The Kay Language

Grammar, Texts and Dictionary

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Generated by the Language Creator on 20th April 2026

https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2NPZU

Grammar

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Kay language (the 33rd one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Kay.

Typological Profile

It has the typologically rare OSV basic word order, four genders and postpositions.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Kay has 21 consonant phonemes, a size that falls within a broadly average range.

It has a strikingly small set of lateral and rhotic consonants.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Kay. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labial	alveolar	postalveolar	alveolo-palatal	labio-palatal	palatal	velar	glottal
stop	p b	d t	k ɡ
ejective stop	kʼ
nasal	m	n	ɲ	ŋ
fricative	f	s	ʃ	h
approximant	ʋ	ɥ	j
affricate	t͡ʃ	t͡ɕ

Vowels

Kay has 7 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.

It has a vertical vowel system in which backness distinctions are largely absent, a modest but genuine inventory of nasal vowels, a maximally “square” vowel system balancing heights across backness, front rounded vowels (these are cross-linguistically relatively uncommon, but occur in a number of well-known languages, including French, German, Turkish and Mandarin) and an unusually fine-grained height system distinguishing four levels.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Kay. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

central
close	ɨ
close-mid	ɘ
mid	ə#
open-mid	ɜ
open	a

Stress and Tones

Kay has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Kay is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:<h3>Simple letters</h3><table class='orthotable'><tr><td>a /a/</td><td>b /b/</td><td>d /d/</td><td>f /f/</td></tr><tr><td>g /ɡ/</td><td>h /h/</td><td>j /j/</td><td>k /k/</td></tr><tr><td>m /m/</td><td>n /n/</td><td>p /p/</td><td>s /s/</td></tr><tr><td>t /t/</td><td>w /ʋ/</td><td>y /ɨ/</td><td>è /ɜ/</td></tr><tr><td>ë /ɘ/</td><td>ñ /ɲ/</td><td>ə# /ə#/</td><td>ɥ /ɥ/</td></tr></table><h3>Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs</h3><table class='orthotable'><tr><td>ai /ai/</td><td>au /au/</td><td>ch /t͡ʃ/</td></tr><tr><td>gk /kʼ/</td><td>ng /ŋ/</td><td>sh /ʃ/</td></tr><tr><td>ty /t͡ɕ/</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table></table>

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Kay does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Kay has the following genders:

Gender cl.1 – for instance: baty ‘bottle’, chaty ‘daughter’, fach ‘manner’, faik ‘book’, faim ‘bed’, faiñ ‘net’, fèty ‘bark’, gaing ‘top’, gkañ ‘east’, gyd ‘girl’, gə#p ‘rope’, jat ‘machine’, jə#t ‘binoculars’, kag ‘apple’, myj ‘mortar’, pap ‘tree’, pə#k ‘chair’, ñyñ ‘wheat’, ñə#g ‘surface’, ɥaigk ‘road’.

Gender cl.2 – for instance: chaif ‘colour’, chait ‘south’, daf ‘boy’, gkam ‘hunter’, gkëng ‘mammal’, gkə#t ‘louse’, gyk ‘animal’, hèd ‘man’, hëw ‘idea’, jaugk ‘brick’, kaun ‘jaguar’, kə#p ‘husband’, nëg ‘leaf’, paik ‘mouse’, sauj ‘house’, syn ‘snake’, tëty ‘tower’, ñèh ‘wild boar’, ɥaum ‘God’, ɥèb ‘son’.

Gender cl.3 – for instance: chyp ‘teacher’, dëh ‘heart’, gkaid ‘penis’, gkaing ‘tongue’, gkaj ‘Kay’, gkap ‘west’, gkə#ch ‘face’, hyf ‘feather’, jyh ‘farmer’, kang ‘guts’, kès ‘anus’, myb ‘child’, mèng ‘flower’, ngèch ‘belly’, nëp ‘tail’, nə#k ‘seed’, nə#ng ‘north’, shaich ‘mouth’, shyj ‘vagina’, ɥais ‘nose’.

Gender cl.4 – for instance: bèh ‘sun’, chə#h ‘stick’, daing ‘fire’, faish ‘smoke’, gah ‘dust’, gkyf ‘grass’, gkyng ‘sea’, gym ‘mountain’, hauh ‘slime’, kèg ‘wind’, këch ‘water’, maus ‘name’, naus ‘river’, ngèh ‘snow’, nə#ñ ‘ice’, tyash ‘faeces’, tyèn ‘time’, tyèty ‘sand’, tyə#n ‘fog’, ñyk ‘ash’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Kay can be exemplified by the following example:

Tyëmèjènë saupèjènë My faufə#tya tè hy paikèjènë më, pə#fa jə#gkyña.	(1)

[t͡ɕɘmɜjɜnɘ saupɜjɜnɘ mɨ faufə̃t͡ɕa tɜ hɨ paikɜjɜnɘ mɘ, pə̃fa jə̃kʼɨɲa]

woman	NOM	no.owner.POSS	knife	NOM	no.owner.POSS	COMIT	catch	3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ

not.Q	indicative	three	mouse	NOM	no.owner.POSS	yon	RELPRON	plur

blind	3.plur.cl.2.SUBJ	not.Q

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.

The Noun

The noun in Kay consists of first, the root; second, an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -èj /-ɜj/ ‘NOM’, -èb /-ɜb/ ‘GEN’, -èg /-ɜɡ/ ‘DAT’, -am /-am/ ‘INS’, -ak /-ak/ ‘VOC’, -yn /-ɨn/ ‘ALL’, -ə#m /-ə#m/ ‘LOC’, -èk /-ɜk/ ‘ABL’ and -ap /-ap/ ‘PART’; and finally, third, an obligatory suffix expressing possessor, comprising -ə#dë /-ə#dɘ/ ‘1incl.sing’, -èdè /-ɜdɜ/ ‘1excl.sing’, -añë /-aɲɘ/ ‘2.sing’, -ə#mə# /-ə#mə#/ ‘3.sing.cl.1’, -aha /-aha/ ‘3.sing.cl.2’, -èjy /-ɜjɨ/ ‘3.sing.cl.3’, -aja /-aja/ ‘3.sing.cl.4’, -èhë /-ɜhɘ/ ‘1incl.plur’, -awè /-aʋɜ/ ‘1excl.plur’, -ahë /-ahɘ/ ‘2.plur’, -ëba /-ɘba/ ‘3.plur.cl.1’, -ëshè /-ɘʃɜ/ ‘3.plur.cl.2’, -ə#në /-ə#nɘ/ ‘3.plur.cl.3’, -èbè /-ɜbɜ/ ‘3.plur.cl.4’ and -ènë /-ɜnɘ/ ‘no.owner’.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -ygk /-ɨkʼ/ ‘little’ and -yd /-ɨd/ ‘big’

The Adjective

In Kay, the adjective has the following structure: an obligatory prefix expressing gender, comprising j- /j-/ ‘cl.1’, gk- /kʼ-/ ‘cl.2’, f- /f-/ ‘cl.3’ and ch- /t͡ʃ-/ ‘cl.4’ followed by the root.

