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A Grammar of Zupi

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Zupi language (the 1259th one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Zupi.

Typological Profile

It has a complete absence of fricative consonants, no inflections (clitics do the hard work) and postpositions.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Zupi has a moderately small consonant inventory, comprising 16 phonemes.

It has a complete absence of fricative consonants, a maximally contrastive voicing system, a complete absence of affricates, a strongly reduced sibilant system and a markedly rich set of labial consonants.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Zupi. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labialalveolarlateralpalatalvelarglottal
stopp b d t k ɡ
nasalm n ɲ
fricatives z h
approximantw l j

Vowels

Zupi has 8 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.

It has a fully developed system of nasal vowels matching the oral height distinctions and a full range of vowel qualities even in reduced syllables.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Zupi. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

frontcentralback
closei ĩ u ũ
mide o
opena ã

Stress and Tones

Zupi has 4 lexical tones, but stress is not contrastive. Each syllable bears a lexically specified tone, and prominence is not independently marked by stress.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Zupi is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:

Simple letters

a /a/b /b/d /d/e /e/
g /ɡ/h /h/i /i/j /j/
k /k/l /l/m /m/n /n/
o /o/p /p/s /s/t /t/
u /u/w /w/z /z/ñ /ɲ/

Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs

aa /aː/an /ã/anan /ãː/
ee /eː/ii /iː/in /ĩ/
inin /ĩː/oo /oː/un /ũ/
unun /ũː/uu /uː/

Diacritics

◌̀ /꜒꜖/◌́ /꜖꜒/◌̄ /꜒/◌̠ /꜖/

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Zupi does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Zupi has the following genders:

Gender masc – for instance: bee̠ ‘name’, bu̠ñénan̄ ‘dust’, dása̠tuǹ ‘God’, han̠kábú ‘salt’, ha̠ ‘cat’, hī ‘fight’, hūtoō ‘speech’, múlágī ‘faeces’, nètanańlè ‘urine’, nin̄ ‘husband’, nunuńzúbì ‘fog’, pa̠ ‘son’, san̄weēpí ‘dialect’, sūwiīlī ‘grass’, tin̄wìpò ‘ash’, tunuǹ ‘fire’, wáme̠jun̠ ‘fat’, wiī ‘sound’, ñādu̠wī ‘breath’, ñunuǹ ‘man’.

Gender fem – for instance: bā ‘wife’, bii̠ ‘wind’, dīwii̠zaa̠ ‘worm’, dòkunuǹli̠ ‘snake’, duú ‘eye’, dūda̠ñoò ‘jaguar’, gaa̠dunuńmó ‘liver’, gū ‘dog’, huu̠ ‘heart’, janan̠ ‘ear’, kàsīmà ‘tiger’, ká ‘people’, ka̠ñúba̠ ‘court’, kiī ‘leg’, kinińdōkii̠ ‘belly’, kuū ‘mother’, peézēmá ‘penis’, puùdúdii̠ ‘river’, siń ‘animal’, tùwinin̠hanan̠ ‘root’.

Gender neut – for instance: dunun̄ ‘tree’, gì ‘head’, gun̄ ‘fish’, gu̠so̠piniǹ ‘cheese’, hāñaànó ‘cloud’, kábanan̠ ‘knife’, kī ‘day’, lee̠mápà ‘bosom’, mà ‘surface’, minin̄nāsó ‘medicine’, mō ‘sky’, nanaǹ ‘moon’, nunun̠ ‘bed’, seesaañee ‘teacher’, siihoo ‘book’, waa̠ñi̠ñí ‘mountain’, zan̠ ‘mouth’, ñáliǹdiī ‘knee’, ñinin̠gógeē ‘fingernail’, ñíwázin̠ ‘binoculars’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Zupi can be exemplified by the following example:

Tinin̠ kábanan̠ su̠nanan̄ bó gá muǹ paǹ gaábun̠waa̠ kin̄ sē.

