A Grammar of Kat
Introduction
Scope and Purpose
This grammar provides a systematic description of the Kat language (the 311th one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.
The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Kat.
Typological Profile
It has a small but genuine set of click consonants and the VSO basic order, common globally but unusual in many families.Phonology
Phoneme Inventory
Consonants
Kat has a moderately large consonant inventory, with 28 phonemes.
It has a small but genuine set of click consonants.The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Kat. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.
| labial | dental | alveolar | postalveolar | alveolo-palatal | lateral | palatal | velar | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | p b | d t | c ɟ | k ɡ | |||||
| ejective stop | kʼ | ||||||||
| nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||
| fricative | f | s | ʃ | x | h | ||||
| approximant | w | l | j | ɰ | |||||
| affricate | t͡ʃ | t͡ɕ | |||||||
| implosive | ɓ | ||||||||
| click | ᵏǀ | ||||||||
| click, nasal | ᵑǀ |
Vowels
Kat has 8 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.
It has a vertical vowel system in which backness distinctions are largely absent, phonologically distinctive back unrounded vowels, a partially contrastive system of vowel length and a maximally “square” vowel system balancing heights across backness.The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Kat. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.
| central | |
|---|---|
| close | ɨ |
| mid | ə |
| open | a |
Stress and Tones
Kat has phonemic stress but no lexical tone. Stress consistently falls on the first vowel of the root, and no contrastive tonal distinctions are made.
Phonological Processes
Vowel Harmony
Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.
Writing System
Introduction
Kat is normally written using the Devanagari abugida, the script employed for Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi and several other Indo-Aryan languages. This grammar also makes systematic use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to present an exact account of pronunciation.
Devanagari’s syllabic structure differs markedly from the IPA’s segmental approach, so the two notations complement one another: the script shows the organisation of syllables, while the IPA supplies detail on individual sounds.
Orthography
Here are the various components of the orthography:
Simple letters
| अ /a/ | अः /a̰/ | आ /aː/ | ई /c/ |
| ए /ə/ | एः /ə̰/ | ऐ /əː/ | औ /au/ |
| क् /k/ | ग् /ɡ/ | ङ् /ŋ/ | च् /t͡ɕ/ |
| ज् /ɟ/ | ञ् /ɲ/ | ड् /ɰ/ | त् /t/ |
| थ् /ai/ | द् /d/ | न् /n/ | प् /p/ |
| ब् /b/ | भ् /ɓ/ | म् /m/ | य् /j/ |
| ल् /l/ | व् /w/ | ष् /ʃ/ | स् /s/ |
| ह् /h/ | क़ /kʼ/ | फ़् /f/ | ॶ /ɨ/ |
| ॶः /ɨ̰/ | ॷ /ɨː/ |
Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs
| क्त् /ᵏǀ/ | ङ्त् /ᵑǀ/ | च्ष् /t͡ʃ/ |
Word Classes and Morphology
Number and Gender
Number
Kat does not have grammatical number.
Gender
Kat does not have genders or noun classes.
