A Grammar of Tang

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Tang language (the 1042nd one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Tang.

Typological Profile

It has no inflections (clitics do the hard work).

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Tang has a moderately small consonant inventory, comprising 17 phonemes.

It has a conspicuous absence of approximants.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Tang. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

	labial	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
stop	p b	d t			k ɡ
ejective stop					kʼ
nasal	m	n		ɲ	ŋ
fricative	f	s	ʃ			h
affricate			t͡ʃ

Vowels

Tang has 8 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.

It has a vertical vowel system in which backness distinctions are largely absent.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Tang. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

	central
close	ɨ
mid	ə
open	a

Stress and Tones

Tang has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Tang is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:

Simple letters

a /a/	a’ /a̰/	b /b/	d /d/
e /ə/	e’ /ə̰/	f /f/	g /ɡ/
h /h/	k /k/	m /m/	n /n/
p /p/	s /s/	t /t/	y /ɨ/
y’ /ɨ̰/	ñ /ɲ/

Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs

ai /ai/	au /au/	ch /t͡ʃ/
gk /kʼ/	ng /ŋ/	sh /ʃ/

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Tang does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Tang has the following genders:

Gender masc – for instance: bechyh ‘mountain’, beshyb ‘lake’, chap ‘sea’, cha’m ‘north’, dafen ‘stick’, dam ‘east’, destang ‘forest’, fagk ‘animal’, fa’kauk ‘river’, gkai ‘sun’, gkap ‘meat’, gkysh ‘wind’, kepang ‘apple’, na’bech ‘library’, ngaung ‘fire’, pak ‘speech’, tangyng ‘cheese’, tap ‘fish’, taub ‘fruit’, ñyp ‘son’.

Gender fem – for instance: bepad ‘flower’, chau ‘time’, faha’g ‘religion’, fynygk ‘court’, gkaih ‘ear’, gkastyng ‘bark’, gkygke’b ‘horn’, kygka’d ‘louse’, met ‘night’, ngañah ‘mouse’, pain ‘idea’, peg ‘friend’, sed ‘year’, seh ‘mother’, setak ‘anus’, tas ‘tree’, ta’f ‘people’, tedeb ‘root’, ñanesh ‘neighbour’, ñystah ‘student’.

Gender neut – for instance: byk ‘book’, chyng ‘cat’, da’f ‘tooth’, gauk ‘heart’, gemaing ‘fat’, ges ‘language’, gkasyh ‘belly’, ha ‘skin’, hygk ‘city’, kañ ‘road’, menyh ‘money’, ngem ‘house’, ngykak ‘tail’, said ‘face’, sebauch ‘brick’, sekak ‘fingernail’, shepaip ‘snake’, sychauch ‘box’, ñeng ‘head’, ñe’gkauf ‘feather’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Tang can be exemplified by the following example:

initial XML:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="past-punct">
      <verb>catch</verb>
    </vp>
    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def">
      <noun>woman</noun>
      <pp role="comitative">
        <np number="sing" def="def">
          <noun>knife</noun>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme">
      <noun>mouse</noun>
      <adj>blind</adj>
      <num>three</num>
      <det>yon</det>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="past-punct">
-      <verb>catch</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def">
-      <noun>woman</noun>
+    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
      <pp role="comitative">
-        <np number="sing" def="def">
-          <noun>knife</noun>
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
-    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme">
-      <noun>mouse</noun>
-      <adj>blind</adj>
-      <num>three</num>
-      <det>yon</det>
+    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
+      <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
+      <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
      <pp role="comitative">
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
      <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
      <pp role="comitative">
-        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
+        <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
      <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module constorder:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
-    </vp>
    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
      <pp role="comitative">
        <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+    </vp>
    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
      <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <s>
-    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
+    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
      <pp role="comitative">
        <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
      <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <s>
-    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
      <pp role="comitative">
        <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
+    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
      <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <s>
    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
      <pp role="comitative">
        <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
      <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module wordorder:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <s>
    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
      <pp role="comitative">
        <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
+      <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
-      <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
      <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module wordorder:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <s>
    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
      <pp role="comitative">
        <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
+      <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
-      <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <s>
    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
      <pp role="comitative">
        <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <s>
    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
      <pp role="comitative">
        <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
+          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
      <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <s>
    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem"/>
      <pp role="comitative">
-        <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
+        <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-      <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
-      <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+      <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
+      <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

About to call getSlotValue for yon/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <s>
    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem"/>
      <pp role="comitative">
        <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/>
        </np>
      </pp>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
      <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
+      <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
      <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

flatten:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
-  <s>
-    <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem"/>
-      <pp role="comitative">
    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/>
-        </np>
-      </pp>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
    <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
    <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem"/>
-    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem" ph="&#x283; &#x268; n">ʃɨn</word>
+    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="f &#x268; s &#x259;&#x330; h">fɨsə̰h</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="s a n">san</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem" ph="n a b">nab</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur" ph="f &#x268; h">fɨh</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" ph="m ai">mai</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" ph="s ai b">saib</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" ph="t &#x259; t&#x361;&#x283;">tət͡ʃ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" ph="&#x14B; a &#x272; a h">ŋaɲah</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem" ph="&#x283; &#x268; n">ʃɨn</word>
-    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="f &#x268; s &#x259;&#x330; h">fɨsə̰h</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="s a n">san</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem" ph="n a b">nab</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur" ph="f &#x268; h">fɨh</thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" ph="m ai">mai</word>
-    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="k">k</thingy>
-    <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" ph="s ai b">saib</word>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" ph="t &#x259; t&#x361;&#x283;">tət͡ʃ</word>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" ph="&#x14B; a &#x272; a h">ŋaɲah</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">ʃɨn</word>
+    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative">fɨsə̰h</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">san</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.fem">nab</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur">fɨh</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">mai</word>
+    <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem">k</thingy>
+    <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">saib</word>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">tət͡ʃ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">ŋaɲah</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃɨn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;woman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fɨsə̰h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMIT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;san&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;knife&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nab&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;catch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fɨh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;yon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;-k&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;saib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;three&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tət͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;blind&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋaɲah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;mouse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ʃɨn fɨsə̰h san sam nab fɨh də̰m maik saib tət͡ʃ ŋaɲah</p>
+  <p>shyn fyse’h san sam nab fyh de’m maik saib tech ngañah</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃɨn</o>
+      <g>woman</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fɨsə̰h</o>
+      <g>COMIT</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>san</o>
+      <g>knife</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nab</o>
+      <g>catch</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fɨh</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mai</o>
+      <g>yon</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>-k</o>
+      <g>fem</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>saib</o>
+      <g>three</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tət͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>blind</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋaɲah</o>
+      <g>mouse</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 1.

Shyn fyse’h san sam nab fyh de’m maik saib tech ngañah.

[ʃɨn fɨsə̰h san sam nab fɨh də̰m maik saib tət͡ʃ ŋaɲah]

ʃɨn
woman fɨsə̰h
COMIT san
knife sam
PAST nab
catch fɨh
plur də̰m
ACC mai
yon -k
fem saib
three tət͡ʃ
blind ŋaɲah
mouse

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

(1)

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

All nominal phrase clitics in Tang are proclitics (placed initially, and there are two types: a clitic expressing case, comprising de’m /də̰m/ ‘ACC’, fab /fab/ ‘GEN’, hañ /haɲ/ ‘DAT’, pyñ /pɨɲ/ ‘INS’, ñe’k /ɲə̰k/ ‘VOC’, ba’ng /ba̰ŋ/ ‘ALL’, bygk /bɨkʼ/ ‘LOC’, sa’m /sa̰m/ ‘ABL’ and nag /naɡ/ ‘PART’ followed by a clitic expressing number, comprising fyh /fɨh/ ‘plur’.

The morphology of the elements of the nominal phrase, i.e., nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns, is described below, as is the way that possession is expressed in Tang.

The Noun

The noun in Tang stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: 20 prefixes, namely ke’- /kə̰-/ ‘little’, gky- /kʼɨ-/ ‘big’, na’- /na̰-/ ‘old’, ha’- /ha̰-/ ‘new’, ga- /ɡa-/ ‘good’, ty- /tɨ-/ ‘bad’, fy- /fɨ-/ ‘have’, ba- /ba-/ ‘use’, fa- /fa-/ ‘see’, gka- /kʼa-/ ‘make’, de- /də-/ ‘break’, gke- /kʼə-/ ‘eat’, shy- /ʃɨ-/ ‘drink’, he- /hə-/ ‘wear’, ma- /ma-/ ‘own’, cha’- /t͡ʃa̰-/ ‘contain’, be- /bə-/ ‘hold’, dy- /dɨ-/ ‘lack’, da- /da-/ ‘touch’ and ha- /ha-/ ‘carry’

The Adjective

The adjective in Tang stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Numerals

The numeral in Tang stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

In Tang, the determiner has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -f /-f/ ‘masc’, -k /-k/ ‘fem’ and -gk /-kʼ/ ‘neut’.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Tang stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Tang always includes the personal pronouns, even if they are not stressed. This is similar to English, where the only way to distinguish "he loves her" from "he loves her" and "he loves her" is the stress. So the following corresponds exactly to English in this regard:

initial XML:

<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
  <s>
    <vp tam="gnomic">
      <verb>love</verb>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
      <noun>boy</noun>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
      <noun>girl</noun>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="gnomic">
-      <verb>love</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
-      <noun>boy</noun>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
-      <noun>girl</noun>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
-    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
+      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
+      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
+      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
-  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="b &#x268; p">bɨp</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="t &#x259; n">tən</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="&#x272; &#x259; m">ɲəm</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="b &#x268; p">bɨp</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="t &#x259; n">tən</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="&#x272; &#x259; m">ɲəm</word>
+    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">bɨp</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">tən</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">ɲəm</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bɨp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tən&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;love&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲəm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>bɨp tən də̰m ɲəm</p>
+  <p>byp ten de’m ñem</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>bɨp</o>
+      <g>3.sing.masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tən</o>
+      <g>love</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲəm</o>
+      <g>3.sing.fem</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 2.

Byp ten de’m ñem.