[tĩː꜖ ka꜖꜒bãː꜖ su꜖nãː꜒ bo꜖꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ mũ꜒꜖ pã꜒꜖ ɡaː꜖꜒bũ꜖waː꜖ kĩ꜒ se꜒]

tĩː꜖
woman ka꜖꜒bãː꜖
knife su꜖nãː꜒
COMIT bo꜖꜒
catch ɡa꜖꜒
PAST mũ꜒꜖
yon pã꜒꜖
three ɡaː꜖꜒bũ꜖waː꜖
mouse kĩ꜒
blind se꜒
ACC

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

 (1)

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There is one type of clitic in the nominal phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing case. a clitic expressing case, comprising sē /se꜒/ ‘ACC’, mù /mu꜒꜖/ ‘GEN’, hoo̠ /hoː꜖/ ‘DAT’, kò /ko꜒꜖/ ‘INS’, gí /ɡi꜖꜒/ ‘VOC’, ñi̠ /ɲi꜖/ ‘ALL’, deè /deː꜒꜖/ ‘LOC’, nanań /na#ː꜖꜒/ ‘ABL’ and min̄ /mi#꜒/ ‘PART’.

The morphology of the elements of the nominal phrase, i.e., nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns, is described below, as is the way that possession is expressed in Zupi.

The Noun

The noun in Zupi stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: 11 suffixes, namely -haǹ /-ha#꜒꜖/ ‘little’, -dá /-da꜖꜒/ ‘big’, -noō /-noː꜒/ ‘old’, -man̠ /-ma#꜖/ ‘new’, -din̠ /-di#꜖/ ‘good’, -toò /-toː꜒꜖/ ‘bad’, -ná /-na꜖꜒/ ‘have’, -gin̠ /-ɡi#꜖/ ‘use’, -wī /-wi꜒/ ‘see’, -dó /-do꜖꜒/ ‘make’ and -wuń /-wu#꜖꜒/ ‘break’

The Adjective

The adjective in Zupi stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Numerals

The numeral in Zupi stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

In Zupi, the determiner has the following structure: an optional prefix expressing gender, comprising mó- /mo꜖꜒-/ ‘masc’ and dii̠- /diː꜖-/ ‘fem’ followed by the root.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Zupi stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

In Zupi, both subject and object pronouns are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

Dan̄.

[dã꜒]

dã꜒
love

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

 (2)

But here, the word corresponding to he is stressed:

Tā dan̄.

[ta꜒ dã꜒]

ta꜒
3.masc dã꜒
love

“He loves her.”

 (3)

And here, it is the one translated as her that is stressed:

Dan̄ haá sē.

[dã꜒ haː꜖꜒ se꜒]

dã꜒
love haː꜖꜒
3.fem se꜒
ACC

“He loves her.”

 (4)

Proper Nouns

Tanańpēpin̠ muǹgee̠ Danaǹlinińbiniń sē.

[tãː꜖꜒pe꜒pĩ꜖ mũ꜒꜖ɡeː꜖ dãː꜒꜖lĩː꜖꜒bĩː꜖꜒ se꜒]

tãː꜖꜒pe꜒pĩ꜖
Tapepi mũ꜒꜖ɡeː꜖
hate dãː꜒꜖lĩː꜖꜒bĩː꜖꜒
Dalibi se꜒
ACC

“Tapepi hates Dalibi.”

 (5)

Possession

mi̠ ñìkàkō

[mi꜖ ɲi꜒꜖ka꜒꜖ko꜒]

mi꜖
boy ɲi꜒꜖ka꜒꜖ko꜒
apple

“the boy’s apple”

 (6)
tā ñìkàkō

[ta꜒ ɲi꜒꜖ka꜒꜖ko꜒]

ta꜒
3.masc ɲi꜒꜖ka꜒꜖ko꜒
apple

“his (the boy’s) apple”

 (7)
sá ñìkàkō

[sa꜖꜒ ɲi꜒꜖ka꜒꜖ko꜒]

sa꜖꜒
1excl ɲi꜒꜖ka꜒꜖ko꜒
apple

“my apple”

 (8)
Saǹju̠mā dunuń bàwanań gá naā pe̠ja̠juń pa̠ sē.

