The Gaib Language

Grammar, Texts and Dictionary

❦

Generated by the Language Creator on 28th May 2026

https://languagecreator.org/grammar/3NC03

Grammar

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Gaib language (the 200th one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Gaib.

Typological Profile

It has not just singular and plural, but also dual, and the typologically rare OSV basic word order.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Gaib has a moderately small consonant inventory, comprising 18 phonemes.

It has a complete absence of palatal consonants, something which is a rare occurrence indeed, as well as a conspicuous absence of approximants and a modest (but clearly contrastive) set of labialised consonants.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Gaib. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labial	alveolar	postalveolar	velar	lab. velar	glottal
stop	b	d t	k ɡ	kʷ ɡʷ
nasal	m	n	ŋ	ŋʷ
fricative	f	s	ʃ	h
affricate	t͡ʃ
implosive	ɓ

Vowels

Gaib has more than 14 vowel qualities. This constitutes an exceptionally rich vowel inventory, with numerous distinct categories represented in the chart.

It has phonologically distinctive back unrounded vowels.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Gaib. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

front	central	back unrounded	back rounded
close	i	ɯ	u
mid	e	ɤ	o
open	a

Stress and Tones

Gaib has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Gaib is an unwritten language. For that reason, all examples in this grammar are given exclusively in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which offers a precise and widely recognised means of recording its sounds.

Orthography

Gaibis an unwritten language, so it does not make any sense to discuss its orthography.

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Gaib distinguishes singular, dual and plural.

Gender

Gaib does not have genders or noun classes.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Gaib can be exemplified by the following example:

[kʷeʃa̰ maino̰ ŋotɯ̰ ŋʷḛtḭ kʷabe ŋokʷḛ hɤkḭ kʷe bo t͡ʃu]	(1)

kʷeʃa̰	m-	aino̰	ŋo	-tɯ̰	ŋʷḛt	-ḭ	kʷabe	ŋo
blind	plur	3.plur	the	NOM	woman	sing	COMIT	the

-kʷḛ	hɤk	-ḭ	kʷe	bo	t͡ʃu
LOC	knife	sing	catch	PAST	then

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There is one type of clitic in the nominal phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing possessor. a clitic expressing possessor, comprising me ‘1incl.sing’, ɓṵ ‘1excl.sing’, fe ‘2.sing’, ɓɯ̰ ‘3.sing’, si ‘1incl.dual’, ʃḛ ‘1excl.dual’, ɓḛ ‘2.dual’, fḛ ‘3.dual’, sɯ̰ ‘1incl.plur’, hu ‘1excl.plur’, mṵ ‘2.plur’ and ka ‘3.plur’.

The morphology of the elements of the nominal phrase, i.e., nouns, numerals and pronouns, is described below, as is the way that possession is expressed in Gaib.

The Noun

The noun in Gaib consists of the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -ḭ ‘sing’, -ɤ ‘dual’ and -a ‘plur’.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -iɓ ‘little’ and -as ‘big’

The Adjective

The adjective in Gaib stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Numerals

The numeral in Gaib stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

In Gaib, the determiner has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -tɯ̰ ‘NOM’, -sa ‘ACC’, -ko̰ ‘DAT’, -ɡe ‘INS’, -fa ‘VOC’, -ɓḛ ‘ALL’, -kʷḛ ‘LOC’, -t͡ʃa̰ ‘ABL’ and -nɯ̰ ‘PART’.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Gaib has the following structure: an obligatory prefix expressing number, comprising s- ‘sing’, kʷ- ‘dual’ and m- ‘plur’ followed by the root.

In Gaib, both subject and object pronouns are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

[kʷau]	(2)

kʷau
love

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

But here, the word corresponding to he is stressed:

[soŋʷa kʷau]	(3)

s-	oŋʷa	kʷau
sing	3.sing	love

“He loves her.”

And here, it is the one translated as her that is stressed:

[soŋʷa kʷau]	(4)

s-	oŋʷa	kʷau
sing	3.sing	love

“He loves her.”

Proper Nouns

[ŋosa satɯɓḭ ŋotɯ̰ maʃaɡḭ ɓutɯna]	(5)

ŋo	-sa	satɯɓ	-ḭ	ŋo	-tɯ̰	maʃaɡ	-ḭ	ɓutɯna
the	ACC	Satub	sing	the	NOM	Mashag	sing	hate

“Mashag hates Satub.”

Possession

[ŋotɯ̰ nɤɡʷɤdḭ ɓɯ̰ ŋotɯ̰ bɤŋḭ]	(6)

ŋo	-tɯ̰	nɤɡʷɤd	-ḭ	ɓɯ̰	ŋo	-tɯ̰	bɤŋ	-ḭ
the	NOM	apple	sing	3.sing.POSS	the	NOM	boy	sing

“the boy’s apple”

[ŋotɯ̰ nɤɡʷɤdḭ ɓɯ̰ soŋʷa]	(7)

ŋo	-tɯ̰	nɤɡʷɤd	-ḭ	ɓɯ̰	s-	oŋʷa
the	NOM	apple	sing	3.sing.POSS	sing	3.sing

“his (the boy’s) apple”

[ŋotɯ̰ nɤɡʷɤdḭ ɓṵ]	(8)

ŋo	-tɯ̰	nɤɡʷɤd	-ḭ	ɓṵ
the	NOM	apple	sing	1excl.sing.POSS

“my apple”

[ŋosa sɯdḭ ɓɯ̰ ŋotɯ̰ duɡɤkḭ fe ŋotɯ̰ fanḭ ɓɯ̰ ŋotɯ̰ ŋakaŋʷḭ to̰sodo̰ bo]	(9)

ŋo	-sa	sɯd	-ḭ	ɓɯ̰	ŋo	-tɯ̰	duɡɤk	-ḭ
the	ACC	son	sing	3.sing.POSS	the	NOM	neighbour	sing

fe	ŋo	-tɯ̰	fan	-ḭ	ɓɯ̰	ŋo	-tɯ̰	ŋakaŋʷ
2.sing.POSS	the	NOM	daughter	sing	3.sing.POSS	the	NOM	hunter

