The Shakala Language

Grammar, Texts and Dictionary

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Generated by the Language Creator on 24th May 2026

https://languagecreator.org/grammar/3FA86

Grammar

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Shakala language (the 165th one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Shakala.

Typological Profile

It has a total lack of nasal consonants and postpositions.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Shakala has a moderately small consonant inventory, comprising 17 phonemes.

It has a total lack of nasal consonants, a complete absence of affricates and an exceptionally large and contrastive labial series.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Shakala. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labial	alveolar	postalveolar	lateral	palatal	velar	glottal
stop	p b	d t	k ɡ
ejective stop	kʼ
trill/tap/flap	r
fricative	f	s	ʃ	h
approximant	w	l	j	ɰ

Vowels

Shakala has 4 vowel qualities. This constitutes a relatively small inventory, with contrasts limited to the vowel categories displayed in the chart. The phonological system relies primarily on these few qualities to encode vocalic distinctions.

It has a vertical vowel system in which backness distinctions are largely absent, phonologically distinctive back unrounded vowels, a triangular vowel system with few low vowels and occasional ghost vowels that surface only weakly.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Shakala. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

central
mid	ə
open	a

Stress and Tones

Shakala has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

The language employs vowel harmony. To be specific, the following vowels change to match the first vowel of the root: .

Writing System

Introduction

Shakala is normally written using the Cyrillic alphabet, a script with a long and varied history across Eastern Europe and northern Asia. In this grammar, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also used to give an unambiguous representation of sound.

The conventions adopted here follow standard Cyrillic practice for the language where that exists; where they do not, the IPA transcription should be taken as authoritative.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:

Simple letters

а /a/	б /b/	в /w/	г /h/
д /d/	к /k/	л /l/	п /p/
р /r/	с /s/	т /t/	ф /f/
ш /ʃ/	ь /ə/	ј /j/	ґ /ɡ/
ӟ /ɰ/

Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs

ай /ai/	аў /au/	къ /kʼ/

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Shakala does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Shakala has the following genders:

Gender masc – for instance: батьрьрь ‘urine’, бьдь ‘fish’, вараўгаса ‘mouse’, гавайјава ‘guts’, дава ‘father’, каса ‘human being’, къьва ‘child’, кьра ‘dog’, лашьфава ‘neck’, райва ‘fire’, сабаўдьдь ‘umbrella’, фава ‘language’, фарькъькъь ‘rope’, фајьракъа ‘mammal’, фьда ‘tongue’, фьдафакъь ‘wild boar’, јайјь ‘hair’, јатакъаль ‘student’, ґава ‘friend’, ӟатафакь ‘lamb’.

Gender fem – for instance: бадаўрагь ‘breath’, вајаўдаба ‘root’, дьраўльґа ‘fog’, лайра ‘star’, лаўја ‘moon’, пакъасадь ‘flower’, раса ‘blood’, саўкъь ‘top’, сьдакьса ‘tail’, тайбь ‘sky’, фаралаша ‘dialect’, фарьтарь ‘plain’, фаґаўґьфа ‘cloud’, шавайтаја ‘river’, шада ‘daughter’, шакъала ‘Shakala’, шатальрь ‘bosom’, јайка ‘hand’, јьфалаша ‘slime’, јьша ‘foot’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Shakala can be exemplified by the following example:

Јьдай пать јьдай гафьга гьбаўкь тай ґа ґа вараўгаса радапа пай.	(1)

[jədai patə jədai hafəha həbaukə tai ɡa ɡa warauhasa radapa pai]

jə-	dai	patə	jə-	dai	hafəha	həbaukə	tai	ɡa
fem	the	woman	fem	the	knife	COMIT	catch	PAST

ɡa	warauhasa	rad	-apa	pai
yon	mouse	blind	NOM	three

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.

The Noun

The noun in Shakala stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -лака /-laka/ ‘little’ and -кькь /-kəkə/ ‘big’

The Adjective

In Shakala, the adjective has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -апа /-apa/ ‘NOM’, -ьда /-əda/ ‘GEN’, -ьпь /-əpə/ ‘DAT’, -аја /-aja/ ‘INS’, -ькъь /-əkʼə/ ‘VOC’, -ара /-ara/ ‘ALL’, -акь /-akə/ ‘LOC’, -ьть /-ətə/ ‘ABL’ and -ьвь /-əwə/ ‘PART’.

Numerals

The numeral in Shakala stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

In Shakala, the determiner has the following structure: an optional prefix expressing gender, comprising јь- /jə-/ ‘fem’ followed by the root.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Shakala stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

In Shakala, subject pronouns (but not object pronouns ones) are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

Шагь ја.	(2)

[ʃahə ja]

ʃahə	ja
love	3.fem

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

But here, the word corresponding to he (i.e., the subject) is stressed:

Кай шагь ја.	(3)

[kai ʃahə ja]

kai	ʃahə	ja
3.masc	love	3.fem

“He loves her.”

Proper Nouns

Дай Гапайрьґа тьпать јьдай Шашашаль.	(4)

[dai hapairəɡa təpatə jədai ʃaʃaʃalə]

dai	hapairəɡa	təpatə	jə-	dai	ʃaʃaʃalə
the	Hapairaga	hate	fem	the	Shashashala

“Hapairaga hates Shashashala.”