Numerals

The numeral in Kay stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

The determiner in Kay stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Kay has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -ma /-ma/ ‘sing’ and -fa /-fa/ ‘plur’.

Sə#fèjènë saihyna wy tyèshə#pa tè.	(2)

[sə̃fɜjɜnɘ saihɨna ʋɨ t͡ɕɜʃə̃pa tɜ]

tiger	NOM	no.owner.POSS	kill	1excl.plur.SUBJ	not.Q	because	happy	1incl.plur.SUBJ

not.Q	indicative

“Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.”

Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

Gkyma paunyfa tè.	(3)

[kʼɨma paunɨfa tɜ]

3.sing.cl.1	sing	love	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	not.Q	indicative

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

But here, the word corresponding to he is stressed:

Gkyma pauma paunyfa tè.	(4)

[kʼɨma pauma paunɨfa tɜ]

3.sing.cl.1	sing	3.sing.cl.2	sing	love	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	not.Q	indicative

“He loves her.”

And here, it is the one translated as her that is stressed:

Gkyma paunyfa tè.	(5)

[kʼɨma paunɨfa tɜ]

3.sing.cl.1	sing	love	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	not.Q	indicative

“He loves her.”

Proper Nouns

Tyfèjènë Gkə#gèjènë gkykyfa tè.	(6)

[tɨfɜjɜnɘ kʼə̃ɡɜjɜnɘ kʼɨkɨfa tɜ]

Tif	NOM	no.owner.POSS	Kag	NOM	no.owner.POSS	hate	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	not.Q

indicative

“Kag hates Tif.”

Possession

kagèjaha dafèbènë	(7)

[kaɡɜjaha dafɜbɜnɘ]

apple	NOM	3.sing.cl.2.POSS	boy	GEN	no.owner.POSS

“the boy’s apple”

kagèjaha pauma	(8)

[kaɡɜjaha pauma]

apple	NOM	3.sing.cl.2.POSS	3.sing.cl.2	sing

“his (the boy’s) apple”

kagèjèdè	(9)

[kaɡɜjɜdɜ]

apple	NOM	1excl.sing.POSS

“my apple”

Ɥèbèjèjy bënèbañë chatyèjaha gkamèbènë daufə#tya tè.	(10)

[ɥɜbɜjɜjɨ bɘnɜbaɲɘ t͡ʃat͡ɕɜjaha kʼamɜbɜnɘ daufə̃t͡ɕa tɜ]

son	NOM	3.sing.cl.3.POSS	neighbour	GEN	2.sing.POSS	daughter	NOM	3.sing.cl.2.POSS

hunter	GEN	no.owner.POSS	kiss	3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ	not.Q	indicative

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

Derivation

Kay has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:

faijèjènë hə#	(11)

[faijɜjɜnɘ hə̃]

lamb	NOM	no.owner.POSS	a

“a lamb”

In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:

faijygkèjènë hə#	(12)

[faijɨkʼɜjɜnɘ hə̃]

lamb	little	NOM	no.owner.POSS	a

“a little lamb”

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

All verbal phrase clitics in Kay are enclitics (placed finally), and there are two types: a clitic expressing mode, comprising tè /tɜ/ ‘indicative’, dy /dɨ/ ‘conditional’ and dë /dɘ/ ‘optative’ followed by a clitic expressing negation, comprising gy /ɡɨ/ ‘NEG’.

In addition, the verb is structured like this: first, the root; second, an optional suffix expressing ta, comprising -ëh /-ɘh/ ‘PAST’; third, an optional suffix expressing voice, comprising -ə#j /-ə#j/ ‘passive’; fourth, an obligatory suffix expressing subj, comprising -ap /-ap/ ‘1incl.sing’, -ëf /-ɘf/ ‘1excl.sing’, -ëgk /-ɘkʼ/ ‘2.sing’, -ə#ty /-ə#t͡ɕ/ ‘3.sing.cl.1’, -yf /-ɨf/ ‘3.sing.cl.2’, -yj /-ɨj/ ‘3.sing.cl.3’, -yb /-ɨb/ ‘3.sing.cl.4’, -ə#p /-ə#p/ ‘1incl.plur’, -yn /-ɨn/ ‘1excl.plur’, -at /-at/ ‘2.plur’, -ët /-ɘt/ ‘3.plur.cl.1’, -yñ /-ɨɲ/ ‘3.plur.cl.2’, -èn /-ɜn/ ‘3.plur.cl.3’ and -ëj /-ɘj/ ‘3.plur.cl.4’; and finally, fifth, an obligatory suffix expressing question, comprising -ë /-ɘ/ ‘Q’ and -a /-a/ ‘not.Q’.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -ëg /-ɘɡ/ ‘begin’ and -ëng /-ɘŋ/ ‘stop’

Fëma paunëfa tè.	(13)

[fɘma paunɘfa tɜ]

2.sing	sing	love	1excl.sing.SUBJ	not.Q	indicative

“I love you.”

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

gkaikèjènë sə#	(14)

[kʼaikɜjɜnɘ sə̃]

table	NOM	no.owner.POSS	in_surface

“on the table”

kyngèjènë pa	(15)

[kɨŋɜjɜnɘ pa]

box	NOM	no.owner.POSS	to_inside

“into the box”

hə#ma My	(16)

[hə̃ma mɨ]

1excl.sing	sing	COMIT

“with me”

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Kay adopts Object–Subject–Verb (OSV) as its unmarked word order. The object precedes the subject, and the verb appears clause-finally. OSV is a rare ordering pattern but is attested in a small number of languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Kay.

Gkamèjènë kaunèjènë saihyfa tè.	(17)

[kʼamɜjɜnɘ kaunɜjɜnɘ saihɨfa tɜ]

hunter	NOM	no.owner.POSS	jaguar	NOM	no.owner.POSS	kill	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	not.Q

indicative

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

Daumèjə#mə# chatyèbaha gkamèbènë basèjènë gègkyfa tè.	(18)

[daumɜjə̃mə̃ t͡ʃat͡ɕɜbaha kʼamɜbɜnɘ basɜjɜnɘ ɡɜkʼɨfa tɜ]

dog	NOM	3.sing.cl.1.POSS	daughter	GEN	3.sing.cl.2.POSS	hunter	GEN	no.owner.POSS

lion	NOM	no.owner.POSS	eat	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	not.Q	indicative

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Kay reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-initial: the possessed noun precedes the possessor. For instance, Kay expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “toy child”. This structure is typologically rarer and often co-occurs with verb-initial syntax or with grammatical marking on the noun.

faikèjèjy dajèbaha ɥèbèbañë	(19)

[faikɜjɜjɨ dajɜbaha ɥɜbɜbaɲɘ]

book	NOM	3.sing.cl.3.POSS	friend	GEN	3.sing.cl.2.POSS	son	GEN	2.sing.POSS

“your son’s friend’s book”

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

Kaunèjènë gkè sə#fèjènë gkè basèjènë gkamèjènë saihyfa tè.	(20)

[kaunɜjɜnɘ kʼɜ sə̃fɜjɜnɘ kʼɜ basɜjɜnɘ kʼamɜjɜnɘ saihɨfa tɜ]

jaguar	NOM	no.owner.POSS	and	tiger	NOM	no.owner.POSS	and	lion

NOM	no.owner.POSS	hunter	NOM	no.owner.POSS	kill	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	not.Q	indicative

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Kay provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Kay forms relative clauses by placing the relative clause after the noun it modifies. The clause follows the internal word order of ordinary finite clauses. A dedicated relativising marker introduces the clause and identifies the relationship between the head noun and its role inside the relative clause.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

Sapèjènë tyaugkëfa.	(21)

[sapɜjɜnɘ t͡ɕaukʼɘfa]

cat	NOM	no.owner.POSS	pat	1excl.sing.SUBJ	not.Q

“I patted the cat.”