-ḭ	to̰sodo̰	bo
sing	kiss	PAST

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

Derivation

Gaib has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:

[famuɡḭ]	(10)

famuɡ	-ḭ
lamb	sing

“a lamb”

In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:

[famuɡiɓḭ]	(11)

famuɡ	-iɓ	-ḭ
lamb	little	sing

“a little lamb”

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

The verbal phrase clitics in Gaib fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing voice, comprising do ‘passive’; second, a clitic expressing ta, comprising bo ‘PAST’; third, a clitic expressing mode, comprising bɯ ‘imperative’, ɡʷo̰ ‘conditional’ and kʷḛ ‘optative’; fourth, a clitic expressing negation, comprising hɯ̰ ‘NEG’; fifth, a clitic expressing question, comprising mo̰ ‘Q’; and finally, sixth, a clitic expressing comp, comprising ne ‘COMP’.

The verb itself does not have any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -ɡʷɤ ‘begin’ and -ŋʷo̰ ‘stop’

[kʷau]	(12)

kʷau
love

“I love you.”

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

[ŋɤ ɓɤfḭ ŋotɯ̰ ʃoʃḭ]	(13)

ŋɤ	ɓɤf	-ḭ	ŋo	-tɯ̰	ʃoʃ	-ḭ
in	surface	sing	the	NOM	table	sing

“on the table”

[na̰ taisḭ ŋotɯ̰ kʷḭmḭŋʷḭ]	(14)

na̰	tais	-ḭ	ŋo	-tɯ̰	kʷḭmḭŋʷ	-ḭ
to	inside	sing	the	NOM	box	sing

“into the box”

[kʷabe saut͡ʃe]	(15)

kʷabe	s-	aut͡ʃe
COMIT	sing	1excl.sing

“with me”

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Gaib adopts Object–Subject–Verb (OSV) as its unmarked word order. The object precedes the subject, and the verb appears clause-finally. OSV is a rare ordering pattern but is attested in a small number of languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Gaib.

[ŋosa ŋakaŋʷḭ ŋotɯ̰ t͡ʃiɓɤɡʷḭ ŋa bo]	(16)

ŋo	-sa	ŋakaŋʷ	-ḭ	ŋo	-tɯ̰	t͡ʃiɓɤɡʷ	-ḭ	ŋa
the	ACC	hunter	sing	the	NOM	jaguar	sing	kill

bo
PAST

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

[ŋosa nabḭ ɓɯ̰ ŋotɯ̰ fanḭ ɓɯ̰ ŋotɯ̰ ŋakaŋʷḭ ŋotɯ̰ hibakḭ bɤ bo]	(17)

ŋo	-sa	nab	-ḭ	ɓɯ̰	ŋo	-tɯ̰	fan	-ḭ
the	ACC	dog	sing	3.sing.POSS	the	NOM	daughter	sing

ɓɯ̰	ŋo	-tɯ̰	ŋakaŋʷ	-ḭ	ŋo	-tɯ̰	hibak	-ḭ
3.sing.POSS	the	NOM	hunter	sing	the	NOM	lion	sing

bɤ	bo
eat	PAST

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Gaib reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-initial: the possessed noun precedes the possessor. For instance, Gaib expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “toy child”. This structure is typologically rarer and often co-occurs with verb-initial syntax or with grammatical marking on the noun.

[ŋotɯ̰ nehḭ ɓɯ̰ ŋotɯ̰ sɯkḭ ɓɯ̰ ŋotɯ̰ sɯdḭ fe]	(18)

ŋo	-tɯ̰	neh	-ḭ	ɓɯ̰	ŋo	-tɯ̰	sɯk	-ḭ
the	NOM	book	sing	3.sing.POSS	the	NOM	friend	sing

ɓɯ̰	ŋo	-tɯ̰	sɯd	-ḭ	fe
3.sing.POSS	the	NOM	son	sing	2.sing.POSS

“your son’s friend’s book”

Case Marking

Gaib uses nominative–accusative case marking. The subject of an intransitive verb and the subject of a transitive verb are treated alike and take the nominative case, while the object of a transitive verb is marked with the accusative case. This is the familiar pattern from many European languages: the grammar groups together the participants that function as subjects and marks the participant affected by a transitive action separately.

[ŋotɯ̰ t͡ʃaibḭ hḭ]	(19)

ŋo	-tɯ̰	t͡ʃaib	-ḭ	hḭ
the	NOM	cat	sing	sleep

“The cat is sleeping.”

[ŋotɯ̰ t͡ʃaibḭ fɯ]	(20)

ŋo	-tɯ̰	t͡ʃaib	-ḭ	fɯ
the	NOM	cat	sing	run

“The cat is running.”

[ŋosa tɤɡɤmḭ ŋotɯ̰ t͡ʃaibḭ hedɯʃa]	(21)

ŋo	-sa	tɤɡɤm	-ḭ	ŋo	-tɯ̰	t͡ʃaib	-ḭ	hedɯʃa
the	ACC	mouse	sing	the	NOM	cat	sing	chase

“The cat is chasing the mouse.”

[ŋosa tɤɡɤmḭ ŋotɯ̰ t͡ʃaibḭ kʷe bo]	(22)

ŋo	-sa	tɤɡɤm	-ḭ	ŋo	-tɯ̰	t͡ʃaib	-ḭ	kʷe
the	ACC	mouse	sing	the	NOM	cat	sing	catch

bo
PAST

“The cat caught the mouse.”