Possession

дай къайва дай сьльбакъь	(5)

[dai kʼaiwa dai sələbakʼə]

dai	kʼaiwa	dai	sələbakʼə
the	boy	the	apple

“the boy’s apple”

кай дай сьльбакъь	(6)

[kai dai sələbakʼə]

kai	dai	sələbakʼə
3.masc	the	apple

“his (the boy’s) apple”

фаў дай сьльбакъь	(7)

[fau dai sələbakʼə]

fau	dai	sələbakʼə
1excl	the	apple

“my apple”

Дай тьбакъьдь јьдай шада бакаба ґа лай дай гатьвьба дай рада.	(8)

[dai təbakʼədə jədai ʃada bakaba ɡa lai dai hatəwəba dai rada]

dai	təbakʼədə	jə-	dai	ʃada	bakaba	ɡa	lai	dai
the	hunter	fem	the	daughter	kiss	PAST	2	the

hatəwəba	dai	rada
neighbour	the	son

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

Derivation

Shakala has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:

дь ӟатафакь	(9)

[də ɰatafakə]

də	ɰatafakə
a	lamb

“a lamb”

In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:

дь ӟатафакьлака	(10)

[də ɰatafakəlaka]

də	ɰatafakə	-laka
a	lamb	little

“a little lamb”

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

All verbal phrase clitics in Shakala are enclitics (placed finally), and there are four types: first, a clitic expressing ta, comprising ґа /ɡa/ ‘PAST’; second, a clitic expressing mode, comprising гь /hə/ ‘imperative’, кь /kə/ ‘conditional’ and вь /wə/ ‘optative’; third, a clitic expressing negation, comprising ка /ka/ ‘NEG’; and finally, fourth, a clitic expressing comp, comprising фь /fə/ ‘COMP’.

In addition, the verb is structured like this: the root followed by an optional suffix expressing voice, comprising -гь /-hə/ ‘passive’.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -льра /-ləra/ ‘begin’ and -ласа /-lasa/ ‘stop’

Шагь лай.	(11)

[ʃahə lai]

ʃahə	lai
love	2

“I love you.”

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

дай вьбьрь пайша са	(12)

[dai wəbərə paiʃa sa]

dai	wəbərə	paiʃa	sa
the	table	surface	in

“on the table”

јьдай сафайшьша бьра та	(13)

[jədai safaiʃəʃa bəra ta]

jə-	dai	safaiʃəʃa	bəra	ta
fem	the	box	inside	to

“into the box”

фаў гьбаўкь	(14)

[fau həbaukə]

fau	həbaukə
1excl	COMIT

“with me”

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Shakala employs Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) as its basic word order. The subject is followed by the verb, with the object occurring in post-verbal position. This ordering is widely attested across the world’s languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Shakala.

Дай варайјьра јькъь ґа дай тьбакъьдь.	(15)

[dai waraijəra jəkʼə ɡa dai təbakʼədə]

dai	waraijəra	jəkʼə	ɡa	dai	təbakʼədə
the	jaguar	kill	PAST	the	hunter

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

Дай јагайфась ль ґа дай тьбакъьдь јьдай шада дай кьра.	(16)

[dai jahaifasə lə ɡa dai təbakʼədə jədai ʃada dai kəra]

dai	jahaifasə	lə	ɡa	dai	təbakʼədə	jə-	dai	ʃada
the	lion	eat	PAST	the	hunter	fem	the	daughter

dai	kəra
the	dog

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Shakala reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Shakala expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.

лай дай рада дай ґава дай пьдькьдь	(17)

[lai dai rada dai ɡawa dai pədəkədə]

lai	dai	rada	dai	ɡawa	dai	pədəkədə
2	the	son	the	friend	the	book

“your son’s friend’s book”

Case Marking

Shakala does not use case marking to distinguish the core participants of the clause. There is therefore no regular nominative, accusative, ergative, active or stative marking on subjects and objects. Instead, the roles of the participants are identified by other means, cf. the examples below.

Дай такь јай.	(18)

[dai takə jai]

dai	takə	jai
the	cat	sleep

“The cat is sleeping.”

Дай такь ӟаў.	(19)

[dai takə ɰau]

dai	takə	ɰau
the	cat	run

“The cat is running.”

Дай такь јьтава дай вараўгаса.	(20)

[dai takə jətawa dai warauhasa]

dai	takə	jətawa	dai	warauhasa
the	cat	chase	the	mouse

“The cat is chasing the mouse.”

Дай такь тай ґа дай вараўгаса.	(21)

[dai takə tai ɡa dai warauhasa]

dai	takə	tai	ɡa	dai	warauhasa
the	cat	catch	PAST	the	mouse

“The cat caught the mouse.”

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

Дай тьбакъьдь јькъь ґа дай варайјьра сь дай фьдадава сь дай јагайфась.	(22)

[dai təbakʼədə jəkʼə ɡa dai waraijəra sə dai fədadawa sə dai jahaifasə]

dai	təbakʼədə	jəkʼə	ɡa	dai	waraijəra	sə	dai	fədadawa
the	hunter	kill	PAST	the	jaguar	and	the	tiger

sə	dai	jahaifasə
and	the	lion

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Shakala provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Shakala forms relative clauses by using a head-internal strategy. The head noun appears inside the clause itself, occupying its regular syntactic position. The entire clause functions as a modifier, and its external syntactic behaviour is identical to that of a noun-modifying phrase.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

Ӟьваўса ґа дай такь.	(23)

[ɰəwausa ɡa dai takə]

ɰəwausa	ɡa	dai	takə
pat	PAST	the	cat

“I patted the cat.”

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

Ӟьваўса ґа дай такь тай ґа фь дай вараўгаса.	(24)

[ɰəwausa ɡa dai takə tai ɡa fə dai warauhasa]

ɰəwausa	ɡa	dai	takə	tai	ɡa	fə	dai	warauhasa
pat	PAST	the	cat	catch	PAST	COMP	the	mouse

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

Ӟьваўса ґа дай такь тай ґа фь дай вараўгаса ль ґа фь дай ґашайшьба.	(25)

[ɰəwausa ɡa dai takə tai ɡa fə dai warauhasa lə ɡa fə dai ɡaʃaiʃəba]

ɰəwausa	ɡa	dai	takə	tai	ɡa	fə	dai	warauhasa
pat	PAST	the	cat	catch	PAST	COMP	the	mouse

lə	ɡa	fə	dai	ɡaʃaiʃəba
eat	PAST	COMP	the	cheese

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

Ӟьваўса ґа дай такь тай ґа фь дай вараўгаса ль ґа фь фаў фь ґа фь дай ґашайшьба.	(26)

[ɰəwausa ɡa dai takə tai ɡa fə dai warauhasa lə ɡa fə fau fə ɡa fə dai ɡaʃaiʃəba]