[bɨp tən də̰m ɲəm]

bɨp
3.sing.masc tən
love də̰m
ACC ɲəm
3.sing.fem

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

(2)

Proper Nouns

initial XML:

<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="gnomic">
      <verb>hate</verb>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
      <noun>NN1</noun>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
      <noun>NN2</noun>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="gnomic">
-      <verb>hate</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
-      <noun>NN1</noun>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
-      <noun>NN2</noun>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
-    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
    </np>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
-  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

-<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
+<example id="loveprop" translation="Chachany hates Pachas.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="Chachany" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc" propernoun="yes" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x259; t&#x361;&#x283; &#x259; &#x272;">t͡ʃət͡ʃəɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="k&#x2BC; a n a s">kʼanas</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="Pachas" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" propernoun="yes" ph="p &#x259; t&#x361;&#x283; &#x259; s">pət͡ʃəs</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="loveprop" translation="Chachany hates Pachas.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="Chachany" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc" propernoun="yes" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x259; t&#x361;&#x283; &#x259; &#x272;">t͡ʃət͡ʃəɲ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="k&#x2BC; a n a s">kʼanas</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="Pachas" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" propernoun="yes" ph="p &#x259; t&#x361;&#x283; &#x259; s">pət͡ʃəs</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="Chachany" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc" propernoun="yes">t͡ʃət͡ʃəɲ</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">kʼanas</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="Pachas" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" propernoun="yes">pət͡ʃəs</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃət͡ʃəɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;Chachany&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʼanas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;hate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;pət͡ʃəs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;Pachas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>t͡ʃət͡ʃəɲ kʼanas də̰m pət͡ʃəs</p>
+  <p>Checheñ gkanas de’m Peches</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃət͡ʃəɲ</o>
+      <g>Chachany</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʼanas</o>
+      <g>hate</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>pət͡ʃəs</o>
+      <g>Pachas</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 3.

Checheñ gkanas de’m Peches.

[t͡ʃət͡ʃəɲ kʼanas də̰m pət͡ʃəs]

t͡ʃət͡ʃəɲ
Chachany kʼanas
hate də̰m
ACC pət͡ʃəs
Pachas

“Chachany hates Pachas.”

(3)

Possession

initial XML:

<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
  <np type="owner_owned">
    <np number="sing" def="def">
      <noun>boy</noun>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def">
      <noun>apple</noun>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
  <np type="owner_owned">
-    <np number="sing" def="def">
-      <noun>boy</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def">
-      <noun>apple</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

No change.

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
-  <np type="owner_owned">
+  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module markowner:

<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module addgender:

<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
-  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
-  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

No change.

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
-  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
  <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</example>

movedowntoword:

<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
  <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM"/>
  </np>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="&#x261; ai f">ɡaif</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM" ph="k &#x259; p a &#x14B;">kəpaŋ</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="&#x261; ai f">ɡaif</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM" ph="k &#x259; p a &#x14B;">kəpaŋ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">ɡaif</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM">kəpaŋ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡaif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;boy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kəpaŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;apple&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ɡaif kəpaŋ</p>
+  <p>gaif kepang</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡaif</o>
+      <g>boy</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kəpaŋ</o>
+      <g>apple</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 4.

gaif kepang

[ɡaif kəpaŋ]

ɡaif
boy kəpaŋ
apple

“the boy’s apple”

(4)

initial XML:

<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
  <np type="owner_owned">
    <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron">
      <noun>boy</noun>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def">
      <noun>apple</noun>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
  <np type="owner_owned">
-    <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron">
-      <noun>boy</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def">
-      <noun>apple</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

No change.

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
-  <np type="owner_owned">
+  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
    <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module markowner:

<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
-    <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module addgender:

<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
-  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
-    <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
-  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
-    <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
+      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

No change.

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
-  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
  <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</example>

movedowntoword:

<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
  <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
-    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
+    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM"/>
  </np>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="b &#x268; p">bɨp</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM" ph="k &#x259; p a &#x14B;">kəpaŋ</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="b &#x268; p">bɨp</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM" ph="k &#x259; p a &#x14B;">kəpaŋ</word>
+    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">bɨp</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM">kəpaŋ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bɨp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.masc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kəpaŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;apple&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>bɨp kəpaŋ</p>
+  <p>byp kepang</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>bɨp</o>
+      <g>3.sing.masc</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kəpaŋ</o>
+      <g>apple</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 5.

byp kepang

[bɨp kəpaŋ]

bɨp
3.sing.masc kəpaŋ
apple

“his (the boy’s) apple”

(5)

initial XML:

<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
  <np type="owner_owned">
    <np number="sing" def="neither">
      <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def">
      <noun>apple</noun>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
  <np type="owner_owned">
-    <np number="sing" def="neither">
-      <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def">
-      <noun>apple</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

No change.

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
-  <np type="owner_owned">
+  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module markowner:

<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module addgender:

<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
-  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
+  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc">
    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
-  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

copyuptophrase:

<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
-  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="masc" number="sing">
  <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl">
    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</example>

movedowntoword:

<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
  <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl">
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM"/>
  </np>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-  <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl">
    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="d au n">daun</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM" ph="k &#x259; p a &#x14B;">kəpaŋ</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="d au n">daun</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM" ph="k &#x259; p a &#x14B;">kəpaŋ</word>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">daun</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="NOM">kəpaŋ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;daun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1excl.sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kəpaŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;apple&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>daun kəpaŋ</p>
+  <p>daun kepang</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>daun</o>
+      <g>1excl.sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kəpaŋ</o>
+      <g>apple</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 6.

daun kepang

[daun kəpaŋ]

daun
1excl.sing kəpaŋ
apple

“my apple”

(6)

initial XML:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="past-punct">
      <verb>kiss</verb>
    </vp>
    <np role="subj">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np number="sing" def="def">
          <noun>hunter</noun>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def">
          <noun>daughter</noun>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np type="owner_owned">
          <np number="sing" def="neither">
            <pron person="2" number="sing"/>
          </np>
          <np number="sing" def="def">
            <noun>neighbour</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def">
          <noun>son</noun>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="past-punct">
-      <verb>kiss</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="subj">
      <np type="owner_owned">
-        <np number="sing" def="def">
-          <noun>hunter</noun>
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="def">
-          <noun>daughter</noun>
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <np type="owner_owned">
-        <np type="owner_owned">
-          <np number="sing" def="neither">
-            <pron person="2" number="sing"/>
+        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+          <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np number="sing" def="def">
-            <noun>neighbour</noun>
+          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
          </np>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="def">
-          <noun>son</noun>
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="subj">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
          <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
-    </vp>
    <np role="subj">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+    </vp>
    <np role="obj">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
          <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <s>
-    <np role="subj">
+    <np role="subj" case="NOM">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="obj">
+    <np role="obj" case="ACC">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
          <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <s>
    <np role="subj" case="NOM">
      <np type="owner_owned">
-        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" case="ACC">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
-          <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module addgender:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <s>
    <np role="subj" case="NOM">
-      <np type="owner_owned">
-        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+      <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" case="ACC">
-      <np type="owner_owned">
-        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+      <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
+        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
          <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
-          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
+          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
          </np>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <s>
-    <np role="subj" case="NOM">
-      <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
+    <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="obj" case="ACC">
-      <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
-        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
+    <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
+        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
          </np>
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <s>
    <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
      <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
      <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-            <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+            <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
          </np>
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

copyuptophrase:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <s>
-    <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
+    <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing" gender="fem">
      <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
+    <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" gender="fem">
      <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
-          <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+          <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
            <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
          </np>
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <s>
    <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing" gender="fem">
-      <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
+      <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" case="NOM">
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
+          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="NOM">
+          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" gender="fem">
-      <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
-        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
+      <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing" case="ACC">
+        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ACC">
          <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
            <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
          </np>
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
+            <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
          </np>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ACC">
+          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <s>
-    <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" case="NOM">
+    <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" case="NOM" role="subj">
      <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="NOM">
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-      <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing" case="ACC">
+    <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing" case="ACC" role="obj">
      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ACC">
        <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ACC">
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </s>
</example>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <s>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" case="NOM" role="subj">
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="NOM">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing" case="ACC" role="obj">
-      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ACC">
    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
      <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
    </np>
-      </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ACC">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </s>
</example>

movedowntoword:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <s>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="NOM">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="NOM"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
-      <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
+      <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ACC">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ACC"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
-  <s>
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
-    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="NOM">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
-    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ACC">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ACC"/>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ACC"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="&#x283; a &#x283; &#x259;&#x330;">ʃaʃə̰</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="NOM" ph="b a n">ban</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="n &#x259;&#x330; h a&#x330; h">nə̰ha̰h</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; au &#x272;">t͡ʃauɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="&#x272; a n &#x259; &#x283;">ɲanəʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ACC" ph="&#x272; &#x268; p">ɲɨp</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="&#x283; a &#x283; &#x259;&#x330;">ʃaʃə̰</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="NOM" ph="b a n">ban</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="n &#x259;&#x330; h a&#x330; h">nə̰ha̰h</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; au &#x272;">t͡ʃauɲ</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="&#x272; a n &#x259; &#x283;">ɲanəʃ</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ACC" ph="&#x272; &#x268; p">ɲɨp</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">ʃaʃə̰</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="NOM">ban</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">nə̰ha̰h</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">t͡ʃauɲ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">ɲanəʃ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ACC">ɲɨp</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃaʃə̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;hunter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ban&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;daughter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nə̰ha̰h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;kiss&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃauɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;2.sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲanəʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;neighbour&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲɨp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;son&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ʃaʃə̰ ban sam nə̰ha̰h də̰m t͡ʃauɲ ɲanəʃ ɲɨp</p>
+  <p>shashe’ ban sam ne’ha’h de’m chauñ ñanesh ñyp</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃaʃə̰</o>
+      <g>hunter</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ban</o>
+      <g>daughter</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nə̰ha̰h</o>
+      <g>kiss</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃauɲ</o>
+      <g>2.sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲanəʃ</o>
+      <g>neighbour</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲɨp</o>
+      <g>son</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 7.

Shashe’ ban sam ne’ha’h de’m chauñ ñanesh ñyp.

[ʃaʃə̰ ban sam nə̰ha̰h də̰m t͡ʃauɲ ɲanəʃ ɲɨp]

ʃaʃə̰
hunter ban
daughter sam
PAST nə̰ha̰h
kiss də̰m
ACC t͡ʃauɲ
2.sing ɲanəʃ
neighbour ɲɨp
son

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

(7)

Derivation

initial XML:

<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
  <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
    <noun>lamb</noun>
  </np>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
-  <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
-    <noun>lamb</noun>
+  <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
  </np>
</example>

module articles:

<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
-  <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
  </np>
</example>

module nonpastonly:

No change.

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
-  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
  </np>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
-  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
+  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
  </np>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

No change.

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
  </np>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
  </np>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
-  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="m a m a m">mamam</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="m a m a m">mamam</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">mamam</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mamam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;lamb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>mamam</p>
+  <p>mamam</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>mamam</o>
+      <g>lamb</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 8.

mamam

[mamam]

mamam
lamb

“a lamb”

(8)

initial XML:

<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
  <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
    <noun>lamb</noun>
    <adj>little</adj>
  </np>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
-  <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
-    <noun>lamb</noun>
-    <adj>little</adj>
+  <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
+    <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
  </np>
</example>

module articles:

<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
-  <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
    <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
    <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
  </np>
</example>

module nonpastonly:

No change.

