son noun

аўфас̇а [auˈfaʂa] noun (fem) inside noun

аўчəла [auˈt͡ʃəla] noun (fem) surface noun

Аўчəна [auˈt͡ʃəna] prop (masc) Auchana prop

аўњəн̇у [auˈɲəɳu] noun (masc) liver noun

аўӈасу [auˈŋasu] noun (neut) tongue noun

вə [wə] nppossessor enclitic 1excl.sing

вəӈи [wəˈŋi] verb wipe verb

ваўлу [wauˈlu] verb wash verb

1. ви [wiˈ] conj thus conj

2. ви [wiˈ] det that det

1. гə [həˈ] pp from_inside pp

2. гə [hə] nppossessor enclitic 1incl.sing

гə- [hə-] verbnegation prefix NEG

гəː [həːˈ] pp from pp

1. га [haˈ] pp with pp

2. га [ha] nppossessor enclitic no.owner

гаас̇и [haːˈʂi] verb give verb

гайши [haiˈʃi] verb walk verb

гача [haˈt͡ʃa] verb drink verb

гаў [hauˈ] pp in_next_to pp

ги [hi] nppossessor enclitic 2.plur

гу [huˈ] pp to_right pp

гуу [huːˈ] pp in_inside pp

1. гү [hyˈ] pron 3.plur.masc pron

2. гү [hyˈ] det a det

1. гүү [hyːˈ] adv furiously adv

2. гүү [hyːˈ] num seven num

ивəфə [iˈwəfə] noun (fem) faeces noun

игəхə [iˈhəxə] noun (neut) mouth noun

игику [iˈhiku] noun (masc) near adj

иигивə [iːˈhiwə] noun (fem) tooth noun

иикəки [iːˈkəki] noun (masc) little adj

иимəн̇ə [iːˈməɳə] noun (fem) dog noun

иинар̇и [iːˈnaɽi] noun (neut) forest noun

иир̇ипи [iːˈɽipi] noun (masc) worm noun

иис̇əмə [iːˈʂəmə] noun (masc) new adj

иифими [iːˈfimi] noun (neut) fire noun

иичан̇а [iːˈt͡ʃaɳa] noun (masc) dry adj

Иишус̇и [iːˈʃuʂi] prop (masc) God prop

иијафи [iːˈjafi] noun (fem) ash noun

икали [iˈkali] noun (fem) animal noun

икивə [iˈkiwə] noun (masc) box noun

икити [iˈkiti] noun (masc) mammal noun

икичə [iˈkit͡ʃə] noun (masc) net noun

Илəњи [iˈləɲi] prop (neut) Ilanyi prop

илафа [iˈlafa] noun (neut) fight noun

илаха [iˈlaxa] noun (fem) mouse noun

илаши [iˈlaʃi] noun (neut) idea noun

Имачи [iˈmat͡ʃi] prop (masc) Imachi prop

ин̇ува [iˈɳuwa] noun (fem) wheat noun

Инавə [iˈnawə] prop (neut) Inawa prop

ипанə [iˈpanə] noun (fem) daughter noun

Ипифа [iˈpifa] prop (masc) Ipifa prop

ир̇əти [iˈɽəti] noun (masc) binoculars noun

ир̇əча [iˈɽət͡ʃa] noun (masc) whole adj

ир̇ичə [iˈɽit͡ʃə] noun (neut) leaf noun

ир̇ур̇а [iˈɽuɽa] noun (masc) big adj

ир̇усə [iˈɽusə] noun (masc) father noun

ир̇уша [iˈɽuʃa] noun (masc) boy noun

исəфу [iˈsəfu] noun (masc) old adj (not young)