ɰəwausa	ɡa	dai	takə	tai	ɡa	fə	dai	warauhasa
pat	PAST	the	cat	catch	PAST	COMP	the	mouse

lə	ɡa	fə	fau	fə	ɡa	fə	dai	ɡaʃaiʃəba
eat	PAST	COMP	1excl	buy	PAST	COMP	the	cheese

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

Complementation Strategies

Shakala marks complement clauses with subordinating verbal morphology. The embedded verb is fully finite and carries a subordinating suffix that identifies the clause as a complement. No structural changes occur within the clause apart from this verbal marking.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

Дай къайва раў ґа фь јьдай шакъа дь сьльбакъь дасаўкь ґа дай ґьрь.	(27)

[dai kʼaiwa rau ɡa fə jədai ʃakʼa də sələbakʼə dasaukə ɡa dai ɡərə]

dai	kʼaiwa	rau	ɡa	fə	jə-	dai	ʃakʼa	də
the	boy	give	PAST	COMP	fem	the	girl	a

sələbakʼə	dasaukə	ɡa	dai	ɡərə
apple	surprise	PAST	the	teacher

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

Quotes

Shakala expresses quoted or reported speech without a dedicated quotative particle. Quotations appear as ordinary clauses, distinguished only by the surrounding syntactic context or by the use of verbs of speaking.

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Дай къайва тавь ґа јьдай шакъа фаў шагь фь лай.	(28)

[dai kʼaiwa tawə ɡa jədai ʃakʼa fau ʃahə fə lai]

dai	kʼaiwa	tawə	ɡa	jə-	dai	ʃakʼa	fau	ʃahə
the	boy	tell	PAST	fem	the	girl	1excl	love

fə	lai
COMP	2

“The boy told the girl that he loved her.”

Texts

The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1–9)

Ваў ґа дай каса ӟьдапа јьдай гайша къасапа пайша са фава гь сь фаралаша гь. Пабаўрь ґа кай јьдай шьса бьра га, сь шь ґа кай јьдь фарьтарь фајапа јьдь шьјь бьра са, лаваў сьґьдь ґа кай ра. Ӟагь ґа кай кь ӟьшь гь фь къьлалавь сь кь фай гь фь къьлалавь къьпапь. Ваў ґа кай къьлалавь варь бафаўбь, сь ваў ґа кай јьфалаша къаралась бафаўбь.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter.

A Creation Myth

Ӟабайда ка кь каса гайфапа. Кадага ґа фашь сь каўла кай дай фава. Шапаўпа ґа кай фајьракъа сь бакъа дай фаја. Ва пьшаўґа ґа јьдай шакъала ӟай фь кь дай фава дь капьла шаўвапа бьра са. Ракъата ґа кай къасапа сь лападапа јьдь бадаўрагь шаўкапа бьра са. Фьвьґа ґа ка кь дай фава, фашьда ґа кай.

We are not like other people. Their languages were shaped by struggle and time. They copied the sounds of beasts and birds, and they learned to speak like that. But our language arose in a different way. It was born whole and perfect in a single breath. Our language did not evolve; it was created.

English-Shakala Dictionary

1excl pron фаў pron

1incl pron кь pron

2 pron лай pron

3.fem pron ја pron

3.masc pron кай pron

a det дь det

all adj ӟьд adj

always adv ґаў adv

and conj сь conj

animal noun къьја noun (masc)

anus noun лавафарь noun (masc)

appear verb ракъата verb

apple noun сьльбакъь noun (masc)

arise verb пьшаўґа verb

ash noun ґапайвабь noun (masc)

back noun (body part) гьпа noun (fem)

bad adj ськъ adj

bank noun кадайльта noun (masc)

bark noun (on tree) шькъајавь noun (masc)

be verb ӟай verb

because conj па conj

bed noun фькъь noun (masc)

begin unknown -льра suffix

belly noun шакъайјаша noun (fem)

1. big adj лар adj

2. big unknown -кькь suffix

binoculars noun паґаўсьфа noun (fem)

bird noun бакъа noun (masc)

bite verb паў verb

black adj факъ adj

blind adj рад adj

blood noun раса noun (fem)

blow verb табаўпь verb

bone noun дьсь noun (masc)

book noun пьдькьдь noun (masc)

bosom noun (body part) шатальрь noun (fem)

bottle noun тьсаўравь noun (fem)

box noun сафайшьша noun (fem)

boy noun къайва noun (masc)

break verb рь verb

breast noun вапьјака noun (masc)

breath noun бадаўрагь noun (fem)

breathe verb јь verb

brick noun къьлалавь noun (fem)

build verb бь verb

burn verb фай verb

but conj ва conj

buy verb фь verb

call verb къаў verb

cat noun такь noun (masc)

catch verb тай verb

cease verb фьрайфь verb

chair noun фьја noun (masc)

chase verb јьтава verb

cheese noun ґашайшьба noun (masc)

child noun (young human) къьва noun (masc)

city noun јька noun (masc)

cloud noun фаґаўґьфа noun (fem)

cold adj къаўґ adj

colour noun къаўпа noun (fem)

colourless adj къаґьл adj

come verb ба verb

COMIT pp гьбаўкь pp

COMP pp лавакъь pp

confound verb дькъьта verb

copy verb шапаўпа verb

correct adj јал adj

count verb шай verb

court noun далакаґь noun (fem)

create verb фашьда verb

cut verb вай verb

daughter noun шада noun (fem)

day noun ґашь noun (masc)

dialect noun фаралаша noun (fem)

die verb да verb

different adj шаўв adj

dig verb шапашь verb

dirty adj къьл adj

do verb даў verb

dog noun кьра noun (masc)

drink verb саў verb

dry adj вьб adj

dull adj тьсьп adj

dust noun сајаўськъа noun (fem)

dwell verb сьґьдь verb

ear noun ґаја noun (masc)

earth noun гайша noun (fem)

east noun шьса noun (fem)

eat verb ль verb

egg noun къадьва noun (masc)

eight num къьра num

embrace noun тьфафьда noun (masc)

evolve verb фьвьґа verb

eye noun байша noun (masc)

face noun тьјь noun (masc)

faeces noun саґайгавь noun (fem)

fall verb сай verb

far adj пьт adj

farmer noun басабабь noun (masc)

fat noun бабакајь noun (fem)

father noun дава noun (masc)

fear verb рай verb

feather noun дашьсаса noun (fem)

few adj вьк adj

1. fight noun фашь noun (masc)

