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A Grammar of Adod

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Adod language (the 1001st one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Adod.

Typological Profile

It has has no interesting typological features.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Adod has a moderately large consonant inventory, with 28 phonemes.

It has a noticeable presence of pharyngealised phonemes and an unusually restricted set of labial consonants.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Adod. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labialdentalphar. dentalalveolarphar. alveolarpostalveolaralveolo-palatallateralpalatalvelarglottal
stopb d t dˤ tˤ k ɡ
ejective stopkʼ
nasalm n nˤ ɲ ŋ
fricativef s sˤ ʃ h
approximantw l j
affricatet͡ʃ t͡ɕ
clickᵏǀ ᵏǀˤ
click, nasalᵑǀ ᵑǀˤ

Vowels

Adod has 9 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.

It has an unusually fine-grained height system distinguishing four levels.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Adod. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

frontcentralback
closei u
mide o
open-midɛ ɔ
opena

Stress and Tones

Adod has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Adod is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:

Simple letters

a /a/b /b/c /ᵏǀ/c̣ /ᵏǀˤ/
d /d/ḍ /dˤ/e /e/f /f/
g /ɡ/h /h/i /i/j /j/
k /k/l /l/m /m/n /n/
ṇ /nˤ/o /ɔ/s /s/ṣ /sˤ/
t /t/ṭ /tˤ/u /u/w /w/
æ /ɛ/ñ /ɲ/ó /o/

Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs

aa /aː/ai /ai/au /au/
ch /t͡ʃ/ee /eː/gk /kʼ/
ii /iː/nc /ᵑǀ/nc̣ /ᵑǀˤ/
ng /ŋ/oo /ɔː/sh /ʃ/
ty /t͡ɕ/uu /uː/ææ /ɛː/
óó /oː/

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Adod does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Adod has the following genders:

Gender masc – for instance: aamak ‘manner’, aḍemóf ‘faeces’, af ‘meat’, amegat ‘court’, aṣityiw ‘student’, eegeḍish ‘money’, eṣ ‘west’, eñiduty ‘horn’, ing ‘name’, iweḍuf ‘smoke’, oṇ ‘star’, uṇabew ‘vagina’, uṇajój ‘urine’, æf ‘boy’, æfafam ‘forest’, ægkity ‘idea’, ææk ‘sound’, ód ‘language’, óṣ ‘sun’, óóchijan ‘machine’.

Gender fem – for instance: aan ‘bird’, aash ‘fish’, achiñej ‘snake’, ais ‘human being’, akótiw ‘bank’, alóṇuṭ ‘neighbour’, an ‘stone’, eeshekagk ‘louse’, iiganga ‘farmer’, iis ‘people’, ub ‘dog’, ufishóṭ ‘umbrella’, utakaj ‘tiger’, uty ‘animal’, uuḍ ‘ear’, uweñóch ‘mouse’, æg ‘wife’, æṇ ‘south’, æṭ ‘chair’, óós ‘tongue’.

Gender neut – for instance: agefat ‘liver’, aikityóf ‘wing’, aiṣawaf ‘bosom’, ash ‘house’, ashóngaw ‘neck’, asuṇóṭ ‘belly’, ebaching ‘mortar’, eeḍigesh ‘book’, eefigkij ‘knee’, eeninek ‘market’, en ‘hand’, eṭ ‘night’, iif ‘face’, iigk ‘day’, iik ‘sky’, ok ‘year’, ot ‘fruit’, ægónang ‘brick’, ææch ‘road’, óóṭigid ‘net’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Adod can be exemplified by the following example:

Ḍódóf læty wiḍaiñ ḍólóf saṭaḍ tyaahól gig ñaded ṭook luweñóch, ngow ḍæhól.

[dˤodof lɛt͡ɕ widˤaiɲ dˤolof satˤadˤ t͡ɕaːhol ɡiɡ ɲaded tˤɔːk luweɲot͡ʃ, ŋɔw dˤɛhol]

dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM ɛt͡ɕ
woman widˤaiɲ
COMIT dˤo
the -l
neut -of
sing s-
LOC atˤadˤ
knife t͡ɕaː
catch -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST ɲa
yon -d
fem -ed
plur tˤɔːk
three l-
NOM uweɲot͡ʃ
mouse ŋɔ
RELPRON -w
plur dˤɛ
blind -h
indicative -ol
POS

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

 (1)

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.