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

[ŋosa t͡ʃiɓɤɡʷa hḛ ŋosa ŋaɡʷauna hḛ ŋosa hibaka ŋotɯ̰ ŋakaŋʷḭ ŋa bo]	(23)

ŋo	-sa	t͡ʃiɓɤɡʷ	-a	hḛ	ŋo	-sa	ŋaɡʷaun	-a
the	ACC	jaguar	plur	and	the	ACC	tiger	plur

hḛ	ŋo	-sa	hibak	-a	ŋo	-tɯ̰	ŋakaŋʷ	-ḭ
and	the	ACC	lion	plur	the	NOM	hunter	sing

ŋa	bo
kill	PAST

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Gaib provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Gaib uses the correlative strategy to form relative clauses. The relative clause is introduced by a dedicated relativiser and appears as an independent clause. The main clause contains a demonstrative that corresponds to the relativiser and identifies the element being modified. The relative clause precedes the main clause when used on its own, and follows the head noun when it functions as a modifier. The internal structure of both clauses is fully finite.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

[ŋosa t͡ʃaibḭ ʃida̰be bo]	(24)

ŋo	-sa	t͡ʃaib	-ḭ	ʃida̰be	bo
the	ACC	cat	sing	pat	PAST

“I patted the cat.”

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

[ŋosa tɤɡɤmḭ kʷe bo soŋʷa ʃida̰be bo t͡ʃu]	(25)

ŋo	-sa	tɤɡɤm	-ḭ	kʷe	bo	s-	oŋʷa	ʃida̰be
the	ACC	mouse	sing	catch	PAST	sing	3.sing	pat

bo	t͡ʃu
PAST	then

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

[ŋosa ɡaŋenḭ bɤ bo soŋʷa kʷe bo t͡ʃu soŋʷa ʃida̰be bo t͡ʃu]	(26)

ŋo	-sa	ɡaŋen	-ḭ	bɤ	bo	s-	oŋʷa	kʷe
the	ACC	cheese	sing	eat	PAST	sing	3.sing	catch

bo	t͡ʃu	s-	oŋʷa	ʃida̰be	bo	t͡ʃu
PAST	then	sing	3.sing	pat	PAST	then

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

[fi bo soŋʷa bɤ bo t͡ʃu soŋʷa kʷe bo t͡ʃu soŋʷa ʃida̰be bo t͡ʃu]	(27)

fi	bo	s-	oŋʷa	bɤ	bo	t͡ʃu	s-	oŋʷa
buy	PAST	sing	3.sing	eat	PAST	then	sing	3.sing

kʷe	bo	t͡ʃu	s-	oŋʷa	ʃida̰be	bo	t͡ʃu
catch	PAST	then	sing	3.sing	pat	PAST	then

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

Complementation Strategies

Gaib marks complement clauses with subordinating verbal morphology. The embedded verb is fully finite and carries a subordinating suffix that identifies the clause as a complement. No structural changes occur within the clause apart from this verbal marking.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

[ŋoko̰ mɯɓaiɡʷḭ nɤɡʷɤdḭ ŋoko̰ kʷɯsḭ ŋotɯ̰ bɤŋḭ kʷo bo ne fuɓaiɡa bo]	(28)

ŋo	-ko̰	mɯɓaiɡʷ	-ḭ	nɤɡʷɤd	-ḭ	ŋo	-ko̰	kʷɯs
the	DAT	teacher	sing	apple	sing	the	DAT	girl

-ḭ	ŋo	-tɯ̰	bɤŋ	-ḭ	kʷo	bo	ne	fuɓaiɡa
sing	the	NOM	boy	sing	give	PAST	COMP	surprise

bo
PAST

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

Quotes

Gaib expresses quoted or reported speech without a dedicated quotative particle. Quotations appear as ordinary clauses, distinguished only by the surrounding syntactic context or by the use of verbs of speaking.

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

[saisi saut͡ʃe kʷau ne ŋoko̰ kʷɯsḭ ŋotɯ̰ bɤŋḭ fḛ bo]	(29)

s-	aisi	s-	aut͡ʃe	kʷau	ne	ŋo	-ko̰	kʷɯs
sing	2.sing	sing	1excl.sing	love	COMP	the	DAT	girl

-ḭ	ŋo	-tɯ̰	bɤŋ	-ḭ	fḛ	bo
sing	the	NOM	boy	sing	tell	PAST

“The boy told the girl that he loved her.”

Texts

The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1–9)

T͡ʃu mɯ bo ŋotɯ̰ fu soɡa ŋɤ ɓɤfḭ ŋotɯ̰ fa t͡ʃa̰bḭ t͡ʃau taiʃḭ hḛ t͡ʃau ninofḭ. Ŋʷesḛʃḛ bo maino̰ ɡʷɯ taisḭ ŋotɯ̰ faiɡʷḭ, t͡ʃu nɤ bo maino̰ ɡase toŋunḭ ŋɤ taisḭ temḭ, hina̰ ɡʷomɤŋɤ bo maino̰ kɯ. Sa̰ bo maino̰ ɡʷimeha mḭʃa tai bɯ ne hḛ ɡʷimeha mḭʃa ni bɯ ne ɡɯ̰ɓu. Mɯ bo maino̰ ɡʷimehḭ ŋat͡ʃa mihḭ, hḛ mɯ bo maino̰ kʷakʷidḭ ŋat͡ʃa niɓikʷḭ.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter.

A Creation Myth

T͡ʃu ŋʷot͡ʃanu hɯ̰ mḭʃa he soɡa. Hɤsimɯ̰ bo ʃikḭ hḛ ŋʷauʃḭ ŋotɯ̰ taiʃa ka maino̰. Dɯbaiɓi bo maino̰ ŋotɯ̰ kʷɤɓa ka foʃḛna hḛ dɯt͡ʃa. T͡ʃu ʃifeɓḛ bo kau ŋotɯ̰ ɡaibḭ ŋotɯ̰ taiʃḭ sɯ̰ ŋɤ taisḭ t͡ʃaŋʷo̰ kʷadḭ. T͡ʃu ɓɤɡʷɯ̰be bo soŋʷa fa hḛ heŋedi ŋɤ taisḭ kʷemu dḛʃauɡḭ. Ɡḭt͡ʃimɯ bo hɯ̰ ŋotɯ̰ taiʃḭ sɯ̰, ɡeɓa̰ŋʷɤ bo soŋʷa.