2. fight verb ӟь verb

find verb шь verb

fingernail noun саґалајь noun (masc)

fire noun райва noun (masc)

fish noun бьдь noun (masc)

five num таў num

float verb пафаўја verb

flow verb дькаґа verb

flower noun пакъасадь noun (fem)

fly verb каў verb

fog noun дьраўльґа noun (fem)

foot noun јьша noun (fem)

forest noun вакаўвьль noun (fem)

four num јаў num

freeze verb сараўва verb

friend noun ґава noun (masc)

from pp га pp

from_above pp къадь pp

from_across pp ґајь pp

from_around pp бьја pp

from_behind pp ґабь pp

from_in_front pp сата pp

from_inside pp лаўда pp

from_left pp бьфь pp

from_near pp дадь pp

from_next_to pp гаса pp

from_outside pp къайпь pp

from_right pp ӟала pp

from_surface pp ґька pp

from_under pp фагь pp

fruit noun лаўбь noun (masc)

full adj бьл adj

furious adj ӟьгьк adj

furiously adv ґать adv

girl noun шакъа noun (fem)

give verb раў verb

God prop Дьрарась prop (masc)

good adj байг adj

grass noun ськъагафь noun (fem)

green adj ґайп adj

grind verb гапаса verb

guts noun гавайјава noun (masc)

Hahawada prop Гьгьвадь prop (fem)

hair noun јайјь noun (masc)

hand noun јайка noun (fem)

Hapairaga prop Гапайрьґа prop (masc)

happy adj раф adj

hate verb тьпать verb

have verb ваў verb

head noun вакъа noun (fem)

hear verb лаў verb

heart noun фьфа noun (masc)

heavy adj таўп adj

hit verb јафа verb

hold verb ґаґь verb

horn noun тьтьшаса noun (masc)

house noun рала noun (fem)

human being noun каса noun (masc)

hundred num тьдай num

hunt verb ӟалаґь verb

hunter noun тьбакъьдь noun (masc)

husband noun ґаўба noun (masc)

ice noun сьбайлата noun (fem)

idea noun ӟьфаба noun (fem)

in pp са pp

in_above pp ґаўкь pp

in_across pp къаўда pp

in_around pp даўга pp

in_behind pp гайрь pp

in_in_front pp бьфа pp

in_inside pp вайшь pp

in_left pp къькъа pp

in_near pp тайрь pp

in_next_to pp габа pp

in_outside pp дьса pp

in_right pp фаўва pp

in_surface pp тьва pp

in_under pp ґайка pp

inside noun бьра noun (fem)

INSTR pp вагада pp

jaguar noun варайјьра noun (masc)

journey verb пабаўрь verb

Kadaukafa prop Кадаўкафа prop (fem)

kill verb јькъь verb

kiss verb бакаба verb

knee noun тьсакала noun (masc)

knife noun гафьга noun (fem)

know verb льфа verb

lake noun дакъатьја noun (fem)

lamb noun ӟатафакь noun (masc)

land noun шьјь noun (fem)

language noun фава noun (masc)

large adj саўр adj

laugh verb шаў verb

leaf noun таја noun (masc)

left adj лакъ adj

leg noun пайрь noun (fem)

library noun шькъатьвь noun (fem)

lie verb ла verb

lion noun јагайфась noun (masc)

1. little adj шас adj

2. little unknown -лака suffix

live verb ть verb

liver noun гакайкъакъа noun (fem)

long adj пькъ adj

louse noun бавакапь noun (masc)

love verb шагь verb

machine noun пајайкъабь noun (fem)

make verb ӟьшь verb

mammal noun фајьракъа noun (masc)

man noun дайкъь noun (masc)

MANNER pp јалась pp

manner noun капьла noun (masc)

many adj вькъ adj

market noun ӟьшальда noun (masc)

meat noun пата noun (masc)

medicine noun сакъаўтьпь noun (fem)

money noun ӟьрьдьдь noun (fem)

moon noun лаўја noun (fem)

mortar noun къаралась noun (fem)

mother noun таґа noun (fem)

mountain noun вакьлада noun (fem)

mouse noun вараўгаса noun (masc)

mouth noun шаша noun (fem)

name noun паўґа noun (fem)

narrow adj падькъ adj

near adj ґайд adj

neck noun лашьфава noun (masc)

neighbour noun гатьвьба noun (masc)

net noun шькъайкась noun (fem)

new adj каґ adj

night noun саўша noun (masc)

nine num ґаль num

north noun даль noun (fem)

nose noun сайла noun (masc)

often adv ӟа adv

old adj (not young) кьв adj

one num гь num

or conj къай conj

other adj гайф adj

Padashaga prop Пьдьшьґь prop (masc)

pat verb ӟьваўса verb

penis noun гапакъабь noun (fem)

people noun јайкь noun (masc)

perfect adj лапад adj

plain noun фарьтарь noun (fem)

play verb ӟьґа verb

pull verb даса verb

PURP pp бафаўбь pp

purpose verb сьјайгь verb

push verb ґьта verb

rain noun пьвь noun (fem)

red adj ґьф adj

religion noun какапьфь noun (masc)

resemble verb ӟабайда verb

restaurant noun јьґакьра noun (masc)

right adj фак adj

river noun шавайтаја noun (fem)

road noun ґайсь noun (masc)

root noun вајаўдаба noun (fem)

rope noun фарькъькъь noun (masc)

rotten adj шар adj

round adj шаг adj

rub verb јасьдь verb

run verb ӟаў verb

salt noun ласајаґь noun (fem)

sand noun къьсайпаја noun (fem)

say verb ӟагь verb

scatter verb ӟьґьшь verb

school noun вьјајьдь noun (fem)

scratch verb къабата verb

sea noun лабада noun (fem)