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

submodule transform_adj

<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
      <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
      <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
    </word>
  </np>
</example>

module affixdensity:

<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
-    <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
+    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
+      <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+      <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
+    </word>
  </np>
</example>

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
-  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
      <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
      <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
    </word>
  </np>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
-  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
+  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
      <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
      <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
    </word>
  </np>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

No change.

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
      <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
      <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
    </word>
  </np>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
+    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
      <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
    </word>
  </np>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
-  <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
-    </word>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
-    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph="k &#x259;&#x330;">kə̰</thingy>
+    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="m a m a m">mamam</word>
+    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph="k &#x259;&#x330;">kə̰</thingy>
-    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="m a m a m">mamam</word>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj">kə̰</thingy>
+    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">mamam</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kə̰-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;little&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mamam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;lamb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>kə̰mamam</p>
+  <p>ke’mamam</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>kə̰-</o>
+      <g>little</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mamam</o>
+      <g>lamb</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 9.

ke’mamam

[kə̰mamam]

kə̰-
little mamam
lamb

“a little lamb”

(9)

initial XML:

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="past-punct">
      <verb>have</verb>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
      <noun>girl</noun>
    </np>
    <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
      <noun>lamb</noun>
      <adj>little</adj>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="past-punct">
-      <verb>have</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
-      <noun>girl</noun>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
-      <noun>lamb</noun>
-      <adj>little</adj>
+    <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
+      <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
-    <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module nonpastonly:

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
      <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

submodule transform_adj

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
      </word>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

submodule transform_verb_obj

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
+        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
+        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
+      </word>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
-      <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
-    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <s>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
-    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
+      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
+      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
-  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
    <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
-      </word>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
-    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
-    <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="&#x272; &#x259; m">ɲəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph="f &#x268;">fɨ</thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph="k &#x259;&#x330;">kə̰</thingy>
+    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="m a m a m">mamam</word>
+    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="&#x272; &#x259; m">ɲəm</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph="f &#x268;">fɨ</thingy>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph="k &#x259;&#x330;">kə̰</thingy>
-    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="m a m a m">mamam</word>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">ɲəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb">fɨ</thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj">kə̰</thingy>
+    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">mamam</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲəm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fɨ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kə̰-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;little&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mamam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;lamb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ɲəm sam fɨkə̰mamam</p>
+  <p>ñem sam fyke’mamam</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲəm</o>
+      <g>3.sing.fem</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fɨ-</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kə̰-</o>
+      <g>little</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mamam</o>
+      <g>lamb</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 10.

Ñem sam fyke’mamam.

[ɲəm sam fɨkə̰mamam]

ɲəm
3.sing.fem sam
PAST fɨ-
have kə̰-
little mamam
lamb

“She had a little lamb.”

(10)

initial XML:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="past-punct">
      <verb>want</verb>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
      <noun>girl</noun>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="past-punct">
          <verb>have</verb>
        </vp>
        <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
          <noun>lamb</noun>
          <adj>little</adj>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="past-punct">
-      <verb>want</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
-      <noun>girl</noun>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
-        <vp tam="past-punct">
-          <verb>have</verb>
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
        </vp>
-        <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
-          <noun>lamb</noun>
-          <adj>little</adj>
+        <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
+          <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
        </vp>
-        <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module nonpastonly:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

submodule transform_adj

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
          <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
          </word>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

submodule transform_verb_obj

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
            <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
            <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
          </word>
        </vp>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

submodule transform_verb_verb

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2081;" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2082;" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
+      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+        <thingy gloss="want&#x2081;" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
+        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
+        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
+        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
+        <thingy gloss="want&#x2082;" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
+      </word>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
-    <np role="obj">
-      <subs>
-        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
-        </vp>
-        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
-          <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
-        </np>
-      </subs>
-    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2081;" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2082;" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
-    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2081;" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2082;" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2081;" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2082;" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
+      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2081;" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2082;" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2081;" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2082;" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2081;" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2082;" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
+      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2081;" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
        <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
        <thingy gloss="want&#x2082;" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
      </word>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
-  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="fem">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy gloss="want&#x2081;" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
    <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
    <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
    <thingy gloss="want&#x2082;" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
-      </word>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy gloss="want&#x2081;" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
-    <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
-    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
-    <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
-    <thingy gloss="want&#x2082;" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="&#x272; &#x259; m">ɲəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="want&#x2081;" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph="m &#x268;">mɨ</thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph="f &#x268;">fɨ</thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph="k &#x259;&#x330;">kə̰</thingy>
+    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="m a m a m">mamam</word>
+    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="want&#x2082;" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="&#x272; &#x259; m">ɲəm</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy gloss="want&#x2081;" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph="m &#x268;">mɨ</thingy>
-    <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph="f &#x268;">fɨ</thingy>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph="k &#x259;&#x330;">kə̰</thingy>
-    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="m a m a m">mamam</word>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy gloss="have&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy gloss="want&#x2082;" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">ɲəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="want&#x2081;" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb">mɨ</thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="have&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb">fɨ</thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj">kə̰</thingy>
+    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">mamam</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲəm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mɨ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;want&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fɨ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kə̰-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;little&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mamam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;lamb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ɲəm sam mɨfɨkə̰mamam</p>
+  <p>ñem sam myfyke’mamam</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲəm</o>
+      <g>3.sing.fem</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mɨ-</o>
+      <g>want</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fɨ-</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kə̰-</o>
+      <g>little</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mamam</o>
+      <g>lamb</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 11.

Ñem sam myfyke’mamam.

[ɲəm sam mɨfɨkə̰mamam]

ɲəm
3.sing.fem sam
PAST mɨ-
want fɨ-
have kə̰-
little mamam
lamb

“She wanted to have a little lamb.”

(11)

initial XML:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="past-punct">
      <verb>want</verb>
      <adv>often</adv>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
      <noun>girl</noun>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="past-punct">
          <verb>have</verb>
        </vp>
        <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj">
          <noun>lamb</noun>
          <adj>little</adj>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="past-punct">
-      <verb>want</verb>
-      <adv>often</adv>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
+      <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
-      <noun>girl</noun>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
-        <vp tam="past-punct">
-          <verb>have</verb>
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
        </vp>
-        <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj">
-          <noun>lamb</noun>
-          <adj>little</adj>
+        <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
+          <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
      <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
        </vp>
-        <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
+        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module nonpastonly:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
      <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
      <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
          <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

submodule transform_adj

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
      <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
          <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
          </word>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

tva1
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
      <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
-          <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
+          <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
+            <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+            <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
+          </word>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
      <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
-    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
-        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
-        </vp>
        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
          <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
          </word>
        </np>
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+        </vp>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
      <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj">
      <subs>
-        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
+        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
          <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
          </word>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
        </vp>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
      <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="obj">
+    <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <subs>
-        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
          </word>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
        </vp>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
+      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
      <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <subs>
        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
          </word>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
        </vp>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
      <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <subs>
        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
          </word>
        </np>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
        </vp>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
      <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <subs>
        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
          <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
          </word>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
+          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
-      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
+      <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
-      <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
+      <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <subs>
        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-          <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
+          <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
            <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
          </word>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-          <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+          <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
-        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" gender="fem" number="sing"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
-  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
+  <flat>
    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
    <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="sing">
-      <subs>
-        <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-          <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
-          </word>
-        </np>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-        </vp>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" gender="fem" number="sing"/>
-      </subs>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
-    <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
-    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" gender="fem" number="sing"/>
+    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" ph="&#x272; &#x259; m">ɲəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="f ai b">faib</word>
+    <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="s a &#x14B;">saŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph="k &#x259;&#x330;">kə̰</thingy>
+    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="m a m a m">mamam</word>
+    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="t &#x268; n">tɨn</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" gender="fem" number="sing" ph="d a s+t a &#x283;">dastaʃ</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
  <flat>
-    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" ph="&#x272; &#x259; m">ɲəm</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="f ai b">faib</word>
-    <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="s a &#x14B;">saŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph="k &#x259;&#x330;">kə̰</thingy>
-    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="m a m a m">mamam</word>
-    <thingy gloss="little&#x2082;" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="t &#x268; n">tɨn</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" gender="fem" number="sing" ph="d a s+t a &#x283;">dastaʃ</word>
+    <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">ɲəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">faib</word>
+    <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">saŋ</word>
+    <thingy gloss="little&#x2081;" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj">kə̰</thingy>
+    <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">mamam</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">tɨn</word>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" gender="fem" number="sing">dastaʃ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲəm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;3.sing.fem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;faib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;want&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;saŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;often&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kə̰-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;little&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mamam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;lamb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tɨn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dastaʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ɲəm sam faib saŋ kə̰mamam sam tɨn dastaʃ</p>
+  <p>ñem sam faib sang ke’mamam sam tyn dastash</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲəm</o>
+      <g>3.sing.fem</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>faib</o>
+      <g>want</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>saŋ</o>
+      <g>often</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kə̰-</o>
+      <g>little</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>mamam</o>
+      <g>lamb</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tɨn</o>
+      <g>have</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dastaʃ</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 12.

Ñem sam faib sang ke’mamam sam tyn dastash.

[ɲəm sam faib saŋ kə̰mamam sam tɨn dastaʃ]

ɲəm
3.sing.fem sam
PAST faib
want saŋ
often kə̰-
little mamam
lamb sam
PAST tɨn
have dastaʃ
COMP

“She often wanted to have a little lamb.”

(12)

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

The verbal phrase clitics in Tang fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing negation, comprising pang /paŋ/ ‘NEG’; second, a clitic expressing voice, comprising ñysh /ɲɨʃ/ ‘passive’; third, a clitic expressing mode, comprising se’h /sə̰h/ ‘imperative’, cha’ng /t͡ʃa̰ŋ/ ‘conditional’ and den /dən/ ‘optative’; fourth, a clitic expressing ta, comprising sam /sam/ ‘PAST’; and finally, fifth, a clitic expressing question, comprising gkem /kʼəm/ ‘Q’.