The Nominal Phrase
Nominal phrases in Kat can be exemplified by the following example:
initial XML:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def">
<noun>woman</noun>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>knife</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
<adj>blind</adj>
<num>three</num>
<det>yon</det>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>woman</noun> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>knife</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> - <adj>blind</adj> - <num>three</num> - <det>yon</det> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
- <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module articles:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
+ <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="plur">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="plur">
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+ <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np def="def" role="owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="owned" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
+ <np def="def" role="owner">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owned" def="def" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np def="def" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owned" def="def" locus="number">
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np def="def" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owned" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np role="owned" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
- <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number">
+ <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
<pp role="comitative">
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/>
<np def="def" locus="number">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
- <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owner">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/case/obligatoryGot ERG
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for three/num/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for blind/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/>
<np def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - <np def="def" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"> <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">|ɡ|au|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">|s|ai|ˈ|ɟ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative">|ᵏǀ|a|ʃ|aː|ˈ|</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number">|ɡ|a|ˈ|w|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|f|ai|ˈ|</word> + <thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|t͡ɕ|-</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|aː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner">|b|au|ˈ|ɡ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɰ|a̰|#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ɡ|au|
#-> ɡau
### |ɡ|au|
#-> ɡau
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |s|ai|ˈ|ɟ|
#-> ˈsaiɟ
### |s|ai|ˈ|ɟ|
#-> ˈsaiɟ
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### |ᵏǀ|a|ʃ|aː|ˈ|
#-> ᵏǀaˈʃaː
### |ᵏǀ|a|ʃ|aː|ˈ|
#-> ᵏǀaˈʃaː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ɡ|a|ˈ|w|
#-> ˈɡaw
### |ɡ|a|ˈ|w|
#-> ˈɡaw
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |f|ai|ˈ|
#-> ˈfai
### |f|ai|ˈ|
#-> ˈfai
### |t͡ɕ|-
#-> t͡ɕ-
### |t͡ɕ|-
#-> t͡ɕ-
### |aː|ˈ|
#-> ˈaː
### |aː|ˈ|
#-> ˈaː
### |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|
#-> ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac
### |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|
#-> ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |b|au|ˈ|ɡ|
#-> ˈbauɡ
### |b|au|ˈ|ɡ|
#-> ˈbauɡ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ɰ|a̰| |ɡ|au| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |s|ai|ˈ|ɟ||a|d|a| |ᵏǀ|a|ʃ|aː|ˈ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ɡ|a|ˈ|w||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |f|ai|ˈ| |t͡ɕ||aː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |b|au|ˈ|ɡ||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ɰa̰ ɡau ˈᵏǀəː ˈsaiɟada ᵏǀaˈʃaː ˈᵏǀəː ˈɡawɨ̰dɨ ˈfai ˈt͡ɕaː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈbauɡɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">|ɡ|au|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">|s|ai|ˈ|ɟ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative">|ᵏǀ|a|ʃ|aː|ˈ|</word>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number">|ɡ|a|ˈ|w|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|f|ai|ˈ|</word>
<thingy type="numcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">|t͡ɕ|-</thingy>
<word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|aː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner">|b|au|ˈ|ɡ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡau</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsaiɟ</span><br><span class="gls">woman</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ada</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀaˈʃaː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡaw</span><br><span class="gls">knife</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfai</span><br><span class="gls">yon</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaː</span><br><span class="gls">three</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbauɡ</span><br><span class="gls">blind</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ɰa̰ ɡau ˈᵏǀəː ˈsaiɟada ᵏǀaˈʃaː ˈᵏǀəː ˈɡawɨ̰dɨ ˈfai ˈt͡ɕaː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈbauɡɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>डः गौ क्तै स्थ्जद क्तषा क्तै गवॖःदॖ फ़्थ् चा ङ्तॖच्षईॶःदॖ क्तै बौगॖःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɡau</o>
+ <g>catch</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈsaiɟ</o>
+ <g>woman</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ada</o>
+ <g>ERG</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ᵏǀaˈʃaː</o>
+ <g>COMIT</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈɡaw</o>
+ <g>knife</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈfai</o>
+ <g>yon</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>t͡ɕ-</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈaː</o>
+ <g>three</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac</o>
+ <g>mouse</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈbauɡ</o>
+ <g>blind</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɰa̰ ɡau ˈᵏǀəː ˈsaiɟada ᵏǀaˈʃaː ˈᵏǀəː ˈɡawɨ̰dɨ ˈfai ˈt͡ɕaː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈbauɡɨ̰dɨ#-> ɰa̰ ɡau ˈᵏǀəː ˈsaiɟada ᵏǀaˈʃaː ˈᵏǀəː ˈɡawɨ̰dɨ ˈfai ˈt͡ɕaː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈbauɡɨ̰dɨ
डः गौ क्तै स्थ्जद क्तषा क्तै गवॖःदॖ फ़्थ् चा ङ्तॖच्षईॶःदॖ क्तै बौगॖःदॖ। [ɰa̰ ɡau ˈᵏǀəː ˈsaiɟada ᵏǀaˈʃaː ˈᵏǀəː ˈɡawɨ̰dɨ ˈfai ˈt͡ɕaː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈbauɡɨ̰dɨ] ɰa̰ PAST ɡau catch ˈᵏǀəː the ˈsaiɟ woman -ada ERG ᵏǀaˈʃaː COMIT ˈᵏǀəː the ˈɡaw knife -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈfai yon t͡ɕ- NOM ˈaː three ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac mouse -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ˈbauɡ blind -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.” | (1) |
In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.