see verb бапаў verb

seed noun тарьтаба noun (masc)

seven num раша num

sew verb сьдафа verb

Shakala noun (language) шакъала noun (fem)

shape verb кадага verb

sharp adj сьт adj

Shashashala prop Шашашаль prop (fem)

she pron гаў pron

short adj сайв adj

sing verb къь verb

single adj шаўк adj

sit verb къа verb

six num къашай num

skin noun гара noun (masc)

sky noun тайбь noun (fem)

sleep verb јай verb

slime noun јьфалаша noun (fem)

small adj саб adj

smell verb даўда verb

smoke noun гьпакаба noun (masc)

smooth adj ӟьльб adj

snake noun фаравада noun (masc)

snow noun басаўфарь noun (fem)

some adj льг adj

son noun рада noun (masc)

sound noun фаја noun (masc)

south noun льла noun (fem)

speak verb баў verb

speech noun лаўлаба noun (masc)

spend_time verb пајаўра verb

spit verb гьбаша verb

split verb дашафа verb

squeeze verb сафафь verb

stab verb какъаўва verb

stand verb пь verb

star noun лайра noun (fem)

stick noun ӟаґьфаґа noun (fem)

stone noun варь noun (fem)

stop unknown -ласа suffix

straight adj вьдап adj

student noun јатакъаль noun (masc)

suck verb кафава verb

sun noun къаль noun (masc)

surface noun пайша noun (fem)

surprise verb дасаўкь verb

swell verb јальда verb

swim verb баґа verb

table noun вьбьрь noun (masc)

tail noun сьдакьса noun (fem)

teacher noun ґьрь noun (masc)

tell verb тавь verb

ten num бай num

that det фа det

the det дай det

then conj вь conj

there adv ра adv

thick adj валаф adj

thin adj шад adj

think verb къьшай verb

this det гай det

thoroughly adv къьпапь adv

thousand num даґа num

three num пай num

throw verb фьба verb

thus conj лаваў conj

tie verb гасаўль verb

tiger noun фьдадава noun (masc)

time noun каўла noun (masc)

to pp та pp

to_above pp тьра pp

to_across pp шьта pp

to_around pp гась pp

to_behind pp гашь pp

to_in_front pp кайја pp

to_inside pp таўфа pp

to_left pp сабь pp

to_near pp саўса pp

to_next_to pp сась pp

to_outside pp лата pp

to_right pp шьрь pp

to_surface pp ґайфа pp

to_under pp сапь pp

tongue noun фьда noun (masc)

tooth noun саша noun (fem)

top noun саўкъь noun (fem)

tower noun лашалаль noun (fem)

tree noun шака noun (fem)

turn verb јаса verb

two num ґь num

umbrella noun сабаўдьдь noun (masc)

understand verb јьбь verb

urine noun батьрьрь noun (masc)

vagina noun гадалька noun (fem)

vomit verb шатьфь verb

Wafayaya prop Вафајьја prop (fem)

Wagarafa prop Ваґьрафа prop (fem)

walk verb ша verb

want verb ка verb

warm adj ӟькъ adj

wash verb башай verb

water noun пайва noun (fem)

west noun факъь noun (fem)

wet adj ваўв adj

wheat noun тьсаґашь noun (masc)

white adj гап adj

whole adj къас adj

wide adj фај adj

wife noun пайла noun (fem)

wild boar noun фьдафакъь noun (masc)

wind noun дака noun (fem)

wing noun шаґьбькъа noun (fem)

wipe verb пькъьґа verb

with pp ґай pp

withhold verb гькъаўјь verb

woman noun пать noun (fem)

worm noun пьлаўваба noun (masc)

year noun лакъь noun (fem)