The verb itself does not have any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: 12 prefixes, namely ña- /ɲa-/ ‘begin’, pe- /pə-/ ‘stop’, na- /na-/ ‘continue’, cha- /t͡ʃa-/ ‘try’, sha- /ʃa-/ ‘start’, my- /mɨ-/ ‘want’, ne- /nə-/ ‘can’, che- /t͡ʃə-/ ‘finish’, da’- /da̰-/ ‘need’, ñe- /ɲə-/ ‘decide’, pa- /pa-/ ‘fail’ and ta- /ta-/ ‘hope’

initial XML:

<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="gnomic">
      <verb>love</verb>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
      <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
      <pron person="2" number="sing"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="gnomic">
-      <verb>love</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
-      <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
-      <pron person="2" number="sing"/>
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
+      <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
      <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
-    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
      <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
      <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

No change.

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
-      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
-      <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+      <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

copyuptophrase:

<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
      <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
      <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-      <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
+      <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
-  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d au n">daun</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="t &#x259; n">tən</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; au &#x272;">t͡ʃauɲ</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d au n">daun</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="t &#x259; n">tən</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; au &#x272;">t͡ʃauɲ</word>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">daun</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">tən</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">t͡ʃauɲ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;daun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1excl.sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tən&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;love&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃauɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;2.sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>daun tən də̰m t͡ʃauɲ</p>
+  <p>daun ten de’m chauñ</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>daun</o>
+      <g>1excl.sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tən</o>
+      <g>love</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃauɲ</o>
+      <g>2.sing</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 13.

Daun ten de’m chauñ.

[daun tən də̰m t͡ʃauɲ]

daun
1excl.sing tən
love də̰m
ACC t͡ʃauɲ
2.sing

“I love you.”

(13)

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

initial XML:

<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
  <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
    <np def="def" number="sing">
      <noun>table</noun>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
  <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
-    <np def="def" number="sing">
-      <noun>table</noun>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

No change.

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
  <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
  <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

No change.

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
  <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
  <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
-  <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="m a b">mab</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="b &#x268; k&#x2BC;">bɨkʼ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="&#x272; a &#x283;">ɲaʃ</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="m a b">mab</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="b &#x268; k&#x2BC;">bɨkʼ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="&#x272; a &#x283;">ɲaʃ</word>
+    <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">mab</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC">bɨkʼ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">ɲaʃ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mab&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;in_surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bɨkʼ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;LOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲaʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;table&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>mab bɨkʼ ɲaʃ</p>
+  <p>mab bygk ñash</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>mab</o>
+      <g>in_surface</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bɨkʼ</o>
+      <g>LOC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲaʃ</o>
+      <g>table</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 14.

mab bygk ñash

[mab bɨkʼ ɲaʃ]

mab
in_surface bɨkʼ
LOC ɲaʃ
table

“on the table”

(14)

initial XML:

<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
  <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
    <np def="def" number="sing">
      <noun>box</noun>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
  <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
-    <np def="def" number="sing">
-      <noun>box</noun>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

No change.

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
  <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
-    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+    <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
  <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
    <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

No change.

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
  <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
    <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
  <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
-    <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
-  <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/>
+    <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="m &#x259;&#x330; n">mə̰n</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="b &#x268; k&#x2BC;">bɨkʼ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="s &#x268; t&#x361;&#x283; au t&#x361;&#x283;">sɨt͡ʃaut͡ʃ</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="m &#x259;&#x330; n">mə̰n</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="b &#x268; k&#x2BC;">bɨkʼ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="s &#x268; t&#x361;&#x283; au t&#x361;&#x283;">sɨt͡ʃaut͡ʃ</word>
+    <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">mə̰n</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC">bɨkʼ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">sɨt͡ʃaut͡ʃ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;mə̰n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;to_inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bɨkʼ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;LOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sɨt͡ʃaut͡ʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;box&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>mə̰n bɨkʼ sɨt͡ʃaut͡ʃ</p>
+  <p>me’n bygk sychauch</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>mə̰n</o>
+      <g>to_inside</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bɨkʼ</o>
+      <g>LOC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sɨt͡ʃaut͡ʃ</o>
+      <g>box</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 15.

me’n bygk sychauch

[mə̰n bɨkʼ sɨt͡ʃaut͡ʃ]

mə̰n
to_inside bɨkʼ
LOC sɨt͡ʃaut͡ʃ
box

“into the box”

(15)

initial XML:

<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
  <pp role="comitative">
    <np number="sing" def="neither">
      <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
  <pp role="comitative">
-    <np number="sing" def="neither">
-      <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number">
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

No change.

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
  <pp role="comitative">
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number">
+    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

No change.

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

No change.

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
  <pp role="comitative">
    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC">
-      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

copyuptophrase:

<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
  <pp role="comitative">
    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC">
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" person="1excl">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
  <pp role="comitative">
    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" person="1excl">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
  <pp role="comitative">
-    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
+    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" person="1excl">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"/>
    </np>
  </pp>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
-  <pp role="comitative">
+  <flat>
    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" person="1excl">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"/>
-    </np>
-  </pp>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"/>
+    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="f &#x268; s &#x259;&#x330; h">fɨsə̰h</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="b &#x268; k&#x2BC;">bɨkʼ</thingy>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="d au n">daun</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
  <flat>
-    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="f &#x268; s &#x259;&#x330; h">fɨsə̰h</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="b &#x268; k&#x2BC;">bɨkʼ</thingy>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="d au n">daun</word>
+    <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative">fɨsə̰h</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC">bɨkʼ</thingy>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC">daun</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fɨsə̰h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMIT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bɨkʼ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;LOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;daun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1excl.sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>fɨsə̰h bɨkʼ daun</p>
+  <p>fyse’h bygk daun</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>fɨsə̰h</o>
+      <g>COMIT</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bɨkʼ</o>
+      <g>LOC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>daun</o>
+      <g>1excl.sing</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 16.

fyse’h bygk daun

[fɨsə̰h bɨkʼ daun]

fɨsə̰h
COMIT bɨkʼ
LOC daun
1excl.sing

“with me”

(16)

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Tang employs Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) as its basic word order. The subject is followed by the verb, with the object occurring in post-verbal position. This ordering is widely attested across the world’s languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Tang.

initial XML:

<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="past-punct">
      <verb>kill</verb>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
      <noun>jaguar</noun>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj">
      <noun>hunter</noun>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="past-punct">
-      <verb>kill</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
-      <noun>jaguar</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj">
-      <noun>hunter</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
-    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
    </np>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.masc">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.masc">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.masc">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
-  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.masc">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc"/>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc"/>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="s &#x259; n &#x259;&#x330; m">sənə̰m</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="&#x14B; ai b">ŋaib</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc" ph="&#x283; a &#x283; &#x259;&#x330;">ʃaʃə̰</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="s &#x259; n &#x259;&#x330; m">sənə̰m</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="&#x14B; ai b">ŋaib</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc" ph="&#x283; a &#x283; &#x259;&#x330;">ʃaʃə̰</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">sənə̰m</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.masc">ŋaib</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc">ʃaʃə̰</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sənə̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;jaguar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋaib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;kill&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃaʃə̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;hunter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>sənə̰m sam ŋaib də̰m ʃaʃə̰</p>
+  <p>sene’m sam ngaib de’m shashe’</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>sənə̰m</o>
+      <g>jaguar</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋaib</o>
+      <g>kill</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃaʃə̰</o>
+      <g>hunter</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 17.

Sene’m sam ngaib de’m shashe’.

[sənə̰m sam ŋaib də̰m ʃaʃə̰]

sənə̰m
jaguar sam
PAST ŋaib
kill də̰m
ACC ʃaʃə̰
hunter

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

(17)

initial XML:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="past-punct">
      <verb>eat</verb>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
      <noun>lion</noun>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np type="owner_owned">
          <np number="sing" def="def">
            <noun>hunter</noun>
          </np>
          <np number="sing" def="def">
            <noun>daughter</noun>
          </np>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def">
          <noun>dog</noun>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="past-punct">
-      <verb>eat</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
-      <noun>lion</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <np type="owner_owned">
-        <np type="owner_owned">
-          <np number="sing" def="def">
-            <noun>hunter</noun>
+        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
          </np>
-          <np number="sing" def="def">
-            <noun>daughter</noun>
+          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
          </np>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="def">
-          <noun>dog</noun>
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
          </np>
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
-    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
    </np>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+    </vp>
    <np role="obj">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
          </np>
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="obj">
+    <np role="obj" case="ACC">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
          </np>
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" case="ACC">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
-          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
          </np>
-          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module addgender:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" case="ACC">
-      <np type="owner_owned">
-        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
-          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut">
+        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
+          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
          </np>
-          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
+          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
          </np>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="obj" case="ACC">
-      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut">
-        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
+    <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
+        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
          </np>
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
+    <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" gender="fem">
      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
          </np>
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
          </np>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" gender="fem">
-      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing">
-        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
+      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ACC">
+        <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ACC">
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
+            <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
          </np>
          <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
+            <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
          </np>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ACC">
+          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
        </np>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-      <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ACC">
+    <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ACC" role="obj">
      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ACC">
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ACC">
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </s>
</example>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ACC" role="obj">
-      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ACC">
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
    </np>
-      </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ACC">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </s>
</example>

movedowntoword:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ACC">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ACC"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
-  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
-    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
-    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ACC">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ACC"/>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ACC"/>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="s &#x259; b &#x268; &#x14B;">səbɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="s au s">saus</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="&#x283; a &#x283; &#x259;&#x330;">ʃaʃə̰</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="b a n">ban</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ACC" ph="k&#x2BC; a m">kʼam</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="s &#x259; b &#x268; &#x14B;">səbɨŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="s au s">saus</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="&#x283; a &#x283; &#x259;&#x330;">ʃaʃə̰</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="b a n">ban</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ACC" ph="k&#x2BC; a m">kʼam</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">səbɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">saus</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">ʃaʃə̰</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">ban</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ACC">kʼam</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;səbɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;lion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;saus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;eat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃaʃə̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;hunter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ban&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;daughter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʼam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;dog&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>səbɨŋ sam saus də̰m ʃaʃə̰ ban kʼam</p>
+  <p>sebyng sam saus de’m shashe’ ban gkam</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>səbɨŋ</o>
+      <g>lion</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>saus</o>
+      <g>eat</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃaʃə̰</o>
+      <g>hunter</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ban</o>
+      <g>daughter</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʼam</o>
+      <g>dog</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 18.

Sebyng sam saus de’m shashe’ ban gkam.

[səbɨŋ sam saus də̰m ʃaʃə̰ ban kʼam]

səbɨŋ
lion sam
PAST saus
eat də̰m
ACC ʃaʃə̰
hunter ban
daughter kʼam
dog

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

(18)

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Tang reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Tang expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.

initial XML:

<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
  <np type="owner_owned">
    <np type="owner_owned">
      <np type="owner_owned">
        <np number="sing" def="neither">
          <pron person="2" number="sing"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def">
          <noun>son</noun>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def">
        <noun>friend</noun>
      </np>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def">
      <noun>book</noun>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
  <np type="owner_owned">
-    <np type="owner_owned">
-      <np type="owner_owned">
-        <np number="sing" def="neither">
-          <pron person="2" number="sing"/>
+    <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+        <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="def">
-          <noun>son</noun>
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" def="def">
-        <noun>friend</noun>
+      <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def">
-      <noun>book</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

No change.