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

Tyaugkëfa sapèjènë, pə#ma faufyfa paikèjènë.	(22)

[t͡ɕaukʼɘfa sapɜjɜnɘ, pə̃ma faufɨfa paikɜjɜnɘ]

pat	1excl.sing.SUBJ	not.Q	cat	NOM	no.owner.POSS	RELPRON	sing	catch

3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	not.Q	mouse	NOM	no.owner.POSS

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

Tyaugkëfa sapèjènë, pə#ma faufyfa paikèjènë, pə#ma gègkyfa jangèjènë.	(23)

[t͡ɕaukʼɘfa sapɜjɜnɘ, pə̃ma faufɨfa paikɜjɜnɘ, pə̃ma ɡɜkʼɨfa jaŋɜjɜnɘ]

pat	1excl.sing.SUBJ	not.Q	cat	NOM	no.owner.POSS	RELPRON	sing	catch

3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	not.Q	mouse	NOM	no.owner.POSS	RELPRON	sing	eat	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ

not.Q	cheese	NOM	no.owner.POSS

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

Tyaugkëfa sapèjènë, pə#ma faufyfa paikèjènë, pə#ma gègkyfa jangèjènë, pə#ma ñëhëfa hə#ma.	(24)

[t͡ɕaukʼɘfa sapɜjɜnɘ, pə̃ma faufɨfa paikɜjɜnɘ, pə̃ma ɡɜkʼɨfa jaŋɜjɜnɘ, pə̃ma ɲɘhɘfa hə̃ma]

pat	1excl.sing.SUBJ	not.Q	cat	NOM	no.owner.POSS	RELPRON	sing	catch

3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	not.Q	mouse	NOM	no.owner.POSS	RELPRON	sing	eat	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ

not.Q	cheese	NOM	no.owner.POSS	RELPRON	sing	buy	1excl.sing.SUBJ	not.Q

1excl.sing	sing

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

Complementation Strategies

Kay introduces complement clauses with a dedicated complementiser, similar to English that. The complementiser appears at the beginning of the embedded clause and signals that the clause functions as a syntactic argument. The embedded clause is fully finite and displays the same tense, aspect and agreement patterns as independent clauses.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

Chypèjènë kagèjènë hə# gydèjènë dafèjènë bagkyfa tè Sau tyə#kyfa.	(25)

[t͡ʃɨpɜjɜnɘ kaɡɜjɜnɘ hə̃ ɡɨdɜjɜnɘ dafɜjɜnɘ bakʼɨfa tɜ sau t͡ɕə̃kɨfa]

teacher	NOM	no.owner.POSS	apple	NOM	no.owner.POSS	a	girl	NOM

no.owner.POSS	boy	NOM	no.owner.POSS	give	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	not.Q	indicative	COMP

surprise	3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ	not.Q

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

Quotes

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Miscellaneous

Texts

The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1–9)

Dynə#tya ɥèfèjènë sëkèjènë, pə#ma daigyba, sə#, pə#fa fytyèna, fai ɥanèjènë gkè fai hèsèjènë. Nypə#tya ngafa gkañèjènë nai, gkè ɥaingə#tya ngafa mèbèjènë fauñèjènë hə# pau, pə#ma dètyba, hə#, dai ngènə#tya ngafa sa. Jə#jə#tya ngafa jaugkèjènë hyfa shə#tyə#pa Sau gkè jaugkèjènë hyfa jaiñə#pa Sau kë. Dynëhə#tya tè ngafa jaugkèjènë dydèjènë Jè, gkè dynëhə#tya tè ngafa hauhèjènë myjèjènë Jè.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter.

A Creation Myth

Mynə#tya tè gy hyfa ɥèfèjènë, pə#fa taiñèna. Nyjə#tya gkèñèjènë gkè tyènèjènë ɥanèjə#në ngafa. Shaugkə#tya ngafa hëtèjëshè gkëngèbènë gkè ɥauñèbènë. Ty tə#nə#tya gkajèjènë, pə#ma tyèchyja tè ɥanèjèhë, fachèjènë, pə#ma dafə#tya, hə# pau. Haumə#tya pauma, pə#ma daig ???[3:verb/subj/3.sing]a, gkè, pə#ma byh ???[3:verb/subj/3.sing]a, kysèjènë, pə#ma fèñə#tya, hə# pau. [??2: xxx_verb]ə#tya tè. [??2: xxx_verb]ə#tya tè. [??2: xxx_verb]ə#tya tè. [??2: xxx_verb]ə#tya tè. [??2: xxx_verb]ə#tya tè. [??2: xxx_verb]ə#tya tè? Chasə#tya tè jatèjènë hə# ñyñèjènë, tyëgkə#tya tè gkèfa ɥèngèjènë, [??2: xxx_verb]ə#tya tè. Ɥaisə#tya gy ɥanèjèhë, kaufə#tya pauma.

We are not like other people. Their languages were shaped by struggle and time. They copied the sounds of beasts and birds, and they learned to speak like that. But our language arose in a different way. It was born whole and perfect in a single breath. Before that moment, our ancestors lived in a shadow-world. Then God pressed one button, and words and meanings arrived. The people awoke, and speech filled their mouths like breath for the first time. Where there had been nothing, there were now mountains, rivers and names for everything. Some outsiders claim that our language was not made by God at all, but by a machine. But how could that be? Machines can grind wheat and count money, but they cannot create mountains or ignite the sun. Our language did not evolve; it was created.