There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.The Noun
The noun in Kat consists of the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -ॶःदॖ /-ɨ̰dɨ/ ‘NOM’, -अद /-ada/ ‘ERG’, -अईअः /-aca̰/ ‘ACC’, -अःङॖः /-a̰ŋɨ̰/ ‘DAT’, -अःकॖ /-a̰kɨ/ ‘INS’, -ॶःवॖ /-ɨ̰wɨ/ ‘VOC’, -ॶःव /-ɨ̰wa/ ‘ALL’, -ॶःस /-ɨ̰sa/ ‘LOC’, -अह /-aha/ ‘ABL’ and -अफ़ॖ /-afɨ/ ‘PART’.
The noun displays the following derivational morphology: 11 suffixes, namely -ॶत् /-ɨt/ ‘little’, -ॶष् /-ɨʃ/ ‘big’, -अब् /-ab/ ‘old’, -अत् /-at/ ‘new’, -अज् /-aɟ/ ‘good’, -अप् /-ap/ ‘bad’, -ॶमॖ /-ɨmɨ/ ‘have’, -अफ़ /-afa/ ‘use’, -अचॖ /-at͡ɕɨ/ ‘see’, -ॶज /-ɨɟa/ ‘make’ and -ॶनॖ /-ɨnɨ/ ‘break’
The Adjective
The adjective in Kat stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Numerals
The morphology of the numerals is as follows: an obligatory prefix expressing case, comprising च्- /t͡ɕ-/ ‘NOM’, य्- /j-/ ‘ERG’, व्- /w-/ ‘ACC’, म्- /m-/ ‘DAT’, फ़्- /f-/ ‘INS’, प्- /p-/ ‘VOC’, क़- /kʼ-/ ‘ALL’, ङ्- /ŋ-/ ‘LOC’, - /x-/ ‘ABL’ and भ्- /ɓ-/ ‘PART’ followed by the root.
Determiners
The determiner in Kat stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Pronouns
The pronoun in Kat stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
In Kat, subject pronouns (but not object pronouns ones) are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC">
+ <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes: No change.
flatten:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">|ɡ|ɨ|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">|d|əː|ˈ|</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɡ|ɨ|#-> ɡɨ
### |ɡ|ɨ|
#-> ɡɨ
### |d|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈdəː
### |d|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈdəː
### |ɡ|ɨ| |d|əː|ˈ|
#-> ɡɨ ˈdəː
removetags:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">|ɡ|ɨ|</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">|d|əː|ˈ|</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡɨ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdəː</span><br><span class="gls">3</span></span></p> + <p>ɡɨ ˈdəː</p> + <p>गॖ दै</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɡɨ</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdəː</o> + <g>3</g> + </w> + </il> </example>### ɡɨ ˈdəː
#-> ɡɨ ˈdəː
गॖ दै। [ɡɨ ˈdəː] ɡɨ love ˈdəː 3 “He (the boy) loves her (the girl).” | (2) |
But here, the word corresponding to he (i.e., the subject) is stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC">
+ <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes: No change.
