The Him Language

Grammar, Texts and Dictionary

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Generated by the Language Creator on 20th April 2026

https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2QAT4

Grammar

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Him language (the 41st one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Him.

Typological Profile

It has not just singular and plural, but also dual, as well as ergative case marking, i.e., the object of a transitive verb is marked the same as the subject of an intransitive one, and postpositions.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Him has a moderately large consonant inventory, with 29 phonemes.

It has a modest (but clearly contrastive) set of labialised consonants, a modest set of implosive stops and a system with marginal but genuine retroflex contrasts.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Him. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labial	alveolar	postalveolar	lateral	palatal	retroflex	velar	lab. velar	glottal
stop	p b	d t	ɖ ʈ	k ɡ	kʷ ɡʷ
nasal	m	n	ɲ	ɳ	ŋ	ŋʷ
trill/tap/flap	ɽ
fricative	f	s	ʃ	ʂ	h
approximant	w	l	j
affricate	t͡ʃ
implosive	ɓ	ɗ

Vowels

Him has 9 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.

It has occasional ghost vowels that surface only weakly and a fully three-way front–central–back distinction.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Him. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

front	central	back
close	i	ɨ	u
mid	e	o
open	æ	ɑ

Stress and Tones

Him has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Him is normally written using the Cyrillic alphabet, a script with a long and varied history across Eastern Europe and northern Asia. In this grammar, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also used to give an unambiguous representation of sound.

The conventions adopted here follow standard Cyrillic practice for the language where that exists; where they do not, the IPA transcription should be taken as authoritative.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:<h3>Simple letters</h3><table class='orthotable'><tr><td>а /ɑ/</td><td>б /b/</td><td>б̱ /ɓ/</td><td>в /w/</td></tr><tr><td>г /h/</td><td>д /d/</td><td>д̇ /ɖ/</td><td>д̱ /ɗ/</td></tr><tr><td>е /e/</td><td>и /i/</td><td>к /k/</td><td>л /l/</td></tr><tr><td>м /m/</td><td>н /n/</td><td>н̇ /ɳ/</td><td>о /o/</td></tr><tr><td>п /p/</td><td>р̇ /ɽ/</td><td>с /s/</td><td>с̇ /ʂ/</td></tr><tr><td>т /t/</td><td>т̇ /ʈ/</td><td>у /u/</td><td>ф /f/</td></tr><tr><td>ч /t͡ʃ/</td><td>ш /ʃ/</td><td>ы /ɨ/</td><td>ј /j/</td></tr><tr><td>њ /ɲ/</td><td>ґ /ɡ/</td><td>ӈ /ŋ/</td><td>ә /æ/</td></tr></table><h3>Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs</h3><table class='orthotable'><tr><td>ай /ai/</td><td>аў /au/</td><td>кв /kʷ/</td></tr><tr><td>ґв /ɡʷ/</td><td>ӈв /ŋʷ/</td><td></td></tr></table></table>

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Him distinguishes singular, dual and plural.

Gender

Him has the following genders:

Gender fem – for instance: бив ‘brick’, воґ ‘snake’, гиф ‘net’, д̇еґв ‘wife’, лон̇ ‘embrace’, нан ‘wing’, с̇аўб̱ ‘north’, с̇аўкв ‘colour’, т̇ос̇ ‘louse’, тукв ‘worm’, фип ‘heart’, фәч ‘dog’, чыд ‘teacher’, шат̇ ‘tower’, шоп ‘daughter’, њәґв ‘neighbour’, ґайл ‘tooth’, ґваўњ ‘inside’, ґвәв ‘penis’, ґвәг ‘flower’.

Gender masc – for instance: вайм ‘large’, гев ‘jaguar’, гид̇ ‘all’, гыв ‘warm’, гәп ‘rain’, диб̱ ‘east’, дуф ‘surface’, квәд̇ ‘narrow’, кир̇ ‘short’, кәб ‘fog’, лом ‘bad’, р̇уп ‘stick’, т̇уч ‘wheat’, тәӈв ‘cheese’, чаўн ‘friend’, шиш ‘day’, ґвыґ ‘smooth’, ґуј ‘ice’, ӈвиӈ ‘sand’, ӈвоґ ‘son’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Him can be exemplified by the following example:

Шиґоб̱ә чин̇еква Таў б̱әб̱ыјы д̇иӈиґвичы ти ну н̇а фино ка.	(1)

[ʃiɡoɓæ t͡ʃiɳekʷɑ tau ɓæɓɨjɨ ɖiŋiɡʷit͡ʃɨ ti nu ɳɑ fino kɑ]

woman	ERG	knife	LOC	COMIT	blind	GEN	mouse	ABS

plur	three	yon	indicative	3.sing.fem.SUBJ	catch	3.sing.fem.OBJ

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.

The Noun

The noun in Him consists of first, the root; second, an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -иґви /-iɡʷi/ ‘ABS’, -об̱ә /-oɓæ/ ‘ERG’, -ыјы /-ɨjɨ/ ‘GEN’, -ыго /-ɨho/ ‘DAT’, -амо /-ɑmo/ ‘INS’, -емы /-emɨ/ ‘VOC’, -иму /-imu/ ‘ALL’, -еква /-ekʷɑ/ ‘LOC’, -ыке /-ɨke/ ‘ABL’ and -әды /-ædɨ/ ‘PART’; and finally, third, an optional suffix expressing number, comprising -лә /-læ/ ‘dual’ and -чы /-t͡ʃɨ/ ‘plur’.

The Adjective

In Him, the adjective has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -у /-u/ ‘masc’ and -а /-ɑ/ ‘fem’.

Numerals

The numeral in Him stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

The determiner in Him stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Him stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Д̱аўсиґви ґәмо су ку н̇а тид̱о ґвис̇иґви.	(2)

[ɗausiɡʷi ɡæmo su ku ɳɑ tiɗo ɡʷiʂiɡʷi]

tiger	ABS	1excl.plur.SUBJ	kill	3.sing.masc.OBJ	because	indicative	1incl.plur.SUBJ	be

happy	ABS

“Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.”

Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

Гаў н̇а микво ка.	(3)

[hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ]

3.sing.fem	indicative	3.sing.masc.SUBJ	love	3.sing.fem.OBJ

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

But here, the word corresponding to he is stressed:

Р̇у гаў н̇а микво ка.	(4)

[ɽu hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ]

3.sing.masc	3.sing.fem	indicative	3.sing.masc.SUBJ	love	3.sing.fem.OBJ

“He loves her.”

And here, it is the one translated as her that is stressed:

Гаў н̇а микво ка.	(5)

[hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ]

3.sing.fem	indicative	3.sing.masc.SUBJ	love	3.sing.fem.OBJ

“He loves her.”