English-Kay Dictionary

1excl.plur pron ta pron

1excl.sing pron hə# pron

1incl.plur pron hy pron

1incl.sing pron ka pron

2.plur pron sè pron

2.sing pron fë pron

3.plur.cl.1 pron gkè pron

3.plur.cl.2 pron të pron

3.plur.cl.3 pron nga pron

3.plur.cl.4 pron ɥa pron

3.sing.cl.1 pron gky pron

3.sing.cl.2 pron pau pron

3.sing.cl.3 pron da pron

3.sing.cl.4 pron kai pron

a det hə# det

all adj fyty verb

always adv gkə# adv

and conj gkè conj

animal noun gyk noun (cl.2)

anus noun kès noun (cl.3)

appear verb haum verb

apple noun kag noun (cl.1)

arise verb tə#n verb

ash noun ñyk noun (cl.4)

back noun (body part) faib noun (cl.3)

bad adj mych verb

bark noun (on tree) fèty noun (cl.1)

be verb tyèch verb

because conj wy conj

bed noun faim noun (cl.1)

begin unknown -ëg suffix

belly noun ngèch noun (cl.3)

1. big adj paud verb

2. big unknown -yd suffix

binoculars noun jə#t noun (cl.1)

bird noun ɥauñ noun (cl.2)

bite verb gaih verb

black adj ñèty verb

blind adj jə#gk verb

blood noun gkaug noun (cl.3)

blow verb də#sh verb

bone noun nam noun (cl.3)

book noun faik noun (cl.1)

bosom noun (body part) ɥyn noun (cl.3)

bottle noun baty noun (cl.1)

box noun kyng noun (cl.1)

boy noun daf noun (cl.2)

break verb wëh verb

breast noun tyaun noun (cl.3)

breath noun kys noun (cl.1)

breathe verb dyd verb

brick noun jaugk noun (cl.2)

build verb kaig verb

burn verb jaiñ verb

but conj ty conj

buy verb ñëh verb

call verb maty verb

cat noun sap noun (cl.2)

catch verb fauf verb

cease verb fèj verb

chair noun pə#k noun (cl.1)

Chaiy prop Tyaij prop (cl.1)

cheese noun jang noun (cl.1)

child noun (young human) myb noun (cl.3)

Chish prop Chysh prop (cl.1)

city noun fañ noun (cl.4)

cloud noun ɥyg noun (cl.4)

cold adj saug verb

colour noun chaif noun (cl.2)

colourless adj hə#gk verb

come verb tyyk verb

COMIT pp my pp

COMP pp sau pp

confound verb chaig verb

copy verb shaugk verb

correct adj pëh verb

count verb tyëgk verb

create verb kauf verb

cut verb saugk verb

Dang prop Dang prop (cl.1)

daughter noun chaty noun (cl.1)

day noun nyh noun (cl.4)

dialect noun hès noun (cl.4)

die verb syk verb

different adj daf verb

dig verb taf verb

dirty adj syw verb

do verb gèj verb

dog noun daum noun (cl.2)

drink verb tyyt verb

dry adj fègk verb

dull adj dën verb

dust noun gah noun (cl.4)

dwell verb ngèn verb

ear noun ngès noun (cl.3)

earth noun sëk noun (cl.4)

east noun gkañ noun (cl.1)

eat verb gègk verb

egg noun nauty noun (cl.1)

eight num jə# num

embrace noun ɥaung noun (cl.1)

evolve verb ɥais verb

eye noun hə#w noun (cl.3)

face noun gkə#ch noun (cl.3)

faeces noun tyash noun (cl.4)

fall verb ɥyb verb

far adj gkah verb

farmer noun jyh noun (cl.3)

fat noun ɥas noun (cl.3)

father noun fab noun (cl.2)

fear verb saif verb

feather noun hyf noun (cl.3)

few adj ñaigk verb

1. fight noun gkèñ noun (cl.2)

2. fight verb jèw verb

find verb ɥaing verb

fingernail noun ngëf noun (cl.3)

fire noun daing noun (cl.4)

fish noun naup noun (cl.2)

five num jè num

float verb mëng verb

flow verb fëch verb

flower noun mèng noun (cl.3)

fly verb chyng verb

fog noun tyə#n noun (cl.4)

foot noun bëf noun (cl.3)

forest noun ñëm noun (cl.4)

four num jau num

freeze verb hèj verb

friend noun daj noun (cl.3)

from pp ɥau pp

from_above pp ba pp

from_across pp ka pp

from_around pp mè pp

from_behind pp dau pp

from_in_front pp gka pp

from_inside pp nai pp

from_left pp ky pp

from_near pp py pp

from_next_to pp wë pp

from_outside pp ha pp

from_right pp kai pp

from_surface pp sy pp

from_under pp by pp

fruit noun dagk noun (cl.1)

full adj naity verb

furious adj pëp verb

furiously adv hë adv

girl noun gyd noun (cl.1)

give verb bagk verb

God prop Ɥaum prop (cl.2)

good adj fèp verb

grass noun gkyf noun (cl.4)

green adj taty verb

grind verb chas verb

guts noun kang noun (cl.3)

hair noun dët noun (cl.3)

hand noun map noun (cl.3)

happy adj tyèsh verb

hate verb gkyk verb

have verb dyn verb

head noun haik noun (cl.3)

hear verb nych verb

heart noun dëh noun (cl.3)

heavy adj chaib verb

hit verb pèg verb

hold verb pèsh verb

horn noun jëk noun (cl.4)

house noun sauj noun (cl.2)

human being noun ɥèf noun (cl.3)

hundred num ma num

hunt verb shëch verb

hunter noun gkam noun (cl.2)

husband noun kə#p noun (cl.2)

ice noun nə#ñ noun (cl.4)

idea noun hëw noun (cl.2)

in pp chau pp

in_above pp dë pp

in_across pp nga pp

in_around pp në pp

in_behind pp fau pp

in_in_front pp na pp

in_inside pp pau pp

in_left pp kë pp

in_near pp fè pp

in_next_to pp hë pp

in_outside pp ɥə# pp

in_right pp gky pp

in_surface pp sə# pp

in_under pp tai pp

inside noun ɥaut noun (cl.2)

INSTR pp ñë pp

jaguar noun kaun noun (cl.2)

journey verb nyp verb

Kag prop Gkə#g prop (cl.2)

Kay noun (language) gkaj noun (cl.3)

kill verb saih verb

kiss verb dauf verb

knee noun naty noun (cl.3)

knife noun saup noun (cl.1)

know verb bëk verb

lake noun tyas noun (cl.4)

lamb noun faij noun (cl.2)

land noun fauñ noun (cl.4)

language noun ɥan noun (cl.2)

large adj ɥə#n verb

laugh verb tə#gk verb

leaf noun nëg noun (cl.2)

left adj hyj verb

leg noun daiw noun (cl.3)

lie verb jaim verb

lion noun bas noun (cl.2)

1. little adj ɥauw verb

2. little unknown -ygk suffix

live verb gkëñ verb

liver noun dyw noun (cl.3)

long adj hych verb

louse noun gkə#t noun (cl.2)

love verb paun verb

machine noun jat noun (cl.1)

make verb shə#ty verb

mammal noun gkëng noun (cl.2)

man noun hèd noun (cl.2)

MANNER pp gkai pp

manner noun fach noun (cl.1)

many adj tyëj verb

meat noun dëg noun (cl.1)

money noun ɥèng noun (cl.4)

moon noun tym noun (cl.4)

mortar noun myj noun (cl.1)

mother noun gaugk noun (cl.1)

mountain noun gym noun (cl.4)

mouse noun paik noun (cl.2)

mouth noun shaich noun (cl.3)

name noun maus noun (cl.4)

narrow adj jyf verb

near adj fait verb

neck noun tëw noun (cl.3)

neighbour noun bën noun (cl.3)

net noun faiñ noun (cl.1)

new adj ɥə#d verb

night noun chèp noun (cl.4)

nine num hai num

north noun nə#ng noun (cl.3)

nose noun ɥais noun (cl.3)

