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A Grammar of Feh

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Feh language (the 344th one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Feh.

Typological Profile

It has has no interesting typological features.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Feh has 21 consonant phonemes, a size that falls within a broadly average range.

It has a highly developed aspirated consonant series, a complete absence of palatal consonants, something which is a rare occurrence indeed, and a strongly reduced sibilant system.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Feh. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labialalveolarpostalveolarlateralvelarglottal
stopp b d t k ɡ ʔ
aspirated stoppʰ tʰ kʰ
nasalm n ŋ
fricativef s h
approximantw l
affricatet͡s t͡ʃ

Vowels

Feh has 5 vowel qualities. This places it within the broadly common range of mid-sized vowel inventories. The vowel chart shows the full set of contrasts employed in the language’s phonology.

It has a full range of vowel qualities even in reduced syllables.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Feh. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

frontcentralback
closei u
mide o
opena

Stress and Tones

Feh has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Feh is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:

Simple letters

ა /a/ბ /b/გ /ɡ/დ /d/
ე /e/ვ /w/თ /tʰ/ი /i/
კ /k/ლ /l/მ /m/ნ /n/
ო /o/პ /p/ს /s/ტ /t/
უ /u/ფ /pʰ/ქ /kʰ/ჩ /t͡ʃ/
ც /t͡s/ჰ /h/ჶ /f/ჸ /ʔ/

Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs

ნგ /ŋ/

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Feh does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Feh has the following genders:

Gender masc – for instance: გასად ‘vagina’, გიჸ ‘boy’, გუნგინ ‘mortar’, დელოჰ ‘lamb’, ველ ‘day’, თის ‘knife’, კოლ ‘leaf’, კოჩინ ‘neck’, მოც ‘skin’, ნაბამ ‘God’, ტეც ‘back’, ფაჸ ‘year’, ფობუპ ‘fingernail’, ქენგაჩ ‘snake’, ჩათაკ ‘bosom’, ციდ ‘fish’, ცის ‘man’, ჸედ ‘time’, ჸეჸეთ ‘embrace’, ჸოთოს ‘wild boar’.

Gender fem – for instance: გიტენ ‘teacher’, დაც ‘wind’, დომევ ‘slime’, თეჶამ ‘student’, კიგიგ ‘smoke’, ლუჩიდ ‘bank’, მასიპ ‘faeces’, მიჶოც ‘restaurant’, ნგედოპ ‘apple’, ნუტ ‘girl’, პეფ ‘sun’, ტინგ ‘child’, ქათ ‘inside’, ქილ ‘top’, ჩაჶ ‘speech’, ცუპომ ‘fat’, ჶაჸ ‘earth’, ჶეტინ ‘ash’, ჶინგიბ ‘lake’, ჸიგაპ ‘breath’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Feh can be exemplified by the following example:

Ლაჶე მუჶე პები თისე მუჩე ჰაჸეპა ქა ნეჩე დო ბონა ბადა ნგი.

[lafe mufe pebi tʰise mut͡ʃe haʔepa kʰa net͡ʃe do bona bada ŋi]

laf
woman -e
sing mu
the -fe
fem pebi
COMIT tʰis
knife -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc haʔep
mouse -a
plur kʰa
three ne
yon -t͡ʃe
masc do
3.sing.masc.POSS b-
POS ona
blind b-
POS ada
catch ŋi
PAST

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

 (1)

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There is one type of clitic in the nominal phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing possessor. a clitic expressing possessor, comprising ფე /pʰe/ ‘1incl.sing’, ჰუ /hu/ ‘1excl.sing’, ჶუ /fu/ ‘2.sing’, დო /do/ ‘3.sing.masc’, პუ /pu/ ‘3.sing.fem’, ცუ /t͡su/ ‘1incl.plur’, თუ /tʰu/ ‘1excl.plur’, ჶა /fa/ ‘2.plur’, მე /me/ ‘3.plur.masc’ and მო /mo/ ‘3.plur.fem’.

The morphology of the elements of the nominal phrase, i.e., nouns, numerals and pronouns, is described below, as is the way that possession is expressed in Feh.

The Noun

The noun in Feh consists of the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -ე /-e/ ‘sing’ and -ა /-a/ ‘plur’.

