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A Grammar of Kay

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Kay language (the 33rd one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Kay.

Typological Profile

It has the typologically rare OSV basic word order, four genders and postpositions.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Kay has 21 consonant phonemes, a size that falls within a broadly average range.

It has a strikingly small set of lateral and rhotic consonants.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Kay. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labialalveolarpostalveolaralveolo-palatallabio-palatalpalatalvelarglottal
stopp b d t k ɡ
ejective stopkʼ
nasalm n ɲ ŋ
fricativef s ʃ h
approximantʋ ɥ j
affricatet͡ʃ t͡ɕ

Vowels

Kay has 7 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.

It has a vertical vowel system in which backness distinctions are largely absent, a modest but genuine inventory of nasal vowels, a maximally “square” vowel system balancing heights across backness, front rounded vowels (these are cross-linguistically relatively uncommon, but occur in a number of well-known languages, including French, German, Turkish and Mandarin) and an unusually fine-grained height system distinguishing four levels.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Kay. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

central
closeɨ
close-midɘ
midə#
open-midɜ
opena

Stress and Tones

Kay has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Kay is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:

Simple letters

a /a/b /b/d /d/f /f/
g /ɡ/h /h/j /j/k /k/
m /m/n /n/p /p/s /s/
t /t/w /ʋ/y /ɨ/è /ɜ/
ë /ɘ/ñ /ɲ/ə# /ə#/ɥ /ɥ/

Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs

ai /ai/au /au/ch /t͡ʃ/
gk /kʼ/ng /ŋ/sh /ʃ/
ty /t͡ɕ/

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Kay does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Kay has the following genders:

Gender cl.1 – for instance: baty ‘bottle’, chaty ‘daughter’, fach ‘manner’, faik ‘book’, faim ‘bed’, faiñ ‘net’, fèty ‘bark’, gaing ‘top’, gkañ ‘east’, gyd ‘girl’, gə#p ‘rope’, jat ‘machine’, jə#t ‘binoculars’, kag ‘apple’, myj ‘mortar’, pap ‘tree’, pə#k ‘chair’, ñyñ ‘wheat’, ñə#g ‘surface’, ɥaigk ‘road’.

Gender cl.2 – for instance: chaif ‘colour’, chait ‘south’, daf ‘boy’, gkam ‘hunter’, gkëng ‘mammal’, gkə#t ‘louse’, gyk ‘animal’, hèd ‘man’, hëw ‘idea’, jaugk ‘brick’, kaun ‘jaguar’, kə#p ‘husband’, nëg ‘leaf’, paik ‘mouse’, sauj ‘house’, syn ‘snake’, tëty ‘tower’, ñèh ‘wild boar’, ɥaum ‘God’, ɥèb ‘son’.

Gender cl.3 – for instance: chyp ‘teacher’, dëh ‘heart’, gkaid ‘penis’, gkaing ‘tongue’, gkaj ‘Kay’, gkap ‘west’, gkə#ch ‘face’, hyf ‘feather’, jyh ‘farmer’, kang ‘guts’, kès ‘anus’, myb ‘child’, mèng ‘flower’, ngèch ‘belly’, nëp ‘tail’, nə#k ‘seed’, nə#ng ‘north’, shaich ‘mouth’, shyj ‘vagina’, ɥais ‘nose’.

Gender cl.4 – for instance: bèh ‘sun’, chə#h ‘stick’, daing ‘fire’, faish ‘smoke’, gah ‘dust’, gkyf ‘grass’, gkyng ‘sea’, gym ‘mountain’, hauh ‘slime’, kèg ‘wind’, këch ‘water’, maus ‘name’, naus ‘river’, ngèh ‘snow’, nə#ñ ‘ice’, tyash ‘faeces’, tyèn ‘time’, tyèty ‘sand’, tyə#n ‘fog’, ñyk ‘ash’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Kay can be exemplified by the following example:

Tyëmèjènë saupèjènë My faufə#tya tè hy paikèjènë më, pə#fa jə#gkyña.

