A Grammar of Juy

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Juy language (the 2nd one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Juy.

Typological Profile

It has four genders, a small but genuine set of click consonants and postpositions.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Juy has a large consonant inventory, comprising 37 phonemes.

It has a complete absence of affricates, a modest (but clearly contrastive) set of labialised consonants, a noticeable presence of pharyngealised phonemes, a small but genuine set of click consonants and a system with marginal but genuine retroflex contrasts.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Juy. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labialdentalphar. dentalalveolarphar. alveolarpostalveolarlateralpalatalretroflexvelarlab. velarglottal
stopp b d t dˤ tˤ c ɟ ɖ ʈ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ
nasalm n ɲ ɳ ŋ ŋʷ
trill/tap/flapɽ
fricativef s ʃ ʂ h
approximantʋ l j
implosiveɓ
clickᵏǀ ᵏǀˤ
click, nasalᵑǀ ᵑǀˤ

Vowels

Juy has 7 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.

It has a partially contrastive system of vowel length.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Juy. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

frontcentralback
closei u
mide o
opena

Stress and Tones

Juy has phonemic stress but no lexical tone. Stress consistently falls on the first vowel of the root, and no contrastive tonal distinctions are made.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Juy is normally written using the Devanagari abugida, the script employed for Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi and several other Indo-Aryan languages. This grammar also makes systematic use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to present an exact account of pronunciation.

Devanagari’s syllabic structure differs markedly from the IPA’s segmental approach, so the two notations complement one another: the script shows the organisation of syllables, while the IPA supplies detail on individual sounds.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:

Simple letters

अ /a/आ /aː/इ /i/ई /iː/
उ /u/ऊ /uː/ए /e/ऐ /eː/
ओ /o/औ /oː/क् /k/ग् /ɡ/
ङ् /ŋ/च् /c/ज् /ɟ/ञ् /ɲ/
ट् /ʈ/ड् /ɖ/ण् /ɳ/त् /t/
त़् /tˤ/द् /d/द़् /dˤ/न् /n/
ऩ् /nˤ/प् /p/ब् /b/भ् /ɓ/
म् /m/य् /j/ऱ् /ɽ/ल् /l/
व् /ʋ/श् /ʃ/ष् /ʂ/स् /s/
स़् /sˤ/ह् /h/फ़् /f/

Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs

ai /ai/au /au/क्त् /ᵏǀ/
क्त़् /ᵏǀˤ/क्व् /kʷ/ग्व् /ɡʷ/
ङ्त् /ᵑǀ/ङ्त़् /ᵑǀˤ/ङ्व् /ŋʷ/

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Juy does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Juy has the following genders:

Gender cl.1 – for instance: कम् ‘wing’, काक् ‘net’, क्त़िच् ‘bottle’, ङ्त़ुन् ‘bed’, ञ्aiऱ् ‘daughter’, टित़् ‘big’, ट्aiह् ‘table’, ट्auष् ‘skin’, णिस़् ‘warm’, त़ूच् ‘people’, दञ् ‘friend’, नुष् ‘horn’, पिन् ‘root’, पूष् ‘dull’, विच् ‘rotten’, षिड् ‘binoculars’, स़ज् ‘mother’, सीच् ‘tower’, हैब् ‘dry’, फ़ोच् ‘machine’.

Gender cl.2 – for instance: क्तञ् ‘faeces’, क्त़िग् ‘boy’, क्तुल् ‘sand’, गिप् ‘south’, ङ्auड् ‘inside’, ङ्त़ीन् ‘leaf’, टेक् ‘star’, डेस़् ‘top’, त़ोय् ‘surface’, द़म् ‘father’, देद् ‘correct’, पड् ‘east’, भोस़् ‘round’, मण् ‘neck’, ऱस़् ‘meat’, शाल् ‘smooth’, शोज् ‘flower’, सिक्व् ‘dirty’, सोग् ‘happy’, हस़् ‘sky’.

Gender cl.3 – for instance: गूङ् ‘day’, ङीक्व् ‘city’, ङ्त़ल् ‘wild boar’, ङ्तिय् ‘cat’, ङ्तुट् ‘speech’, च्auब् ‘grass’, जिद़् ‘other’, ञूट् ‘animal’, डद़् ‘full’, तञ् ‘tongue’, दब् ‘jaguar’, द़ुन् ‘lion’, बिड् ‘night’, मेक् ‘some’, येच् ‘worm’, ऱप् ‘idea’, शुद् ‘bird’, सेन् ‘colourless’, हेश् ‘name’, फ़ीग् ‘narrow’.