The Adjective

In Feh, the adjective has the following structure: first, the root; second, an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -ათ /-atʰ/ ‘NOM’, -ოთ /-otʰ/ ‘ACC’, -ოს /-os/ ‘DAT’, -იქ /-ikʰ/ ‘INS’, -ოპ /-op/ ‘VOC’, -იჰ /-ih/ ‘ALL’, -უნ /-un/ ‘LOC’, -ომ /-om/ ‘ABL’ and -ოჩ /-ot͡ʃ/ ‘PART’; and finally, third, an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -ო /-o/ ‘masc’ and -ა /-a/ ‘fem’.

Numerals

The numeral in Feh stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

In Feh, the determiner has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -ჩე /-t͡ʃe/ ‘masc’ and -ჶე /-fe/ ‘fem’.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Feh stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

In Feh, subject pronouns (but not object pronouns ones) are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

Კა ბუჶე.

[ka bufe]

ka
3.sing.fem b-
POS ufe
love

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

 (2)

But here, the word corresponding to he (i.e., the subject) is stressed:

Ნუ კა ბუჶე.

[nu ka bufe]

nu
3.sing.masc ka
3.sing.fem b-
POS ufe
love

“He loves her.”

 (3)

Proper Nouns

Ლოდუთე მუჩე Ლუბავე მუჶე ბელუბუ.

[lodutʰe mut͡ʃe lubawe mufe belubu]

lodutʰ
Lodut -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc lubaw
Lubaw -e
sing mu
the -fe
fem b-
POS elubu
hate

“Lodut hates Lubaw.”

 (4)

Possession

გიჸე მუჩე ნგედოპე მუჶე დო

[ɡiʔe mut͡ʃe ŋedope mufe do]

ɡiʔ
boy -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc ŋedop
apple -e
sing mu
the -fe
fem do
3.sing.masc.POSS

“the boy’s apple”

 (5)
ნუ ნგედოპე მუჶე დო

[nu ŋedope mufe do]

nu
3.sing.masc ŋedop
apple -e
sing mu
the -fe
fem do
3.sing.masc.POSS

“his (the boy’s) apple”

 (6)
ნგედოპე მუჶე ჰუ

[ŋedope mufe hu]

ŋedop
apple -e
sing mu
the -fe
fem hu
1excl.sing.POSS

“my apple”

 (7)
Ჶეჸეტე მუჩე ფოპე მუჶე დო კაჰუნე მუჶე ჶუ ფაჶე მუჩე პუ ბოკუბა ნგი.

[feʔete mut͡ʃe pʰope mufe do kahune mufe fu pʰafe mut͡ʃe pu bokuba ŋi]

feʔet
hunter -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc pʰop
daughter -e
sing mu
the -fe
fem do
3.sing.masc.POSS kahun
neighbour -e
sing mu
the -fe
fem fu
2.sing.POSS pʰaf
son -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc pu
3.sing.fem.POSS b-
POS okuba
kiss ŋi
PAST

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

 (8)

Derivation

Feh has no derivational processes.

დელოჰე გოჩე

[delohe ɡot͡ʃe]

deloh
lamb -e
sing ɡo
a -t͡ʃe
masc

“a lamb”

 (9)

Note how none show up here:

Დელოჰე დო ბელი გოჩე ბედი ნგი ბონგე ნგი.

[delohe do beli ɡot͡ʃe bedi ŋi boŋe ŋi]

deloh
lamb -e
sing do
3.sing.masc.POSS b-
POS eli
little ɡo
a -t͡ʃe
masc b-
POS edi
have ŋi
PAST b-
POS oŋe
want ŋi
PAST

“She wanted to have a little lamb.”

 (10)

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

The verbal phrase clitics in Feh fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing mode, comprising ფი /pʰi/ ‘imperative’, ჰე /he/ ‘conditional’ and სუ /su/ ‘optative’; second, a clitic expressing ta, comprising ნგი /ŋi/ ‘PAST’; third, a clitic expressing voice, comprising ჰე /he/ ‘passive’; and finally, fourth, a clitic expressing question, comprising გე /ɡe/ ‘Q’.

In addition, the verb is structured like this: an obligatory prefix expressing negation, comprising ფ- /pʰ-/ ‘NEG’ and ბ- /b-/ ‘POS’ followed by the root.

Სე ბუჶე.

[se bufe]

se
2.sing b-
POS ufe
love

“I love you.”