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

No change.

module casemarking:

<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
-  <np type="owner_owned">
+  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
    <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
        <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module markowner:

<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
    <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
-        <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+        <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+      <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module addgender:

<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
-  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
-    <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
-      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+    <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
+      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc">
        <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
-      <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
+      <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
-  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="neut">
-    <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
-      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc">
+  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
+    <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
+      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing">
        <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
    <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing">
        <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
-          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

copyuptophrase:

<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
    <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing">
-        <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+        <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
      </np>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
-    <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
-      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing">
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
+    <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="NOM">
+      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing" case="NOM">
        <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
+          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
        </np>
      </np>
      <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
+        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
      </np>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="NOM">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
    </np>
  </np>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
-  <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="neut" number="sing">
  <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="NOM">
-      <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing" case="NOM">
  <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
  </np>
-      </np>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
  </np>
-    </np>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="NOM">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
  </np>
-  </np>
</example>

movedowntoword:

<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
  <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
  <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
-    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
+    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
  </np>
  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="NOM">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="NOM"/>
  </np>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-  <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
-  </np>
-  <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="NOM">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="NOM"/>
-  </np>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="NOM"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; au &#x272;">t͡ʃauɲ</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="&#x272; &#x268; p">ɲɨp</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="p &#x259; &#x261;">pəɡ</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="NOM" ph="b &#x268; k">bɨk</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; au &#x272;">t͡ʃauɲ</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="&#x272; &#x268; p">ɲɨp</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="p &#x259; &#x261;">pəɡ</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="NOM" ph="b &#x268; k">bɨk</word>
+    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">t͡ʃauɲ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">ɲɨp</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">pəɡ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="NOM">bɨk</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃauɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;2.sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɲɨp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;son&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;pəɡ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;friend&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;bɨk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;book&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>t͡ʃauɲ ɲɨp pəɡ bɨk</p>
+  <p>chauñ ñyp peg byk</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃauɲ</o>
+      <g>2.sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɲɨp</o>
+      <g>son</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>pəɡ</o>
+      <g>friend</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>bɨk</o>
+      <g>book</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 19.

chauñ ñyp peg byk

[t͡ʃauɲ ɲɨp pəɡ bɨk]

t͡ʃauɲ
2.sing ɲɨp
son pəɡ
friend bɨk
book

“your son’s friend’s book”

(19)

Case Marking

Tang uses nominative–accusative case marking. The subject of an intransitive verb and the subject of a transitive verb are treated alike and take the nominative case, while the object of a transitive verb is marked with the accusative case. This is the familiar pattern from many European languages: the grammar groups together the participants that function as subjects and marks the participant affected by a transitive action separately.

initial XML:

<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="pres-state">
      <verb>sleep</verb>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
      <noun>cat</noun>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="pres-state">
-      <verb>sleep</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
-      <noun>cat</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
-    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
-  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="k &#x259; &#x261;">kəɡ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="k &#x259; &#x261;">kəɡ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">kəɡ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kəɡ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;sleep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>t͡ʃɨŋ kəɡ</p>
+  <p>chyng keg</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃɨŋ</o>
+      <g>cat</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kəɡ</o>
+      <g>sleep</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 20.

Chyng keg.

[t͡ʃɨŋ kəɡ]

t͡ʃɨŋ
cat kəɡ
sleep

“The cat is sleeping.”

(20)

initial XML:

<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="pres-cont">
      <verb>run</verb>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
      <noun>cat</noun>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="pres-cont">
-      <verb>run</verb>
+    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
-      <noun>cat</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
+    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
-    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
+    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
-    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
    </np>
    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
-  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="t au f">tauf</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="t au f">tauf</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">tauf</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tauf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>t͡ʃɨŋ tauf</p>
+  <p>chyng tauf</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃɨŋ</o>
+      <g>cat</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tauf</o>
+      <g>run</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 21.

Chyng tauf.

[t͡ʃɨŋ tauf]

t͡ʃɨŋ
cat tauf
run

“The cat is running.”

(21)

initial XML:

<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="pres-cont">
      <verb>chase</verb>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
      <noun>cat</noun>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
      <noun>mouse</noun>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="pres-cont">
-      <verb>chase</verb>
+    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
-      <noun>cat</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
-      <noun>mouse</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
+    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
-    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
+    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
-    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
    </np>
    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
-  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="k a &#x261; a b">kaɡab</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" ph="&#x14B; a &#x272; a h">ŋaɲah</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="k a &#x261; a b">kaɡab</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" ph="&#x14B; a &#x272; a h">ŋaɲah</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">kaɡab</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">ŋaɲah</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kaɡab&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;chase&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋaɲah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;mouse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>t͡ʃɨŋ kaɡab də̰m ŋaɲah</p>
+  <p>chyng kagab de’m ngañah</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃɨŋ</o>
+      <g>cat</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kaɡab</o>
+      <g>chase</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋaɲah</o>
+      <g>mouse</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 22.

Chyng kagab de’m ngañah.

[t͡ʃɨŋ kaɡab də̰m ŋaɲah]

t͡ʃɨŋ
cat kaɡab
chase də̰m
ACC ŋaɲah
mouse

“The cat is chasing the mouse.”

(22)

initial XML:

<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="past-punct">
      <verb>catch</verb>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
      <noun>cat</noun>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
      <noun>mouse</noun>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="past-punct">
-      <verb>catch</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
-      <noun>cat</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
-      <noun>mouse</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
-    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
-  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="n a b">nab</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" ph="&#x14B; a &#x272; a h">ŋaɲah</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="n a b">nab</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" ph="&#x14B; a &#x272; a h">ŋaɲah</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="neut">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">nab</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">ŋaɲah</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nab&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;catch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋaɲah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;mouse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>t͡ʃɨŋ sam nab də̰m ŋaɲah</p>
+  <p>chyng sam nab de’m ngañah</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃɨŋ</o>
+      <g>cat</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nab</o>
+      <g>catch</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋaɲah</o>
+      <g>mouse</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 23.

Chyng sam nab de’m ngañah.

[t͡ʃɨŋ sam nab də̰m ŋaɲah]

t͡ʃɨŋ
cat sam
PAST nab
catch də̰m
ACC ŋaɲah
mouse

“The cat caught the mouse.”

(23)

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

initial XML:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="past-punct">
      <verb>kill</verb>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
      <noun>hunter</noun>
    </np>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
      <conjp conj="and">
        <np def="def" number="plur">
          <noun>jaguar</noun>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="plur">
          <noun>tiger</noun>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="plur">
          <noun>lion</noun>
        </np>
      </conjp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="past-punct">
-      <verb>kill</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
-      <noun>hunter</noun>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
      <conjp conj="and">
-        <np def="def" number="plur">
-          <noun>jaguar</noun>
+        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
        </np>
-        <np def="def" number="plur">
-          <noun>tiger</noun>
+        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
        </np>
-        <np def="def" number="plur">
-          <noun>lion</noun>
+        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
        </np>
      </conjp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
      <conjp conj="and">
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
        </np>
      </conjp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
-    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+    </vp>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
      <conjp conj="and">
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
        </np>
      </conjp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
      <conjp conj="and">
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
        </np>
      </conjp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
+    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="neut">
      <conjp conj="and">
-        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
        </np>
-        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
        </np>
-        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
        </np>
      </conjp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="neut">
+    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="neut" number="plur">
      <conjp conj="and">
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
        </np>
      </conjp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="neut" number="plur">
      <conjp conj="and">
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
        </np>
+        <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
        </np>
+        <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
        </np>
      </conjp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

flattenconjp:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="neut" number="plur">
-      <conjp conj="and">
-        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
+      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
      </np>
      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
+      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
      </np>
      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-        <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut">
+      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
      </np>
-      </conjp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.neut">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="neut" number="plur">
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
      </np>
      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
      </np>
      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.neut">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="neut" number="plur">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
+        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
      </np>
      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
+        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
      </np>
      <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
      <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
+        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
      </np>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.neut">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
-    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="neut" number="plur">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
    </np>
-    </np>
  </s>
</example>

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.neut">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.neut"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
-  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.neut">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.neut"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
-    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
-    </np>
    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc" ph="&#x283; a &#x283; &#x259;&#x330;">ʃaʃə̰</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.neut" ph="&#x14B; ai b">ŋaib</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur" ph="f &#x268; h">fɨh</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="s &#x259; n &#x259;&#x330; m">sənə̰m</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="b a&#x330; n">ba̰n</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur" ph="f &#x268; h">fɨh</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="f &#x268; &#x272; ai h">fɨɲaih</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="b a&#x330; n">ba̰n</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur" ph="f &#x268; h">fɨh</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="s &#x259; b &#x268; &#x14B;">səbɨŋ</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc" ph="&#x283; a &#x283; &#x259;&#x330;">ʃaʃə̰</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.neut" ph="&#x14B; ai b">ŋaib</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur" ph="f &#x268; h">fɨh</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="s &#x259; n &#x259;&#x330; m">sənə̰m</word>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="b a&#x330; n">ba̰n</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur" ph="f &#x268; h">fɨh</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="f &#x268; &#x272; ai h">fɨɲaih</word>
-    <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="b a&#x330; n">ba̰n</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur" ph="f &#x268; h">fɨh</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="s &#x259; b &#x268; &#x14B;">səbɨŋ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">ʃaʃə̰</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.neut">ŋaib</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur">fɨh</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">sənə̰m</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ba̰n</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur">fɨh</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">fɨɲaih</word>
+    <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ba̰n</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="plur">fɨh</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="neut" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">səbɨŋ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃaʃə̰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;hunter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋaib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;kill&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fɨh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sənə̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;jaguar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ba̰n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fɨh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fɨɲaih&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;tiger&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ba̰n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;fɨh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;plur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;səbɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;lion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ʃaʃə̰ sam ŋaib də̰m fɨh sənə̰m ba̰n fɨh fɨɲaih ba̰n fɨh səbɨŋ</p>
+  <p>shashe’ sam ngaib de’m fyh sene’m ba’n fyh fyñaih ba’n fyh sebyng</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃaʃə̰</o>
+      <g>hunter</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋaib</o>
+      <g>kill</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fɨh</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sənə̰m</o>
+      <g>jaguar</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ba̰n</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fɨh</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fɨɲaih</o>
+      <g>tiger</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ba̰n</o>
+      <g>and</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>fɨh</o>
+      <g>plur</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>səbɨŋ</o>
+      <g>lion</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 24.