Nyany prop Ñañ prop (cl.1)

often adv gkë adv

old adj (not young) ngësh verb

one num fai num

or conj ja conj

other adj taiñ verb

pat verb tyaugk verb

penis noun gkaid noun (cl.3)

people noun maip noun (cl.3)

perfect adj byh verb

plain noun mèb noun (cl.4)

play verb haigk verb

pull verb tyèd verb

PURP pp jè pp

purpose verb bə#p verb

push verb wyt verb

rain noun kas noun (cl.4)

red adj ɥaik verb

RELPRON pron pə# pron

resemble verb myn verb

right adj dëw verb

river noun naus noun (cl.4)

road noun ɥaigk noun (cl.1)

root noun kaus noun (cl.3)

rope noun gə#p noun (cl.1)

rotten adj ɥaj verb

round adj bëh verb

rub verb pais verb

Saht prop Shët prop (cl.2)

salt noun bak noun (cl.1)

sand noun tyèty noun (cl.4)

say verb jə#j verb

scatter verb fysh verb

scratch verb kə#b verb

sea noun gkyng noun (cl.4)

see verb shə#k verb

seed noun nə#k noun (cl.3)

seven num pè num

sew verb shyb verb

shape verb nyj verb

sharp adj pyd verb

she pron ma pron

short adj pëch verb

sing verb pëd verb

single adj fèñ verb

sit verb shə#p verb

six num mai num

skin noun shə#p noun (cl.3)

sky noun mait noun (cl.4)

sleep verb mygk verb

slime noun hauh noun (cl.4)

small adj dëh verb

smell verb hyb verb

smoke noun faish noun (cl.4)

smooth adj ɥə#t verb

snake noun syn noun (cl.2)

snow noun ngèh noun (cl.4)

some adj saity verb

son noun ɥèb noun (cl.2)

sound noun hët noun (cl.2)

south noun chait noun (cl.2)

speak verb bə#t verb

speech noun faugk noun (cl.3)

spend_time verb ɥauk verb

spit verb wëw verb

split verb tyə#b verb

squeeze verb gkə#m verb

stab verb shysh verb

stand verb mès verb

star noun hëk noun (cl.4)

stick noun chə#h noun (cl.4)

stone noun dyd noun (cl.4)

stop unknown -ëng suffix

straight adj ñèd verb

suck verb pauty verb

sun noun bèh noun (cl.4)

surface noun ñə#g noun (cl.1)

surprise verb tyə#k verb

swell verb jad verb

swim verb nyt verb

table noun gkaik noun (cl.1)

tail noun nëp noun (cl.3)

teacher noun chyp noun (cl.3)

ten num dë num

that det ma det

then conj sai conj

there adv sa adv

thick adj shauf verb

thin adj chang verb

think verb ñagk verb

this det hy det

thoroughly adv kë adv

thousand num bə# num

three num hy num

throw verb gkaub verb

thus conj dai conj

tie verb chèt verb

Tif prop Tyf prop (cl.1)

tiger noun sə#f noun (cl.2)

time noun tyèn noun (cl.4)

to pp da pp

to_above pp hau pp

to_across pp jə# pp

to_around pp ta pp

to_behind pp jau pp

to_in_front pp mau pp

to_inside pp pa pp

to_left pp fy pp

to_near pp fə# pp

to_next_to pp ma pp

to_outside pp ngai pp

to_right pp pə# pp

to_surface pp sè pp

to_under pp të pp

tongue noun gkaing noun (cl.3)

tooth noun jais noun (cl.3)

top noun gaing noun (cl.1)

tower noun tëty noun (cl.2)

tree noun pap noun (cl.1)

turn verb maip verb

two num ɥai num

umbrella noun waim noun (cl.1)

understand verb bə#g verb

urine noun hauf noun (cl.4)

vagina noun shyj noun (cl.3)

vomit verb daik verb

walk verb ñah verb

want verb fə#f verb

warm adj shèj verb

wash verb taigk verb

water noun këch noun (cl.4)

west noun gkap noun (cl.3)

wet adj ngə#t verb

wheat noun ñyñ noun (cl.1)

white adj ñyg verb

whole adj daig verb

wide adj dèt verb

wife noun mych noun (cl.1)

wild boar noun ñèh noun (cl.2)

wind noun kèg noun (cl.4)

wing noun haing noun (cl.3)

wipe verb ngèk verb

with pp ɥè pp

withhold verb ngaugk verb

woman noun tyëm noun (cl.1)

worm noun sèj noun (cl.2)

year noun byf noun (cl.4)