 (11)

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

ჩე ლიჰე მუჩე ნგუვე

[t͡ʃe lihe mut͡ʃe ŋuwe]

t͡ʃe
in lih
table -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc ŋuw
surface -e
sing

“on the table”

 (12)
ნგი ლამუმე მუჩე ქათე

[ŋi lamume mut͡ʃe kʰatʰe]

ŋi
to lamum
box -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc kʰatʰ
inside -e
sing

“into the box”

 (13)
პები მა

[pebi ma]

pebi
COMIT ma
1excl.sing

“with me”

 (14)

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Feh has basic Subject–Object–Verb (SOV) word order. The subject precedes the object, and the verb appears at the end of the clause. This is one of the most frequent patterns cross-linguistically.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Feh.

Სუჶუკე მუჩე ჶეჸეტე მუჩე ბიდა ნგი.

[sufuke mut͡ʃe feʔete mut͡ʃe bida ŋi]

sufuk
jaguar -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc feʔet
hunter -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc b-
POS ida
kill ŋi
PAST

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

 (15)
Პეკეჸე მუჩე ჶეჸეტე მუჩე ფოპე მუჶე დო ცომე მუჩე პუ ბიდუ ნგი.

[pekeʔe mut͡ʃe feʔete mut͡ʃe pʰope mufe do t͡some mut͡ʃe pu bidu ŋi]

pekeʔ
lion -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc feʔet
hunter -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc pʰop
daughter -e
sing mu
the -fe
fem do
3.sing.masc.POSS t͡som
dog -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc pu
3.sing.fem.POSS b-
POS idu
eat ŋi
PAST

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

 (16)

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Feh reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Feh expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.

ფაჶე მუჩე ჶუ ჸეჶე მუჶე დო ლიბენე მუჩე პუ

[pʰafe mut͡ʃe fu ʔefe mufe do libene mut͡ʃe pu]

pʰaf
son -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc fu
2.sing.POSS ʔef
friend -e
sing mu
the -fe
fem do
3.sing.masc.POSS liben
book -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc pu
3.sing.fem.POSS

“your son’s friend’s book”

 (17)

Case Marking

Feh uses nominative–accusative case marking. The subject of an intransitive verb and the subject of a transitive verb are treated alike and take the nominative case, while the object of a transitive verb is marked with the accusative case. This is the familiar pattern from many European languages: the grammar groups together the participants that function as subjects and marks the participant affected by a transitive action separately.

Ქეკე მუჩე ბაბა.

[kʰeke mut͡ʃe baba]

kʰek
cat -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc b-
POS aba
sleep

“The cat is sleeping.”

 (18)
Ქეკე მუჩე ბანგა.

[kʰeke mut͡ʃe baŋa]

kʰek
cat -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc b-
POS aŋa
run

“The cat is running.”

 (19)
Ქეკე მუჩე ჰაჸეპე მუჩე ბომელო.

[kʰeke mut͡ʃe haʔepe mut͡ʃe bomelo]

kʰek
cat -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc haʔep
mouse -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc b-
POS omelo
chase

“The cat is chasing the mouse.”

 (20)
Ქეკე მუჩე ჰაჸეპე მუჩე ბადა ნგი.

[kʰeke mut͡ʃe haʔepe mut͡ʃe bada ŋi]

kʰek
cat -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc haʔep
mouse -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc b-
POS ada
catch ŋi
PAST

“The cat caught the mouse.”

 (21)

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

Ჶეჸეტე მუჩე სუჶუკა მუჩე ფუ ბატაჶა მუჩე ფუ პეკეჸა მუჩე ბიდა ნგი.

[feʔete mut͡ʃe sufuka mut͡ʃe pʰu batafa mut͡ʃe pʰu pekeʔa mut͡ʃe bida ŋi]

feʔet
hunter -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc sufuk
jaguar -a
plur mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc pʰu
and bataf
tiger -a
plur mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc pʰu
and pekeʔ
lion -a
plur mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc b-
POS ida
kill ŋi
PAST

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

 (22)

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Feh provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Feh forms relative clauses by using a head-internal strategy. The head noun appears inside the clause itself, occupying its regular syntactic position. The entire clause functions as a modifier, and its external syntactic behaviour is identical to that of a noun-modifying phrase.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

Ქეკე მუჩე ბაგოვა ნგი.