Proper Nouns

Ӈвытоб̱ә Д̱ејиґви н̇а маб̱и ка.	(6)

[ŋʷɨtoɓæ ɗejiɡʷi ɳɑ mɑɓi kɑ]

Nagit	ERG	Dey	ABS	indicative	3.sing.masc.SUBJ	hate	3.sing.fem.OBJ

“Nagit hates Dey.”

Possession

р̇айбыјы с̇ур̇иґви	(7)

[ɽaibɨjɨ ʂuɽiɡʷi]

boy	GEN	apple	ABS

“the boy’s apple”

р̇у с̇ур̇иґви	(8)

[ɽu ʂuɽiɡʷi]

3.sing.masc	apple	ABS

“his (the boy’s) apple”

б̱у с̇ур̇иґви	(9)

[ɓu ʂuɽiɡʷi]

1excl.sing	apple	ABS

“my apple”

Сайњыјы шопоб̱ә чай њәґвыјы ӈвоґиґви н̇а фыґви ка.	(10)

[saiɲɨjɨ ʃopoɓæ t͡ʃai ɲæɡʷɨjɨ ŋʷoɡiɡʷi ɳɑ fɨɡʷi kɑ]

hunter	GEN	daughter	ERG	2.sing	neighbour	GEN	son	ABS

indicative	3.sing.fem.SUBJ	kiss	3.sing.fem.OBJ

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

Derivation

Him has no derivational processes.

мәфиґви р̇у	(11)

[mæfiɡʷi ɽu]

lamb	ABS	a

“a lamb”

Note how none show up here:

Чуґвыјы мәфиґви р̇у н̇а мәкво ка н̇а фаја ка.	(12)

[t͡ʃuɡʷɨjɨ mæfiɡʷi ɽu ɳɑ mækʷo kɑ ɳɑ fɑjɑ kɑ]

little	GEN	lamb	ABS	a	indicative	3.sing.masc.SUBJ	have	3.sing.fem.OBJ

indicative	3.sing.fem.SUBJ	want	3.sing.fem.OBJ

“She wanted to have a little lamb.”

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

The verbal phrase clitics in Him fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing question, comprising ни /ni/ ‘Q’; second, a clitic expressing negation, comprising ну /nu/ ‘NEG’; third, a clitic expressing mode, comprising н̇а /ɳɑ/ ‘indicative’, фе /fe/ ‘conditional’ and ӈә /ŋæ/ ‘optative’; fourth, a clitic expressing ta, comprising мә /mæ/ ‘PAST’; fifth, a clitic expressing voice, comprising фа /fɑ/ ‘passive’; and finally, sixth, a clitic expressing obj, comprising ку /ku/ ‘1incl.sing’, ја /jɑ/ ‘1excl.sing’, ги /hi/ ‘2.sing’, су /su/ ‘3.sing.masc’, ка /kɑ/ ‘3.sing.fem’, го /ho/ ‘1incl.dual’, да /dɑ/ ‘1excl.dual’, ду /du/ ‘2.dual’, де /de/ ‘3.dual.masc’, чи /t͡ʃi/ ‘3.dual.fem’, јы /jɨ/ ‘1incl.plur’, д̱и /ɗi/ ‘1excl.plur’, фы /fɨ/ ‘2.plur’, га /hɑ/ ‘3.plur.masc’ and фи /fi/ ‘3.plur.fem’.

In addition, the verb is structured like this: an obligatory prefix expressing subj, comprising ј- /j-/ ‘1incl.sing’, т̇- /ʈ-/ ‘1excl.sing’, ӈ- /ŋ-/ ‘2.sing’, м- /m-/ ‘3.sing.masc’, ф- /f-/ ‘3.sing.fem’, в- /w-/ ‘1incl.dual’, д̇- /ɖ-/ ‘1excl.dual’, ґв- /ɡʷ-/ ‘2.dual’, к- /k-/ ‘3.dual.masc’, п- /p-/ ‘3.dual.fem’, т- /t-/ ‘1incl.plur’, ґ- /ɡ-/ ‘1excl.plur’, н̇- /ɳ-/ ‘2.plur’, с̇- /ʂ-/ ‘3.plur.masc’ and б- /b-/ ‘3.plur.fem’ followed by the root.

Чай н̇а т̇икво ги.	(13)

[t͡ʃai ɳɑ ʈikʷo hi]

2.sing	indicative	1excl.sing.SUBJ	love	2.sing.OBJ

“I love you.”

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

шәґиґви дуфиґви ва	(14)

[ʃæɡiɡʷi dufiɡʷi wɑ]

table	ABS	surface	ABS	in

“on the table”

б̱ин̇иґви ґваўњиґви ква	(15)

[ɓiɳiɡʷi ɡʷauɲiɡʷi kʷɑ]

box	ABS	inside	ABS	to

“into the box”

б̱у Таў	(16)

[ɓu tau]

1excl.sing	COMIT

“with me”

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Him has basic Subject–Object–Verb (SOV) word order. The subject precedes the object, and the verb appears at the end of the clause. This is one of the most frequent patterns cross-linguistically.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Him.

Гевоб̱ә сайњиґви н̇а мәмо су.	(17)

[hewoɓæ saiɲiɡʷi ɳɑ mæmo su]

jaguar	ERG	hunter	ABS	indicative	3.sing.masc.SUBJ	kill	3.sing.masc.OBJ

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

Литоб̱ә сайњыјы шопыјы фәчиґви н̇а фаўве ка.	(18)

[litoɓæ saiɲɨjɨ ʃopɨjɨ fæt͡ʃiɡʷi ɳɑ fauwe kɑ]

lion	ERG	hunter	GEN	daughter	GEN	dog	ABS	indicative

3.sing.fem.SUBJ	eat	3.sing.fem.OBJ

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Him reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Him expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.

чай ӈвоґыјы чаўныјы ґвакиґви	(19)

[t͡ʃai ŋʷoɡɨjɨ t͡ʃaunɨjɨ ɡʷɑkiɡʷi]

2.sing	son	GEN	friend	GEN	book	ABS

“your son’s friend’s book”

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

Сайњоб̱ә гевиґвичы ны д̱аўсиґвичы ны литиґвичы н̇а мәмо фи.	(20)

[saiɲoɓæ hewiɡʷit͡ʃɨ nɨ ɗausiɡʷit͡ʃɨ nɨ litiɡʷit͡ʃɨ ɳɑ mæmo fi]

hunter	ERG	jaguar	ABS	plur	and	tiger	ABS	plur

and	lion	ABS	plur	indicative	3.sing.masc.SUBJ	kill	3.plur.fem.OBJ

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Him provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Him forms relative clauses by placing them before the noun they modify. The modifier takes the form of a finite clause that precedes the head noun without any relative pronoun. The clause shows ordinary clausal structure, with the role of the head noun recoverable from the syntactic position inside the clause.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

Ковиґви т̇әны ка.	(21)

[kowiɡʷi ʈænɨ kɑ]

cat	ABS	1excl.sing.SUBJ	pat	3.sing.fem.OBJ

“I patted the cat.”