We are not like other people. Their languages were shaped by struggle and time. They copied the sounds of beasts and birds, and they learned to speak like that. But our language arose in a different way. It was born whole and perfect in a single breath. Our language did not evolve; it was created.

English-Gaib Dictionary

1excl.dual pron ɯmo̰ pron

1excl.plur pron ɤŋʷa pron

1excl.sing pron aut͡ʃe pron

1incl.dual pron uɡi pron

1incl.plur pron ḭʃa pron

1incl.sing pron aɡʷa pron

2.dual pron et͡ʃo pron

2.plur pron ɯfi pron

2.sing pron aisi pron

3.dual pron ikʷe pron

3.plur pron aino̰ pron

3.sing pron oŋʷa pron

all adj fu verb

always adv nu adv

and conj hḛ conj

animal noun ɡed noun

anus noun ɓefod noun

appear verb ɓɤɡʷɯ̰be verb

apple noun nɤɡʷɤd noun

arise verb ʃifeɓḛ verb

ash noun nuŋʷaɡʷ noun

back noun (body part) kʷo̰t͡ʃ noun

bad adj ɓe verb

bank noun ŋʷeɡuɡ noun

bark noun (on tree) naɡʷaukʷ noun

be verb kau verb

because conj kʷai conj

bed noun daŋ noun

begin unknown -ɡʷɤ suffix

belly noun nḭʃeɡ noun

1. big adj se verb

2. big unknown -as suffix

binoculars noun ʃuɡḛk noun

bird noun dɯt͡ʃ noun

bite verb t͡ʃḛ verb

black adj ɡʷo verb

blind adj kʷeʃa̰ verb

blood noun ɓɤŋʷ noun

blow verb ɡaɡaudɯ verb

bone noun kaiɡʷ noun

book noun neh noun

bosom noun (body part) boseb noun

bottle noun bḛɡʷon noun

box noun kʷḭmḭŋʷ noun

boy noun bɤŋ noun

break verb ŋʷa̰ verb

breast noun keɡʷek noun

breath noun dḛʃauɡ noun

breathe verb sai verb

brick noun ɡʷimeh noun

build verb hai verb

burn verb ni verb

but conj no conj

buy verb fi verb

call verb ɓi verb

cat noun t͡ʃaib noun

catch verb kʷe verb

cease verb nadḛɡʷe verb

chair noun kʷam noun

chase verb hedɯʃa verb

Chechuk prop T͡ʃḛt͡ʃukʷ prop

cheese noun ɡaŋen noun

child noun (young human) nɯɓ noun

city noun tḭs noun

cloud noun ɡʷɤnin noun

cold adj ʃaŋʷa verb

colour noun kʷin noun

colourless adj ŋɤʃɯfo verb

come verb ŋai verb

COMIT pp kʷabe pp

COMP pp hebi pp

confound verb t͡ʃosɤdu verb

copy verb dɯbaiɓi verb

correct adj ɡʷo̰ŋʷi verb

count verb ɡi verb

court noun taŋʷis noun

create verb ɡeɓa̰ŋʷɤ verb

cut verb dɯ verb

daughter noun fan noun

day noun fod noun

dialect noun ninof noun

die verb ɓo̰ verb

different adj t͡ʃaŋʷo̰ verb

dig verb kʷabakʷa verb

dirty adj ɡibi verb

do verb ʃa verb

dog noun nab noun

drink verb ŋʷo verb

dry adj sati verb

dull adj kʷɯbumi verb

dust noun tɤka̰d noun

dwell verb ɡʷomɤŋɤ verb

ear noun ɡʷɯɡ noun

earth noun t͡ʃa̰b noun

east noun faiɡʷ noun

eat verb bɤ verb

egg noun suk noun

eight num fifɤ num

embrace noun ʃaɓes noun

evolve verb ɡḭt͡ʃimɯ verb

eye noun kɯn noun

face noun ŋeɡʷ noun

faeces noun motaid noun

fall verb ho verb

far adj ʃe verb

farmer noun toŋɯɓ noun

fat noun kɯŋoɡʷ noun

father noun naik noun

fear verb ka verb

feather noun bokes noun

few adj ki verb

1. fight noun ʃik noun

2. fight verb t͡ʃa verb

find verb nɤ verb

fingernail noun ŋutaʃ noun

fire noun to̰n noun

fish noun fɤɡʷ noun

five num ʃɯ̰ num

float verb ɓo̰dadi verb

flow verb ɡanɤse verb

flower noun sḭʃɤd noun

fly verb su verb

fog noun ɓiʃah noun

Fokash prop Fokʷɤʃ prop

foot noun ŋʷot͡ʃ noun

forest noun deŋa̰ŋʷ noun

four num kʷa num

freeze verb ɡʷɯŋaimu verb

friend noun sɯk noun