Gender cl.4 – for instance: क्त़िभ् ‘black’, क्त़ेप् ‘small’, क्त़ोङ् ‘fog’, ग्व्aiङ्व् ‘embrace’, चिष् ‘wheat’, ञोय् ‘wide’, टोग्व् ‘urine’, टोस् ‘guts’, डाव् ‘white’, डाफ़् ‘bark’, डीण् ‘hand’, द़ेय् ‘sound’, बिञ् ‘penis’, विट् ‘heart’, श्aiन् ‘stick’, षेच् ‘far’, षेभ् ‘little’, सभ् ‘mountain’, स्auन् ‘long’, हाङ् ‘good’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Juy can be exemplified by the following example:

श्auतगो ज्aiङ्वगो ड ऩ ड कि ऱैवेफ़ो ञौमगो मा चोक्व।

[ˈʃautaɡo ˈɟaiŋʷaɡo ˈɖa nˤa ˈɖa ki ˈɽeːʋefo ˈɲoːmaɡo ˈmaː ˈcokʷa]

ˈʃaut
woman
-aɡo
NOM
ˈɟaiŋʷ
knife
-aɡo
NOM
ˈɖa
COMIT
nˤa
indicative
ˈɖa
catch
ki
3.sing.cl.3.OBJ
ˈɽeːʋ
blind
-efo
GEN
ˈɲoːm
mouse
-aɡo
NOM
ˈmaː
three
ˈco
yon
-kʷa
cl.3

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

(1)

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.

The Noun

The noun in Juy consists of the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -अगो /-aɡo/ ‘NOM’, -एफ़ो /-efo/ ‘GEN’, -अलो /-alo/ ‘DAT’, -इयो /-ijo/ ‘INS’, -इपु /-ipu/ ‘VOC’, -ओदि /-odi/ ‘ALL’, -एषो /-eʂo/ ‘LOC’, -उऩ /-unˤa/ ‘ABL’ and -अहु /-ahu/ ‘PART’.

The Adjective

The adjective in Juy stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Numerals

The numeral in Juy stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

In Juy, the determiner has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -यु /-ju/ ‘cl.1’, -क्वि /-kʷi/ ‘cl.2’, -क्व /-kʷa/ ‘cl.3’ and -ऩि /-nˤi/ ‘cl.4’.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Juy has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -सो /-so/ ‘sing’ and -पु /-pu/ ‘plur’.

टौ जु कि पोचगो द़ू ऩ हो सोगगो दे।

[ˈʈoː ɟu ki ˈpocaɡo ˈdˤuː nˤa ˈho ˈsoɡaɡo de]

ˈʈoː
kill
ɟu
1excl.plur.SUBJ
ki
3.sing.cl.3.OBJ
ˈpoc
tiger
-aɡo
NOM
ˈdˤuː
because
nˤa
indicative
ˈho
be
ˈsoɡ
happy
-aɡo
NOM
de
1incl.plur.SUBJ

“Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.”

(2)

Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

ऩ द्au च दु डसो।

[nˤa ˈdau ca du ˈɖaso]

nˤa
indicative
ˈdau
love
ca
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ
du
3.sing.cl.1.OBJ
ˈɖa
3.sing.cl.1
-so
sing

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

(3)

But here, the word corresponding to he is stressed:

लोसो ऩ द्au च दु डसो।

[ˈloso nˤa ˈdau ca du ˈɖaso]

ˈlo
3.sing.cl.2
-so
sing
nˤa
indicative
ˈdau
love
ca
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ
du
3.sing.cl.1.OBJ
ˈɖa
3.sing.cl.1
-so
sing

He loves her.”

(4)

And here, it is the one translated as her that is stressed:

ऩ द्au च दु डसो।

[nˤa ˈdau ca du ˈɖaso]

nˤa
indicative
ˈdau
love
ca
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ
du
3.sing.cl.1.OBJ
ˈɖa
3.sing.cl.1
-so
sing

“He loves her.”