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

Д̇иӈиґви мино ка ковиґви т̇әны ка.	(22)

[ɖiŋiɡʷi mino kɑ kowiɡʷi ʈænɨ kɑ]

mouse	ABS	3.sing.masc.SUBJ	catch	3.sing.fem.OBJ	cat	ABS	1excl.sing.SUBJ	pat

3.sing.fem.OBJ

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

Тәӈвиґви маўве су д̇иӈиґви мино ка ковиґви т̇әны ка.	(23)

[tæŋʷiɡʷi mauwe su ɖiŋiɡʷi mino kɑ kowiɡʷi ʈænɨ kɑ]

cheese	ABS	3.sing.masc.SUBJ	eat	3.sing.masc.OBJ	mouse	ABS	3.sing.masc.SUBJ	catch

3.sing.fem.OBJ	cat	ABS	1excl.sing.SUBJ	pat	3.sing.fem.OBJ

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

Б̱у т̇еке тәӈвиґви маўве ја д̇иӈиґви мино ка ковиґви т̇әны ка.	(24)

[ɓu ʈeke tæŋʷiɡʷi mauwe jɑ ɖiŋiɡʷi mino kɑ kowiɡʷi ʈænɨ kɑ]

1excl.sing	1excl.sing.SUBJ	buy	cheese	ABS	3.sing.masc.SUBJ	eat	1excl.sing.OBJ	mouse

ABS	3.sing.masc.SUBJ	catch	3.sing.fem.OBJ	cat	ABS	1excl.sing.SUBJ	pat	3.sing.fem.OBJ

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

Complementation Strategies

Him marks complement clauses with subordinating verbal morphology. The embedded verb is fully finite and carries a subordinating suffix that identifies the clause as a complement. No structural changes occur within the clause apart from this verbal marking.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

Р̇айбоб̱ә ґвимыго с̇ур̇иґви р̇у н̇а маўме су чыдыго фор̇ә.	(25)

[ɽaiboɓæ ɡʷimɨho ʂuɽiɡʷi ɽu ɳɑ maume su t͡ʃɨdɨho foɽæ]

boy	ERG	girl	DAT	apple	ABS	a	indicative	3.sing.masc.SUBJ

give	3.sing.masc.OBJ	teacher	DAT	3.sing.fem.SUBJ	surprise

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

Quotes

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Miscellaneous

Texts

The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1–9)

Мәкво гид̇ыјы б̱иґвиґвичы д̇ид̱ыјы ґвепиґви дуфиґви ва д̇әвиґви јо ны пулиґви јо. Мувы кы диб̱иґви ґваўњиґви р̇аў, ны мәка кы вер̇ыјы ґопиґви р̇у ӈет̇иґви р̇у ґваўњиґви ва, фә мәґвы кы јай. Мид̱и кы ӈу бивиґвичы топи фи ны ӈу бивиґвичы таўмә фи б̱ы. Н̇а мәкво мә кы бивиґви н̇ечеква Њай, ны н̇а мәкво мә кы над̇иґви ӈен̇еква Њай.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter.

A Creation Myth

Н̇а ну майд̇и ӈу н̇әґвыјы б̱иґвиґвичы. Мус̇а р̇аўд̇иґви ны пед̱иґви кы д̇әвиґвичы. Мәси кы ӈводыјычы ны найӈвыјычы ґвечиґвичы. Бо мәпы ӈу д̇әвиґви н̇а мид̱о фи гимиґви шыныјы ґипиґви р̇у ґваўњиґви ва. Мәму гаў д̇ид̱ыјы ны саґыјы чәр̇ыјы р̇әбиґви р̇у ґваўњиґви ва. Н̇а м[??2: xxx_vеrб]. Н̇а м[??2: xxx_vеrб]. Н̇а м[??2: xxx_vеrб]. Н̇а м[??2: xxx_vеrб]. Н̇а м[??2: xxx_vеrб]. Н̇а м[??2: xxx_vеrб]? Н̇а манә шыквиґвичы р̇у т̇учиґви, н̇а майфе нә т̇офиґви, н̇а м[??2: xxx_vеrб]. Ну мыма ӈу д̇әвиґви, мипо гаў.

We are not like other people. Their languages were shaped by struggle and time. They copied the sounds of beasts and birds, and they learned to speak like that. But our language arose in a different way. It was born whole and perfect in a single breath. Before that moment, our ancestors lived in a shadow-world. Then God pressed one button, and words and meanings arrived. The people awoke, and speech filled their mouths like breath for the first time. Where there had been nothing, there were now mountains, rivers and names for everything. Some outsiders claim that our language was not made by God at all, but by a machine. But how could that be? Machines can grind wheat and count money, but they cannot create mountains or ignite the sun. Our language did not evolve; it was created.

English-Him Dictionary

1excl.dual pron ӈи pron

1excl.plur pron лаў pron

1excl.sing pron б̱у pron

1incl.dual pron с̇у pron

1incl.plur pron ӈу pron

1incl.sing pron фә pron

2.dual pron р̇ә pron

2.plur pron н̇ә pron

2.sing pron чай pron

3.dual.fem pron ку pron

3.dual.masc pron мы pron

3.plur.fem pron нә pron

3.plur.masc pron кы pron

3.sing.fem pron гаў pron

3.sing.masc pron р̇у pron

a det р̇у det

all adj гид̇ noun (masc)

always adv бе adv

and conj ны conj

animal noun саўп noun (fem)

anus noun с̇ал noun (fem)

appear verb әму verb

apple noun с̇ур̇ noun (masc)

arise verb әпы verb

ash noun шес̇ noun (fem)

back noun (body part) квер̇ noun (fem)

bad adj лом noun (masc)

bark noun (on tree) шән̇ noun (fem)

be verb ид̱о verb

because conj ку conj

bed noun пут noun (fem)

belly noun т̇әр̇ noun (fem)

big adj б̱ис noun (masc)

binoculars noun ґвәл noun (masc)

bird noun найӈв noun (fem)

bite verb одо verb

black adj соґ noun (masc)

blind adj б̱әб̱ noun (masc)

blood noun квон noun (fem)

blow verb айгу verb

bone noun шун noun (fem)

book noun ґвак noun (masc)

bosom noun (body part) тын noun (fem)

bottle noun кваш noun (fem)

box noun б̱ин̇ noun (fem)

boy noun р̇айб noun (masc)

break verb ујә verb

breast noun мум noun (fem)

breath noun р̇әб noun (fem)

breathe verb уґы verb

brick noun бив noun (fem)

build verb уд̱и verb

burn verb аўмә verb

but conj бо conj

buy verb еке verb

call verb айбы verb

cat noun ков noun (fem)

catch verb ино verb

cease verb айде verb

chair noun ӈоӈв noun (masc)

cheese noun тәӈв noun (masc)

child noun (young human) н̇аўб noun (masc)

city noun тов noun (masc)

cloud noun тен noun (masc)

cold adj д̇ыт noun (masc)

colour noun с̇аўкв noun (fem)

colourless adj р̇еґ noun (masc)

come verb аўфе verb

COMIT pp таў pp

COMP pp ӈваў pp

confound verb әго verb

copy verb әси verb

correct adj т̇ас noun (masc)

count verb айфе verb

create verb ипо verb

cut verb ыгә verb

daughter noun шоп noun (fem)

day noun шиш noun (masc)