[sã꜒꜖ju꜖ma꜒ dũː꜖꜒ ba꜒꜖wãː꜖꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ naː꜒ pe꜖ja꜖jũ꜖꜒ pa꜖ se꜒]

sã꜒꜖ju꜖ma꜒
hunter dũː꜖꜒
daughter ba꜒꜖wãː꜖꜒
kiss ɡa꜖꜒
PAST naː꜒
2 pe꜖ja꜖jũ꜖꜒
neighbour pa꜖
son se꜒
ACC

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

 (9)

Derivation

jun̄gun̄ña̠

[jũ꜒ɡũ꜒ɲa꜖]

jũ꜒ɡũ꜒ɲa꜖
lamb

“a lamb”

 (10)
jun̄gun̄ña̠haǹ

[jũ꜒ɡũ꜒ɲa꜖hã꜒꜖]

jũ꜒ɡũ꜒ɲa꜖
lamb -hã꜒꜖
little

“a little lamb”

 (11)
Jun̄gun̄ña̠haǹná gá.

[jũ꜒ɡũ꜒ɲa꜖hã꜒꜖na꜖꜒ ɡa꜖꜒]

jũ꜒ɡũ꜒ɲa꜖
lamb -hã꜒꜖
little -na꜖꜒
have ɡa꜖꜒
PAST

“She had a little lamb.”

 (12)

This doesn’t affect all adjectives and verbs. Compare, for instance the previous example with this one, where black and love do not undergo affixation:

Dan̄ gá jun̄gun̄ña̠ dā sē.

[dã꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ jũ꜒ɡũ꜒ɲa꜖ da꜒ se꜒]

dã꜒
love ɡa꜖꜒
PAST jũ꜒ɡũ꜒ɲa꜖
lamb da꜒
black se꜒
ACC

“She loved a black lamb.”

 (13)

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

The verbal phrase clitics in Zupi fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing negation, comprising buń /bu#꜖꜒/ ‘NEG’; second, a clitic expressing voice, comprising daà /daː꜒꜖/ ‘passive’; third, a clitic expressing ta, comprising gá /ɡa꜖꜒/ ‘PAST’; fourth, a clitic expressing mode, comprising sunuń /su#ː꜖꜒/ ‘imperative’, nú /nu꜖꜒/ ‘conditional’ and kà /ka꜒꜖/ ‘optative’; fifth, a clitic expressing question, comprising tī /ti꜒/ ‘Q’; and finally, sixth, a clitic expressing comp, comprising ñaà /ɲaː꜒꜖/ ‘COMP’.

The verb itself does not have any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: five suffixes, namely -mi̠ /-mi꜖/ ‘begin’, -dē /-de꜒/ ‘stop’, -né /-ne꜖꜒/ ‘continue’, -kan̠ /-ka#꜖/ ‘try’ and -tii̠ /-tiː꜖/ ‘start’

Dan̄.

[dã꜒]

dã꜒
love

“I love you.”

 (14)

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

nēlaa̠ mà laá

[ne꜒laː꜖ ma꜒꜖ laː꜖꜒]

ne꜒laː꜖
table ma꜒꜖
surface laː꜖꜒
in

“on the table”

 (15)
pin̄tūñaa̠ muù ziń

[pĩ꜒tu꜒ɲaː꜖ muː꜒꜖ zĩ꜖꜒]

pĩ꜒tu꜒ɲaː꜖
box muː꜒꜖
inside zĩ꜖꜒
to

“into the box”

 (16)
sá su̠nanan̄

[sa꜖꜒ su꜖nãː꜒]

sa꜖꜒
1excl su꜖nãː꜒
COMIT

“with me”

 (17)

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Zupi employs Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) as its basic word order. The subject is followed by the verb, with the object occurring in post-verbal position. This ordering is widely attested across the world’s languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Zupi.

Dūda̠ñoò janań gá saǹju̠mā sē.

[du꜒da꜖ɲoː꜒꜖ jãː꜖꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ sã꜒꜖ju꜖ma꜒ se꜒]

du꜒da꜖ɲoː꜒꜖
jaguar jãː꜖꜒
kill ɡa꜖꜒
PAST sã꜒꜖ju꜖ma꜒
hunter se꜒
ACC

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

 (18)
Pun̄tíkanaǹ ñun̠ gá saǹju̠mā dunuń gū sē.