yellow adj јаўкъ adj

yon det ґа det

Shakala-English Dictionary

-акь [-akə] adjcase suffix LOC

-апа [-apa] adjcase suffix NOM

-ара [-ara] adjcase suffix ALL

-аја [-aja] adjcase suffix INS

ба [ba] verb come verb

бабакајь [babakajə] noun (fem) fat noun

бавакапь [bawakapə] noun (masc) louse noun

бадаўрагь [badaurahə] noun (fem) breath noun

бай [bai] num ten num

байг [baih] adj good adj

байша [baiʃa] noun (masc) eye noun

бакаба [bakaba] verb kiss verb

бакъа [bakʼa] noun (masc) bird noun

бапаў [bapau] verb see verb

басабабь [basababə] noun (masc) farmer noun

басаўфарь [basaufarə] noun (fem) snow noun

батьрьрь [batərərə] noun (masc) urine noun

бафаўбь [bafaubə] pp PURP pp

башай [baʃai] verb wash verb

баў [bau] verb speak verb

баґа [baɡa] verb swim verb

1. бь [bə] verb build verb

2. бь [bə] vpnegation enclitic POS

бьдь [bədə] noun (masc) fish noun

бьл [bəl] adj full adj

бьра [bəra] noun (fem) inside noun

бьфа [bəfa] pp in_in_front pp

бьфь [bəfə] pp from_left pp

бьја [bəja] pp from_around pp

ва [wa] conj but conj

вагада [wahada] pp INSTR pp

вай [wai] verb cut verb

вайшь [waiʃə] pp in_inside pp

вакаўвьль [wakauwələ] noun (fem) forest noun

вакъа [wakʼa] noun (fem) head noun

вакьлада [wakəlada] noun (fem) mountain noun

валаф [walaf] adj thick adj

вапьјака [wapəjaka] noun (masc) breast noun

варайјьра [waraijəra] noun (masc) jaguar noun

вараўгаса [warauhasa] noun (masc) mouse noun

варь [warə] noun (fem) stone noun

Вафајьја [wafajəja] prop (fem) Wafayaya prop

вајаўдаба [wajaudaba] noun (fem) root noun

ваў [wau] verb have verb

ваўв [wauw] adj wet adj

Ваґьрафа [waɡərafa] prop (fem) Wagarafa prop

1. вь [wə] conj then conj

2. вь [wə] vpmode enclitic optative

вьб [wəb] adj dry adj

вьбьрь [wəbərə] noun (masc) table noun

вьдап [wədap] adj straight adj

вьк [wək] adj few adj

вькъ [wəkʼ] adj many adj

вьјајьдь [wəjajədə] noun (fem) school noun

га [ha] pp from pp

габа [haba] pp in_next_to pp

гавайјава [hawaijawa] noun (masc) guts noun

гадалька [hadaləka] noun (fem) vagina noun

гай [hai] det this det

гайрь [hairə] pp in_behind pp

гайф [haif] adj other adj

гайша [haiʃa] noun (fem) earth noun

гакайкъакъа [hakaikʼakʼa] noun (fem) liver noun

гап [hap] adj white adj

Гапайрьґа [hapairəɡa] prop (masc) Hapairaga prop

гапакъабь [hapakʼabə] noun (fem) penis noun

гапаса [hapasa] verb grind verb

гара [hara] noun (masc) skin noun

гаса [hasa] pp from_next_to pp

гасаўль [hasaulə] verb tie verb

гась [hasə] pp to_around pp

гатьвьба [hatəwəba] noun (masc) neighbour noun

гафьга [hafəha] noun (fem) knife noun

гашь [haʃə] pp to_behind pp

гаў [hau] pron she pron

-гь [-hə] verbvoice suffix passive

1. гь [hə] num one num

2. гь [hə] vpmode enclitic imperative

гьбаша [həbaʃa] verb spit verb

гьбаўкь [həbaukə] pp COMIT pp

Гьгьвадь [həhəwadə] prop (fem) Hahawada prop

гькъаўјь [həkʼaujə] verb withhold verb

гьпа [həpa] noun (fem) back noun (body part)

гьпакаба [həpakaba] noun (masc) smoke noun

да [da] verb die verb

дава [dawa] noun (masc) father noun

дадь [dadə] pp from_near pp

дай [dai] det the det

дайкъь [daikʼə] noun (masc) man noun

дака [daka] noun (fem) wind noun

дакъатьја [dakʼatəja] noun (fem) lake noun

далакаґь [dalakaɡə] noun (fem) court noun

даль [dalə] noun (fem) north noun

даса [dasa] verb pull verb

дасаўкь [dasaukə] verb surprise verb

дашафа [daʃafa] verb split verb

дашьсаса [daʃəsasa] noun (fem) feather noun

даў [dau] verb do verb

даўга [dauha] pp in_around pp

даўда [dauda] verb smell verb

даґа [daɡa] num thousand num

1. дь [də] det a det

2. дь [də] vpmode enclitic indicative

дь- [də-] detgender prefix masc

дькаґа [dəkaɡa] verb flow verb

дькъьта [dəkʼəta] verb confound verb

Дьрарась [dərarasə] prop (masc) God prop

дьраўльґа [dərauləɡa] noun (fem) fog noun

дьса [dəsa] pp in_outside pp

дьсь [dəsə] noun (masc) bone noun

1. ка [ka] verb want verb

2. ка [ka] vpnegation enclitic NEG

кадага [kadaha] verb shape verb

кадайльта [kadailəta] noun (masc) bank noun

Кадаўкафа [kadaukafa] prop (fem) Kadaukafa prop

кай [kai] pron 3.masc pron

кайја [kaija] pp to_in_front pp

какапьфь [kakapəfə] noun (masc) religion noun

какъаўва [kakʼauwa] verb stab verb

капьла [kapəla] noun (masc) manner noun

каса [kasa] noun (masc) human being noun

кафава [kafawa] verb suck verb

каў [kau] verb fly verb

каўла [kaula] noun (masc) time noun

каґ [kaɡ] adj new adj

къа [kʼa] verb sit verb

къабата [kʼabata] verb scratch verb

къадь [kʼadə] pp from_above pp

къадьва [kʼadəwa] noun (masc) egg noun

къай [kʼai] conj or conj

къайва [kʼaiwa] noun (masc) boy noun

къайпь [kʼaipə] pp from_outside pp

къаль [kʼalə] noun (masc) sun noun

къаралась [kʼaralasə] noun (fem) mortar noun

къас [kʼas] adj whole adj

къашай [kʼaʃai] num six num

къаў [kʼau] verb call verb

къаўда [kʼauda] pp in_across pp

къаўпа [kʼaupa] noun (fem) colour noun

къаўґ [kʼauɡ] adj cold adj

къаґьл [kʼaɡəl] adj colourless adj

къь [kʼə] verb sing verb

къьва [kʼəwa] noun (masc) child noun (young human)

къькъа [kʼəkʼa] pp in_left pp

къьл [kʼəl] adj dirty adj

къьлалавь [kʼəlalawə] noun (fem) brick noun

къьпапь [kʼəpapə] adv thoroughly adv

къьра [kʼəra] num eight num

къьсайпаја [kʼəsaipaja] noun (fem) sand noun

къьшай [kʼəʃai] verb think verb

къьја [kʼəja] noun (masc) animal noun

1. кь [kə] pron 1incl pron

2. кь [kə] vpmode enclitic conditional

кьв [kəw] adj old adj (not young)