Dey prop Д̱еј prop (fem)

dialect noun пул noun (fem)

die verb ењы verb

different adj шын noun (masc)

dig verb ун̇ы verb

dirty adj гайґ noun (masc)

do verb аґва verb

dog noun фәч noun (fem)

drink verb уӈы verb

dry adj вән noun (masc)

dull adj ґәӈв noun (masc)

dust noun квыс noun (masc)

dwell verb әґвы verb

ear noun гор̇ noun (fem)

earth noun ґвеп noun (masc)

east noun диб̱ noun (masc)

eat verb аўве verb

egg noun нив noun (masc)

eight num сай num

embrace noun лон̇ noun (fem)

evolve verb ыма verb

eye noun баґв noun (fem)

face noun бус̇ noun (fem)

faeces noun ґид noun (fem)

fall verb әкве verb

far adj с̇еґв noun (masc)

farmer noun н̇аўл noun (fem)

fat noun т̇аўӈв noun (fem)

father noun фуӈ noun (masc)

Fay prop Фај prop (masc)

fear verb әд̱о verb

feather noun њин̇ noun (fem)

few adj с̇айб noun (masc)

1. fight noun р̇аўд̇ noun (fem)

2. fight verb еку verb

find verb әка verb

fingernail noun чаўм noun (fem)

fire noun сон noun (masc)

fish noun квид noun (masc)

five num маў num

float verb ар̇и verb

flow verb ысе verb

flower noun ґвәг noun (fem)

fly verb ыфы verb

fog noun кәб noun (masc)

foot noun теґв noun (fem)

forest noun гыб̱ noun (masc)

four num јы num

freeze verb ыке verb

friend noun чаўн noun (masc)

from pp р̇аў pp

from_above pp лә pp

from_across pp ты pp

from_around pp ду pp

from_behind pp ӈу pp

from_in_front pp би pp

from_inside pp мо pp

from_left pp ни pp

from_near pp лы pp

from_next_to pp си pp

from_outside pp ке pp

from_right pp бе pp

from_surface pp н̇а pp

from_under pp со pp

fruit noun лес̇ noun (fem)

full adj фыӈ noun (masc)

furious adj р̇ын̇ noun (masc)

furiously adv най adv

girl noun ґвим noun (fem)

give verb аўме verb

God prop Пок prop (masc)

good adj беч noun (masc)

grass noun див noun (masc)

green adj суф noun (masc)

grind verb анә verb

guts noun б̱ут̇ noun (fem)

hair noun д̇әс̇ noun (fem)

hand noun вайӈ noun (fem)

happy adj ґвис̇ noun (masc)

hate verb аб̱и verb

have verb әкво verb

head noun р̇аф noun (fem)

hear verb ебу verb

heart noun фип noun (fem)

heavy adj боб̱ noun (masc)

Him noun (language) гим noun (masc)

His prop Гис prop (fem)

hit verb айјы verb

hold verb әґво verb

horn noun ґиф noun (masc)

house noun шид̇ noun (fem)

human being noun б̱иґв noun (masc)

hundred num до num

hunt verb ыґе verb

hunter noun сайњ noun (masc)

husband noun ләб noun (masc)

ice noun ґуј noun (masc)

idea noun јайд noun (fem)

in pp ва pp

in_above pp да pp

in_across pp наў pp

in_around pp гы pp

in_behind pp кы pp

in_in_front pp бы pp

in_inside pp му pp

in_left pp вы pp

in_near pp пай pp

in_next_to pp р̇и pp

in_outside pp сы pp

in_right pp го pp

in_surface pp чу pp

in_under pp са pp

inside noun ґваўњ noun (fem)

INSTR pp май pp

jaguar noun гев noun (masc)

journey verb увы verb

kill verb әмо verb

kiss verb ыґви verb

knee noun чәл noun (fem)

knife noun чин̇ noun (fem)

know verb оӈа verb

lake noun дәс noun (masc)

lamb noun мәф noun (fem)

land noun ӈет̇ noun (masc)

language noun д̇әв noun (fem)

large adj вайм noun (masc)

laugh verb айке verb

leaf noun пол noun (masc)

left adj д̱ыґв noun (masc)

leg noun тайб̱ noun (fem)

lie verb ыгу verb

lion noun лит noun (fem)

little adj чуґв noun (masc)

live verb отә verb

liver noun вәд̇ noun (fem)

long adj мид̱ noun (masc)

louse noun т̇ос̇ noun (fem)

love verb икво verb

machine noun шыкв noun (fem)

Maig prop Майґв prop (fem)

make verb опи verb

mammal noun ӈвод noun (masc)

man noun јаўт̇ noun (masc)

MANNER pp лаў pp

manner noun ґип noun (fem)

many adj тоб̱ noun (masc)

meat noun њән noun (masc)

money noun т̇оф noun (masc)

moon noun бәф noun (masc)

mortar noun ӈен̇ noun (fem)

mother noun јыс noun (fem)

mountain noun дир̇ noun (masc)

mouse noun д̇иӈ noun (fem)

mouth noun ґвиґ noun (fem)

Nagit prop Ӈвыт prop (masc)

name noun тев noun (fem)

narrow adj квәд̇ noun (masc)

near adj фан noun (masc)

neck noun лоґ noun (fem)

neighbour noun њәґв noun (fem)

net noun гиф noun (fem)

new adj б̱ал noun (masc)

night noun ґәф noun (masc)

nine num то num

north noun с̇аўб̱ noun (fem)

nose noun јыр̇ noun (fem)

often adv д̱ә adv

old adj (not young) гайл noun (masc)

one num јо num

or conj пу conj

other adj н̇әґв noun (masc)