(5)

Proper Nouns

लीऱगो ऩ जू च दु ञौचगो।

[ˈliːɽaɡo nˤa ˈɟuː ca du ˈɲoːcaɡo]

ˈliːɽ
Lir
-aɡo
NOM
nˤa
indicative
ˈɟuː
hate
ca
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ
du
3.sing.cl.1.OBJ
ˈɲoːc
Nyoch
-aɡo
NOM

“Lir hates Nyoch.”

(6)

Possession

क्त़िगेफ़ो कोग्वगो

[ˈᵏǀˤiɡefo ˈkoɡʷaɡo]

ˈᵏǀˤiɡ
boy
-efo
GEN
ˈkoɡʷ
apple
-aɡo
NOM

“the boy’s apple”

(7)
लोसो कोग्वगो

[ˈloso ˈkoɡʷaɡo]

ˈlo
3.sing.cl.2
-so
sing
ˈkoɡʷ
apple
-aɡo
NOM

“his (the boy’s) apple”

(8)
बौसो कोग्वगो

[ˈboːso ˈkoɡʷaɡo]

ˈboː
1excl.sing
-so
sing
ˈkoɡʷ
apple
-aɡo
NOM

“my apple”

(9)
त़ैऱेफ़ो ञ्aiऱगो ऩ क्वि दु दूसो स़चेफ़ो हिणगो।

[ˈtˤeːɽefo ˈɲaiɽaɡo nˤa ˈkʷi du ˈduːso ˈsˤacefo ˈhiɳaɡo]

ˈtˤeːɽ
hunter
-efo
GEN
ˈɲaiɽ
daughter
-aɡo
NOM
nˤa
indicative
ˈkʷi
kiss
du
3.sing.cl.1.OBJ
ˈduː
2.sing
-so
sing
ˈsˤac
neighbour
-efo
GEN
ˈhiɳ
son
-aɡo
NOM

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

(10)

Derivation

Juy has no derivational processes.

जाशगो

[ˈɟaːʃaɡo]

ˈɟaːʃ
lamb
-aɡo
NOM

“a lamb”

(11)

Note how none show up here:

ऩ क्ai कि ऩ सु कि षेभेफ़ो जाशगो।

[nˤa ˈkai ki nˤa ˈsu ki ˈʂeɓefo ˈɟaːʃaɡo]

nˤa
indicative
ˈkai
want
ki
3.sing.cl.3.OBJ
nˤa
indicative
ˈsu
have
ki
3.sing.cl.3.OBJ
ˈʂeɓ
little
-efo
GEN
ˈɟaːʃ
lamb
-aɡo
NOM

“She wanted to have a little lamb.”

(12)

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

The verbal phrase clitics in Juy fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing mode, comprising /nˤa/ ‘indicative’, पो /po/ ‘conditional’ and क्वि /kʷi/ ‘optative’; second, a clitic expressing ta, comprising पे /pe/ ‘PAST’; third, a clitic expressing voice, comprising नु /nu/ ‘passive’; fourth, a clitic expressing negation, comprising स़ु /sˤu/ ‘NEG’; fifth, a clitic expressing subj, comprising ङि /ŋi/ ‘1incl.sing’, फ़ि /fi/ ‘1excl.sing’, दि /di/ ‘2.sing’, /ca/ ‘3.sing.cl.2’, द़ु /dˤu/ ‘3.sing.cl.3’, क्वि /kʷi/ ‘3.sing.cl.4’, दे /de/ ‘1incl.plur’, जु /ɟu/ ‘1excl.plur’, हु /hu/ ‘2.plur’, बे /be/ ‘3.plur.cl.1’, क्वो /kʷo/ ‘3.plur.cl.2’, नु /nu/ ‘3.plur.cl.3’ and शो /ʃo/ ‘3.plur.cl.4’; sixth, a clitic expressing obj, comprising /ɟa/ ‘1incl.sing’, क्वो /kʷo/ ‘1excl.sing’, गे /ɡe/ ‘2.sing’, दु /du/ ‘3.sing.cl.1’, बि /bi/ ‘3.sing.cl.2’, कि /ki/ ‘3.sing.cl.3’, ऩो /nˤo/ ‘3.sing.cl.4’, द़े /dˤe/ ‘1incl.plur’, फ़ /fa/ ‘1excl.plur’, ते /te/ ‘2.plur’, पि /pi/ ‘3.plur.cl.1’, ङ्त़ /ᵑǀˤa/ ‘3.plur.cl.2’, ने /ne/ ‘3.plur.cl.3’ and ङ्वि /ŋʷi/ ‘3.plur.cl.4’; and finally, seventh, a clitic expressing question, comprising के /ke/ ‘Q’.