flatten:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">|ɡ|ɨ|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">|d|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">|d|əː|ˈ|</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɡ|ɨ|#-> ɡɨ
### |ɡ|ɨ|
#-> ɡɨ
### |d|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈdəː
### |d|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈdəː
### |d|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈdəː
### |d|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈdəː
### |ɡ|ɨ| |d|əː|ˈ| |d|əː|ˈ|
#-> ɡɨ ˈdəː ˈdəː
removetags:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">|ɡ|ɨ|</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">|d|əː|ˈ|</word> <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">|d|əː|ˈ|</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡɨ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdəː</span><br><span class="gls">3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdəː</span><br><span class="gls">3</span></span></p> + <p>ɡɨ ˈdəː ˈdəː</p> + <p>गॖ दै दै</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɡɨ</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdəː</o> + <g>3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdəː</o> + <g>3</g> + </w> + </il> </example>### ɡɨ ˈdəː ˈdəː
#-> ɡɨ ˈdəː ˈdəː
गॖ दै दै। [ɡɨ ˈdəː ˈdəː] ɡɨ love ˈdəː 3 ˈdəː 3 “He loves her.” | (3) |
Proper Nouns
initial XML:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>hate</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>NN1</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>NN2</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>hate</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>NN1</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>NN2</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
+ <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/case/obligatoryGot NOM
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
addaffixes:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
-<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> +<example id="loveprop" translation="Washach hates Pachaik."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">|ᵑǀ|a|j|ɨ|ˈ|l|a̰|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Washach" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" propernoun="yes">|w|a̰|ʃ|a|ˈ|c|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Pachaik" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" propernoun="yes">|p|a|t͡ɕ|ai|ˈ|k|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">-|a|c|a̰|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ᵑǀ|a|j|ɨ|ˈ|l|a̰|#-> ᵑǀaˈjɨla̰
### |ᵑǀ|a|j|ɨ|ˈ|l|a̰|
#-> ᵑǀaˈjɨla̰
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |w|a̰|ʃ|a|ˈ|c|
#-> wa̰ˈʃac
### |w|a̰|ʃ|a|ˈ|c|
#-> wa̰ˈʃac
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |p|a|t͡ɕ|ai|ˈ|k|
#-> paˈt͡ɕaik
### |p|a|t͡ɕ|ai|ˈ|k|
#-> paˈt͡ɕaik
### -|a|c|a̰|
#-> -aca̰
### -|a|c|a̰|
#-> -aca̰
### |ᵑǀ|a|j|ɨ|ˈ|l|a̰| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |w|a̰|ʃ|a|ˈ|c||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |p|a|t͡ɕ|ai|ˈ|k||a|c|a̰|
#-> ᵑǀaˈjɨla̰ ˈᵏǀəː wa̰ˈʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː paˈt͡ɕaikaca̰
removetags:
<example id="loveprop" translation="Washach hates Pachaik."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">|ᵑǀ|a|j|ɨ|ˈ|l|a̰|</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="Washach" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" propernoun="yes">|w|a̰|ʃ|a|ˈ|c|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="Pachaik" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" propernoun="yes">|p|a|t͡ɕ|ai|ˈ|k|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">-|a|c|a̰|</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀaˈjɨla̰</span><br><span class="gls">hate</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wa̰ˈʃac</span><br><span class="gls">Washach</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">paˈt͡ɕaik</span><br><span class="gls">Pachaik</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aca̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span></p> + <p>ᵑǀaˈjɨla̰ ˈᵏǀəː wa̰ˈʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː paˈt͡ɕaikaca̰</p> + <p>ङ्तयॖलः क्तै वःषईॶःदॖ क्तै पच्थ्कईअः</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀaˈjɨla̰</o> + <g>hate</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wa̰ˈʃac</o> + <g>Washach</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>paˈt͡ɕaik</o> + <g>Pachaik</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aca̰</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + </il> </example>### ᵑǀaˈjɨla̰ ˈᵏǀəː wa̰ˈʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː paˈt͡ɕaikaca̰
#-> ᵑǀaˈjɨla̰ ˈᵏǀəː wa̰ˈʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː paˈt͡ɕaikaca̰
ङ्तयॖलः क्तै वःषईॶःदॖ क्तै पच्थ्कईअः। [ᵑǀaˈjɨla̰ ˈᵏǀəː wa̰ˈʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː paˈt͡ɕaikaca̰] ᵑǀaˈjɨla̰ hate ˈᵏǀəː the wa̰ˈʃac Washach -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the paˈt͡ɕaik Pachaik -aca̰ ACC “Washach hates Pachaik.” | (4) |
Possession
initial XML:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + </np> </example>
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase: No change.