Paip prop Пайп prop (masc)

pat verb әны verb

penis noun ґвәв noun (fem)

people noun дайп noun (masc)

perfect adj саґ noun (masc)

plain noun ґоп noun (masc)

play verb айку verb

pull verb айме verb

PURP pp њай pp

purpose verb айфы verb

push verb оки verb

rain noun гәп noun (masc)

red adj н̇об noun (masc)

resemble verb айд̇и verb

right adj јоґв noun (masc)

river noun шыґ noun (masc)

road noun њыњ noun (masc)

root noun шаґв noun (fem)

rope noun шыф noun (masc)

rotten adj н̇айб̱ noun (masc)

round adj нет noun (masc)

rub verb айсу verb

salt noun ґав noun (masc)

sand noun ӈвиӈ noun (masc)

say verb ид̱и verb

scatter verb ечы verb

scratch verb иша verb

sea noun ґвич noun (masc)

see verb огә verb

seed noun лев noun (fem)

seven num таў num

sew verb айба verb

shape verb ус̇а verb

sharp adj н̇аўт noun (masc)

she pron ка pron

short adj кир̇ noun (masc)

sing verb әги verb

single adj чәр̇ noun (masc)

sit verb опы verb

six num т̇и num

skin noun бәп noun (fem)

sky noun чаґ noun (masc)

sleep verb аму verb

slime noun над̇ noun (masc)

small adj сош noun (masc)

smell verb ыму verb

smoke noun док noun (fem)

smooth adj ґвыґ noun (masc)

snake noun воґ noun (fem)

snow noun б̱ед̱ noun (masc)

some adj ґаґ noun (masc)

son noun ӈвоґ noun (masc)

sound noun ґвеч noun (fem)

south noun б̱ир̇ noun (fem)

speak verb еди verb

speech noun тыв noun (fem)

spend_time verb ыну verb

spit verb ошы verb

split verb аўфә verb

squeeze verb ефе verb

stab verb его verb

stand verb ед̱ә verb

star noun т̇айњ noun (masc)

stick noun р̇уп noun (masc)

stone noun н̇еч noun (masc)

straight adj вов noun (masc)

suck verb омы verb

sun noun лар̇ noun (masc)

surface noun дуф noun (masc)

surprise verb ор̇ә verb

swell verb әфы verb

swim verb уду verb

table noun шәґ noun (fem)

tail noun вәг noun (fem)

teacher noun чыд noun (fem)

ten num квы num

that det си det

then conj фи conj

there adv јай adv

thick adj д̱аўш noun (masc)

thin adj фид̇ noun (masc)

think verb ыкә verb

this det чу det

thoroughly adv б̱ы adv

thousand num ге num

three num ти num

throw verb айла verb

thus conj фә conj

tie verb ањо verb

tiger noun д̱аўс noun (masc)

time noun пед̱ noun (masc)

to pp ква pp

to_above pp па pp

to_across pp ла pp

to_around pp пе pp

to_behind pp ти pp

to_in_front pp га pp

to_inside pp д̇и pp

to_left pp каў pp

to_near pp кви pp

to_next_to pp кваў pp

to_outside pp вай pp

to_right pp ӈе pp

to_surface pp мә pp

to_under pp ны pp

tongue noun ґаўв noun (fem)

tooth noun ґайл noun (fem)

top noun б̱ењ noun (fem)

tower noun шат̇ noun (fem)

tree noun д̱ен̇ noun (masc)

turn verb аўле verb

two num по num

umbrella noun ӈим noun (fem)

understand verb угу verb

urine noun ӈыв noun (masc)

vagina noun д̱айґ noun (fem)

vomit verb од̱о verb

walk verb иквы verb

want verb аја verb

warm adj гыв noun (masc)

wash verb име verb

water noun д̱уј noun (masc)

west noun ләв noun (fem)

wet adj д̇ыл noun (masc)

wheat noun т̇уч noun (masc)

white adj т̇ад noun (masc)

whole adj д̇ид̱ noun (masc)

wide adj вер̇ noun (masc)

wife noun д̇еґв noun (fem)

wild boar noun чос̇ noun (masc)

wind noun квайф noun (masc)

wing noun нан noun (fem)

wipe verb ену verb

with pp ӈва pp

withhold verb ушә verb

woman noun шиґ noun (fem)

worm noun тукв noun (fem)

year noun ґваўл noun (masc)

yellow adj б̱әл noun (masc)

Yog prop Јоґ prop (fem)

yon det ну det

Him-English Dictionary

-а [-ɑ] adjgender suffix fem

аб̱и [ɑɓi] verb hate verb

айба [aibɑ] verb sew verb

айбы [aibɨ] verb call verb

айгу [aihu] verb blow verb

айд̇и [aiɖi] verb resemble verb

айде [aide] verb cease verb

айке [aike] verb laugh verb

айку [aiku] verb play verb

айла [ailɑ] verb throw verb

айме [aime] verb pull verb

айсу [aisu] verb rub verb

айфе [aife] verb count verb

айфы [aifɨ] verb purpose verb

айјы [aijɨ] verb hit verb

-амо [-ɑmo] nouncase suffix INS

аму [ɑmu] verb sleep verb

анә [ɑnæ] verb grind verb

ар̇и [ɑɽi] verb float verb

аја [ɑjɑ] verb want verb

ањо [ɑɲo] verb tie verb

аўве [auwe] verb eat verb

аўле [aule] verb turn verb

аўме [aume] verb give verb

аўмә [aumæ] verb burn verb

аўфе [aufe] verb come verb

аўфә [aufæ] verb split verb

аґва [ɑɡʷɑ] verb do verb

б- [b-] verbsubj prefix 3.plur.fem

б̱ал [ɓɑl] noun (masc) new adj

б̱ед̱ [ɓeɗ] noun (masc) snow noun

б̱ењ [ɓeɲ] noun (fem) top noun

б̱ин̇ [ɓiɳ] noun (fem) box noun

б̱ир̇ [ɓiɽ] noun (fem) south noun

б̱ис [ɓis] noun (masc) big adj

б̱иґв [ɓiɡʷ] noun (masc) human being noun

б̱у [ɓu] pron 1excl.sing pron

б̱ут̇ [ɓuʈ] noun (fem) guts noun

б̱ы [ɓɨ] adv thoroughly adv

б̱әб̱ [ɓæɓ] noun (masc) blind adj

б̱әл [ɓæl] noun (masc) yellow adj

баґв [bɑɡʷ] noun (fem) eye noun

1. бе [be] adv always adv

2. бе [be] pp from_right pp

беч [bet͡ʃ] noun (masc) good adj

би [bi] pp from_in_front pp

бив [biw] noun (fem) brick noun

бо [bo] conj but conj

боб̱ [boɓ] noun (masc) heavy adj

бус̇ [buʂ] noun (fem) face noun

бы [bɨ] pp in_in_front pp

бәп [bæp] noun (fem) skin noun

бәф [bæf] noun (masc) moon noun

в- [w-] verbsubj prefix 1incl.dual

ва [wɑ] pp in pp

вай [wai] pp to_outside pp

вайм [waim] noun (masc) large adj

вайӈ [waiŋ] noun (fem) hand noun

вер̇ [weɽ] noun (masc) wide adj

вов [wow] noun (masc) straight adj

воґ [woɡ] noun (fem) snake noun

вы [wɨ] pp in_left pp

вә [wæ] vpta enclitic PRES

вәг [wæh] noun (fem) tail noun

вәд̇ [wæɖ] noun (fem) liver noun

вән [wæn] noun (masc) dry adj

1. га [hɑ] pp to_in_front pp

2. га [hɑ] vpobj enclitic 3.plur.masc

гайл [hail] noun (masc) old adj (not young)