from pp ɡʷɯ pp

from_above pp do pp

from_across pp fḛ pp

from_around pp tḛ pp

from_behind pp bɤ pp

from_in_front pp ŋʷo̰ pp

from_inside pp ho pp

from_left pp ɓo̰ pp

from_near pp ŋu pp

from_next_to pp t͡ʃɯ pp

from_outside pp da pp

from_right pp ŋa̰ pp

from_surface pp kṵ pp

from_under pp ʃɯ̰ pp

fruit noun tauk noun

full adj sɯ̰ko verb

furious adj kʷɯ̰fise verb

furiously adv de adv

Gabaich prop Ɡabait͡ʃ prop

Gaib noun (language) ɡaib noun

girl noun kʷɯs noun

give verb kʷo verb

God prop Ŋʷit͡ʃɯʃ prop

good adj ɡʷa̰ verb

grass noun humak noun

green adj ɡiŋʷo verb

grind verb hiɡɤbo verb

guts noun nakɤŋ noun

hair noun nat noun

hand noun bah noun

happy adj fɤsi verb

hate verb ɓutɯna verb

have verb mɯ verb

head noun sak noun

hear verb ɡʷi verb

heart noun kʷik noun

heavy adj t͡ʃuɓi verb

hit verb fai verb

hold verb da verb

horn noun feŋif noun

house noun ɓim noun

human being noun soɡ noun

hundred num buɡa num

hunt verb ba̰kʷabḭ verb

hunter noun ŋakaŋʷ noun

husband noun taiɡ noun

ice noun hut͡ʃɤm noun

idea noun fɯŋ noun

in pp ŋɤ pp

in_above pp mai pp

in_across pp t͡ʃɤ̰ pp

in_around pp mḭ pp

in_behind pp sa pp

in_in_front pp hḛ pp

in_inside pp nɯ pp

in_left pp t͡ʃo pp

in_near pp hu pp

in_next_to pp ŋʷɤ̰ pp

in_outside pp ti pp

in_right pp mṵ pp

in_surface pp kḭ pp

in_under pp tṵ pp

inside noun tais noun

INSTR pp kʷofo pp

jaguar noun t͡ʃiɓɤɡʷ noun

journey verb ŋʷesḛʃḛ verb

kill verb ŋa verb

kiss verb to̰sodo̰ verb

knee noun maɡoŋ noun

knife noun hɤk noun

know verb ɓo verb

lake noun ʃisɤh noun

lamb noun famuɡ noun

land noun tem noun

language noun taiʃ noun

large adj tafa verb

laugh verb bai verb

leaf noun fɯ̰k noun

left adj ɡe verb

leg noun ned noun

library noun ŋʷit͡ʃem noun

lie verb kʷɤ verb

lion noun hibak noun

1. little adj ti verb

2. little unknown -iɓ suffix

live verb dḭ verb

liver noun ŋɯ̰kot noun

long adj ha verb

louse noun ɡanaɡʷ noun

love verb kʷau verb

machine noun t͡ʃemaɡ noun

make verb tai verb

mammal noun foʃḛn noun

man noun fɤs noun

MANNER pp kʷa̰ka pp

manner noun kʷad noun

many adj ɡau verb

market noun tesɤn noun

Mashag prop Maʃaɡ prop

meat noun hɤh noun

medicine noun t͡ʃosɤn noun

money noun ʃikʷ noun

moon noun kam noun

mortar noun niɓikʷ noun

mother noun maŋʷ noun

mountain noun beŋoɓ noun

mouse noun tɤɡɤm noun

mouth noun ɓod noun

name noun ʃaŋʷ noun

narrow adj kʷikʷausi verb

near adj ŋu verb

neck noun mifom noun

neighbour noun duɡɤk noun

net noun toŋʷit noun

new adj ta verb

night noun ŋʷḭk noun

nine num hebɯ num

north noun kɤɡ noun

nose noun ɡit noun

often adv mi adv

old adj (not young) sa verb

one num t͡ʃau num

or conj ba conj

other adj he verb

pat verb ʃida̰be verb

penis noun kʷanaɡ noun

people noun ɓis noun

perfect adj heŋedi verb

plain noun toŋun noun

play verb t͡ʃi verb

pull verb ɓa verb

PURP pp ŋat͡ʃa pp

purpose verb tona̰mɯ verb

push verb du verb

rain noun t͡ʃa̰ʃ noun

red adj ɡɯ verb

religion noun ŋɤɓuɓ noun

resemble verb ŋʷot͡ʃanu verb

restaurant noun maɡʷaɡ noun

right adj ʃu verb

river noun nɯ̰ɓokʷ noun

road noun huɓ noun

root noun dotan noun

rope noun temɤt͡ʃ noun

rotten adj t͡ʃaɡi verb

round adj baɓa verb

rub verb sokauhɤ verb

run verb fɯ verb

salt noun ŋuɡeʃ noun