yellow adj wə#k verb

yon det më det

Kay-English Dictionary

-a [-a] verbquestion suffix not.Q

-af [-af] verbta suffix PRES

-aha [-aha] nounpossessor suffix 3.sing.cl.2

-ahë [-ahɘ] nounpossessor suffix 2.plur

-aja [-aja] nounpossessor suffix 3.sing.cl.4

-ak [-ak] nouncase suffix VOC

-am [-am] nouncase suffix INS

1. -ap [-ap] nouncase suffix PART

2. -ap [-ap] verbsubj suffix 1incl.sing

-at [-at] verbsubj suffix 2.plur

-awè [-aʋɜ] nounpossessor suffix 1excl.plur

-añë [-aɲɘ] nounpossessor suffix 2.sing

ba [ba] pp from_above pp

bagk [bakʼ] verb give verb

bak [bak] noun (cl.1) salt noun

bas [bas] noun (cl.2) lion noun

baty [bat͡ɕ] noun (cl.1) bottle noun

by [bɨ] pp from_under pp

byf [bɨf] noun (cl.4) year noun

byh [bɨh] verb perfect adj

bèh [bɜh] noun (cl.4) sun noun

bëf [bɘf] noun (cl.3) foot noun

bëh [bɘh] verb round adj

bëk [bɘk] verb know verb

bën [bɘn] noun (cl.3) neighbour noun

bə# [bə#] num thousand num

bə#g [bə#ɡ] verb understand verb

bə#p [bə#p] verb purpose verb

bə#t [bə#t] verb speak verb

ch- [t͡ʃ-] adjgender prefix cl.4

chaib [t͡ʃaib] verb heavy adj

chaif [t͡ʃaif] noun (cl.2) colour noun

chaig [t͡ʃaiɡ] verb confound verb

chait [t͡ʃait] noun (cl.2) south noun

chang [t͡ʃaŋ] verb thin adj

chas [t͡ʃas] verb grind verb

chaty [t͡ʃat͡ɕ] noun (cl.1) daughter noun

chau [t͡ʃau] pp in pp

chyng [t͡ʃɨŋ] verb fly verb

chyp [t͡ʃɨp] noun (cl.3) teacher noun

Chysh [t͡ʃɨʃ] prop (cl.1) Chish prop

chèp [t͡ʃɜp] noun (cl.4) night noun

chèt [t͡ʃɜt] verb tie verb

chə#h [t͡ʃə#h] noun (cl.4) stick noun

1. da [da] pron 3.sing.cl.3 pron

2. da [da] pp to pp

1. daf [daf] verb different adj

2. daf [daf] noun (cl.2) boy noun

dagk [dakʼ] noun (cl.1) fruit noun

dai [dai] conj thus conj

daig [daiɡ] verb whole adj

daik [daik] verb vomit verb

daing [daiŋ] noun (cl.4) fire noun

daiw [daiʋ] noun (cl.3) leg noun

daj [daj] noun (cl.3) friend noun

Dang [daŋ] prop (cl.1) Dang prop

dau [dau] pp from_behind pp

dauf [dauf] verb kiss verb

daum [daum] noun (cl.2) dog noun

dy [dɨ] vpmode enclitic conditional

1. dyd [dɨd] noun (cl.4) stone noun

2. dyd [dɨd] verb breathe verb

dyn [dɨn] verb have verb

dyw [dɨʋ] noun (cl.3) liver noun

dèt [dɜt] verb wide adj

1. dë [dɘ] num ten num

2. dë [dɘ] pp in_above pp

3. dë [dɘ] vpmode enclitic optative

dëg [dɘɡ] noun (cl.1) meat noun

1. dëh [dɘh] verb small adj

2. dëh [dɘh] noun (cl.3) heart noun

dën [dɘn] verb dull adj

dët [dɘt] noun (cl.3) hair noun

dëw [dɘʋ] verb right adj

də#sh [də#ʃ] verb blow verb

f- [f-] adjgender prefix cl.3

-fa [-fa] pronnumber suffix plur

fab [fab] noun (cl.2) father noun

fach [fat͡ʃ] noun (cl.1) manner noun

fai [fai] num one num

faib [faib] noun (cl.3) back noun (body part)

faij [faij] noun (cl.2) lamb noun

faik [faik] noun (cl.1) book noun

faim [faim] noun (cl.1) bed noun

faish [faiʃ] noun (cl.4) smoke noun

fait [fait] verb near adj

faiñ [faiɲ] noun (cl.1) net noun

fau [fau] pp in_behind pp

fauf [fauf] verb catch verb

faugk [faukʼ] noun (cl.3) speech noun

fauñ [fauɲ] noun (cl.4) land noun

fañ [faɲ] noun (cl.4) city noun

fy [fɨ] pp to_left pp

fysh [fɨʃ] verb scatter verb

fyty [fɨt͡ɕ] verb all adj

fè [fɜ] pp in_near pp

fègk [fɜkʼ] verb dry adj

fèj [fɜj] verb cease verb

fèp [fɜp] verb good adj

fèty [fɜt͡ɕ] noun (cl.1) bark noun (on tree)

fèñ [fɜɲ] verb single adj

fë [fɘ] pron 2.sing pron

fëch [fɘt͡ʃ] verb flow verb

fə# [fə#] pp to_near pp

fə#f [fə#f] verb want verb

gah [ɡah] noun (cl.4) dust noun

gaih [ɡaih] verb bite verb

gaing [ɡaiŋ] noun (cl.1) top noun

gaugk [ɡaukʼ] noun (cl.1) mother noun

gk- [kʼ-] adjgender prefix cl.2

gka [kʼa] pp from_in_front pp

gkah [kʼah] verb far adj

gkai [kʼai] pp MANNER pp

gkaid [kʼaid] noun (cl.3) penis noun

gkaik [kʼaik] noun (cl.1) table noun

gkaing [kʼaiŋ] noun (cl.3) tongue noun

gkaj [kʼaj] noun (cl.3) Kay noun (language)