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> </example>About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|ᵑǀ|a|ˈ|h|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|
#-> ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ
### |ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|
#-> ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|a|ˈ|h|
#-> ˈᵑǀah
### |ᵑǀ|a|ˈ|h|
#-> ˈᵑǀah
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|a|ˈ|h||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀahɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<flat>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|ᵑǀ|a|ˈ|h|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀah</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀahɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>क्तै क्तबाचॖःदॖ क्तै ङ्तहॖःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ</o>
+ <g>apple</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵑǀah</o>
+ <g>boy</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀahɨ̰dɨ#-> ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀahɨ̰dɨ
क्तै क्तबाचॖःदॖ क्तै ङ्तहॖःदॖ [ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀahɨ̰dɨ] ˈᵏǀəː the ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ apple -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ˈᵑǀah boy -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “the boy’s apple” | (5) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> + <np def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module ngen:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/> - </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/> </np> + </np> </example>
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase: No change.
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/> + <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> </example>About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|d|əː|ˈ|</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|
#-> ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ
### |ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|
#-> ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |d|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈdəː
### |d|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈdəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |d|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈdəː
removetags:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<flat>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word posp="pron" gloss="3" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|d|əː|ˈ|</word>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdəː</span><br><span class="gls">3</span></span></p>
+ <p>ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈdəː</p>
+ <p>क्तै क्तबाचॖःदॖ दै</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ</o>
+ <g>apple</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈdəː</o>
+ <g>3</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈdəː#-> ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈdəː
क्तै क्तबाचॖःदॖ दै [ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈdəː] ˈᵏǀəː the ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ apple -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈdəː 3 “his (the boy’s) apple” | (6) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> + <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> + </np> </example>
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
- <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> </np> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> </example>About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">|l|a̰|ˈ|</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|
#-> ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ
### |ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|
#-> ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |l|a̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈla̰
### |l|a̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈla̰
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |l|a̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈla̰
removetags:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<flat>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">|l|a̰|ˈ|</word>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈla̰</span><br><span class="gls">1excl</span></span></p>
+ <p>ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈla̰</p>
+ <p>क्तै क्तबाचॖःदॖ लः</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ</o>
+ <g>apple</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈla̰</o>
+ <g>1excl</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈla̰#-> ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈla̰
क्तै क्तबाचॖःदॖ लः [ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈla̰] ˈᵏǀəː the ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ apple -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈla̰ 1excl “my apple” | (7) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kiss</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>neighbour</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kiss</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>neighbour</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
- <np role="subj">
+ <np role="subj" case="ERG">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
- <np role="subj" case="ERG">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
- <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np role="subj" case="ERG">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+ <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" case="ERG">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
+ </np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" case="ERG">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" case="ERG">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj" case="ERG"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" case="NOM"> + <np role="obj" case="NOM" person="2"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" person="2"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/> </np> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="2">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" case="ERG">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM" person="2">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" person="2">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="subj" case="ERG">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="subj" case="ERG">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM" person="2">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM" person="2">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" person="2">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="subj" case="ERG">