sand noun toʃɯʃ noun

Satub prop Satɯɓ prop

say verb sa̰ verb

scatter verb denait͡ʃi verb

school noun kaɡʷiʃ noun

scratch verb tɤŋune verb

sea noun kef noun

see verb ŋʷi verb

seed noun ɓit͡ʃḭɓ noun

seven num ɓaŋi num

sew verb dɯɡefi verb

shape verb hɤsimɯ̰ verb

sharp adj nḭmu verb

she pron ɯ̰ pron

short adj dɯ̰ verb

sing verb hu verb

single adj kʷemu verb

sit verb mu verb

six num ha̰fa num

skin noun hḭm noun

sky noun ɡʷɯt͡ʃ noun

sleep verb hḭ verb

slime noun kʷakʷid noun

small adj ŋi verb

smell verb no̰kʷo verb

smoke noun bo̰niŋʷ noun

smooth adj ɡoŋʷḭde verb

snake noun ʃebeɡ noun

snow noun kʷo̰dḭb noun

some adj di verb

son noun sɯd noun

sound noun kʷɤɓ noun

south noun kʷɯb noun

speak verb be verb

speech noun bait͡ʃ noun

spend_time verb fɯŋʷise verb

spit verb t͡ʃḭnuɡi verb

split verb daɓaʃa verb

squeeze verb kʷɤt͡ʃano verb

stab verb sidiɡɯ verb

stand verb ɡo̰ verb

star noun hiɡ noun

stick noun ɓebɯb noun

stone noun mih noun

stop unknown -ŋʷo̰ suffix

straight adj mɯ̰t͡ʃaɡʷi verb

student noun kekʷaim noun

suck verb ŋibufu verb

sun noun tɯb noun

surface noun ɓɤf noun

surprise verb fuɓaiɡa verb

swell verb tutinɯ verb

swim verb ɡɯme verb

table noun ʃoʃ noun

tail noun heŋaiŋ noun

Tangais prop Taŋais prop

teacher noun mɯɓaiɡʷ noun

Tebg prop Teɓɤɡʷ prop

tell verb fḛ verb

ten num ʃɤ num

that det ɡʷo̰ det

the det ŋo det

then conj t͡ʃu conj

there adv kɯ adv

thick adj t͡ʃɤɡʷabɤ verb

thin adj fɤɡʷa verb

think verb sḛ verb

this det kʷa det

thoroughly adv ɡɯ̰ɓu adv

thousand num ɡʷaɓɤ num

three num to num

throw verb da̰ verb

thus conj hina̰ conj

tie verb sonade verb

tiger noun ŋaɡʷaun noun

time noun ŋʷauʃ noun

to pp na̰ pp

to_above pp ɡʷɯ̰ pp

to_across pp bɯ pp

to_around pp nau pp

to_behind pp ŋʷo pp

to_in_front pp tɯ̰ pp

to_inside pp to̰ pp

to_left pp hai pp

to_near pp mau pp

to_next_to pp t͡ʃa̰ pp

to_outside pp hɯ pp

to_right pp ʃṵ pp

to_surface pp ka pp

to_under pp nḭ pp

tongue noun ben noun

tooth noun bḭf noun

top noun seɓ noun

tower noun suɡʷɤŋʷ noun

tree noun fait͡ʃ noun

turn verb ho̰ verb

two num do num

umbrella noun faɡʷib noun

understand verb ɡʷau verb

urine noun fiɡʷiɡ noun

vagina noun t͡ʃeŋaiŋʷ noun

vomit verb hobakʷa verb

walk verb nḛ verb

want verb ɡa verb

warm adj ɓɤŋe verb

wash verb bau verb

water noun nɯs noun

west noun baiɡ noun

wet adj mami verb

wheat noun ɡʷa̰ŋʷib noun

white adj de verb

whole adj fa verb

wide adj ɡase verb

wife noun ɡib noun

wild boar noun ʃiɡʷom noun

wind noun mais noun

wing noun bo̰sais noun

wipe verb ŋaʃɤmi verb

with pp ŋe pp

withhold verb dɯ̰taŋi verb

woman noun ŋʷḛt noun

worm noun fɤkʷɤf noun

year noun heɓ noun

yellow adj saɡʷa̰ verb

yon det ʃa det

Gaib-English Dictionary

-a nounnumber suffix plur

aino̰ pron 3.plur pron

aisi pron 2.sing pron

-as suffix big unknown

aut͡ʃe pron 1excl.sing pron

aɡʷa pron 1incl.sing pron

ba conj or conj

bah noun hand noun

bai verb laugh verb

bait͡ʃ noun speech noun

baiɡ noun west noun

bau verb wash verb

baɓa verb round adj

ba̰kʷabḭ verb hunt verb

be verb speak verb

ben noun tongue noun

beŋoɓ noun mountain noun

bḛɡʷon noun bottle noun

bḭf noun tooth noun

bo vpta enclitic PAST

bokes noun feather noun

boseb noun bosom noun (body part)