гайґ [haiɡ] noun (masc) dirty adj

гаў [hau] pron 3.sing.fem pron

ге [he] num thousand num

гев [hew] noun (masc) jaguar noun

ги [hi] vpobj enclitic 2.sing

гид̇ [hiɖ] noun (masc) all adj

гим [him] noun (masc) Him noun (language)

Гис [his] prop (fem) His prop

гиф [hif] noun (fem) net noun

1. го [ho] pp in_right pp

2. го [ho] vpobj enclitic 1incl.dual

гор̇ [hoɽ] noun (fem) ear noun

гы [hɨ] pp in_around pp

гыб̱ [hɨɓ] noun (masc) forest noun

гыв [hɨw] noun (masc) warm adj

гәп [hæp] noun (masc) rain noun

д̇- [ɖ-] verbsubj prefix 1excl.dual

д̇еґв [ɖeɡʷ] noun (fem) wife noun

д̇и [ɖi] pp to_inside pp

д̇ид̱ [ɖiɗ] noun (masc) whole adj

д̇иӈ [ɖiŋ] noun (fem) mouse noun

д̇ыл [ɖɨl] noun (masc) wet adj

д̇ыт [ɖɨt] noun (masc) cold adj

д̇әв [ɖæw] noun (fem) language noun

д̇әс̇ [ɖæʂ] noun (fem) hair noun

д̱айґ [ɗaiɡ] noun (fem) vagina noun

д̱аўс [ɗaus] noun (masc) tiger noun

д̱аўш [ɗauʃ] noun (masc) thick adj

д̱ен̇ [ɗeɳ] noun (masc) tree noun

Д̱еј [ɗej] prop (fem) Dey prop

д̱и [ɗi] vpobj enclitic 1excl.plur

д̱уј [ɗuj] noun (masc) water noun

д̱ыґв [ɗɨɡʷ] noun (masc) left adj

д̱ә [ɗæ] adv often adv

1. да [dɑ] pp in_above pp

2. да [dɑ] vpmode proclitic imperative

3. да [dɑ] vpobj enclitic 1excl.dual

дайп [daip] noun (masc) people noun

де [de] vpobj enclitic 3.dual.masc

диб̱ [diɓ] noun (masc) east noun

див [diw] noun (masc) grass noun

дир̇ [diɽ] noun (masc) mountain noun

до [do] num hundred num

док [dok] noun (fem) smoke noun

1. ду [du] pp from_around pp

2. ду [du] vpobj enclitic 2.dual

дуф [duf] noun (masc) surface noun

дәс [dæs] noun (masc) lake noun

ебу [ebu] verb hear verb

его [eho] verb stab verb

ед̱ә [eɗæ] verb stand verb

еди [edi] verb speak verb

-еква [-ekʷɑ] nouncase suffix LOC

еке [eke] verb buy verb

еку [eku] verb fight verb

-емы [-emɨ] nouncase suffix VOC

ену [enu] verb wipe verb

ефе [efe] verb squeeze verb

ечы [et͡ʃɨ] verb scatter verb

ењы [eɲɨ] verb die verb

ид̱и [iɗi] verb say verb

ид̱о [iɗo] verb be verb

икво [ikʷo] verb love verb

иквы [ikʷɨ] verb walk verb

име [ime] verb wash verb

-иму [-imu] nouncase suffix ALL

ино [ino] verb catch verb

ипо [ipo] verb create verb

иша [iʃɑ] verb scratch verb

-иґви [-iɡʷi] nouncase suffix ABS

к- [k-] verbsubj prefix 3.dual.masc

1. ка [kɑ] pron she pron

2. ка [kɑ] vpvoice enclitic active

3. ка [kɑ] vpobj enclitic 3.sing.fem

каў [kau] pp to_left pp

ква [kʷɑ] pp to pp

квайф [kʷaif] noun (masc) wind noun

кваш [kʷɑʃ] noun (fem) bottle noun

кваў [kʷau] pp to_next_to pp

квер̇ [kʷeɽ] noun (fem) back noun (body part)

кви [kʷi] pp to_near pp

квид [kʷid] noun (masc) fish noun

квон [kʷon] noun (fem) blood noun

квы [kʷɨ] num ten num

квыс [kʷɨs] noun (masc) dust noun

квәд̇ [kʷæɖ] noun (masc) narrow adj

ке [ke] pp from_outside pp

кир̇ [kiɽ] noun (masc) short adj

ков [kow] noun (fem) cat noun

1. ку [ku] pron 3.dual.fem pron

2. ку [ku] conj because conj

3. ку [ku] vpobj enclitic 1incl.sing

1. кы [kɨ] pron 3.plur.masc pron

2. кы [kɨ] pp in_behind pp

кәб [kæb] noun (masc) fog noun

ла [lɑ] pp to_across pp

лар̇ [lɑɽ] noun (masc) sun noun

1. лаў [lau] pron 1excl.plur pron

2. лаў [lau] pp MANNER pp

лев [lew] noun (fem) seed noun

лес̇ [leʂ] noun (fem) fruit noun

лит [lit] noun (fem) lion noun

лом [lom] noun (masc) bad adj

лон̇ [loɳ] noun (fem) embrace noun

лоґ [loɡ] noun (fem) neck noun

лы [lɨ] pp from_near pp

-лә [-læ] nounnumber suffix dual

лә [læ] pp from_above pp

ләб [læb] noun (masc) husband noun

ләв [læw] noun (fem) west noun

м- [m-] verbsubj prefix 3.sing.masc

май [mai] pp INSTR pp

Майґв [maiɡʷ] prop (fem) Maig prop

маў [mau] num five num

мид̱ [miɗ] noun (masc) long adj

мо [mo] pp from_inside pp

му [mu] pp in_inside pp

мум [mum] noun (fem) breast noun

мы [mɨ] pron 3.dual.masc pron

1. мә [mæ] pp to_surface pp

2. мә [mæ] vpta enclitic PAST

мәф [mæf] noun (fem) lamb noun

н̇- [ɳ-] verbsubj prefix 2.plur

1. н̇а [ɳɑ] pp from_surface pp

2. н̇а [ɳɑ] vpmode proclitic indicative

н̇айб̱ [ɳaiɓ] noun (masc) rotten adj

н̇аўб [ɳaub] noun (masc) child noun (young human)