- <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- </np>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM" person="2">
- <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" person="2">
- <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
</np>
- </np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="2"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
- <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/case/obligatoryGot ERG
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="2"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="2"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="2"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="2"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="2">|h|a|s|ɨ|ˈ|ɟ|a|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG">|k|a|ˈ|ɲ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2">|t͡ɕ|ɨ|ˈ|t͡ɕ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">|ᵑǀ|a|l|ai|ˈ|d|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">|ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɰ|a̰|#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |h|a|s|ɨ|ˈ|ɟ|a|
#-> haˈsɨɟa
### |h|a|s|ɨ|ˈ|ɟ|a|
#-> haˈsɨɟa
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |k|a|ˈ|ɲ|
#-> ˈkaɲ
### |k|a|ˈ|ɲ|
#-> ˈkaɲ
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|
#-> kʼɨˈnaid
### |kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|
#-> kʼɨˈnaid
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |t͡ɕ|ɨ|ˈ|t͡ɕ|
#-> ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕ
### |t͡ɕ|ɨ|ˈ|t͡ɕ|
#-> ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|a|l|ai|ˈ|d|
#-> ᵑǀaˈlaid
### |ᵑǀ|a|l|ai|ˈ|d|
#-> ᵑǀaˈlaid
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈɰɨ̰
### |ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈɰɨ̰
### |ɰ|a̰| |h|a|s|ɨ|ˈ|ɟ|a| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |k|a|ˈ|ɲ||a|d|a| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |t͡ɕ|ɨ|ˈ|t͡ɕ||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|a|l|ai|ˈ|d||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|
#-> ɰa̰ haˈsɨɟa ˈᵏǀəː ˈkaɲada ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀaˈlaidɨ̰dɨ ˈɰɨ̰
removetags:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="2">|h|a|s|ɨ|ˈ|ɟ|a|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ERG">|k|a|ˈ|ɲ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" person="2">|t͡ɕ|ɨ|ˈ|t͡ɕ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">|ᵑǀ|a|l|ai|ˈ|d|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">|ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|</word>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haˈsɨɟa</span><br><span class="gls">kiss</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkaɲ</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ada</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼɨˈnaid</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀaˈlaid</span><br><span class="gls">neighbour</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɰɨ̰</span><br><span class="gls">2</span></span></p>
+ <p>ɰa̰ haˈsɨɟa ˈᵏǀəː ˈkaɲada ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀaˈlaidɨ̰dɨ ˈɰɨ̰</p>
+ <p>डः हसॖज क्तै कञद क्तै क़ॶन्थ्दॖःदॖ क्तै चॖचॖःदॖ क्तै ङ्तल्थ्दॖःदॖ डॖः</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>haˈsɨɟa</o>
+ <g>kiss</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈkaɲ</o>
+ <g>daughter</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ada</o>
+ <g>ERG</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kʼɨˈnaid</o>
+ <g>hunter</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕ</o>
+ <g>son</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ᵑǀaˈlaid</o>
+ <g>neighbour</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈɰɨ̰</o>
+ <g>2</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɰa̰ haˈsɨɟa ˈᵏǀəː ˈkaɲada ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀaˈlaidɨ̰dɨ ˈɰɨ̰#-> ɰa̰ haˈsɨɟa ˈᵏǀəː ˈkaɲada ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀaˈlaidɨ̰dɨ ˈɰɨ̰
डः हसॖज क्तै कञद क्तै क़ॶन्थ्दॖःदॖ क्तै चॖचॖःदॖ क्तै ङ्तल्थ्दॖःदॖ डॖः। [ɰa̰ haˈsɨɟa ˈᵏǀəː ˈkaɲada ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀaˈlaidɨ̰dɨ ˈɰɨ̰] ɰa̰ PAST haˈsɨɟa kiss ˈᵏǀəː the ˈkaɲ daughter -ada ERG ˈᵏǀəː the kʼɨˈnaid hunter -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕ son -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ᵑǀaˈlaid neighbour -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈɰɨ̰ 2 “The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.” | (8) |
Derivation
initial XML:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase: No change.
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> </np> </example>About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">|t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">|h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|#-> ˈt͡ɕə̰
### |t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈt͡ɕə̰
### |h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|
#-> haˈlə̰t
### |h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|
#-> haˈlə̰t
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ| |h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<flat>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">|t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">|h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕə̰</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haˈlə̰t</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>चेः हलेःतॖःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈt͡ɕə̰</o>
+ <g>a</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>haˈlə̰t</o>
+ <g>lamb</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨ̰dɨ#-> ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨ̰dɨ
चेः हलेःतॖःदॖ [ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨ̰dɨ] ˈt͡ɕə̰ a haˈlə̰t lamb -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “a lamb” | (9) |
initial XML:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </example>The adjective 'little' will be incorporated. Resistance is useless.