bo̰niŋʷ noun smoke noun

bo̰sais noun wing noun

buɡa num hundred num

1. bɤ verb eat verb

2. bɤ pp from_behind pp

bɤŋ noun boy noun

1. bɯ pp to_across pp

2. bɯ vpmode enclitic imperative

1. da verb hold verb

2. da pp from_outside pp

daŋ noun bed noun

daɓaʃa verb split verb

da̰ verb throw verb

1. de verb white adj

2. de adv furiously adv

denait͡ʃi verb scatter verb

deŋa̰ŋʷ noun forest noun

dḛʃauɡ noun breath noun

di verb some adj

dḭ verb live verb

1. do num two num

2. do pp from_above pp

3. do vpvoice proclitic passive

dotan noun root noun

du verb push verb

duɡɤk noun neighbour noun

dɯ verb cut verb

dɯbaiɓi verb copy verb

dɯt͡ʃ noun bird noun

dɯɡefi verb sew verb

dɯ̰ verb short adj

dɯ̰taŋi verb withhold verb

et͡ʃo pron 2.dual pron

-fa detcase suffix VOC

fa verb whole adj

fai verb hit verb

fait͡ʃ noun tree noun

faiɡʷ noun east noun

famuɡ noun lamb noun

fan noun daughter noun

faɡʷib noun umbrella noun

fe nppossessor enclitic 2.sing

feŋif noun horn noun

1. fḛ verb tell verb

2. fḛ pp from_across pp

3. fḛ nppossessor enclitic 3.dual

fi verb buy verb

fifɤ num eight num

fiɡʷiɡ noun urine noun

fod noun day noun

fokʷɤʃ prop Fokash prop

foʃḛn noun mammal noun

fu verb all adj

fuɓaiɡa verb surprise verb

fɤkʷɤf noun worm noun

fɤs noun man noun

fɤsi verb happy adj

fɤɡʷ noun fish noun

fɤɡʷa verb thin adj

fɯ verb run verb

fɯŋ noun idea noun

fɯŋʷise verb spend_time verb

fɯ̰ vpmode enclitic indicative

fɯ̰k noun leaf noun

ha verb long adj

1. hai verb build verb

2. hai pp to_left pp

ha̰fa num six num

he verb other adj

hebi pp COMP pp

hebɯ num nine num

hedɯʃa verb chase verb

heŋaiŋ noun tail noun

heŋedi verb perfect adj

heɓ noun year noun

1. hḛ conj and conj

2. hḛ pp in_in_front pp

hibak noun lion noun

hina̰ conj thus conj

hiɡ noun star noun

hiɡɤbo verb grind verb

hḭ verb sleep verb

hḭm noun skin noun

1. ho verb fall verb

2. ho pp from_inside pp

hobakʷa verb vomit verb

ho̰ verb turn verb

1. hu verb sing verb

2. hu pp in_near pp

3. hu nppossessor enclitic 1excl.plur

humak noun grass noun

hut͡ʃɤm noun ice noun

huɓ noun road noun

hɤh noun meat noun

hɤk noun knife noun

hɤsimɯ̰ verb shape verb

hɯ pp to_outside pp

hɯ̰ vpnegation enclitic NEG

ikʷe pron 3.dual pron

-iɓ suffix little unknown

-ḭ nounnumber suffix sing

ḭʃa pron 1incl.plur pron

1. ka verb fear verb

2. ka pp to_surface pp

3. ka nppossessor enclitic 3.plur

kaiɡʷ noun bone noun

kam noun moon noun

kau verb be verb

kaɡʷiʃ noun school noun

kef noun sea noun

kekʷaim noun student noun

keɡʷek noun breast noun

kḛ vpnegation enclitic POS

ki verb few adj

kḭ pp in_surface pp

-ko̰ detcase suffix DAT

kṵ pp from_surface pp

kɤɡ noun north noun

kɯ adv there adv

kɯn noun eye noun

kɯŋoɡʷ noun fat noun

kʷ- pronnumber prefix dual

1. kʷa det this det

2. kʷa num four num

kʷabakʷa verb dig verb

kʷabe pp COMIT pp

kʷad noun manner noun

kʷai conj because conj

kʷakʷid noun slime noun

kʷam noun chair noun

kʷanaɡ noun penis noun

kʷau verb love verb

kʷa̰ka pp MANNER pp

1. kʷe verb catch verb

2. kʷe nppossessor enclitic no.owner

kʷemu verb single adj

kʷeʃa̰ verb blind adj

-kʷḛ detcase suffix LOC

kʷḛ vpmode enclitic optative

kʷik noun heart noun

kʷikʷausi verb narrow adj

kʷin noun colour noun

kʷḭmḭŋʷ noun box noun

kʷo verb give verb

kʷofo pp INSTR pp

kʷo̰dḭb noun snow noun

kʷo̰t͡ʃ noun back noun (body part)

kʷɤ verb lie verb

kʷɤt͡ʃano verb squeeze verb

kʷɤɓ noun sound noun

kʷɯb noun south noun

kʷɯbumi verb dull adj

kʷɯs noun girl noun

kʷɯ̰fise verb furious adj

m- pronnumber prefix plur

ma vpvoice proclitic active

mai pp in_above pp

mais noun wind noun

mami verb wet adj

mau pp to_near pp

maŋʷ noun mother noun

maɡoŋ noun knee noun

maɡʷaɡ noun restaurant noun

maʃaɡ prop Mashag prop

me nppossessor enclitic 1incl.sing

mi adv often adv

mifom noun neck noun

mih noun stone noun

mḭ pp in_around pp

motaid noun faeces noun

mo̰ vpquestion enclitic Q

1. mu verb sit verb

2. mu vpta enclitic PRES

1. mṵ pp in_right pp

2. mṵ nppossessor enclitic 2.plur

mɯ verb have verb

mɯɓaiɡʷ noun teacher noun

mɯ̰t͡ʃaɡʷi verb straight adj

nab noun dog noun

nadḛɡʷe verb cease verb

naik noun father noun

nakɤŋ noun guts noun

nat noun hair noun

nau pp to_around pp

naɡʷaukʷ noun bark noun (on tree)

na̰ pp to pp

ne vpcomp enclitic COMP

ned noun leg noun

neh noun book noun

nḛ verb walk verb

ni verb burn verb

ninof noun dialect noun

niɓikʷ noun mortar noun

nḭ pp to_under pp

nḭmu verb sharp adj

nḭʃeɡ noun belly noun

no conj but conj

no̰kʷo verb smell verb

nu adv always adv

nuŋʷaɡʷ noun ash noun

nɤ verb find verb

nɤɡʷɤd noun apple noun

nɯ pp in_inside pp

nɯs noun water noun

nɯɓ noun child noun (young human)

-nɯ̰ detcase suffix PART

nɯ̰ɓokʷ noun river noun

oŋʷa pron 3.sing pron

s- pronnumber prefix sing

-sa detcase suffix ACC

1. sa verb old adj (not young)