[t͡ɕɘmɜjɜnɘ saupɜjɜnɘ mɨ faufə̃t͡ɕa tɜ hɨ paikɜjɜnɘ mɘ, pə̃fa jə̃kʼɨɲa]

t͡ɕɘm
woman -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS saup
knife -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS mɨ
COMIT fauf
catch -ə̃t͡ɕ
3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ -a
not.Q tɜ
indicative hɨ
three paik
mouse -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS mɘ,
yon pə̃
RELPRON -fa
plur jə̃kʼ
blind -ɨɲ
3.plur.cl.2.SUBJ -a
not.Q

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

 (1)

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.

The Noun

The noun in Kay consists of first, the root; second, an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -èj /-ɜj/ ‘NOM’, -èb /-ɜb/ ‘GEN’, -èg /-ɜɡ/ ‘DAT’, -am /-am/ ‘INS’, -ak /-ak/ ‘VOC’, -yn /-ɨn/ ‘ALL’, -ə#m /-ə#m/ ‘LOC’, -èk /-ɜk/ ‘ABL’ and -ap /-ap/ ‘PART’; and finally, third, an obligatory suffix expressing possessor, comprising -ə#dë /-ə#dɘ/ ‘1incl.sing’, -èdè /-ɜdɜ/ ‘1excl.sing’, -añë /-aɲɘ/ ‘2.sing’, -ə#mə# /-ə#mə#/ ‘3.sing.cl.1’, -aha /-aha/ ‘3.sing.cl.2’, -èjy /-ɜjɨ/ ‘3.sing.cl.3’, -aja /-aja/ ‘3.sing.cl.4’, -èhë /-ɜhɘ/ ‘1incl.plur’, -awè /-aʋɜ/ ‘1excl.plur’, -ahë /-ahɘ/ ‘2.plur’, -ëba /-ɘba/ ‘3.plur.cl.1’, -ëshè /-ɘʃɜ/ ‘3.plur.cl.2’, -ə#në /-ə#nɘ/ ‘3.plur.cl.3’, -èbè /-ɜbɜ/ ‘3.plur.cl.4’ and -ènë /-ɜnɘ/ ‘no.owner’.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -ygk /-ɨkʼ/ ‘little’ and -yd /-ɨd/ ‘big’

The Adjective

In Kay, the adjective has the following structure: an obligatory prefix expressing gender, comprising j- /j-/ ‘cl.1’, gk- /kʼ-/ ‘cl.2’, f- /f-/ ‘cl.3’ and ch- /t͡ʃ-/ ‘cl.4’ followed by the root.

Numerals

The numeral in Kay stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

The determiner in Kay stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Kay has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -ma /-ma/ ‘sing’ and -fa /-fa/ ‘plur’.

Sə#fèjènë saihyna wy tyèshə#pa tè.

[sə̃fɜjɜnɘ saihɨna ʋɨ t͡ɕɜʃə̃pa tɜ]

sə̃f
tiger -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS saih
kill -ɨn
1excl.plur.SUBJ -a
not.Q ʋɨ
because t͡ɕɜʃ
happy -ə̃p
1incl.plur.SUBJ -a
not.Q tɜ
indicative

“Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.”

 (2)

Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

Gkyma paunyfa tè.

[kʼɨma paunɨfa tɜ]

kʼɨ
3.sing.cl.1 -ma
sing paun
love -ɨf
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ -a
not.Q tɜ
indicative

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

 (3)

But here, the word corresponding to he is stressed:

Gkyma pauma paunyfa tè.

[kʼɨma pauma paunɨfa tɜ]

kʼɨ
3.sing.cl.1 -ma
sing pau
3.sing.cl.2 -ma
sing paun
love -ɨf
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ -a
not.Q tɜ
indicative

“He loves her.”

 (4)

And here, it is the one translated as her that is stressed:

Gkyma paunyfa tè.