н̇аўл [ɳaul] noun (fem) farmer noun

н̇аўт [ɳaut] noun (masc) sharp adj

н̇еч [ɳet͡ʃ] noun (masc) stone noun

н̇об [ɳob] noun (masc) red adj

н̇ә [ɳæ] pron 2.plur pron

н̇әґв [ɳæɡʷ] noun (masc) other adj

над̇ [nɑɖ] noun (masc) slime noun

най [nai] adv furiously adv

найӈв [naiŋʷ] noun (fem) bird noun

нан [nɑn] noun (fem) wing noun

наў [nau] pp in_across pp

нет [net] noun (masc) round adj

1. ни [ni] pp from_left pp

2. ни [ni] vpquestion proclitic Q

нив [niw] noun (masc) egg noun

1. ну [nu] det yon det

2. ну [nu] vpnegation proclitic NEG

1. ны [nɨ] conj and conj

2. ны [nɨ] pp to_under pp

нә [næ] pron 3.plur.fem pron

-об̱ә [-oɓæ] nouncase suffix ERG

огә [ohæ] verb see verb

од̱о [oɗo] verb vomit verb

одо [odo] verb bite verb

оки [oki] verb push verb

омы [omɨ] verb suck verb

опи [opi] verb make verb

опы [opɨ] verb sit verb

ор̇ә [oɽæ] verb surprise verb

отә [otæ] verb live verb

ошы [oʃɨ] verb spit verb

оӈа [oŋɑ] verb know verb

п- [p-] verbsubj prefix 3.dual.fem

па [pɑ] pp to_above pp

пай [pai] pp in_near pp

Пайп [paip] prop (masc) Paip prop

пе [pe] pp to_around pp

пед̱ [peɗ] noun (masc) time noun

по [po] num two num

Пок [pok] prop (masc) God prop

пол [pol] noun (masc) leaf noun

пу [pu] conj or conj

пул [pul] noun (fem) dialect noun

пут [put] noun (fem) bed noun

-пы [-pɨ] nounnumber suffix sing

р̇айб [ɽaib] noun (masc) boy noun

р̇аф [ɽɑf] noun (fem) head noun

р̇аў [ɽau] pp from pp

р̇аўд̇ [ɽauɖ] noun (fem) fight noun

р̇еґ [ɽeɡ] noun (masc) colourless adj

р̇и [ɽi] pp in_next_to pp

1. р̇у [ɽu] pron 3.sing.masc pron

2. р̇у [ɽu] det a det

р̇уп [ɽup] noun (masc) stick noun

р̇ын̇ [ɽɨɳ] noun (masc) furious adj

р̇ә [ɽæ] pron 2.dual pron

р̇әб [ɽæb] noun (fem) breath noun

с̇- [ʂ-] verbsubj prefix 3.plur.masc

с̇айб [ʂaib] noun (masc) few adj

с̇ал [ʂɑl] noun (fem) anus noun

с̇аўб̱ [ʂauɓ] noun (fem) north noun

с̇аўкв [ʂaukʷ] noun (fem) colour noun

с̇еґв [ʂeɡʷ] noun (masc) far adj

с̇у [ʂu] pron 1incl.dual pron

с̇ур̇ [ʂuɽ] noun (masc) apple noun

са [sɑ] pp in_under pp

сай [sai] num eight num

сайњ [saiɲ] noun (masc) hunter noun

саўп [saup] noun (fem) animal noun

саґ [sɑɡ] noun (masc) perfect adj

1. си [si] det that det

2. си [si] pp from_next_to pp

со [so] pp from_under pp

сон [son] noun (masc) fire noun

сош [soʃ] noun (masc) small adj

соґ [soɡ] noun (masc) black adj

су [su] vpobj enclitic 3.sing.masc

суф [suf] noun (masc) green adj

сы [sɨ] pp in_outside pp

т- [t-] verbsubj prefix 1incl.plur

т̇- [ʈ-] verbsubj prefix 1excl.sing

т̇ад [ʈɑd] noun (masc) white adj

т̇айњ [ʈaiɲ] noun (masc) star noun

т̇ас [ʈɑs] noun (masc) correct adj

т̇аўӈв [ʈauŋʷ] noun (fem) fat noun

т̇и [ʈi] num six num

т̇ос̇ [ʈoʂ] noun (fem) louse noun

т̇оф [ʈof] noun (masc) money noun

т̇уч [ʈut͡ʃ] noun (masc) wheat noun

т̇әр̇ [ʈæɽ] noun (fem) belly noun

тайб̱ [taiɓ] noun (fem) leg noun

1. таў [tau] num seven num

2. таў [tau] pp COMIT pp

тев [tew] noun (fem) name noun

тен [ten] noun (masc) cloud noun

теґв [teɡʷ] noun (fem) foot noun

1. ти [ti] num three num

2. ти [ti] pp to_behind pp

то [to] num nine num

тоб̱ [toɓ] noun (masc) many adj

тов [tow] noun (masc) city noun

тукв [tukʷ] noun (fem) worm noun

ты [tɨ] pp from_across pp

тыв [tɨw] noun (fem) speech noun

тын [tɨn] noun (fem) bosom noun (body part)