2. sa pp in_behind pp

sai verb breathe verb

sak noun head noun

sati verb dry adj

satɯɓ prop Satub prop

saɡʷa̰ verb yellow adj

sa̰ verb say verb

se verb big adj

seɓ noun top noun

sḛ verb think verb

si nppossessor enclitic 1incl.dual

sidiɡɯ verb stab verb

sḭʃɤd noun flower noun

sokauhɤ verb rub verb

sonade verb tie verb

soɡ noun human being noun

su verb fly verb

suk noun egg noun

suɡʷɤŋʷ noun tower noun

sɯd noun son noun

sɯk noun friend noun

sɯ̰ nppossessor enclitic 1incl.plur

sɯ̰ko verb full adj

ta verb new adj

tafa verb large adj

tai verb make verb

tais noun inside noun

taiɡ noun husband noun

taiʃ noun language noun

tauk noun fruit noun

taŋais prop Tangais prop

taŋʷis noun court noun

tem noun land noun

temɤt͡ʃ noun rope noun

tesɤn noun market noun

teɓɤɡʷ prop Tebg prop

tḛ pp from_around pp

1. ti verb little adj

2. ti pp in_outside pp

tḭs noun city noun

to num three num

tona̰mɯ verb purpose verb

toŋun noun plain noun

toŋɯɓ noun farmer noun

toŋʷit noun net noun

toʃɯʃ noun sand noun

to̰ pp to_inside pp

to̰n noun fire noun

to̰sodo̰ verb kiss verb

tutinɯ verb swell verb

tṵ pp in_under pp

tɤka̰d noun dust noun

tɤŋune verb scratch verb

tɤɡɤm noun mouse noun

tɯb noun sun noun

-tɯ̰ detcase suffix NOM

tɯ̰ pp to_in_front pp

t͡ʃa verb fight verb

t͡ʃaib noun cat noun

t͡ʃau num one num

t͡ʃaŋʷo̰ verb different adj

t͡ʃaɡi verb rotten adj

-t͡ʃa̰ detcase suffix ABL

t͡ʃa̰ pp to_next_to pp

t͡ʃa̰b noun earth noun

t͡ʃa̰ʃ noun rain noun

t͡ʃemaɡ noun machine noun

t͡ʃeŋaiŋʷ noun vagina noun

t͡ʃḛ verb bite verb

t͡ʃḛt͡ʃukʷ prop Chechuk prop

t͡ʃi verb play verb

t͡ʃiɓɤɡʷ noun jaguar noun

t͡ʃḭnuɡi verb spit verb

t͡ʃo pp in_left pp

t͡ʃosɤdu verb confound verb

t͡ʃosɤn noun medicine noun

t͡ʃu conj then conj

t͡ʃuɓi verb heavy adj

t͡ʃɤɡʷabɤ verb thick adj

t͡ʃɤ̰ pp in_across pp

t͡ʃɯ pp from_next_to pp

uɡi pron 1incl.dual pron

ŋa verb kill verb

ŋai verb come verb

ŋakaŋʷ noun hunter noun

ŋat͡ʃa pp PURP pp

ŋaɡʷaun noun tiger noun

ŋaʃɤmi verb wipe verb

ŋa̰ pp from_right pp

ŋe pp with pp

ŋeɡʷ noun face noun

ŋi verb small adj

ŋibufu verb suck verb

1. ŋo det the det

2. ŋo vpquestion enclitic not.Q

1. ŋu verb near adj

2. ŋu pp from_near pp

ŋutaʃ noun fingernail noun

ŋuɡeʃ noun salt noun

ŋɤ pp in pp

ŋɤɓuɓ noun religion noun

ŋɤʃɯfo verb colourless adj

ŋɯ̰kot noun liver noun

ŋʷauʃ noun time noun

1. ŋʷa̰ verb break verb

2. ŋʷa̰ vpcomp enclitic not.COMP

ŋʷesḛʃḛ verb journey verb

ŋʷeɡuɡ noun bank noun

ŋʷḛt noun woman noun

ŋʷi verb see verb

ŋʷit͡ʃem noun library noun

ŋʷit͡ʃɯʃ prop God prop

ŋʷḭk noun night noun

1. ŋʷo verb drink verb

2. ŋʷo pp to_behind pp

ŋʷot͡ʃ noun foot noun

ŋʷot͡ʃanu verb resemble verb

-ŋʷo̰ suffix stop unknown

ŋʷo̰ pp from_in_front pp

ŋʷɤ̰ pp in_next_to pp

ɓa verb pull verb

ɓaŋi num seven num

ɓe verb bad adj

ɓebɯb noun stick noun

ɓefod noun anus noun

-ɓḛ detcase suffix ALL

ɓḛ nppossessor enclitic 2.dual

ɓi verb call verb

ɓim noun house noun

ɓis noun people noun

ɓit͡ʃḭɓ noun seed noun

ɓiʃah noun fog noun

ɓo verb know verb

ɓod noun mouth noun

1. ɓo̰ verb die verb

2. ɓo̰ pp from_left pp

ɓo̰dadi verb float verb

ɓutɯna verb hate verb

ɓṵ nppossessor enclitic 1excl.sing

ɓɤf noun surface noun

ɓɤŋe verb warm adj

ɓɤŋʷ noun blood noun

ɓɤɡʷɯ̰be verb appear verb

ɓɯ̰ nppossessor enclitic 3.sing

ɡa verb want verb

ɡabait͡ʃ prop Gabaich prop

ɡaib noun Gaib noun (language)

ɡanaɡʷ noun louse noun

ɡanɤse verb flow verb

ɡase verb wide adj

ɡau verb many adj

ɡaŋen noun cheese noun

ɡaɡaudɯ verb blow verb

-ɡe detcase suffix INS

ɡe verb left adj

ɡed noun animal noun

ɡeɓa̰ŋʷɤ verb create verb

ɡi verb count verb

ɡib noun wife noun

ɡibi verb dirty adj

ɡit noun nose noun

ɡiŋʷo verb green adj

ɡḭt͡ʃimɯ verb evolve verb

ɡoŋʷḭde verb smooth adj

ɡo̰ verb stand verb

ɡɯ verb red adj

ɡɯme verb swim verb

ɡɯ̰ɓu adv thoroughly adv

ɡʷau verb understand verb

ɡʷaɓɤ num thousand num

ɡʷa̰ verb good adj

ɡʷa̰ŋʷib noun wheat noun

ɡʷi verb hear verb

ɡʷimeh noun brick noun

ɡʷo verb black adj

ɡʷomɤŋɤ verb dwell verb

1. ɡʷo̰ det that det

2. ɡʷo̰ vpmode enclitic conditional

ɡʷo̰ŋʷi verb correct adj

-ɡʷɤ suffix begin unknown

ɡʷɤnin noun cloud noun

ɡʷɯ pp from pp

ɡʷɯt͡ʃ noun sky noun

ɡʷɯŋaimu verb freeze verb

ɡʷɯɡ noun ear noun

ɡʷɯ̰ pp to_above pp

-ɤ nounnumber suffix dual

ɤŋʷa pron 1excl.plur pron

ɯfi pron 2.plur pron

ɯmo̰ pron 1excl.dual pron

ɯ̰ pron she pron

1. ʃa det yon det

2. ʃa verb do verb

ʃaŋʷ noun name noun

ʃaŋʷa verb cold adj

ʃaɓes noun embrace noun

ʃe verb far adj

ʃebeɡ noun snake noun

ʃḛ nppossessor enclitic 1excl.dual

ʃida̰be verb pat verb

ʃifeɓḛ verb arise verb

ʃik noun fight noun

ʃikʷ noun money noun

ʃisɤh noun lake noun

ʃiɡʷom noun wild boar noun

ʃoʃ noun table noun

ʃu verb right adj

ʃuɡḛk noun binoculars noun

ʃṵ pp to_right pp

ʃɤ num ten num

1. ʃɯ̰ num five num

2. ʃɯ̰ pp from_under pp