The Noun

The noun in Adod consists of an obligatory prefix expressing case, comprising l- /l-/ ‘NOM’, ṣ- /sˤ-/ ‘ACC’, d- /d-/ ‘DAT’, ḍ- /dˤ-/ ‘INS’, c- /ᵏǀ-/ ‘VOC’, f- /f-/ ‘ALL’, s- /s-/ ‘LOC’, gk- /kʼ-/ ‘ABL’ and h- /h-/ ‘PART’ followed by the root.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -te /-te/ ‘little’ and -hi /-hi/ ‘big’

The Adjective

The adjective in Adod stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Numerals

The numeral in Adod stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

In Adod, the determiner has the following structure: first, the root; second, an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -gk /-kʼ/ ‘masc’, -d /-d/ ‘fem’ and -l /-l/ ‘neut’; and finally, third, an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -óf /-of/ ‘sing’ and -ed /-ed/ ‘plur’.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Adod has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -d /-d/ ‘sing’ and -w /-w/ ‘plur’.

In Adod, subject pronouns (but not object pronouns ones) are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

Tyehól liid.

[t͡ɕehol liːd]

t͡ɕe
love -h
indicative -ol
POS liː
3.sing.fem -d
sing

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

 (2)

But here, the word corresponding to he (i.e., the subject) is stressed:

Mid tyehól liid.

[mid t͡ɕehol liːd]

mi
3.sing.masc -d
sing t͡ɕe
love -h
indicative -ol
POS liː
3.sing.fem -d
sing

“He loves her.”

 (3)

Proper Nouns

Ḍógkóf lAilushiw ṭajuuhól ḍódóf ṣIñisheng.

[dˤokʼof lailuʃiw tˤajuːhol dˤodof sˤiɲiʃeŋ]

dˤo
the -kʼ
masc -of
sing l-
NOM ailuʃiw
Ailushiw tˤajuː
hate -h
indicative -ol
POS dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing sˤ-
ACC iɲiʃeŋ
Inyisheng

“Ailushiw hates Inyisheng.”

 (4)

Possession

ḍógkóf læf ḍólóf lóshaneḍ

[dˤokʼof lɛf dˤolof loʃanedˤ]

dˤo
the -kʼ
masc -of
sing l-
NOM ɛf
boy dˤo
the -l
neut -of
sing l-
NOM oʃanedˤ
apple

“the boy’s apple”

 (5)
mid ḍólóf lóshaneḍ

[mid dˤolof loʃanedˤ]

mi
3.sing.masc -d
sing dˤo
the -l
neut -of
sing l-
NOM oʃanedˤ
apple

“his (the boy’s) apple”

 (6)
duud ḍólóf lóshaneḍ

[duːd dˤolof loʃanedˤ]

duː
1excl.sing -d
sing dˤo
the -l
neut -of
sing l-
NOM oʃanedˤ
apple

“my apple”

 (7)
Ḍógkóf lómuṇós ḍódóf lif tyanauhól gig daid ḍódóf lalóṇuṭ ḍógkóf ṣóg.

[dˤokʼof lomunˤos dˤodof lif t͡ɕanauhol ɡiɡ daid dˤodof lalonˤutˤ dˤokʼof sˤoɡ]

dˤo
the -kʼ
masc -of
sing l-
NOM omunˤos
hunter dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM if
daughter t͡ɕanau
kiss -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dai
2.sing -d
sing dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM alonˤutˤ
neighbour dˤo
the -kʼ
masc -of
sing sˤ-
ACC oɡ
son

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

 (8)

Derivation

Adod has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:

lófasang

[lofasaŋ]

l-
NOM ofasaŋ
lamb

“a lamb”

 (9)

In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:

lófasangte

[lofasaŋte]

l-
NOM ofasaŋ
lamb -te
little

“a little lamb”

 (10)

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

All verbal phrase clitics in Adod are enclitics (placed finally), and there are three types: first, a clitic expressing ta, comprising gig /ɡiɡ/ ‘PAST’; second, a clitic expressing voice, comprising ncóñ /ᵑǀoɲ/ ‘passive’; and finally, third, a clitic expressing question, comprising lab /lab/ ‘Q’.

In addition, the verb is structured like this: first, the root; second, an obligatory suffix expressing mode, comprising -h /-h/ ‘indicative’, -ṣ /-sˤ/ ‘imperative’, -ḍ /-dˤ/ ‘conditional’ and -ch /-t͡ʃ/ ‘optative’; and finally, third, an obligatory suffix expressing negation, comprising -ij /-ij/ ‘NEG’ and -ól /-ol/ ‘POS’.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -ṇa /-nˤa/ ‘begin’ and -sa /-sa/ ‘stop’

Tyehól daid.

[t͡ɕehol daid]

t͡ɕe
love -h
indicative -ol
POS dai
2.sing -d
sing

“I love you.”