-кькь [-kəkə] suffix big unknown

кьра [kəra] noun (masc) dog noun

ла [la] verb lie verb

лабада [labada] noun (fem) sea noun

лавакъь [lawakʼə] pp COMP pp

лавафарь [lawafarə] noun (masc) anus noun

лаваў [lawau] conj thus conj

лай [lai] pron 2 pron

лайра [laira] noun (fem) star noun

-лака [-laka] suffix little unknown

лакъ [lakʼ] adj left adj

лакъь [lakʼə] noun (fem) year noun

лапад [lapad] adj perfect adj

лар [lar] adj big adj

-ласа [-lasa] suffix stop unknown

ласајаґь [lasajaɡə] noun (fem) salt noun

лата [lata] pp to_outside pp

лашалаль [laʃalalə] noun (fem) tower noun

лашьфава [laʃəfawa] noun (masc) neck noun

лаў [lau] verb hear verb

лаўбь [laubə] noun (masc) fruit noun

лаўда [lauda] pp from_inside pp

лаўлаба [laulaba] noun (masc) speech noun

лаўја [lauja] noun (fem) moon noun

ль [lə] verb eat verb

льг [ləh] adj some adj

льла [ləla] noun (fem) south noun

-льра [-ləra] suffix begin unknown

льфа [ləfa] verb know verb

па [pa] conj because conj

пабаўрь [pabaurə] verb journey verb

падькъ [padəkʼ] adj narrow adj

пай [pai] num three num

пайва [paiwa] noun (fem) water noun

пайла [paila] noun (fem) wife noun

пайрь [pairə] noun (fem) leg noun

пайша [paiʃa] noun (fem) surface noun

пакъасадь [pakʼasadə] noun (fem) flower noun

пата [pata] noun (masc) meat noun

пать [patə] noun (fem) woman noun

пафаўја [pafauja] verb float verb

пајайкъабь [pajaikʼabə] noun (fem) machine noun

пајаўра [pajaura] verb spend_time verb

паў [pau] verb bite verb

паўґа [pauɡa] noun (fem) name noun

паґаўсьфа [paɡausəfa] noun (fem) binoculars noun

1. пь [pə] verb stand verb

2. пь [pə] vpcomp enclitic not.COMP

пьвь [pəwə] noun (fem) rain noun

пьдькьдь [pədəkədə] noun (masc) book noun

Пьдьшьґь [pədəʃəɡə] prop (masc) Padashaga prop

пькъ [pəkʼ] adj long adj

пькъьґа [pəkʼəɡa] verb wipe verb

пьлаўваба [pəlauwaba] noun (masc) worm noun

пьт [pət] adj far adj

пьшаўґа [pəʃauɡa] verb arise verb

1. ра [ra] adv there adv

2. ра [ra] vpta enclitic PRES

рад [rad] adj blind adj

рада [rada] noun (masc) son noun

рай [rai] verb fear verb

райва [raiwa] noun (masc) fire noun

ракъата [rakʼata] verb appear verb

рала [rala] noun (fem) house noun

раса [rasa] noun (fem) blood noun

раф [raf] adj happy adj

раша [raʃa] num seven num

раў [rau] verb give verb

рь [rə] verb break verb

са [sa] pp in pp

саб [sab] adj small adj

сабаўдьдь [sabaudədə] noun (masc) umbrella noun

сабь [sabə] pp to_left pp

сай [sai] verb fall verb

сайв [saiw] adj short adj

сайла [saila] noun (masc) nose noun

сакъаўтьпь [sakʼautəpə] noun (fem) medicine noun

сапь [sapə] pp to_under pp

сараўва [sarauwa] verb freeze verb

сась [sasə] pp to_next_to pp

сата [sata] pp from_in_front pp

сафайшьша [safaiʃəʃa] noun (fem) box noun

сафафь [safafə] verb squeeze verb

саша [saʃa] noun (fem) tooth noun

сајаўськъа [sajausəkʼa] noun (fem) dust noun

саў [sau] verb drink verb

саўкъь [saukʼə] noun (fem) top noun

саўр [saur] adj large adj

саўса [sausa] pp to_near pp

саўша [sauʃa] noun (masc) night noun

саґайгавь [saɡaihawə] noun (fem) faeces noun

саґалајь [saɡalajə] noun (masc) fingernail noun

-сь [-sə] verbvoice suffix active

сь [sə] conj and conj

сьбайлата [səbailata] noun (fem) ice noun

сьдакьса [sədakəsa] noun (fem) tail noun

сьдафа [sədafa] verb sew verb

ськъ [səkʼ] adj bad adj

ськъагафь [səkʼahafə] noun (fem) grass noun

сьльбакъь [sələbakʼə] noun (masc) apple noun

сьт [sət] adj sharp adj

сьјайгь [səjaihə] verb purpose verb

сьґьдь [səɡədə] verb dwell verb

та [ta] pp to pp

табаўпь [tabaupə] verb blow verb

тавь [tawə] verb tell verb

тай [tai] verb catch verb

тайбь [taibə] noun (fem) sky noun

тайрь [tairə] pp in_near pp

такь [takə] noun (masc) cat noun

тарьтаба [tarətaba] noun (masc) seed noun

таја [taja] noun (masc) leaf noun

таў [tau] num five num

таўп [taup] adj heavy adj

таўфа [taufa] pp to_inside pp

таґа [taɡa] noun (fem) mother noun

ть [tə] verb live verb

тьбакъьдь [təbakʼədə] noun (masc) hunter noun

тьва [təwa] pp in_surface pp

тьдай [tədai] num hundred num

тьпать [təpatə] verb hate verb

тьра [təra] pp to_above pp

тьсакала [təsakala] noun (masc) knee noun

тьсаўравь [təsaurawə] noun (fem) bottle noun

тьсаґашь [təsaɡaʃə] noun (masc) wheat noun

тьсьп [təsəp] adj dull adj

тьтьшаса [tətəʃasa] noun (masc) horn noun

тьфафьда [təfafəda] noun (masc) embrace noun

тьјь [təjə] noun (masc) face noun

фа [fa] det that det

фава [fawa] noun (masc) language noun

фагь [fahə] pp from_under pp

фай [fai] verb burn verb