gkam [kʼam] noun (cl.2) hunter noun

gkap [kʼap] noun (cl.3) west noun

gkaub [kʼaub] verb throw verb

gkaug [kʼauɡ] noun (cl.3) blood noun

gkañ [kʼaɲ] noun (cl.1) east noun

1. gky [kʼɨ] pron 3.sing.cl.1 pron

2. gky [kʼɨ] pp in_right pp

gkyf [kʼɨf] noun (cl.4) grass noun

gkyk [kʼɨk] verb hate verb

gkyng [kʼɨŋ] noun (cl.4) sea noun

1. gkè [kʼɜ] pron 3.plur.cl.1 pron

2. gkè [kʼɜ] conj and conj

gkèñ [kʼɜɲ] noun (cl.2) fight noun

gkë [kʼɘ] adv often adv

gkëng [kʼɘŋ] noun (cl.2) mammal noun

gkëñ [kʼɘɲ] verb live verb

gkə# [kʼə#] adv always adv

gkə#ch [kʼə#t͡ʃ] noun (cl.3) face noun

Gkə#g [kʼə#ɡ] prop (cl.2) Kag prop

gkə#m [kʼə#m] verb squeeze verb

gkə#t [kʼə#t] noun (cl.2) louse noun

gy [ɡɨ] vpnegation enclitic NEG

gyd [ɡɨd] noun (cl.1) girl noun

gyk [ɡɨk] noun (cl.2) animal noun

gym [ɡɨm] noun (cl.4) mountain noun

gègk [ɡɜkʼ] verb eat verb

gèj [ɡɜj] verb do verb

gə#p [ɡə#p] noun (cl.1) rope noun

ha [ha] pp from_outside pp

hai [hai] num nine num

haigk [haikʼ] verb play verb

haik [haik] noun (cl.3) head noun

haing [haiŋ] noun (cl.3) wing noun

hau [hau] pp to_above pp

hauf [hauf] noun (cl.4) urine noun

hauh [hauh] noun (cl.4) slime noun

haum [haum] verb appear verb

1. hy [hɨ] pron 1incl.plur pron

2. hy [hɨ] det this det

3. hy [hɨ] num three num

hyb [hɨb] verb smell verb

hych [hɨt͡ʃ] verb long adj

hyf [hɨf] noun (cl.3) feather noun

hyj [hɨj] verb left adj

hèd [hɜd] noun (cl.2) man noun

hèj [hɜj] verb freeze verb

hès [hɜs] noun (cl.4) dialect noun

1. hë [hɘ] adv furiously adv

2. hë [hɘ] pp in_next_to pp

hëk [hɘk] noun (cl.4) star noun

hët [hɘt] noun (cl.2) sound noun

hëw [hɘʋ] noun (cl.2) idea noun

1. hə# [hə#] pron 1excl.sing pron

2. hə# [hə#] det a det

hə#gk [hə#kʼ] verb colourless adj

hə#w [hə#ʋ] noun (cl.3) eye noun

j- [j-] adjgender prefix cl.1

ja [ja] conj or conj

jad [jad] verb swell verb

jaim [jaim] verb lie verb

jais [jais] noun (cl.3) tooth noun

jaiñ [jaiɲ] verb burn verb

jang [jaŋ] noun (cl.1) cheese noun

jat [jat] noun (cl.1) machine noun

1. jau [jau] num four num

2. jau [jau] pp to_behind pp

jaugk [jaukʼ] noun (cl.2) brick noun

jyf [jɨf] verb narrow adj

jyh [jɨh] noun (cl.3) farmer noun

1. jè [jɜ] num five num

2. jè [jɜ] pp PURP pp

jèw [jɜʋ] verb fight verb

jëk [jɘk] noun (cl.4) horn noun

1. jə# [jə#] num eight num

2. jə# [jə#] pp to_across pp

jə#gk [jə#kʼ] verb blind adj

jə#j [jə#j] verb say verb

jə#t [jə#t] noun (cl.1) binoculars noun

1. ka [ka] pron 1incl.sing pron

2. ka [ka] pp from_across pp

kag [kaɡ] noun (cl.1) apple noun

1. kai [kai] pron 3.sing.cl.4 pron

2. kai [kai] pp from_right pp

kaig [kaiɡ] verb build verb

kang [kaŋ] noun (cl.3) guts noun

kas [kas] noun (cl.4) rain noun

kauf [kauf] verb create verb

kaun [kaun] noun (cl.2) jaguar noun

kaus [kaus] noun (cl.3) root noun

ky [kɨ] pp from_left pp

kyng [kɨŋ] noun (cl.1) box noun

kys [kɨs] noun (cl.1) breath noun

kèg [kɜɡ] noun (cl.4) wind noun

kès [kɜs] noun (cl.3) anus noun

1. kë [kɘ] adv thoroughly adv

2. kë [kɘ] pp in_left pp

këch [kɘt͡ʃ] noun (cl.4) water noun

kə#b [kə#b] verb scratch verb

kə#p [kə#p] noun (cl.2) husband noun

-ma [-ma] pronnumber suffix sing

1. ma [ma] det that det

2. ma [ma] num hundred num

3. ma [ma] pron she pron

4. ma [ma] pp to_next_to pp

mai [mai] num six num

1. maip [maip] noun (cl.3) people noun

2. maip [maip] verb turn verb

mait [mait] noun (cl.4) sky noun

map [map] noun (cl.3) hand noun

maty [mat͡ɕ] verb call verb

mau [mau] pp to_in_front pp

maus [maus] noun (cl.4) name noun

my [mɨ] pp COMIT pp

myb [mɨb] noun (cl.3) child noun (young human)

1. mych [mɨt͡ʃ] verb bad adj

2. mych [mɨt͡ʃ] noun (cl.1) wife noun

mygk [mɨkʼ] verb sleep verb

myj [mɨj] noun (cl.1) mortar noun

myn [mɨn] verb resemble verb

mè [mɜ] pp from_around pp

mèb [mɜb] noun (cl.4) plain noun

mèng [mɜŋ] noun (cl.3) flower noun

mès [mɜs] verb stand verb

më [mɘ] det yon det

mëng [mɘŋ] verb float verb

na [na] pp in_in_front pp

nai [nai] pp from_inside pp

naity [nait͡ɕ] verb full adj

nam [nam] noun (cl.3) bone noun

naty [nat͡ɕ] noun (cl.3) knee noun

naup [naup] noun (cl.2) fish noun

naus [naus] noun (cl.4) river noun

nauty [naut͡ɕ] noun (cl.1) egg noun

1. nga [ŋa] pron 3.plur.cl.3 pron

2. nga [ŋa] pp in_across pp

ngai [ŋai] pp to_outside pp

ngaugk [ŋaukʼ] verb withhold verb

ngèch [ŋɜt͡ʃ] noun (cl.3) belly noun

ngèh [ŋɜh] noun (cl.4) snow noun

ngèk [ŋɜk] verb wipe verb

ngèn [ŋɜn] verb dwell verb

ngès [ŋɜs] noun (cl.3) ear noun

ngëf [ŋɘf] noun (cl.3) fingernail noun

ngësh [ŋɘʃ] verb old adj (not young)