 (11)

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

niity ḍódóf sesaḍ

[niːt͡ɕ dˤodof sesadˤ]

niːt͡ɕ
in_surface dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing s-
LOC esadˤ
table

“on the table”

 (12)
gkææn ḍógkóf sæægówes

[kʼɛːn dˤokʼof sɛːɡowes]

kʼɛːn
to_inside dˤo
the -kʼ
masc -of
sing s-
LOC ɛːɡowes
box

“into the box”

 (13)
wiḍaiñ duud

[widˤaiɲ duːd]

widˤaiɲ
COMIT duː
1excl.sing -d
sing

“with me”

 (14)

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Adod employs Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) as its basic word order. The subject is followed by the verb, with the object occurring in post-verbal position. This ordering is widely attested across the world’s languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Adod.

Ḍódóf lafiṇóch góhól gig ḍógkóf ṣómuṇós.

[dˤodof lafinˤot͡ʃ ɡohol ɡiɡ dˤokʼof sˤomunˤos]

dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM afinˤot͡ʃ
jaguar ɡo
kill -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -kʼ
masc -of
sing sˤ-
ACC omunˤos
hunter

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

 (15)
Ḍódóf ligateñ jahól gig ḍógkóf lómuṇós ḍódóf lif ḍódóf ṣub.

[dˤodof liɡateɲ jahol ɡiɡ dˤokʼof lomunˤos dˤodof lif dˤodof sˤub]

dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM iɡateɲ
lion ja
eat -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -kʼ
masc -of
sing l-
NOM omunˤos
hunter dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM if
daughter dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing sˤ-
ACC ub
dog

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

 (16)

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Adod reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Adod expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.

daid ḍógkóf lóg ḍódóf lab ḍólóf leeḍigesh

[daid dˤokʼof loɡ dˤodof lab dˤolof leːdˤiɡeʃ]

dai
2.sing -d
sing dˤo
the -kʼ
masc -of
sing l-
NOM oɡ
son dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM ab
friend dˤo
the -l
neut -of
sing l-
NOM eːdˤiɡeʃ
book

“your son’s friend’s book”

 (17)

Case Marking

Adod uses nominative–accusative case marking. The subject of an intransitive verb and the subject of a transitive verb are treated alike and take the nominative case, while the object of a transitive verb is marked with the accusative case. This is the familiar pattern from many European languages: the grammar groups together the participants that function as subjects and marks the participant affected by a transitive action separately.

Ḍódóf lich mohól.

[dˤodof lit͡ʃ mɔhol]

dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM it͡ʃ
cat mɔ
sleep -h
indicative -ol
POS

“The cat is sleeping.”

 (18)
Ḍódóf lich ñaihól.

[dˤodof lit͡ʃ ɲaihol]

dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM it͡ʃ
cat ɲai
run -h
indicative -ol
POS

“The cat is running.”

 (19)
Ḍódóf lich fiṇiihól ḍódóf ṣuweñóch.

[dˤodof lit͡ʃ finˤiːhol dˤodof sˤuweɲot͡ʃ]

dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM it͡ʃ
cat finˤiː
chase -h
indicative -ol
POS dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing sˤ-
ACC uweɲot͡ʃ
mouse

“The cat is chasing the mouse.”

 (20)
Ḍódóf lich tyaahól gig ḍódóf ṣuweñóch.

[dˤodof lit͡ʃ t͡ɕaːhol ɡiɡ dˤodof sˤuweɲot͡ʃ]

dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM it͡ʃ
cat t͡ɕaː
catch -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing sˤ-
ACC uweɲot͡ʃ
mouse

“The cat caught the mouse.”

 (21)

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

Ḍógkóf lómuṇós góhól gig ḍóded ṣafiṇóch wóṇ ḍóded ṣutakaj wóṇ ḍóded ṣigateñ.

[dˤokʼof lomunˤos ɡohol ɡiɡ dˤoded sˤafinˤot͡ʃ wonˤ dˤoded sˤutakaj wonˤ dˤoded sˤiɡateɲ]

dˤo
the -kʼ
masc -of
sing l-
NOM omunˤos
hunter ɡo
kill -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -d
fem -ed
plur sˤ-
ACC afinˤot͡ʃ
jaguar wonˤ
and dˤo
the -d
fem -ed
plur sˤ-
ACC utakaj
tiger wonˤ
and dˤo
the -d
fem -ed
plur sˤ-
ACC iɡateɲ
lion

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

 (22)

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Adod provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Adod forms relative clauses by placing the relative clause after the noun it modifies. The clause follows the internal word order of ordinary finite clauses. A dedicated relativising marker introduces the clause and identifies the relationship between the head noun and its role inside the relative clause.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

Góṇuhól gig ḍódóf ṣich.