[kʼɨma paunɨfa tɜ]

kʼɨ
3.sing.cl.1 -ma
sing paun
love -ɨf
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ -a
not.Q tɜ
indicative

“He loves her.”

 (5)

Proper Nouns

Tyfèjènë Gkə#gèjènë gkykyfa tè.

[tɨfɜjɜnɘ kʼə̃ɡɜjɜnɘ kʼɨkɨfa tɜ]

tɨf
Tif -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS kʼə̃ɡ
Kag -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS kʼɨk
hate -ɨf
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ -a
not.Q tɜ
indicative

“Kag hates Tif.”

 (6)

Possession

kagèjaha dafèbènë

[kaɡɜjaha dafɜbɜnɘ]

kaɡ
apple -ɜj
NOM -aha
3.sing.cl.2.POSS daf
boy -ɜb
GEN -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS

“the boy’s apple”

 (7)
kagèjaha pauma

[kaɡɜjaha pauma]

kaɡ
apple -ɜj
NOM -aha
3.sing.cl.2.POSS pau
3.sing.cl.2 -ma
sing

“his (the boy’s) apple”

 (8)
kagèjèdè

[kaɡɜjɜdɜ]

kaɡ
apple -ɜj
NOM -ɜdɜ
1excl.sing.POSS

“my apple”

 (9)
Ɥèbèjèjy bënèbañë chatyèjaha gkamèbènë daufə#tya tè.

[ɥɜbɜjɜjɨ bɘnɜbaɲɘ t͡ʃat͡ɕɜjaha kʼamɜbɜnɘ daufə̃t͡ɕa tɜ]

ɥɜb
son -ɜj
NOM -ɜjɨ
3.sing.cl.3.POSS bɘn
neighbour -ɜb
GEN -aɲɘ
2.sing.POSS t͡ʃat͡ɕ
daughter -ɜj
NOM -aha
3.sing.cl.2.POSS kʼam
hunter -ɜb
GEN -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS dauf
kiss -ə̃t͡ɕ
3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ -a
not.Q tɜ
indicative

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

 (10)

Derivation

Kay has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:

faijèjènë hə#

[faijɜjɜnɘ hə̃]

faij
lamb -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS hə̃
a

“a lamb”

 (11)

In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:

faijygkèjènë hə#

[faijɨkʼɜjɜnɘ hə̃]

faij
lamb -ɨkʼ
little -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS hə̃
a

“a little lamb”

 (12)

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

All verbal phrase clitics in Kay are enclitics (placed finally), and there are two types: a clitic expressing mode, comprising tè /tɜ/ ‘indicative’, dy /dɨ/ ‘conditional’ and dë /dɘ/ ‘optative’ followed by a clitic expressing negation, comprising gy /ɡɨ/ ‘NEG’.

In addition, the verb is structured like this: first, the root; second, an optional suffix expressing ta, comprising -ëh /-ɘh/ ‘PAST’; third, an optional suffix expressing voice, comprising -ə#j /-ə#j/ ‘passive’; fourth, an obligatory suffix expressing subj, comprising -ap /-ap/ ‘1incl.sing’, -ëf /-ɘf/ ‘1excl.sing’, -ëgk /-ɘkʼ/ ‘2.sing’, -ə#ty /-ə#t͡ɕ/ ‘3.sing.cl.1’, -yf /-ɨf/ ‘3.sing.cl.2’, -yj /-ɨj/ ‘3.sing.cl.3’, -yb /-ɨb/ ‘3.sing.cl.4’, -ə#p /-ə#p/ ‘1incl.plur’, -yn /-ɨn/ ‘1excl.plur’, -at /-at/ ‘2.plur’, -ët /-ɘt/ ‘3.plur.cl.1’, -yñ /-ɨɲ/ ‘3.plur.cl.2’, -èn /-ɜn/ ‘3.plur.cl.3’ and -ëj /-ɘj/ ‘3.plur.cl.4’; and finally, fifth, an obligatory suffix expressing question, comprising -ë /-ɘ/ ‘Q’ and -a /-a/ ‘not.Q’.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -ëg /-ɘɡ/ ‘begin’ and -ëng /-ɘŋ/ ‘stop’

Fëma paunëfa tè.