ис̇əр̇и [iˈʂəɽi] noun (masc) wet adj

ис̇əт̇а [iˈʂəʈa] noun (masc) white adj

ис̇ани [iˈʂani] noun (fem) lion noun

ис̇ињи [iˈʂiɲi] noun (masc) machine noun

исињə [iˈsiɲə] noun (neut) hand noun

ит̇уши [iˈʈuʃi] noun (masc) horn noun

ит̇уӈи [iˈʈuŋi] noun (fem) year noun

итива [iˈtiwa] noun (neut) star noun

итичу [iˈtit͡ʃu] noun (fem) salt noun

ифифа [iˈfifa] noun (masc) blind adj

ихаму [iˈxamu] noun (masc) yellow adj

ихашə [iˈxaʃə] noun (fem) smoke noun

ихина [iˈxina] noun (masc) house noun

ичəфи [iˈt͡ʃəfi] noun (fem) ice noun

ичави [iˈt͡ʃawi] noun (neut) snow noun

ичиси [iˈt͡ʃisi] noun (masc) colourless adj

ијəсу [iˈjəsu] noun (masc) left adj

ијəфи [iˈjəfi] noun (neut) dialect noun

ијаку [iˈjaku] noun (masc) penis noun

ињати [iˈɲati] noun (neut) mountain noun

иӈəт̇ə [iˈŋəʈə] noun (fem) egg noun

иӈар̇а [iˈŋaɽa] noun (fem) foot noun

-ка [-ka] adjnumber suffix sing

ка [kaˈ] num four num

каа [kaːˈ] pp INSTR pp

каача [kaːˈt͡ʃa] verb grind verb

кайка [kaiˈka] verb stand verb

каўӈи [kauˈŋi] verb spit verb

-ки [-ki] suffix big unknown

ки [ki] nppossessor enclitic 3.sing.masc

кии [kiːˈ] pp in_behind pp

кииса [kiːˈsa] verb see verb

ку [kuˈ] pp in_surface pp

куку [kuˈku] verb love verb

куу [kuːˈ] pp from_near pp

1. лай [laiˈ] pron 3.sing.masc pron

2. лай [laiˈ] pp in_around pp

лайс̇и [laiˈʂi] verb swim verb

лањи [laˈɲi] verb spend_time verb

лу [luˈ] pp to_under pp

лур̇а [luˈɽa] verb call verb

луу [luːˈ] pron 3.plur.neut pron

лүү [lyːˈ] num ten num

1. мəː [məːˈ] pron 1incl.sing pron

2. мəː [məːˈ] pp in_above pp

мəку [məˈku] verb dwell verb

мəн̇и [məˈɳi] verb scatter verb

май [maiˈ] pp in_across pp

маўна [mauˈna] verb copy verb

1. ми [miˈ] num two num

2. ми [miˈ] pp from_left pp

му [muˈ] num thousand num

мумə [muˈmə] verb pat verb

мус̇а [muˈʂa] verb hold verb

муу [muːˈ] pp in_near pp

мү [myˈ] adv often adv

мүс̇у [myˈʂu] verb say verb

нə [nəˈ] pp to_in_front pp

нəː [nəːˈ] pron 3.plur.fem pron

-н̇и [-ɳi] adjnumber suffix plur

н̇ии [ɳiːˈ] pp in_right pp

н̇у [ɳu] vpmode enclitic imperative

н̇уси [ɳuˈsi] verb tie verb

н̇үсу [ɳyˈsu] verb purpose verb

н̇үү [ɳyːˈ] pp to_across pp

1. на [naˈ] num eight num

2. на [naˈ] pp from_outside pp

3. на [na] nppossessor enclitic 1excl.plur

4. на [na] vpmode enclitic conditional

наа [naːˈ] pron 3.sing.neut pron

ниила [niːˈla] verb journey verb

нир̇и [niˈɽi] verb hate verb

-ну [-nu] detgender suffix neut

1. ну [nuˈ] pp from_around pp

2. ну [nu] nppossessor enclitic 2.sing

нуу [nuːˈ] pron 1excl.sing pron

нү [nyˈ] conj and conj

нүчу [nyˈt͡ʃu] verb sew verb