[ɡonˤuhol ɡiɡ dˤodof sˤit͡ʃ]

ɡonˤu
pat -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing sˤ-
ACC it͡ʃ
cat

“I patted the cat.”

 (23)

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

Góṇuhól gig ḍódóf lich, ngod tyaahól gig ḍódóf ṣuweñóch.

[ɡonˤuhol ɡiɡ dˤodof lit͡ʃ, ŋɔd t͡ɕaːhol ɡiɡ dˤodof sˤuweɲot͡ʃ]

ɡonˤu
pat -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM it͡ʃ
cat ŋɔ
RELPRON -d
sing t͡ɕaː
catch -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing sˤ-
ACC uweɲot͡ʃ
mouse

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

 (24)

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

Góṇuhól gig ḍódóf lich, ngod tyaahól gig ḍódóf luweñóch, ngod jahól gig ḍógkóf ṣauḍawój.

[ɡonˤuhol ɡiɡ dˤodof lit͡ʃ, ŋɔd t͡ɕaːhol ɡiɡ dˤodof luweɲot͡ʃ, ŋɔd jahol ɡiɡ dˤokʼof sˤaudˤawoj]

ɡonˤu
pat -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM it͡ʃ
cat ŋɔ
RELPRON -d
sing t͡ɕaː
catch -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM uweɲot͡ʃ
mouse ŋɔ
RELPRON -d
sing ja
eat -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -kʼ
masc -of
sing sˤ-
ACC audˤawoj
cheese

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

 (25)

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

Góṇuhól gig ḍódóf lich, ngod tyaahól gig ḍódóf luweñóch, ngod jahól gig ḍógkóf lauḍawój, ngod dæhól gig duud.

[ɡonˤuhol ɡiɡ dˤodof lit͡ʃ, ŋɔd t͡ɕaːhol ɡiɡ dˤodof luweɲot͡ʃ, ŋɔd jahol ɡiɡ dˤokʼof laudˤawoj, ŋɔd dɛhol ɡiɡ duːd]

ɡonˤu
pat -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM it͡ʃ
cat ŋɔ
RELPRON -d
sing t͡ɕaː
catch -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing l-
NOM uweɲot͡ʃ
mouse ŋɔ
RELPRON -d
sing ja
eat -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -kʼ
masc -of
sing l-
NOM audˤawoj
cheese ŋɔ
RELPRON -d
sing dɛ
buy -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST duː
1excl.sing -d
sing

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

 (26)

Complementation Strategies

Adod introduces complement clauses with a dedicated complementiser, similar to English that. The complementiser appears at the beginning of the embedded clause and signals that the clause functions as a syntactic argument. The embedded clause is fully finite and displays the same tense, aspect and agreement patterns as independent clauses.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

Ḍógkóf læf ṣóhól gig ḍódóf daigk ṣóshaneḍ weleṣ mañuhól gig ḍódóf duushiḍiḍ.

[dˤokʼof lɛf sˤohol ɡiɡ dˤodof daikʼ sˤoʃanedˤ welesˤ maɲuhol ɡiɡ dˤodof duːʃidˤidˤ]

dˤo
the -kʼ
masc -of
sing l-
NOM ɛf
boy sˤo
give -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing d-
DAT aikʼ
girl sˤ-
ACC oʃanedˤ
apple welesˤ
COMP maɲu
surprise -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing d-
DAT uːʃidˤidˤ
teacher

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

 (27)

Quotes

Adod employs a quotative particle to mark direct and indirect speech. The quotative follows the reported phrase and identifies the preceding expression as quoted or reported. The same construction is also used to express reported thoughts.

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Ḍógkóf læf ncahól gig ḍódóf daigk duud tyehól daid weleṣ.

[dˤokʼof lɛf ᵑǀahol ɡiɡ dˤodof daikʼ duːd t͡ɕehol daid welesˤ]

dˤo
the -kʼ
masc -of
sing l-
NOM ɛf
boy ᵑǀa
tell -h
indicative -ol
POS ɡiɡ
PAST dˤo
the -d
fem -of
sing d-
DAT aikʼ
girl duː
1excl.sing -d
sing t͡ɕe
love -h
indicative -ol
POS dai
2.sing -d
sing welesˤ
COMP

“The boy told the girl that he loved her.”

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How to cite this grammar

Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Adod. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 21 July 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/0XAL7

In BibTeX format:

@misc{LC-0XAL7,
  year         = 2026,
  author       = {{Language Creator}},
  title        = {A Grammar of {Adod}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/0XAL7}},
  note         = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 21 July 2026}
}

Supplementary Materials

A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Adod / Adod–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.

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https://languagecreator.org/grammar/0XAL7

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