[fɘma paunɘfa tɜ]

fɘ
2.sing -ma
sing paun
love -ɘf
1excl.sing.SUBJ -a
not.Q tɜ
indicative

“I love you.”

 (13)

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

gkaikèjènë sə#

[kʼaikɜjɜnɘ sə̃]

kʼaik
table -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS sə̃
in_surface

“on the table”

 (14)
kyngèjènë pa

[kɨŋɜjɜnɘ pa]

kɨŋ
box -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS pa
to_inside

“into the box”

 (15)
hə#ma My

[hə̃ma mɨ]

hə̃
1excl.sing -ma
sing mɨ
COMIT

“with me”

 (16)

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Kay adopts Object–Subject–Verb (OSV) as its unmarked word order. The object precedes the subject, and the verb appears clause-finally. OSV is a rare ordering pattern but is attested in a small number of languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Kay.

Gkamèjènë kaunèjènë saihyfa tè.

[kʼamɜjɜnɘ kaunɜjɜnɘ saihɨfa tɜ]

kʼam
hunter -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS kaun
jaguar -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS saih
kill -ɨf
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ -a
not.Q tɜ
indicative

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

 (17)
Daumèjə#mə# chatyèbaha gkamèbènë basèjènë gègkyfa tè.

[daumɜjə̃mə̃ t͡ʃat͡ɕɜbaha kʼamɜbɜnɘ basɜjɜnɘ ɡɜkʼɨfa tɜ]

daum
dog -ɜj
NOM -ə̃mə̃
3.sing.cl.1.POSS t͡ʃat͡ɕ
daughter -ɜb
GEN -aha
3.sing.cl.2.POSS kʼam
hunter -ɜb
GEN -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS bas
lion -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS ɡɜkʼ
eat -ɨf
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ -a
not.Q tɜ
indicative

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

 (18)

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Kay reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-initial: the possessed noun precedes the possessor. For instance, Kay expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “toy child”. This structure is typologically rarer and often co-occurs with verb-initial syntax or with grammatical marking on the noun.

faikèjèjy dajèbaha ɥèbèbañë

[faikɜjɜjɨ dajɜbaha ɥɜbɜbaɲɘ]

faik
book -ɜj
NOM -ɜjɨ
3.sing.cl.3.POSS daj
friend -ɜb
GEN -aha
3.sing.cl.2.POSS ɥɜb
son -ɜb
GEN -aɲɘ
2.sing.POSS

“your son’s friend’s book”

 (19)

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

Kaunèjènë gkè sə#fèjènë gkè basèjènë gkamèjènë saihyfa tè.

[kaunɜjɜnɘ kʼɜ sə̃fɜjɜnɘ kʼɜ basɜjɜnɘ kʼamɜjɜnɘ saihɨfa tɜ]

kaun
jaguar -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS kʼɜ
and sə̃f
tiger -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS kʼɜ
and bas
lion -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS kʼam
hunter -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS saih
kill -ɨf
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ -a
not.Q tɜ
indicative

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

 (20)

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Kay provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Kay forms relative clauses by placing the relative clause after the noun it modifies. The clause follows the internal word order of ordinary finite clauses. A dedicated relativising marker introduces the clause and identifies the relationship between the head noun and its role inside the relative clause.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

Sapèjènë tyaugkëfa.

[sapɜjɜnɘ t͡ɕaukʼɘfa]

sap
cat -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS t͡ɕaukʼ
pat -ɘf
1excl.sing.SUBJ -a
not.Q

“I patted the cat.”

 (21)

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

Tyaugkëfa sapèjènë, pə#ma faufyfa paikèjènë.