Shashe’ sam ngaib de’m fyh sene’m ba’n fyh fyñaih ba’n fyh sebyng.

[ʃaʃə̰ sam ŋaib də̰m fɨh sənə̰m ba̰n fɨh fɨɲaih ba̰n fɨh səbɨŋ]

ʃaʃə̰
hunter sam
PAST ŋaib
kill də̰m
ACC fɨh
plur sənə̰m
jaguar ba̰n
and fɨh
plur fɨɲaih
tiger ba̰n
and fɨh
plur səbɨŋ
lion

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

(24)

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Tang provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Tang forms relative clauses by placing the relative clause after the noun it modifies. The clause follows the internal word order of ordinary finite clauses. A dedicated relativising marker introduces the clause and identifies the relationship between the head noun and its role inside the relative clause.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

initial XML:

<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="past-punct">
      <verb>pat</verb>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
      <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
      <noun>cat</noun>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="past-punct">
-      <verb>pat</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
-      <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
-      <noun>cat</noun>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
-    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
-      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

copyuptophrase:

<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="neut">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="neut">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="neut">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="neut"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
-  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="neut">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="neut"/>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="neut"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d au n">daun</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="h &#x268; k &#x268; &#x14B;">hɨkɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d au n">daun</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="h &#x268; k &#x268; &#x14B;">hɨkɨŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">daun</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut">hɨkɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="neut">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;daun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1excl.sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hɨkɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;pat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>daun sam hɨkɨŋ də̰m t͡ʃɨŋ</p>
+  <p>daun sam hykyng de’m chyng</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>daun</o>
+      <g>1excl.sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hɨkɨŋ</o>
+      <g>pat</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃɨŋ</o>
+      <g>cat</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 25.

Daun sam hykyng de’m chyng.

[daun sam hɨkɨŋ də̰m t͡ʃɨŋ]

daun
1excl.sing sam
PAST hɨkɨŋ
pat də̰m
ACC t͡ʃɨŋ
cat

“I patted the cat.”

(25)

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

initial XML:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="past-punct">
      <verb>pat</verb>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
      <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="past-punct">
          <verb>catch</verb>
        </vp>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
          <noun>cat</noun>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
          <noun>mouse</noun>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="past-punct">
-      <verb>pat</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
-      <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="past-punct">
-          <verb>catch</verb>
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
-        <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
-          <noun>cat</noun>
+        <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
        </np>
-        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
-          <noun>mouse</noun>
+        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <relp>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
-    <np role="obj">
-      <relp>
+    <np id="parent">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+      </np>
+      <relp comma="after">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
-        <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
-        </np>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
-    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+    </vp>
    <np id="parent">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np id="parent">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
-        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np id="parent">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+    <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
-        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
+        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
-      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

copyuptophrase:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
+        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
+          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
+          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
-    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
+    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="NOM">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="NOM">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
-  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="NOM">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
-      </np>
-      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-        </np>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-        </vp>
-        <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem"/>
-        </np>
-      </relp>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" comma="after"/>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" comma="after"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d au n">daun</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="h &#x268; k &#x268; &#x14B;">hɨkɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="d &#x259; m">dəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="n a b">nab</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" comma="after" ph="&#x14B; a &#x272; a h">ŋaɲah</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d au n">daun</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="h &#x268; k &#x268; &#x14B;">hɨkɨŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="d &#x259; m">dəm</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="n a b">nab</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" comma="after" ph="&#x14B; a &#x272; a h">ŋaɲah</word>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">daun</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">hɨkɨŋ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut">t͡ʃɨŋ,</word>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">dəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.fem">nab</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="fem" comma="after">ŋaɲah</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;daun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1excl.sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hɨkɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;pat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dəm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nab&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;catch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋaɲah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;mouse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>daun sam hɨkɨŋ t͡ʃɨŋ, dəm sam nab də̰m ŋaɲah</p>
+  <p>daun sam hykyng chyng, dem sam nab de’m ngañah</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>daun</o>
+      <g>1excl.sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hɨkɨŋ</o>
+      <g>pat</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃɨŋ</o>
+      <g>cat</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dəm</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nab</o>
+      <g>catch</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋaɲah</o>
+      <g>mouse</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 26.

Daun sam hykyng chyng, dem sam nab de’m ngañah.

[daun sam hɨkɨŋ t͡ʃɨŋ, dəm sam nab də̰m ŋaɲah]

daun
1excl.sing sam
PAST hɨkɨŋ
pat t͡ʃɨŋ
cat dəm
RELPRON sam
PAST nab
catch də̰m
ACC ŋaɲah
mouse

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

(26)

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

initial XML:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="past-punct">
      <verb>pat</verb>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
      <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="past-punct">
          <verb>catch</verb>
        </vp>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
          <noun>cat</noun>
        </np>
        <np role="obj">
          <relp>
            <vp tam="past-punct">
              <verb>eat</verb>
            </vp>
            <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
              <noun>mouse</noun>
            </np>
            <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
              <noun>cheese</noun>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="past-punct">
-      <verb>pat</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
-      <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="past-punct">
-          <verb>catch</verb>
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
-        <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
-          <noun>cat</noun>
+        <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
        </np>
        <np role="obj">
          <relp>
-            <vp tam="past-punct">
-              <verb>eat</verb>
+            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
            </vp>
-            <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
-              <noun>mouse</noun>
+            <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
+              <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
            </np>
-            <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
-              <noun>cheese</noun>
+            <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+              <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <relp>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
        </np>
        <np role="obj">
          <relp>
-            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
            </vp>
            <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
            </np>
            <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
-    <np role="obj">
-      <relp>
+    <np id="parent">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+      </np>
+      <relp comma="after">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
-        <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+        <np id="parent">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
-        <np role="obj">
-          <relp>
+          <relp comma="after">
+            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
            </vp>
-            <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
-              <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
-            </np>
            <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

submodule transform_verb_obj

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <np id="parent">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np id="parent">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
              <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
              </word>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <np id="parent">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np id="parent">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+              <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
+                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
+              </word>
            </vp>
-            <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
-              <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
-            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
-    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+    </vp>
    <np id="parent">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np id="parent">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
              <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
              </word>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np id="parent">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np id="parent">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
-            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
              <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
              </word>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np id="parent">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+    <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
-        <np id="parent">
-          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+        <np id="parent" gender="fem">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
-            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
+            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
              <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
              </word>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
-        <np id="parent" gender="fem">
+        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
              <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
              </word>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
-      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
              <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
              </word>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

copyuptophrase:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
-            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
              <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
              </word>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
+        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
+          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
+            <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
+              <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
+              <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+              <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+              <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+              <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
              <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
              </word>
+              <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
-    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
+    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="NOM">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
-        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
+        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing" case="NOM">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
            <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
              <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
              <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
              <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
              <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
              <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
              <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
              </word>
              <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="NOM">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing" case="NOM">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
            <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
              <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
              <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
              <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
              <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
              <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-              <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+              <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
                <thingy gloss="eat&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
              </word>
              <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
            </vp>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
-  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="NOM">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
-      </np>
-      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-        </np>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-        </vp>
-        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing" case="NOM">
-          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/>
-          </np>
-          <relp comma="after">
-            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"/>
-            </np>
-            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-              <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
+    <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" comma="after"/>
    <thingy gloss="eat&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
-              </word>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-            </vp>
-          </relp>
-        </np>
-      </relp>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
-    <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" comma="after"/>
-    <thingy gloss="eat&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d au n">daun</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="h &#x268; k &#x268; &#x14B;">hɨkɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="d &#x259; m">dəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="n a b">nab</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="&#x14B; a &#x272; a h">ŋaɲah</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem" ph="d &#x259; m">dəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph="k&#x2BC; &#x259;">kʼə</thingy>
+    <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" comma="after" ph="t a &#x14B; &#x268; &#x14B;">taŋɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy gloss="eat&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d au n">daun</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="h &#x268; k &#x268; &#x14B;">hɨkɨŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="d &#x259; m">dəm</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="n a b">nab</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="&#x14B; a &#x272; a h">ŋaɲah</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem" ph="d &#x259; m">dəm</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph="k&#x2BC; &#x259;">kʼə</thingy>
-    <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" comma="after" ph="t a &#x14B; &#x268; &#x14B;">taŋɨŋ</word>
-    <thingy gloss="eat&#x2082;" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">daun</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">hɨkɨŋ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut">t͡ʃɨŋ,</word>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">dəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">nab</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem">ŋaɲah,</word>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">dəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy gloss="eat&#x2081;" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb">kʼə</thingy>
+    <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" comma="after">taŋɨŋ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;daun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1excl.sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hɨkɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;pat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dəm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nab&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;catch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋaɲah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;mouse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dəm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʼə-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;eat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;taŋɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cheese&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>daun sam hɨkɨŋ t͡ʃɨŋ, dəm sam nab ŋaɲah, dəm sam kʼətaŋɨŋ</p>
+  <p>daun sam hykyng chyng, dem sam nab ngañah, dem sam gketangyng</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>daun</o>
+      <g>1excl.sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hɨkɨŋ</o>
+      <g>pat</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃɨŋ</o>
+      <g>cat</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dəm</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nab</o>
+      <g>catch</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋaɲah</o>
+      <g>mouse</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dəm</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʼə-</o>
+      <g>eat</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>taŋɨŋ</o>
+      <g>cheese</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 27.

Daun sam hykyng chyng, dem sam nab ngañah, dem sam gketangyng.