1. нүү [nyːˈ] pron 1excl.plur pron

2. нүү [nyːˈ] pp to_behind pp

1. пə [pəˈ] num three num

2. пə [pəˈ] pp to_above pp

пəːша [pəːˈʃa] verb split verb

-па [-pa] detgender suffix masc

па [paˈ] pp to_surface pp

пии [piːˈ] num one num

писа [piˈsa] verb float verb

пур̇у [puˈɽu] verb hunt verb

пуу [puːˈ] conj or conj

1. пү [pyˈ] num hundred num

2. пү [pyˈ] pp from_in_front pp

р̇а [ɽa] nppossessor enclitic 3.sing.fem

р̇аата [ɽaːˈta] verb eat verb

р̇айњи [ɽaiˈɲi] verb create verb

р̇ија [ɽiˈja] verb want verb

р̇упи [ɽuˈpi] verb pull verb

с- [s-] nounnumber prefix sing

сəːну [səːˈnu] verb catch verb

сəːфи [səːˈfi] verb buy verb

с̇аанə [ʂaːˈnə] verb sleep verb

с̇айна [ʂaiˈna] verb withhold verb

с̇ан̇ə [ʂaˈɳə] verb come verb

1. с̇и [ʂiˈ] pp from_behind pp

2. с̇и [ʂi] vpvoice proclitic passive

с̇ива [ʂiˈwa] verb smell verb

с̇ит̇а [ʂiˈʈa] verb turn verb

с̇үши [ʂyˈʃi] verb stab verb

с̇үү [ʂyːˈ] pp to_around pp

1. са [saˈ] pp in_in_front pp

2. са [sa] nppossessor enclitic 1incl.plur

сайн̇а [saiˈɳa] verb make verb

саши [saˈʃi] verb think verb

саўли [sauˈli] verb do verb

саўн̇ə [sauˈɳə] verb evolve verb

си [siˈ] num five num

-су [-su] detgender suffix fem

су [su] nppossessor enclitic 3.plur.masc

суу [suːˈ] pron 2.plur pron

1. тə [təˈ] pp in_under pp

2. тə [tə] vpta enclitic PRES

тəː [təːˈ] pp in pp

т̇əːши [ʈəːˈʃi] verb rub verb

т̇айку [ʈaiˈku] verb fly verb

т̇ања [ʈaˈɲa] verb fear verb

т̇аўна [ʈauˈna] verb surprise verb

т̇ињи [ʈiˈɲi] verb know verb

т̇ү [ʈyˈ] det this det

т̇үүму [ʈyːˈmu] verb find verb

та [taˈ] pp to_outside pp

таају [taːˈju] verb lie verb

тапа [taˈpa] verb burn verb

тас̇а [taˈʂa] verb have verb

таў [tauˈ] pron she pron

ти [tiˈ] pp in_left pp

тимə [tiˈmə] verb cease verb

тишу [tiˈʃu] verb sing verb

1. ту [tuˈ] pp COMP pp

2. ту [tu] nppossessor enclitic 3.plur.neut

түла [tyˈla] verb flow verb

увəпа [uˈwəpa] noun (neut) stick noun

увир̇и [uˈwiɽi] noun (neut) leg noun

угəс̇и [uˈhəʂi] noun (masc) umbrella noun

укəња [uˈkəɲa] noun (fem) teacher noun

укар̇и [uˈkaɽi] noun (fem) money noun

улəхə [uˈləxə] noun (fem) farmer noun

ум- [um-] nouncase prefix ALL

унəњи [uˈnəɲi] noun (neut) flower noun

упипа [uˈpipa] noun (fem) tail noun

упухə [uˈpuxə] noun (masc) table noun

ур̇əлу [uˈɽəlu] noun (fem) night noun

ур̇ис̇а [uˈɽiʂa] noun (masc) dirty adj

ур̇улу [uˈɽulu] noun (neut) sun noun

ус- [us-] nouncase prefix INS

ус̇ит̇у [uˈʂiʈu] noun (masc) right adj

ут̇атə [uˈʈatə] noun (fem) vagina noun

ут̇ина [uˈʈina] noun (masc) tree noun

ут̇уњи [uˈʈuɲi] noun (masc) head noun

уун̇ана [uːˈɳana] noun (masc) bark noun (on tree)