тәӈв [tæŋʷ] noun (masc) cheese noun

-у [-u] adjgender suffix masc

увы [uwɨ] verb journey verb

угу [uhu] verb understand verb

уд̱и [uɗi] verb build verb

уду [udu] verb swim verb

ун̇ы [uɳɨ] verb dig verb

ус̇а [uʂɑ] verb shape verb

ушә [uʃæ] verb withhold verb

ујә [ujæ] verb break verb

уґы [uɡɨ] verb breathe verb

уӈы [uŋɨ] verb drink verb

ф- [f-] verbsubj prefix 3.sing.fem

фа [fɑ] vpvoice enclitic passive

фан [fɑn] noun (masc) near adj

Фај [fɑj] prop (masc) Fay prop

фе [fe] vpmode proclitic conditional

1. фи [fi] conj then conj

2. фи [fi] vpobj enclitic 3.plur.fem

фид̇ [fiɖ] noun (masc) thin adj

фип [fip] noun (fem) heart noun

фуӈ [fuŋ] noun (masc) father noun

фы [fɨ] vpobj enclitic 2.plur

фыӈ [fɨŋ] noun (masc) full adj

1. фә [fæ] pron 1incl.sing pron

2. фә [fæ] conj thus conj

фәч [fæt͡ʃ] noun (fem) dog noun

чай [t͡ʃai] pron 2.sing pron

чаўм [t͡ʃaum] noun (fem) fingernail noun

чаўн [t͡ʃaun] noun (masc) friend noun

чаґ [t͡ʃɑɡ] noun (masc) sky noun

чи [t͡ʃi] vpobj enclitic 3.dual.fem

чин̇ [t͡ʃiɳ] noun (fem) knife noun

чос̇ [t͡ʃoʂ] noun (masc) wild boar noun

1. чу [t͡ʃu] det this det

2. чу [t͡ʃu] pp in_surface pp

чуґв [t͡ʃuɡʷ] noun (masc) little adj

-чы [-t͡ʃɨ] nounnumber suffix plur

чыд [t͡ʃɨd] noun (fem) teacher noun

чә [t͡ʃæ] vpnegation proclitic POS

чәл [t͡ʃæl] noun (fem) knee noun

чәр̇ [t͡ʃæɽ] noun (masc) single adj

шат̇ [ʃɑʈ] noun (fem) tower noun

шаґв [ʃɑɡʷ] noun (fem) root noun

шес̇ [ʃeʂ] noun (fem) ash noun

шид̇ [ʃiɖ] noun (fem) house noun

шиш [ʃiʃ] noun (masc) day noun

шиґ [ʃiɡ] noun (fem) woman noun

шоп [ʃop] noun (fem) daughter noun

шун [ʃun] noun (fem) bone noun

шыкв [ʃɨkʷ] noun (fem) machine noun

шын [ʃɨn] noun (masc) different adj

шыф [ʃɨf] noun (masc) rope noun

шыґ [ʃɨɡ] noun (masc) river noun

шән̇ [ʃæɳ] noun (fem) bark noun (on tree)

шәґ [ʃæɡ] noun (fem) table noun

-ыго [-ɨho] nouncase suffix DAT

ыгу [ɨhu] verb lie verb

ыгә [ɨhæ] verb cut verb

-ыке [-ɨke] nouncase suffix ABL

ыке [ɨke] verb freeze verb

ыкә [ɨkæ] verb think verb

ыма [ɨmɑ] verb evolve verb

ыму [ɨmu] verb smell verb

ыну [ɨnu] verb spend_time verb

ысе [ɨse] verb flow verb

ыфы [ɨfɨ] verb fly verb

-ыјы [-ɨjɨ] nouncase suffix GEN

ыґви [ɨɡʷi] verb kiss verb

ыґе [ɨɡe] verb hunt verb

ј- [j-] verbsubj prefix 1incl.sing

ја [jɑ] vpobj enclitic 1excl.sing

јай [jai] adv there adv

јайд [jaid] noun (fem) idea noun

јаўт̇ [jauʈ] noun (masc) man noun

јо [jo] num one num

Јоґ [joɡ] prop (fem) Yog prop

јоґв [joɡʷ] noun (masc) right adj

1. јы [jɨ] num four num

2. јы [jɨ] vpobj enclitic 1incl.plur

јыр̇ [jɨɽ] noun (fem) nose noun

јыс [jɨs] noun (fem) mother noun

њай [ɲai] pp PURP pp

њин̇ [ɲiɳ] noun (fem) feather noun

њыњ [ɲɨɲ] noun (masc) road noun

њә [ɲæ] vpquestion proclitic not.Q

њән [ɲæn] noun (masc) meat noun

њәґв [ɲæɡʷ] noun (fem) neighbour noun

ґ- [ɡ-] verbsubj prefix 1excl.plur

ґав [ɡɑw] noun (masc) salt noun

ґайл [ɡail] noun (fem) tooth noun

ґаўв [ɡauw] noun (fem) tongue noun

ґаґ [ɡɑɡ] noun (masc) some adj

ґв- [ɡʷ-] verbsubj prefix 2.dual

ґвак [ɡʷɑk] noun (masc) book noun

ґваўл [ɡʷaul] noun (masc) year noun

ґваўњ [ɡʷauɲ] noun (fem) inside noun

ґвеп [ɡʷep] noun (masc) earth noun

ґвеч [ɡʷet͡ʃ] noun (fem) sound noun

ґвим [ɡʷim] noun (fem) girl noun

ґвис̇ [ɡʷiʂ] noun (masc) happy adj

ґвич [ɡʷit͡ʃ] noun (masc) sea noun

ґвиґ [ɡʷiɡ] noun (fem) mouth noun

ґвыґ [ɡʷɨɡ] noun (masc) smooth adj

ґвәв [ɡʷæw] noun (fem) penis noun

ґвәг [ɡʷæh] noun (fem) flower noun

ґвәл [ɡʷæl] noun (masc) binoculars noun

ґид [ɡid] noun (fem) faeces noun

ґип [ɡip] noun (fem) manner noun

ґиф [ɡif] noun (masc) horn noun

ґоп [ɡop] noun (masc) plain noun

ґуј [ɡuj] noun (masc) ice noun

ґәф [ɡæf] noun (masc) night noun

ґәӈв [ɡæŋʷ] noun (masc) dull adj

ӈ- [ŋ-] verbsubj prefix 2.sing

ӈва [ŋʷɑ] pp with pp

ӈваў [ŋʷau] pp COMP pp

ӈве [ŋʷe] vpobj enclitic none

ӈвиӈ [ŋʷiŋ] noun (masc) sand noun

ӈвод [ŋʷod] noun (masc) mammal noun

ӈвоґ [ŋʷoɡ] noun (masc) son noun

Ӈвыт [ŋʷɨt] prop (masc) Nagit prop

ӈе [ŋe] pp to_right pp

ӈен̇ [ŋeɳ] noun (fem) mortar noun

ӈет̇ [ŋeʈ] noun (masc) land noun

ӈи [ŋi] pron 1excl.dual pron

ӈим [ŋim] noun (fem) umbrella noun

ӈоӈв [ŋoŋʷ] noun (masc) chair noun

1. ӈу [ŋu] pron 1incl.plur pron

2. ӈу [ŋu] pp from_behind pp

ӈыв [ŋɨw] noun (masc) urine noun

ӈә [ŋæ] vpmode proclitic optative

әги [æhi] verb sing verb

әго [æho] verb confound verb

әд̱о [æɗo] verb fear verb

-әды [-ædɨ] nouncase suffix PART

әка [ækɑ] verb find verb

әкве [ækʷe] verb fall verb

әкво [ækʷo] verb have verb

әмо [æmo] verb kill verb

әму [æmu] verb appear verb

әны [ænɨ] verb pat verb

әпы [æpɨ] verb arise verb

әси [æsi] verb copy verb

әфы [æfɨ] verb swell verb

әґво [æɡʷo] verb hold verb

әґвы [æɡʷɨ] verb dwell verb