[daun sam hɨkɨŋ t͡ʃɨŋ, dəm sam nab ŋaɲah, dəm sam kʼətaŋɨŋ]

daun
1excl.sing sam
PAST hɨkɨŋ
pat t͡ʃɨŋ
cat dəm
RELPRON sam
PAST nab
catch ŋaɲah
mouse dəm
RELPRON sam
PAST kʼə-
eat taŋɨŋ
cheese

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

(27)

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

initial XML:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="past-punct">
      <verb>pat</verb>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
      <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <relp>
        <vp tam="past-punct">
          <verb>catch</verb>
        </vp>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
          <noun>cat</noun>
        </np>
        <np role="obj">
          <relp>
            <vp tam="past-punct">
              <verb>eat</verb>
            </vp>
            <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
              <noun>mouse</noun>
            </np>
            <np role="obj">
              <relp>
                <vp tam="past-punct">
                  <verb>buy</verb>
                </vp>
                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
                  <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
                </np>
                <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this">
                  <noun>cheese</noun>
                </np>
              </relp>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="past-punct">
-      <verb>pat</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
-      <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <relp>
-        <vp tam="past-punct">
-          <verb>catch</verb>
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
-        <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
-          <noun>cat</noun>
+        <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
        </np>
        <np role="obj">
          <relp>
-            <vp tam="past-punct">
-              <verb>eat</verb>
+            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
            </vp>
-            <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
-              <noun>mouse</noun>
+            <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
+              <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
            </np>
            <np role="obj">
              <relp>
-                <vp tam="past-punct">
-                  <verb>buy</verb>
+                <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+                  <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
                </vp>
-                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
-                  <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
+                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+                  <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
                </np>
-                <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this">
-                  <noun>cheese</noun>
+                <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
+                  <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj">
      <relp>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
        </np>
        <np role="obj">
          <relp>
-            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
            </vp>
            <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
              <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
            </np>
            <np role="obj">
              <relp>
-                <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+                <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
                  <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
                </vp>
                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
                  <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
                </np>
                <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
                  <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
-    <np role="obj">
-      <relp>
+    <np id="parent">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+      </np>
+      <relp comma="after">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
-        <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+        <np id="parent">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
-        <np role="obj">
-          <relp>
+          <relp comma="after">
+            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
            </vp>
-            <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
-              <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+            <np id="parent">
+              <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+                <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
              </np>
-            <np role="obj">
-              <relp>
+              <relp comma="after">
+                <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before">
+                  <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+                </np>
                <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
                  <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
                </vp>
                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
                  <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
                </np>
-                <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
-                  <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
-                </np>
              </relp>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

No change.

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
-    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+    </vp>
    <np id="parent">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np id="parent">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
            </vp>
            <np id="parent">
              <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
              </np>
              <relp comma="after">
                <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before">
                  <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
                </np>
                <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
                  <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
                </vp>
                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
                  <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np id="parent">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np id="parent">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
-            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
            </vp>
            <np id="parent">
              <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
              </np>
              <relp comma="after">
-                <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before">
+                <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC">
                  <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
                </np>
                <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
                  <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
                </vp>
-                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
                  <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np id="parent">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+    <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
+        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
-        <np id="parent">
-          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+        <np id="parent" gender="fem">
+          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
-            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
+            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
            </vp>
-            <np id="parent">
-              <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+            <np id="parent" gender="masc">
+              <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="masc">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
              </np>
              <relp comma="after">
-                <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC">
+                <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" gender="masc">
                  <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
                </np>
                <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
                  <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
                </vp>
-                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
                  <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
-    <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
-        <np id="parent" gender="fem">
+        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
            </vp>
-            <np id="parent" gender="masc">
+            <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing">
              <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="masc">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
              </np>
              <relp comma="after">
                <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" gender="masc">
                  <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
                </np>
                <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
                  <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
                </vp>
                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
                  <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
-      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
            </vp>
            <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing">
              <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="masc">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
              </np>
              <relp comma="after">
                <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" gender="masc">
                  <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
                </np>
                <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
                  <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
                </vp>
                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
-                  <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+                  <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

copyuptophrase:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
    </vp>
    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
        </vp>
        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
-            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
            </vp>
            <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing">
              <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="masc">
                <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
              </np>
              <relp comma="after">
                <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" gender="masc">
                  <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
                </np>
-                <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+                <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="1excl.sing">
                  <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
                </vp>
-                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc" person="1excl">
                  <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
+        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
+          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
+          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
+            <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
+              <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
+              <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+              <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+              <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+              <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+              <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
            </vp>
            <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing">
              <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="masc">
+                <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
                <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
              </np>
              <relp comma="after">
                <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" gender="masc">
+                  <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
                  <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
                </np>
                <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="1excl.sing">
+                  <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+                  <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+                  <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+                  <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
                  <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+                  <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
                </vp>
                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc" person="1excl">
+                  <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
                  <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
-    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
+    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="NOM">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
-        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing">
+        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing" case="NOM">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
            <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
              <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
              <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
              <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
              <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
              <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
              <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
            </vp>
-            <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing">
+            <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing" case="NOM">
              <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="masc">
                <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
                <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
              </np>
              <relp comma="after">
                <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" gender="masc">
                  <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
                  <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
                </np>
                <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="1excl.sing">
                  <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
                  <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
                  <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
                  <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
                  <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
                  <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
                </vp>
                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc" person="1excl">
                  <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
                  <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
  <s>
    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+      <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="NOM">
      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
        <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+        <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
      </np>
      <relp comma="after">
        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+          <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+          <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing" case="NOM">
          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
            <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+            <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/>
          </np>
          <relp comma="after">
            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
              <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+              <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"/>
            </np>
            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
              <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
              <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
              <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
              <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+              <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
              <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
            </vp>
            <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing" case="NOM">
              <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="masc">
                <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-                <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+                <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"/>
              </np>
              <relp comma="after">
                <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" gender="masc">
                  <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-                  <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+                  <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" gender="masc"/>
                </np>
                <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="1excl.sing">
                  <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
                  <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
                  <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
                  <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-                  <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+                  <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="1excl.sing"/>
                  <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
                </vp>
                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc" person="1excl">
                  <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-                  <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+                  <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
                </np>
              </relp>
            </np>
          </relp>
        </np>
      </relp>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
-  <s>
-    <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="NOM">
-      <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
-      </np>
-      <relp comma="after">
-        <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-        </np>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-        </vp>
-        <np id="parent" gender="fem" number="sing" case="NOM">
-          <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/>
-          </np>
-          <relp comma="after">
-            <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"/>
-            </np>
-            <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-            </vp>
-            <np id="parent" gender="masc" number="sing" case="NOM">
-              <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"/>
-              </np>
-              <relp comma="after">
-                <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" gender="masc"/>
-                </np>
-                <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="1excl.sing">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="1excl.sing"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-                </vp>
-                <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc" person="1excl">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-                  <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-                </np>
-              </relp>
-            </np>
-          </relp>
-        </np>
-      </relp>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" comma="after"/>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="1excl.sing"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" comma="after"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d au n">daun</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="h &#x268; k &#x268; &#x14B;">hɨkɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="d &#x259; m">dəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="n a b">nab</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="&#x14B; a &#x272; a h">ŋaɲah</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem" ph="d &#x259; m">dəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="s au s">saus</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" ph="t a &#x14B; &#x268; &#x14B;">taŋɨŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" gender="masc" ph="d &#x259; m">dəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="1excl.sing" ph="&#x283; a d">ʃad</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" comma="after" ph="d au n">daun</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d au n">daun</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="h &#x268; k &#x268; &#x14B;">hɨkɨŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; &#x268; &#x14B;">t͡ʃɨŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut" ph="d &#x259; m">dəm</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="n a b">nab</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem" ph="&#x14B; a &#x272; a h">ŋaɲah</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem" ph="d &#x259; m">dəm</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="s au s">saus</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc" ph="t a &#x14B; &#x268; &#x14B;">taŋɨŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" gender="masc" ph="d &#x259; m">dəm</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="1excl.sing" ph="&#x283; a d">ʃad</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" comma="after" ph="d au n">daun</word>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">daun</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">hɨkɨŋ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut">t͡ʃɨŋ,</word>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="neut">dəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">nab</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="fem">ŋaɲah,</word>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" gender="fem">dəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">saus</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="masc">taŋɨŋ,</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" gender="masc">dəm</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="1excl.sing">ʃad</word>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" comma="after">daun</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;daun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1excl.sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hɨkɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;pat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dəm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nab&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;catch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋaɲah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;mouse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dəm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;saus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;eat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;taŋɨŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;cheese&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dəm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;RELPRON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ʃad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;buy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;daun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1excl.sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>daun sam hɨkɨŋ t͡ʃɨŋ, dəm sam nab ŋaɲah, dəm sam saus taŋɨŋ, də̰m dəm sam ʃad daun</p>
+  <p>daun sam hykyng chyng, dem sam nab ngañah, dem sam saus tangyng, de’m dem sam shad daun</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>daun</o>
+      <g>1excl.sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hɨkɨŋ</o>
+      <g>pat</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃɨŋ</o>
+      <g>cat</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dəm</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nab</o>
+      <g>catch</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋaɲah</o>
+      <g>mouse</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dəm</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>saus</o>
+      <g>eat</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>taŋɨŋ</o>
+      <g>cheese</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dəm</o>
+      <g>RELPRON</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ʃad</o>
+      <g>buy</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>daun</o>
+      <g>1excl.sing</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 28.

Daun sam hykyng chyng, dem sam nab ngañah, dem sam saus tangyng, de’m dem sam shad daun.

[daun sam hɨkɨŋ t͡ʃɨŋ, dəm sam nab ŋaɲah, dəm sam saus taŋɨŋ, də̰m dəm sam ʃad daun]

daun
1excl.sing sam
PAST hɨkɨŋ
pat t͡ʃɨŋ
cat dəm
RELPRON sam
PAST nab
catch ŋaɲah
mouse dəm
RELPRON sam
PAST saus
eat taŋɨŋ
cheese də̰m
ACC dəm
RELPRON sam
PAST ʃad
buy daun
1excl.sing

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

(28)

Complementation Strategies

Tang introduces complement clauses with a dedicated complementiser, similar to English that. The complementiser appears at the beginning of the embedded clause and signals that the clause functions as a syntactic argument. The embedded clause is fully finite and displays the same tense, aspect and agreement patterns as independent clauses.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

initial XML:

<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="past-punct">
      <verb>surprise</verb>
    </vp>
    <np role="subj">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="past-punct">
          <verb>give</verb>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj">
          <noun>boy</noun>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj">
          <noun>apple</noun>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme">
          <noun>girl</noun>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj">
      <noun>teacher</noun>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="past-punct">
-      <verb>surprise</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="subj">
      <subs>
-        <vp tam="past-punct">
-          <verb>give</verb>
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+          <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
        </vp>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj">
-          <noun>boy</noun>
+        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj">
-          <noun>apple</noun>
+        <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme">
-          <noun>girl</noun>
+        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj">
-      <noun>teacher</noun>
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="subj">
      <subs>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number">
+        <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module nonpastonly:

<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="subj">
      <subs>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
    </vp>
    <np role="subj">
      <subs>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
-    </vp>
    <np role="subj">
      <subs>
-        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
        </vp>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
-        </np>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
  <s>
-    <np role="subj">
+    <np role="subj" case="NOM">
      <subs>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
        </vp>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+        <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
  <s>
-    <np role="subj" case="NOM">
+    <np role="subj" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <subs>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
        </vp>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
+        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
+        <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
+    <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