ngə#t [ŋə#t] verb wet adj

nych [nɨt͡ʃ] verb hear verb

nyh [nɨh] noun (cl.4) day noun

nyj [nɨj] verb shape verb

nyp [nɨp] verb journey verb

nyt [nɨt] verb swim verb

në [nɘ] pp in_around pp

nëg [nɘɡ] noun (cl.2) leaf noun

nëp [nɘp] noun (cl.3) tail noun

nə#k [nə#k] noun (cl.3) seed noun

nə#ng [nə#ŋ] noun (cl.3) north noun

nə#ñ [nə#ɲ] noun (cl.4) ice noun

pa [pa] pp to_inside pp

paik [paik] noun (cl.2) mouse noun

pais [pais] verb rub verb

pap [pap] noun (cl.1) tree noun

1. pau [pau] pron 3.sing.cl.2 pron

2. pau [pau] pp in_inside pp

paud [paud] verb big adj

paun [paun] verb love verb

pauty [paut͡ɕ] verb suck verb

py [pɨ] pp from_near pp

pyd [pɨd] verb sharp adj

pè [pɜ] num seven num

pèg [pɜɡ] verb hit verb

pèsh [pɜʃ] verb hold verb

pëch [pɘt͡ʃ] verb short adj

pëd [pɘd] verb sing verb

pëh [pɘh] verb correct adj

pëp [pɘp] verb furious adj

1. pə# [pə#] pron RELPRON pron

2. pə# [pə#] pp to_right pp

pə#k [pə#k] noun (cl.1) chair noun

sa [sa] adv there adv

sai [sai] conj then conj

saif [saif] verb fear verb

saih [saih] verb kill verb

saity [sait͡ɕ] verb some adj

sap [sap] noun (cl.2) cat noun

sau [sau] pp COMP pp

saug [sauɡ] verb cold adj

saugk [saukʼ] verb cut verb

sauj [sauj] noun (cl.2) house noun

saup [saup] noun (cl.1) knife noun

shaich [ʃait͡ʃ] noun (cl.3) mouth noun

shauf [ʃauf] verb thick adj

shaugk [ʃaukʼ] verb copy verb

shyb [ʃɨb] verb sew verb

shyj [ʃɨj] noun (cl.3) vagina noun

shysh [ʃɨʃ] verb stab verb

shèj [ʃɜj] verb warm adj

shëch [ʃɘt͡ʃ] verb hunt verb

Shët [ʃɘt] prop (cl.2) Saht prop

shə#k [ʃə#k] verb see verb

1. shə#p [ʃə#p] noun (cl.3) skin noun

2. shə#p [ʃə#p] verb sit verb

shə#ty [ʃə#t͡ɕ] verb make verb

sy [sɨ] pp from_surface pp

syk [sɨk] verb die verb

syn [sɨn] noun (cl.2) snake noun

syw [sɨʋ] verb dirty adj

1. sè [sɜ] pron 2.plur pron

2. sè [sɜ] pp to_surface pp

sèj [sɜj] noun (cl.2) worm noun

sëk [sɘk] noun (cl.4) earth noun

sə# [sə#] pp in_surface pp

sə#f [sə#f] noun (cl.2) tiger noun

1. ta [ta] pron 1excl.plur pron

2. ta [ta] pp to_around pp

taf [taf] verb dig verb

tai [tai] pp in_under pp

taigk [taikʼ] verb wash verb

taiñ [taiɲ] verb other adj

taty [tat͡ɕ] verb green adj

ty [tɨ] conj but conj

Tyaij [t͡ɕaij] prop (cl.1) Chaiy prop

tyas [t͡ɕas] noun (cl.4) lake noun

tyash [t͡ɕaʃ] noun (cl.4) faeces noun

tyaugk [t͡ɕaukʼ] verb pat verb

tyaun [t͡ɕaun] noun (cl.3) breast noun

Tyf [tɨf] prop (cl.1) Tif prop

tym [tɨm] noun (cl.4) moon noun

tyyk [t͡ɕɨk] verb come verb

tyyt [t͡ɕɨt] verb drink verb

tyèch [t͡ɕɜt͡ʃ] verb be verb

tyèd [t͡ɕɜd] verb pull verb

tyèn [t͡ɕɜn] noun (cl.4) time noun

tyèsh [t͡ɕɜʃ] verb happy adj

tyèty [t͡ɕɜt͡ɕ] noun (cl.4) sand noun

tyëgk [t͡ɕɘkʼ] verb count verb

tyëj [t͡ɕɘj] verb many adj

tyëm [t͡ɕɘm] noun (cl.1) woman noun

tyə#b [t͡ɕə#b] verb split verb

tyə#k [t͡ɕə#k] verb surprise verb

tyə#n [t͡ɕə#n] noun (cl.4) fog noun

tè [tɜ] vpmode enclitic indicative

1. të [tɘ] pron 3.plur.cl.2 pron

2. të [tɘ] pp to_under pp

tëty [tɘt͡ɕ] noun (cl.2) tower noun

tëw [tɘʋ] noun (cl.3) neck noun

tə#gk [tə#kʼ] verb laugh verb

tə#n [tə#n] verb arise verb

waim [ʋaim] noun (cl.1) umbrella noun

1. wy [ʋɨ] conj because conj

2. wy [ʋɨ] vpmode enclitic imperative

wyt [ʋɨt] verb push verb

wë [ʋɘ] pp from_next_to pp

wëh [ʋɘh] verb break verb

wëw [ʋɘʋ] verb spit verb

wə#k [ʋə#k] verb yellow adj

-yb [-ɨb] verbsubj suffix 3.sing.cl.4

-yd [-ɨd] suffix big unknown

-yf [-ɨf] verbsubj suffix 3.sing.cl.2

-ygk [-ɨkʼ] suffix little unknown

-yj [-ɨj] verbsubj suffix 3.sing.cl.3

1. -yn [-ɨn] nouncase suffix ALL

2. -yn [-ɨn] verbsubj suffix 1excl.plur

-ys [-ɨs] verbvoice suffix active

-yñ [-ɨɲ] verbsubj suffix 3.plur.cl.2

-èb [-ɜb] nouncase suffix GEN

-èbè [-ɜbɜ] nounpossessor suffix 3.plur.cl.4

-èdè [-ɜdɜ] nounpossessor suffix 1excl.sing

-èg [-ɜɡ] nouncase suffix DAT

-èhë [-ɜhɘ] nounpossessor suffix 1incl.plur

-èj [-ɜj] nouncase suffix NOM

-èjy [-ɜjɨ] nounpossessor suffix 3.sing.cl.3

-èk [-ɜk] nouncase suffix ABL

-èn [-ɜn] verbsubj suffix 3.plur.cl.3

-ènë [-ɜnɘ] nounpossessor suffix no.owner

-ë [-ɘ] verbquestion suffix Q

-ëba [-ɘba] nounpossessor suffix 3.plur.cl.1

-ëf [-ɘf] verbsubj suffix 1excl.sing

-ëg [-ɘɡ] suffix begin unknown

-ëgk [-ɘkʼ] verbsubj suffix 2.sing

-ëh [-ɘh] verbta suffix PAST

-ëj [-ɘj] verbsubj suffix 3.plur.cl.4

-ëng [-ɘŋ] suffix stop unknown

-ëshè [-ɘʃɜ] nounpossessor suffix 3.plur.cl.2

-ët [-ɘt] verbsubj suffix 3.plur.cl.1

ñagk [ɲakʼ] verb think verb

ñah [ɲah] verb walk verb

ñaigk [ɲaikʼ] verb few adj

Ñañ [ɲaɲ] prop (cl.1) Nyany prop

ñyg [ɲɨɡ] verb white adj

ñyk [ɲɨk] noun (cl.4) ash noun

ñyñ [ɲɨɲ] noun (cl.1) wheat noun

ñèd [ɲɜd] verb straight adj

ñèh [ɲɜh] noun (cl.2) wild boar noun

ñèty [ɲɜt͡ɕ] verb black adj

ñë [ɲɘ] pp INSTR pp

ñëh [ɲɘh] verb buy verb

ñëm [ɲɘm] noun (cl.4) forest noun

ñə#g [ɲə#ɡ] noun (cl.1) surface noun

-ə#dë [-ə#dɘ] nounpossessor suffix 1incl.sing

-ə#j [-ə#j] verbvoice suffix passive

-ə#m [-ə#m] nouncase suffix LOC

-ə#mə# [-ə#mə#] nounpossessor suffix 3.sing.cl.1

-ə#në [-ə#nɘ] nounpossessor suffix 3.plur.cl.3

-ə#p [-ə#p] verbsubj suffix 1incl.plur

-ə#ty [-ə#t͡ɕ] verbsubj suffix 3.sing.cl.1

ɥa [ɥa] pron 3.plur.cl.4 pron

ɥai [ɥai] num two num

ɥaigk [ɥaikʼ] noun (cl.1) road noun

ɥaik [ɥaik] verb red adj

ɥaing [ɥaiŋ] verb find verb

1. ɥais [ɥais] noun (cl.3) nose noun

2. ɥais [ɥais] verb evolve verb

ɥaj [ɥaj] verb rotten adj

ɥan [ɥan] noun (cl.2) language noun

ɥas [ɥas] noun (cl.3) fat noun

ɥau [ɥau] pp from pp

ɥauk [ɥauk] verb spend_time verb

Ɥaum [ɥaum] prop (cl.2) God prop

ɥaung [ɥauŋ] noun (cl.1) embrace noun

ɥaut [ɥaut] noun (cl.2) inside noun

ɥauw [ɥauʋ] verb little adj

ɥauñ [ɥauɲ] noun (cl.2) bird noun

ɥyb [ɥɨb] verb fall verb

ɥyg [ɥɨɡ] noun (cl.4) cloud noun

ɥyn [ɥɨn] noun (cl.3) bosom noun (body part)

1. ɥè [ɥɜ] pp with pp

2. ɥè [ɥɜ] vpnegation enclitic POS

ɥèb [ɥɜb] noun (cl.2) son noun

ɥèf [ɥɜf] noun (cl.3) human being noun

ɥèng [ɥɜŋ] noun (cl.4) money noun

ɥə# [ɥə#] pp in_outside pp

ɥə#d [ɥə#d] verb new adj

ɥə#n [ɥə#n] verb large adj

ɥə#t [ɥə#t] verb smooth adj