[pũ꜒ti꜖꜒kãː꜒꜖ ɲũ꜖ ɡa꜖꜒ sã꜒꜖ju꜖ma꜒ dũː꜖꜒ ɡu꜒ se꜒]

pũ꜒ti꜖꜒kãː꜒꜖
lion ɲũ꜖
eat ɡa꜖꜒
PAST sã꜒꜖ju꜖ma꜒
hunter dũː꜖꜒
daughter ɡu꜒
dog se꜒
ACC

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

 (19)

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Zupi reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Zupi expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.

naā pa̠ kaa̠ siihoo

[naː꜒ pa꜖ kaː꜖ siːhoː]

naː꜒
2 pa꜖
son kaː꜖
friend siːhoː
book

“your son’s friend’s book”

 (20)

Case Marking

Zupi uses nominative–accusative case marking. The subject of an intransitive verb and the subject of a transitive verb are treated alike and take the nominative case, while the object of a transitive verb is marked with the accusative case. This is the familiar pattern from many European languages: the grammar groups together the participants that function as subjects and marks the participant affected by a transitive action separately.

Ha̠ bà.

[ha꜖ ba꜒꜖]

ha꜖
cat ba꜒꜖
sleep

“The cat is sleeping.”

 (21)
Ha̠ hū.

[ha꜖ hu꜒]

ha꜖
cat hu꜒
run

“The cat is running.”

 (22)
Ha̠ wījē gaábun̠waa̠ sē.

[ha꜖ wi꜒je꜒ ɡaː꜖꜒bũ꜖waː꜖ se꜒]

ha꜖
cat wi꜒je꜒
chase ɡaː꜖꜒bũ꜖waː꜖
mouse se꜒
ACC

“The cat is chasing the mouse.”

 (23)
Ha̠ bó gá gaábun̠waa̠ sē.

[ha꜖ bo꜖꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ ɡaː꜖꜒bũ꜖waː꜖ se꜒]

ha꜖
cat bo꜖꜒
catch ɡa꜖꜒
PAST ɡaː꜖꜒bũ꜖waː꜖
mouse se꜒
ACC

“The cat caught the mouse.”

 (24)

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

Saǹju̠mā janań gá dūda̠ñoò wií kàsīmà wií pun̄tíkanaǹ sē.

[sã꜒꜖ju꜖ma꜒ jãː꜖꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ du꜒da꜖ɲoː꜒꜖ wiː꜖꜒ ka꜒꜖si꜒ma꜒꜖ wiː꜖꜒ pũ꜒ti꜖꜒kãː꜒꜖ se꜒]

sã꜒꜖ju꜖ma꜒
hunter jãː꜖꜒
kill ɡa꜖꜒
PAST du꜒da꜖ɲoː꜒꜖
jaguar wiː꜖꜒
and ka꜒꜖si꜒ma꜒꜖
tiger wiː꜖꜒
and pũ꜒ti꜖꜒kãː꜒꜖
lion se꜒
ACC

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

 (25)

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Zupi provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Zupi forms relative clauses by placing them before the noun they modify. The modifier takes the form of a finite clause that precedes the head noun without any relative pronoun. The clause shows ordinary clausal structure, with the role of the head noun recoverable from the syntactic position inside the clause.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

Wòpī gá ha̠ sē.

[wo꜒꜖pi꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ ha꜖ se꜒]

wo꜒꜖pi꜒
pat ɡa꜖꜒
PAST ha꜖
cat se꜒
ACC

“I patted the cat.”

 (26)

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

Wòpī gá bó gá ñaà gaábun̠waa̠ sē ha̠ sē.

[wo꜒꜖pi꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ bo꜖꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ ɲaː꜒꜖ ɡaː꜖꜒bũ꜖waː꜖ se꜒ ha꜖ se꜒]

wo꜒꜖pi꜒
pat ɡa꜖꜒
PAST bo꜖꜒
catch ɡa꜖꜒
PAST ɲaː꜒꜖
COMP ɡaː꜖꜒bũ꜖waː꜖
mouse se꜒
ACC ha꜖
cat se꜒
ACC

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

 (27)

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

Wòpī gá bó gá ñaà ñun̠ gá ñaà gu̠so̠piniǹ sē gaábun̠waa̠ sē ha̠ sē.