No change.

copyuptophrase:

<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
  <s>
    <np role="subj" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <subs>
        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
        </np>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc">
          <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
  <s>
    <np role="subj" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <subs>
        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">
+          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
          <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
+          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc">
+          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
          <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
  <s>
    <np role="subj" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <subs>
        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-          <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+          <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc">
          <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-          <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+          <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc"/>
        </np>
-        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
-  <s>
-    <np role="subj" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <subs>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc"/>
-        </np>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-        </vp>
-        <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
-        </np>
-        <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc"/>
-        </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"/>
-      </subs>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc"/>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc" ph="&#x261; ai f">ɡaif</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="n &#x259; p">nəp</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="h a &#x272;">haɲ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="k&#x2BC; ai &#x14B;">kʼaiŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc" ph="k &#x259; p a &#x14B;">kəpaŋ</word>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing" ph="d a s+t a &#x283;">dastaʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem" ph="&#x14B; &#x268; k&#x2BC; &#x259; s">ŋɨkʼəs</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="h a &#x272;">haɲ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="d &#x268; t&#x361;&#x283; &#x259; s">dɨt͡ʃəs</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc" ph="&#x261; ai f">ɡaif</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="n &#x259; p">nəp</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="h a &#x272;">haɲ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="k&#x2BC; ai &#x14B;">kʼaiŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc" ph="k &#x259; p a &#x14B;">kəpaŋ</word>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing" ph="d a s+t a &#x283;">dastaʃ</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem" ph="&#x14B; &#x268; k&#x2BC; &#x259; s">ŋɨkʼəs</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="h a &#x272;">haɲ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="d &#x268; t&#x361;&#x283; &#x259; s">dɨt͡ʃəs</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">ɡaif</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">nəp</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT">haɲ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">kʼaiŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="masc">kəpaŋ</word>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="NOM" gender="fem" number="sing">dastaʃ</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem">ŋɨkʼəs</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT">haɲ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">dɨt͡ʃəs</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡaif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;boy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;nəp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;give&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;haɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;DAT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʼaiŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;girl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kəpaŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;apple&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dastaʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ŋɨkʼəs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;surprise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;haɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;DAT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dɨt͡ʃəs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;teacher&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ɡaif sam nəp haɲ kʼaiŋ də̰m kəpaŋ dastaʃ sam ŋɨkʼəs haɲ dɨt͡ʃəs</p>
+  <p>gaif sam nep hañ gkaing de’m kepang dastash sam ngygkes hañ dyches</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡaif</o>
+      <g>boy</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>nəp</o>
+      <g>give</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>haɲ</o>
+      <g>DAT</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʼaiŋ</o>
+      <g>girl</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kəpaŋ</o>
+      <g>apple</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dastaʃ</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>ŋɨkʼəs</o>
+      <g>surprise</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>haɲ</o>
+      <g>DAT</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dɨt͡ʃəs</o>
+      <g>teacher</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 29.

Gaif sam nep hañ gkaing de’m kepang dastash sam ngygkes hañ dyches.

[ɡaif sam nəp haɲ kʼaiŋ də̰m kəpaŋ dastaʃ sam ŋɨkʼəs haɲ dɨt͡ʃəs]

ɡaif
boy sam
PAST nəp
give haɲ
DAT kʼaiŋ
girl də̰m
ACC kəpaŋ
apple dastaʃ
COMP sam
PAST ŋɨkʼəs
surprise haɲ
DAT dɨt͡ʃəs
teacher

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

(29)

Quotes

Tang employs a quotative particle to mark direct and indirect speech. The quotative follows the reported phrase and identifies the preceding expression as quoted or reported. The same construction is also used to express reported thoughts.

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

initial XML:

<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
  <s>
    <vp tam="past-punct">
      <verb>tell</verb>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
      <noun>boy</noun>
    </np>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
      <subs>
        <vp tam="gnomic">
          <verb>love</verb>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
          <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
          <pron person="2" number="sing"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj">
      <noun>girl</noun>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

cleanup:

<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
  <s>
-    <vp tam="past-punct">
-      <verb>tell</verb>
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
-      <noun>boy</noun>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
      <subs>
-        <vp tam="gnomic">
-          <verb>love</verb>
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+          <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
        </vp>
-        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
-          <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
+        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+          <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
-        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
-          <pron person="2" number="sing"/>
+        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
+          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj">
-      <noun>girl</noun>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module articles:

No change.

module nonpastonly:

<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
  <s>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
      <subs>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
          <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module noepistemic:

No change.

module NRel:

No change.

module sentenceconnectors:

No change.

module complementise:

<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
  <s>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
      <subs>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
          <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
      </subs>
    </np>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2

module affixdensity:

No change.

module adpositions:

No change.

module constorder:

<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
  <s>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
      <subs>
-        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
-          <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
-        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
          <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+          <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
-    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module casemarking:

<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
-    <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
      <subs>
-        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
          <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
        </vp>
-        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
+        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module markowner:

No change.

module addgender:

<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
+    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
-    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
+    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <subs>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
          <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

module propagatenumber:

No change.

module simplifynumber:

No change.

createpronouns:

No change.

module ngen:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module wordorder:

No change.

module conjp:

No change.

flattenconjp:

No change.

fixpronouns:

<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="fem" number="sing">
      <subs>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
-          <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+          <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
-          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

copyuptophrase:

<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing">
      <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
-    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="fem" number="sing">
+    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="fem" number="sing" person="1excl">
      <subs>
-        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
          <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
        </np>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
          <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
        </vp>
-        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
+        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

prodrop:

No change.

addclitics:

<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing">
+      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
      <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
+      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="fem" number="sing" person="1excl">
+      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
      <subs>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
+          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
          <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
+          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
+          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
          <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
+          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
        </np>
        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

propagateArgumentCase:

No change.

unwrapArgumentNPs:

No change.

unwrapOwnerOwned:

No change.

movedowntoword:

<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
  <s>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc"/>
    </np>
    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing">
      <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
      <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
      <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
      <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-      <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+      <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing"/>
      <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
    </vp>
    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
      <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
-      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+      <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
    </np>
    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="fem" number="sing" person="1excl">
      <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
      <subs>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-          <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+          <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
        </np>
        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
          <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
          <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
          <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
          <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-          <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+          <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
          <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
        </vp>
        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
          <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
+          <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
        </np>
-        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+        <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="fem" number="sing" person="1excl"/>
      </subs>
    </np>
  </s>
</example>

addaffixes:

No change.

flatten:

<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
-  <s>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">
+  <flat>
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc"/>
-    </np>
-    <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    </vp>
-    <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
    <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
-    </np>
-    <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="fem" number="sing" person="1excl">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-      <subs>
-        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-        </np>
-        <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
    <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-        </vp>
-        <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
-        </np>
    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="fem" number="sing" person="1excl"/>
-      </subs>
-    </np>
-  </s>
+  </flat>
</example>

addvocab:

<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM"/>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active"/>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC"/>
-    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="fem" number="sing" person="1excl"/>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc" ph="&#x261; ai f">ɡaif</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing" ph="h a h">hah</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="h a &#x272;">haɲ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="k&#x2BC; ai &#x14B;">kʼaiŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d au n">daun</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="t &#x259; n">tən</word>
+    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; au &#x272;">t͡ʃauɲ</word>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="fem" number="sing" person="1excl" ph="d a s+t a &#x283;">dastaʃ</word>
  </flat>
</example>

vowelharmony:

No change.

removetags:

<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
  <flat>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc" ph="&#x261; ai f">ɡaif</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="s a m">sam</thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing" ph="h a h">hah</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npnumber" function="proclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="h a &#x272;">haɲ</thingy>
-    <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="k&#x2BC; ai &#x14B;">kʼaiŋ</word>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="NOM" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d au n">daun</word>
-    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpvoice" function="proclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
-    <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="t &#x259; n">tən</word>
-    <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy>
-    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC" ph="d &#x259;&#x330; m">də̰m</thingy>
-    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="t&#x361;&#x283; au &#x272;">t͡ʃauɲ</word>
-    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="fem" number="sing" person="1excl" ph="d a s+t a &#x283;">dastaʃ</word>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="masc">ɡaif</word>
+    <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">sam</thingy>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing">hah</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT">haɲ</thingy>
+    <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">kʼaiŋ</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">daun</word>
+    <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">tən</word>
+    <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ACC">də̰m</thingy>
+    <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">t͡ʃauɲ</word>
+    <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="fem" number="sing" person="1excl">dastaʃ</word>
  </flat>
+  <p>&lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;ɡaif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;boy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;sam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;PAST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;hah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;tell&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;haɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;DAT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;kʼaiŋ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;girl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;daun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;1excl.sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;tən&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;love&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;də̰m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;t͡ʃauɲ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;2.sing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ilpair"&gt;&lt;span class="mor"&gt;dastaʃ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span class="gls"&gt;&lt;span class="glssc"&gt;COMP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</p>
+  <p>ɡaif sam hah haɲ kʼaiŋ də̰m daun tən də̰m t͡ʃauɲ dastaʃ</p>
+  <p>gaif sam hah hañ gkaing de’m daun ten de’m chauñ dastash</p>
+  <il>
+    <w>
+      <o>ɡaif</o>
+      <g>boy</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>sam</o>
+      <g>PAST</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>hah</o>
+      <g>tell</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>haɲ</o>
+      <g>DAT</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>kʼaiŋ</o>
+      <g>girl</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>daun</o>
+      <g>1excl.sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>tən</o>
+      <g>love</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>də̰m</o>
+      <g>ACC</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>t͡ʃauɲ</o>
+      <g>2.sing</g>
+    </w>
+    <w>
+      <o>dastaʃ</o>
+      <g>COMP</g>
+    </w>
+  </il>
</example>

Hide workings for example 30.

Gaif sam hah hañ gkaing de’m daun ten de’m chauñ dastash.

[ɡaif sam hah haɲ kʼaiŋ də̰m daun tən də̰m t͡ʃauɲ dastaʃ]

ɡaif
boy sam
PAST hah
tell haɲ
DAT kʼaiŋ
girl də̰m
ACC daun
1excl.sing tən
love də̰m
ACC t͡ʃauɲ
2.sing dastaʃ
COMP

“The boy told the girl that he loved her.”

(30)

How to cite this grammar

Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Tang. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 26 July 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/15KFL

In BibTeX format:

@misc{LC-15KFL,
  year         = 2026,
  author       = {{Language Creator}},
  title        = {A Grammar of {Tang}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/15KFL}},
  note         = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 26 July 2026}
}

Supplementary Materials

A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Tang / Tang–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.

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https://languagecreator.org/grammar/15KFL

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