The verb itself does not have any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

ऩ द्au फ़ि गे दूसो।

[nˤa ˈdau fi ɡe ˈduːso]

nˤa
indicative
ˈdau
love
fi
1excl.sing.SUBJ
ɡe
2.sing.OBJ
ˈduː
2.sing
-so
sing

“I love you.”

(13)

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

ट्aiहगो बे

[ˈʈaihaɡo ˈbe]

ˈʈaih
table
-aɡo
NOM
ˈbe
in_surface

“on the table”

(14)
क्तीलगो षो

[ˈᵏǀiːlaɡo ˈʂo]

ˈᵏǀiːl
box
-aɡo
NOM
ˈʂo
to_inside

“into the box”

(15)
बौसो ड

[ˈboːso ˈɖa]

ˈboː
1excl.sing
-so
sing
ˈɖa
COMIT

“with me”

(16)

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Juy employs Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) as its basic word order. The subject is followed by the verb, with the object occurring in post-verbal position. This ordering is widely attested across the world’s languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Juy.

दबगो ऩ टौ द़ु बि त़ैऱगो।

[ˈdabaɡo nˤa ˈʈoː dˤu bi ˈtˤeːɽaɡo]

ˈdab
jaguar
-aɡo
NOM
nˤa
indicative
ˈʈoː
kill
dˤu
3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ
bi
3.sing.cl.2.OBJ
ˈtˤeːɽ
hunter
-aɡo
NOM

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

(17)
द़ुनगो ऩ कौ द़ु दु त़ैऱेफ़ो ञ्aiऱेफ़ो फ़ुद़गो।

[ˈdˤunaɡo nˤa ˈkoː dˤu du ˈtˤeːɽefo ˈɲaiɽefo ˈfudˤaɡo]

ˈdˤun
lion
-aɡo
NOM
nˤa
indicative
ˈkoː
eat
dˤu
3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ
du
3.sing.cl.1.OBJ
ˈtˤeːɽ
hunter
-efo
GEN
ˈɲaiɽ
daughter
-efo
GEN
ˈfudˤ
dog
-aɡo
NOM

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

(18)

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Juy reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Juy expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.

दूसो हिणेफ़ो दञेफ़ो फ़ुतगो

[ˈduːso ˈhiɳefo ˈdaɲefo ˈfutaɡo]

ˈduː
2.sing
-so
sing
ˈhiɳ
son
-efo
GEN
ˈdaɲ
friend
-efo
GEN
ˈfut
book
-aɡo
NOM

“your son’s friend’s book”

(19)

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

त़ैऱगो ऩ टौ च ने दबगो लि पोचगो लि द़ुनगो।

[ˈtˤeːɽaɡo nˤa ˈʈoː ca ne ˈdabaɡo ˈli ˈpocaɡo ˈli ˈdˤunaɡo]

ˈtˤeːɽ
hunter
-aɡo
NOM
nˤa
indicative
ˈʈoː
kill
ca
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ
ne
3.plur.cl.3.OBJ
ˈdab
jaguar
-aɡo
NOM
ˈli
and
ˈpoc
tiger
-aɡo
NOM
ˈli
and
ˈdˤun
lion
-aɡo
NOM

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

(20)

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Juy provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Juy forms relative clauses by placing the relative clause after the noun it modifies. The clause follows the internal word order of ordinary finite clauses. A dedicated relativising marker introduces the clause and identifies the relationship between the head noun and its role inside the relative clause.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

ऩ न फ़ि कि ङ्तियगो।

[nˤa ˈna fi ki ˈᵑǀijaɡo]

nˤa
indicative
ˈna
pat
fi
1excl.sing.SUBJ
ki
3.sing.cl.3.OBJ
ˈᵑǀij
cat
-aɡo
NOM

“I patted the cat.”