фак [fak] adj right adj

факъ [fakʼ] adj black adj

факъь [fakʼə] noun (fem) west noun

фаравада [farawada] noun (masc) snake noun

фаралаша [faralaʃa] noun (fem) dialect noun

фарькъькъь [farəkʼəkʼə] noun (masc) rope noun

фарьтарь [farətarə] noun (fem) plain noun

фашь [faʃə] noun (masc) fight noun

фашьда [faʃəda] verb create verb

фај [faj] adj wide adj

фаја [faja] noun (masc) sound noun

фајьракъа [fajərakʼa] noun (masc) mammal noun

фаў [fau] pron 1excl pron

фаўва [fauwa] pp in_right pp

фаґаўґьфа [faɡauɡəfa] noun (fem) cloud noun

1. фь [fə] verb buy verb

2. фь [fə] vpcomp enclitic COMP

фьба [fəba] verb throw verb

фьвьґа [fəwəɡa] verb evolve verb

фьда [fəda] noun (masc) tongue noun

фьдадава [fədadawa] noun (masc) tiger noun

фьдафакъь [fədafakʼə] noun (masc) wild boar noun

фькъь [fəkʼə] noun (masc) bed noun

фьрайфь [fəraifə] verb cease verb

фьфа [fəfa] noun (masc) heart noun

фьја [fəja] noun (masc) chair noun

ша [ʃa] verb walk verb

шавайтаја [ʃawaitaja] noun (fem) river noun

шаг [ʃah] adj round adj

шагь [ʃahə] verb love verb

шад [ʃad] adj thin adj

шада [ʃada] noun (fem) daughter noun

шай [ʃai] verb count verb

шака [ʃaka] noun (fem) tree noun

шакъа [ʃakʼa] noun (fem) girl noun

шакъайјаша [ʃakʼaijaʃa] noun (fem) belly noun

шакъала [ʃakʼala] noun (fem) Shakala noun (language)

шапашь [ʃapaʃə] verb dig verb

шапаўпа [ʃapaupa] verb copy verb

шар [ʃar] adj rotten adj

шас [ʃas] adj little adj

шатальрь [ʃatalərə] noun (fem) bosom noun (body part)

шатьфь [ʃatəfə] verb vomit verb

шаша [ʃaʃa] noun (fem) mouth noun

Шашашаль [ʃaʃaʃalə] prop (fem) Shashashala prop

шаў [ʃau] verb laugh verb

шаўв [ʃauw] adj different adj

шаўк [ʃauk] adj single adj

шаґьбькъа [ʃaɡəbəkʼa] noun (fem) wing noun

шь [ʃə] verb find verb

шькъайкась [ʃəkʼaikasə] noun (fem) net noun

шькъатьвь [ʃəkʼatəwə] noun (fem) library noun

шькъајавь [ʃəkʼajawə] noun (masc) bark noun (on tree)

шьрь [ʃərə] pp to_right pp

шьса [ʃəsa] noun (fem) east noun

шьта [ʃəta] pp to_across pp

шьјь [ʃəjə] noun (fem) land noun

-ьвь [-əwə] adjcase suffix PART

-ьда [-əda] adjcase suffix GEN

-ькъь [-əkʼə] adjcase suffix VOC

-ьпь [-əpə] adjcase suffix DAT

-ьть [-ətə] adjcase suffix ABL

ја [ja] pron 3.fem pron

јагайфась [jahaifasə] noun (masc) lion noun

јай [jai] verb sleep verb

јайка [jaika] noun (fem) hand noun

јайкь [jaikə] noun (masc) people noun

јайјь [jaijə] noun (masc) hair noun

јал [jal] adj correct adj

јалась [jalasə] pp MANNER pp

јальда [jaləda] verb swell verb

јаса [jasa] verb turn verb

јасьдь [jasədə] verb rub verb

јатакъаль [jatakʼalə] noun (masc) student noun

јафа [jafa] verb hit verb

јаў [jau] num four num

јаўкъ [jaukʼ] adj yellow adj

јь [jə] verb breathe verb

јь- [jə-] detgender prefix fem

јьбь [jəbə] verb understand verb

јька [jəka] noun (masc) city noun

јькъь [jəkʼə] verb kill verb

јьтава [jətawa] verb chase verb

јьфалаша [jəfalaʃa] noun (fem) slime noun

јьша [jəʃa] noun (fem) foot noun

јьґакьра [jəɡakəra] noun (masc) restaurant noun

1. ґа [ɡa] det yon det

2. ґа [ɡa] vpta enclitic PAST

ґабь [ɡabə] pp from_behind pp

ґава [ɡawa] noun (masc) friend noun

ґай [ɡai] pp with pp

ґайд [ɡaid] adj near adj

ґайка [ɡaika] pp in_under pp

ґайп [ɡaip] adj green adj

ґайсь [ɡaisə] noun (masc) road noun

ґайфа [ɡaifa] pp to_surface pp

ґаль [ɡalə] num nine num

ґапайвабь [ɡapaiwabə] noun (masc) ash noun

ґать [ɡatə] adv furiously adv

ґашайшьба [ɡaʃaiʃəba] noun (masc) cheese noun

ґашь [ɡaʃə] noun (masc) day noun

ґаја [ɡaja] noun (masc) ear noun

ґајь [ɡajə] pp from_across pp

ґаў [ɡau] adv always adv

ґаўба [ɡauba] noun (masc) husband noun

ґаўкь [ɡaukə] pp in_above pp

ґаґь [ɡaɡə] verb hold verb

ґь [ɡə] num two num

ґька [ɡəka] pp from_surface pp

ґьрь [ɡərə] noun (masc) teacher noun

ґьта [ɡəta] verb push verb

ґьф [ɡəf] adj red adj

ӟа [ɰa] adv often adv

ӟабайда [ɰabaida] verb resemble verb

ӟагь [ɰahə] verb say verb

ӟай [ɰai] verb be verb

ӟала [ɰala] pp from_right pp

ӟалаґь [ɰalaɡə] verb hunt verb

ӟатафакь [ɰatafakə] noun (masc) lamb noun

ӟаў [ɰau] verb run verb

ӟаґьфаґа [ɰaɡəfaɡa] noun (fem) stick noun

ӟь [ɰə] verb fight verb

ӟьваўса [ɰəwausa] verb pat verb

ӟьгьк [ɰəhək] adj furious adj

ӟьд [ɰəd] adj all adj

ӟькъ [ɰəkʼ] adj warm adj

ӟьльб [ɰələb] adj smooth adj

ӟьрьдьдь [ɰərədədə] noun (fem) money noun

ӟьфаба [ɰəfaba] noun (fem) idea noun

ӟьшальда [ɰəʃaləda] noun (masc) market noun

ӟьшь [ɰəʃə] verb make verb

ӟьґа [ɰəɡa] verb play verb

ӟьґьшь [ɰəɡəʃə] verb scatter verb