[t͡ɕaukʼɘfa sapɜjɜnɘ, pə̃ma faufɨfa paikɜjɜnɘ]

t͡ɕaukʼ
pat -ɘf
1excl.sing.SUBJ -a
not.Q sap
cat -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ,
no.owner.POSS pə̃
RELPRON -ma
sing fauf
catch -ɨf
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ -a
not.Q paik
mouse -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

 (22)

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

Tyaugkëfa sapèjènë, pə#ma faufyfa paikèjènë, pə#ma gègkyfa jangèjènë.

[t͡ɕaukʼɘfa sapɜjɜnɘ, pə̃ma faufɨfa paikɜjɜnɘ, pə̃ma ɡɜkʼɨfa jaŋɜjɜnɘ]

t͡ɕaukʼ
pat -ɘf
1excl.sing.SUBJ -a
not.Q sap
cat -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ,
no.owner.POSS pə̃
RELPRON -ma
sing fauf
catch -ɨf
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ -a
not.Q paik
mouse -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ,
no.owner.POSS pə̃
RELPRON -ma
sing ɡɜkʼ
eat -ɨf
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ -a
not.Q jaŋ
cheese -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

 (23)

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

Tyaugkëfa sapèjènë, pə#ma faufyfa paikèjènë, pə#ma gègkyfa jangèjènë, pə#ma ñëhëfa hə#ma.

[t͡ɕaukʼɘfa sapɜjɜnɘ, pə̃ma faufɨfa paikɜjɜnɘ, pə̃ma ɡɜkʼɨfa jaŋɜjɜnɘ, pə̃ma ɲɘhɘfa hə̃ma]

t͡ɕaukʼ
pat -ɘf
1excl.sing.SUBJ -a
not.Q sap
cat -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ,
no.owner.POSS pə̃
RELPRON -ma
sing fauf
catch -ɨf
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ -a
not.Q paik
mouse -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ,
no.owner.POSS pə̃
RELPRON -ma
sing ɡɜkʼ
eat -ɨf
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ -a
not.Q jaŋ
cheese -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ,
no.owner.POSS pə̃
RELPRON -ma
sing ɲɘh
buy -ɘf
1excl.sing.SUBJ -a
not.Q hə̃
1excl.sing -ma
sing

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

 (24)

Complementation Strategies

Kay introduces complement clauses with a dedicated complementiser, similar to English that. The complementiser appears at the beginning of the embedded clause and signals that the clause functions as a syntactic argument. The embedded clause is fully finite and displays the same tense, aspect and agreement patterns as independent clauses.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

Chypèjènë kagèjènë hə# gydèjènë dafèjènë bagkyfa tè Sau tyə#kyfa.

[t͡ʃɨpɜjɜnɘ kaɡɜjɜnɘ hə̃ ɡɨdɜjɜnɘ dafɜjɜnɘ bakʼɨfa tɜ sau t͡ɕə̃kɨfa]

t͡ʃɨp
teacher -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS kaɡ
apple -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS hə̃
a ɡɨd
girl -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS daf
boy -ɜj
NOM -ɜnɘ
no.owner.POSS bakʼ
give -ɨf
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ -a
not.Q tɜ
indicative sau
COMP t͡ɕə̃k
surprise -ɨf
3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ -a
not.Q

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

 (25)

Quotes

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Miscellaneous

Supplementary Materials

A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Kay / Kay–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.

Readers are encouraged to share observations or corrections via the feedback form. The present page may be accessed directly at:

https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2NPZU

Behind the scenes, the Language Creator stores the generated language in a JSON-based format known as ELD. The corresponding ELD file may be downloaded, edited as required, and reuploaded in order to regenerate the grammar, dictionary and texts.

How to cite this grammar:

Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Kay. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.90, on 19 April 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2NPZU

In BibTeX format:

@misc{LC-2NPZU,
  year         = 2026,
  author       = {{Language Creator}},
  title        = {A Grammar of {Kay}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2NPZU}},
  note         = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.90, on 19 April 2026}
}

Execution time: 0.08 seconds.