(21)

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

ऩ न फ़ि ङ्तियगो, लिसो ऩ ड द़ु कि ञौमगो।

[nˤa ˈna fi ˈᵑǀijaɡo, ˈliso nˤa ˈɖa dˤu ki ˈɲoːmaɡo]

nˤa
indicative
ˈna
pat
fi
1excl.sing.SUBJ
ˈᵑǀij
cat
-aɡo,
NOM
ˈli
RELPRON
-so
sing
nˤa
indicative
ˈɖa
catch
dˤu
3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ
ki
3.sing.cl.3.OBJ
ˈɲoːm
mouse
-aɡo
NOM

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

(22)

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

ऩ न फ़ि ङ्तियगो, लिसो ऩ ड द़ु ञौमगो, लिसो ऩ कौ द़ु बि कीकगो।

[nˤa ˈna fi ˈᵑǀijaɡo, ˈliso nˤa ˈɖa dˤu ˈɲoːmaɡo, ˈliso nˤa ˈkoː dˤu bi ˈkiːkaɡo]

nˤa
indicative
ˈna
pat
fi
1excl.sing.SUBJ
ˈᵑǀij
cat
-aɡo,
NOM
ˈli
RELPRON
-so
sing
nˤa
indicative
ˈɖa
catch
dˤu
3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ
ˈɲoːm
mouse
-aɡo,
NOM
ˈli
RELPRON
-so
sing
nˤa
indicative
ˈkoː
eat
dˤu
3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ
bi
3.sing.cl.2.OBJ
ˈkiːk
cheese
-aɡo
NOM

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

(23)

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

ऩ न फ़ि ङ्तियगो, लिसो ऩ ड द़ु ञौमगो, लिसो ऩ कौ द़ु कीकगो, लिसो ऩ लि फ़ि बि बौसो।

[nˤa ˈna fi ˈᵑǀijaɡo, ˈliso nˤa ˈɖa dˤu ˈɲoːmaɡo, ˈliso nˤa ˈkoː dˤu ˈkiːkaɡo, ˈliso nˤa ˈli fi bi ˈboːso]

nˤa
indicative
ˈna
pat
fi
1excl.sing.SUBJ
ˈᵑǀij
cat
-aɡo,
NOM
ˈli
RELPRON
-so
sing
nˤa
indicative
ˈɖa
catch
dˤu
3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ
ˈɲoːm
mouse
-aɡo,
NOM
ˈli
RELPRON
-so
sing
nˤa
indicative
ˈkoː
eat
dˤu
3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ
ˈkiːk
cheese
-aɡo,
NOM
ˈli
RELPRON
-so
sing
nˤa
indicative
ˈli
buy
fi
1excl.sing.SUBJ
bi
3.sing.cl.2.OBJ
ˈboː
1excl.sing
-so
sing

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

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Complementation Strategies

Juy forms complement clauses by nominalising the embedded verb. The nominalised form lacks finite verbal categories and behaves as a noun phrase. Subjects of nominalised clauses occur in the genitive case, and the nominalised verb establishes the semantic content of the complement.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

क्त़िगगो ऩ व ऩो न्aiभगो कोग्वगो ऩी द़ु यूशगो।

[ˈᵏǀˤiɡaɡo nˤa ˈʋa nˤo ˈnaiɓaɡo ˈkoɡʷaɡo ˈnˤiː dˤu ˈjuːʃaɡo]

ˈᵏǀˤiɡ
boy
-aɡo
NOM
nˤa
indicative
ˈʋa
give
nˤo
3.sing.cl.4.OBJ
ˈnaiɓ
girl
-aɡo
NOM
ˈkoɡʷ
apple
-aɡo
NOM
ˈnˤiː
surprise
dˤu
3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ
ˈjuːʃ
teacher
-aɡo
NOM

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

(25)

Quotes

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Miscellaneous

Supplementary Materials

A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Juy / Juy–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.

Readers are encouraged to share observations or corrections via the feedback form. The present page may be accessed directly at:

https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2GFMK

Behind the scenes, the Language Creator stores the generated language in a JSON-based format known as ELD. The corresponding ELD file may be downloaded, edited as required, and reuploaded in order to regenerate the grammar, dictionary and texts.

How to cite this grammar:

Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Juy. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.90, on 12 April 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2GFMK

In BibTeX format:

@misc{LC-2GFMK,
  year         = 2026,
  author       = {{Language Creator}},
  title        = {A Grammar of {Juy}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2GFMK}},
  note         = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.90, on 12 April 2026}
}

Execution time: 0.06 seconds.