[wo꜒꜖pi꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ bo꜖꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ ɲaː꜒꜖ ɲũ꜖ ɡa꜖꜒ ɲaː꜒꜖ ɡu꜖so꜖pĩː꜒꜖ se꜒ ɡaː꜖꜒bũ꜖waː꜖ se꜒ ha꜖ se꜒]

wo꜒꜖pi꜒
pat ɡa꜖꜒
PAST bo꜖꜒
catch ɡa꜖꜒
PAST ɲaː꜒꜖
COMP ɲũ꜖
eat ɡa꜖꜒
PAST ɲaː꜒꜖
COMP ɡu꜖so꜖pĩː꜒꜖
cheese se꜒
ACC ɡaː꜖꜒bũ꜖waː꜖
mouse se꜒
ACC ha꜖
cat se꜒
ACC

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

 (28)

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

Wòpī gá bó gá ñaà ñun̠ gá ñaà sá dà gá ñaà gu̠so̠piniǹ sē gaábun̠waa̠ sē ha̠ sē.

[wo꜒꜖pi꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ bo꜖꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ ɲaː꜒꜖ ɲũ꜖ ɡa꜖꜒ ɲaː꜒꜖ sa꜖꜒ da꜒꜖ ɡa꜖꜒ ɲaː꜒꜖ ɡu꜖so꜖pĩː꜒꜖ se꜒ ɡaː꜖꜒bũ꜖waː꜖ se꜒ ha꜖ se꜒]

wo꜒꜖pi꜒
pat ɡa꜖꜒
PAST bo꜖꜒
catch ɡa꜖꜒
PAST ɲaː꜒꜖
COMP ɲũ꜖
eat ɡa꜖꜒
PAST ɲaː꜒꜖
COMP sa꜖꜒
1excl da꜒꜖
buy ɡa꜖꜒
PAST ɲaː꜒꜖
COMP ɡu꜖so꜖pĩː꜒꜖
cheese se꜒
ACC ɡaː꜖꜒bũ꜖waː꜖
mouse se꜒
ACC ha꜖
cat se꜒
ACC

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

 (29)

Complementation Strategies

Zupi marks complement clauses with subordinating verbal morphology. The embedded verb is fully finite and carries a subordinating suffix that identifies the clause as a complement. No structural changes occur within the clause apart from this verbal marking.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

Mi̠ wań gá ñaà waá hoo̠ ñìkàkō sē zi̠na̠ gá seesaañee hoo̠.

[mi꜖ wã꜖꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ ɲaː꜒꜖ waː꜖꜒ hoː꜖ ɲi꜒꜖ka꜒꜖ko꜒ se꜒ zi꜖na꜖ ɡa꜖꜒ seːsaːɲeː hoː꜖]

mi꜖
boy wã꜖꜒
give ɡa꜖꜒
PAST ɲaː꜒꜖
COMP waː꜖꜒
girl hoː꜖
DAT ɲi꜒꜖ka꜒꜖ko꜒
apple se꜒
ACC zi꜖na꜖
surprise ɡa꜖꜒
PAST seːsaːɲeː
teacher hoː꜖
DAT

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

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Quotes

Zupi expresses quoted or reported speech without a dedicated quotative particle. Quotations appear as ordinary clauses, distinguished only by the surrounding syntactic context or by the use of verbs of speaking.

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Mi̠ mā gá waá hoo̠ sá dan̄ ñaà naā sē sē.

[mi꜖ ma꜒ ɡa꜖꜒ waː꜖꜒ hoː꜖ sa꜖꜒ dã꜒ ɲaː꜒꜖ naː꜒ se꜒ se꜒]

mi꜖
boy ma꜒
tell ɡa꜖꜒
PAST waː꜖꜒
girl hoː꜖
DAT sa꜖꜒
1excl dã꜒
love ɲaː꜒꜖
COMP naː꜒
2 se꜒
ACC se꜒
ACC

“The boy told the girl that he loved her.”

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How to cite this grammar

Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Zupi. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 21 August 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2F9ZF

In BibTeX format:

@misc{LC-2F9ZF,
  year         = 2026,
  author       = {{Language Creator}},
  title        = {A Grammar of {Zupi}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2F9ZF}},
  note         = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 21 August 2026}
}

Supplementary Materials

A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Zupi / Zupi–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.

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https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2F9ZF

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