[kʰeke mut͡ʃe baɡowa ŋi]

kʰek
cat -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc b-
POS aɡowa
pat ŋi
PAST

“I patted the cat.”

 (23)

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

Ქეკე მუჩე დო ჰაჸეპე მუჩე ბადა ნგი ბაგოვა ნგი.

[kʰeke mut͡ʃe do haʔepe mut͡ʃe bada ŋi baɡowa ŋi]

kʰek
cat -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc do
3.sing.masc.POSS haʔep
mouse -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc b-
POS ada
catch ŋi
PAST b-
POS aɡowa
pat ŋi
PAST

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

 (24)

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

Ქეკე მუჩე დო ჰაჸეპე მუჩე დო ციგიჰე მუჶე ბიდუ ნგი ბადა ნგი ბაგოვა ნგი.

[kʰeke mut͡ʃe do haʔepe mut͡ʃe do t͡siɡihe mufe bidu ŋi bada ŋi baɡowa ŋi]

kʰek
cat -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc do
3.sing.masc.POSS haʔep
mouse -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc do
3.sing.masc.POSS t͡siɡih
cheese -e
sing mu
the -fe
fem b-
POS idu
eat ŋi
PAST b-
POS ada
catch ŋi
PAST b-
POS aɡowa
pat ŋi
PAST

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

 (25)

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

Ქეკე მუჩე დო ჰაჸეპე მუჩე დო მა დო ციგიჰე მუჶე ბადუ ნგი ბიდუ ნგი ბადა ნგი ბაგოვა ნგი.

[kʰeke mut͡ʃe do haʔepe mut͡ʃe do ma do t͡siɡihe mufe badu ŋi bidu ŋi bada ŋi baɡowa ŋi]

kʰek
cat -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc do
3.sing.masc.POSS haʔep
mouse -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc do
3.sing.masc.POSS ma
1excl.sing do
3.sing.masc.POSS t͡siɡih
cheese -e
sing mu
the -fe
fem b-
POS adu
buy ŋi
PAST b-
POS idu
eat ŋi
PAST b-
POS ada
catch ŋi
PAST b-
POS aɡowa
pat ŋi
PAST

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

 (26)

Complementation Strategies

Feh forms complement clauses by nominalising the embedded verb. The nominalised form lacks finite verbal categories and behaves as a noun phrase. Subjects of nominalised clauses occur in the genitive case, and the nominalised verb establishes the semantic content of the complement.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

Გიჸე მუჩე დო ნუტე მუჶე ნგედოპე გოჶე ბედა ნგი გიტენე მუჶე ბეტუსა ნგი.

[ɡiʔe mut͡ʃe do nute mufe ŋedope ɡofe beda ŋi ɡitene mufe betusa ŋi]

ɡiʔ
boy -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc do
3.sing.masc.POSS nut
girl -e
sing mu
the -fe
fem ŋedop
apple -e
sing ɡo
a -fe
fem b-
POS eda
give ŋi
PAST ɡiten
teacher -e
sing mu
the -fe
fem b-
POS etusa
surprise ŋi
PAST

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

 (27)

Quotes

Feh expresses quoted or reported speech without a dedicated quotative particle. Quotations appear as ordinary clauses, distinguished only by the surrounding syntactic context or by the use of verbs of speaking.

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Გიჸე მუჩე ნუტე მუჶე მა დო სე ბუჶე ბოტე ნგი.

[ɡiʔe mut͡ʃe nute mufe ma do se bufe bote ŋi]

ɡiʔ
boy -e
sing mu
the -t͡ʃe
masc nut
girl -e
sing mu
the -fe
fem ma
1excl.sing do
3.sing.masc.POSS se
2.sing b-
POS ufe
love b-
POS ote
tell ŋi
PAST

“The boy told the girl that he loved her.”

 (28)

How to cite this grammar

Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Feh. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.91, on 19 June 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/4HCFD

In BibTeX format:

@misc{LC-4HCFD,
  year         = 2026,
  author       = {{Language Creator}},
  title        = {A Grammar of {Feh}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/4HCFD}},
  note         = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.91, on 19 June 2026}
}

Supplementary Materials

A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Feh / Feh–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.

Readers are encouraged to share observations or corrections via the feedback form. The present page may be accessed directly at:

https://languagecreator.org/grammar/4HCFD

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