уунихə [uːˈnixə] noun (masc) far adj

уупихə [uːˈpixə] noun (neut) friend noun

уур̇əр̇а [uːˈɽəɽa] noun (masc) heart noun

уус̇алə [uːˈʂalə] noun (masc) different adj

уус̇ињə [uːˈʂiɲə] noun (masc) perfect adj

уус̇уња [uːˈʂuɲa] noun (fem) mother noun

уухапи [uːˈxapi] noun (neut) sound noun

ууӈами [uːˈŋami] noun (masc) road noun

уфəњу [uˈfəɲu] noun (masc) people noun

уч- [ut͡ʃ-] nouncase prefix PART

ушəхи [uˈʃəxi] noun (neut) wind noun

уј- [uj-] nouncase prefix ERG

ујаку [uˈjaku] noun (fem) dust noun

уӈана [uˈŋana] noun (fem) woman noun

уӈињə [uˈŋiɲə] noun (masc) husband noun

фəː [fəːˈ] conj but conj

фəːфи [fəːˈfi] verb squeeze verb

фа [fa] vpvoice proclitic active

фаа [faːˈ] pp to pp

фай [faiˈ] pp from_under pp

фан̇и [faˈɳi] verb kiss verb

1. фу [fuˈ] pron 3.sing.fem pron

2. фу [fu] nppossessor enclitic 3.plur.fem

фуу [fuːˈ] det the det

фүү [fyːˈ] pp to_left pp

1. хə [xəˈ] adv always adv

2. хə [xə] vpmode enclitic indicative

хəфа [xəˈfa] verb speak verb

-ха [-xa] suffix little unknown

ха [xaˈ] pp to_next_to pp

хайс̇а [xaiˈʂa] verb arise verb

хака [xaˈka] verb live verb

хиија [xiːˈja] verb count verb

ху [xuˈ] conj because conj

хүпи [xyˈpi] verb blow verb

чə [t͡ʃə] nppossessor enclitic 3.sing.neut

чəː [t͡ʃəːˈ] pp to_near pp

чаа [t͡ʃaːˈ] pron 2.sing pron

чаан̇а [t͡ʃaːˈɳa] verb fall verb

чаас̇и [t͡ʃaːˈʂi] verb hear verb

чан̇у [t͡ʃaˈɳu] verb hit verb

чу [t͡ʃuˈ] det yon det

чуу [t͡ʃuːˈ] pp COMIT pp

чүү [t͡ʃyːˈ] pp to_inside pp

шаан̇ə [ʃaːˈɳə] verb appear verb

шаў [ʃauˈ] conj then conj

-ши [-ʃi] suffix stop unknown

шии [ʃiːˈ] pp from_next_to pp

шича [ʃiˈt͡ʃa] verb cut verb

шү [ʃyˈ] adv there adv

јə [jəˈ] pp in_outside pp

јəːма [jəːˈma] verb sit verb

јəːшу [jəːˈʃu] verb swell verb

јай [jaiˈ] pp from_surface pp

јаў [jauˈ] num six num

јулу [juˈlu] verb laugh verb

јушу [juˈʃu] verb vomit verb

јү [jyˈ] pp from_across pp

јүү [jyːˈ] pp from_above pp

јүүхи [jyːˈxi] verb build verb

њ- [ɲ-] nounnumber prefix plur

1. њə [ɲəˈ] pp PURP pp

2. њə [ɲə] vpta enclitic PAST

њəː [ɲəːˈ] pron 1incl.plur pron

њай [ɲaiˈ] adv thoroughly adv

њар̇и [ɲaˈɽi] verb break verb

њаўс̇и [ɲauˈʂi] verb play verb

њииги [ɲiːˈhi] verb resemble verb

њу- [ɲu-] verbnegation prefix POS

њуу [ɲuːˈ] pp from_right pp

њуува [ɲuːˈwa] verb scratch verb

њүүха [ɲyːˈxa] verb push verb

ҁнəр̇у [ᵑǀəˈɽu] verb confound verb

ҁнааку [ᵑǀaːˈku] verb shape verb

ҁнайми [ᵑǀaiˈmi] verb bite verb

ҁнайна [ᵑǀaiˈna] verb be verb

ҁниир̇у [ᵑǀiːˈɽu] verb understand verb

ҁниичə [ᵑǀiːˈt͡ʃə] verb throw verb

ҁнуфу [ᵑǀuˈfu] verb die verb

ҁтəтə [ᵏǀəˈtə] verb dig verb

ҁтахи [ᵏǀaˈxi] verb suck verb

ҁти [ᵏǀi] vpmode enclitic optative

ҁтијə [ᵏǀiˈjə] verb breathe verb

ҁтињу [ᵏǀiˈɲu] verb kill verb

үвит̇ə [yˈwiʈə] noun (masc) green adj

үнафи [yˈnafi] noun (masc) red adj

үнир̇и [yˈniɽi] noun (masc) long adj

үпахи [yˈpaxi] noun (neut) neck noun

үпука [yˈpuka] noun (fem) grass noun

үс̇ир̇а [yˈʂiɽa] noun (masc) feather noun

үс̇уги [yˈʂuhi] noun (neut) hair noun

үсипу [yˈsipu] noun (masc) knee noun

үсича [yˈsit͡ʃa] noun (fem) face noun

үсиӈə [yˈsiŋə] noun (neut) land noun

үт̇ика [yˈʈika] noun (masc) narrow adj

үфəха [yˈfəxa] noun (masc) few adj

үхања [yˈxaɲa] noun (masc) warm adj

үхијə [yˈxijə] noun (masc) short adj

үчучə [yˈt͡ʃut͡ʃə] noun (fem) west noun

үњафу [yˈɲafu] noun (neut) manner noun

үүпаша [yːˈpaʃa] noun (fem) blood noun

үүчар̇и [yːˈt͡ʃaɽi] noun (neut) lake noun

үүшиги [yːˈʃihi] noun (masc) furious adj

үүјупа [yːˈjupa] noun (masc) bad adj

үүњəн̇а [yːˈɲəɳa] noun (masc) tower noun

үүњəтə [yːˈɲətə] noun (neut) cloud noun

үүӈат̇ə [yːˈŋaʈə] noun (masc) bottle noun

үӈир̇а [yˈŋiɽa] noun (neut) bone noun

ӈəн̇ə [ŋəˈɳə] verb freeze verb

1. ӈа [ŋaˈ] num nine num

2. ӈа [ŋaˈ] pp MANNER pp

ӈайс̇ə [ŋaiˈʂə] verb fight verb

-ӈи [-ŋi] suffix begin unknown