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
submodule transform_adj<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</example>module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> + </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase: No change.
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </example>About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - </word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <flat> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">|t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|</word> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj">-</thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">|h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj">-|ɨ||||t|</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|#-> ˈt͡ɕə̰
### |t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈt͡ɕə̰
### |h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|
#-> haˈlə̰t
### |h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|
#-> haˈlə̰t
### -|ɨ||||t|
#-> -ɨt
### -|ɨ||||t|
#-> -ɨt
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ| |h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t||ɨ||||t||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨtɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<flat>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">|t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|</word>
- <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj">-</thingy>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">|h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|</word>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj">-|ɨ||||t|</thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕə̰</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haˈlə̰t</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨt</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨtɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>चेः हलेःतॖतॖःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈt͡ɕə̰</o>
+ <g>a</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>haˈlə̰t</o>
+ <g>lamb</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨt</o>
+ <g>little</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨtɨ̰dɨ#-> ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨtɨ̰dɨ
चेः हलेःतॖतॖःदॖ [ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨtɨ̰dɨ] ˈt͡ɕə̰ a haˈlə̰t lamb -ɨt little -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “a little lamb” | (10) |
initial XML:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>have</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </s> </example>The adjective 'little' will be incorporated. Resistance is useless.
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
submodule transform_adj<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
+ <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+ <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
+ </word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
</np>
<np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
</np>
<np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/> </np> <np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
- </np>
<np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
- <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/obligatoryGot NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - </word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">|x|əː|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|</word> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj">-</thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj">-|ɨ||||t|</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɰ|a̰|#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |x|əː|
#-> xəː
### |x|əː|
#-> xəː
### |t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈt͡ɕə̰
### |t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈt͡ɕə̰
### |h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|
#-> haˈlə̰t
### |h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|
#-> haˈlə̰t
### -|ɨ||||t|
#-> -ɨt
### -|ɨ||||t|
#-> -ɨt
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ɰ|a̰| |x|əː| |t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ| |h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t||ɨ||||t||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ɰa̰ xəː ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨtɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">|x|əː|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|</word>
- <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj">-</thingy>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|</word>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj">-|ɨ||||t|</thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xəː</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕə̰</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haˈlə̰t</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨt</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ɰa̰ xəː ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨtɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>डः ऐ चेः हलेःतॖतॖःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>xəː</o>
+ <g>have</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈt͡ɕə̰</o>
+ <g>a</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>haˈlə̰t</o>
+ <g>lamb</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨt</o>
+ <g>little</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɰa̰ xəː ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨtɨ̰dɨ#-> ɰa̰ xəː ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨtɨ̰dɨ
डः ऐ चेः हलेःतॖतॖःदॖ। [ɰa̰ xəː ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨtɨ̰dɨ] ɰa̰ PAST xəː have ˈt͡ɕə̰ a haˈlə̰t lamb -ɨt little -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “She had a little lamb.” | (11) |
This doesn’t affect all adjectives and verbs. Compare, for instance the previous example with this one, where black and love do not undergo affixation:
initial XML:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>black</adj>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>black</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="black"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="black"/>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module articles:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+ <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
+ <np role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module ngen:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np def="def" role="owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np def="def" role="owner">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owned" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owned" locus="number"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> <np def="def" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word posp="pron" gloss="3"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
- <np role="owned" locus="number">
+ <np role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owner">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/obligatoryGot NOM
About to call getSlotValue for black/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"> <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">|ɡ|ɨ|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner">|ᵑǀ|au|ˈ|l|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɰ|a̰|#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ɡ|ɨ|
#-> ɡɨ
### |ɡ|ɨ|
#-> ɡɨ
### |t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈt͡ɕə̰
### |t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈt͡ɕə̰
### |h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|
#-> haˈlə̰t
### |h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|
#-> haˈlə̰t
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|au|ˈ|l|
#-> ˈᵑǀaul
### |ᵑǀ|au|ˈ|l|
#-> ˈᵑǀaul
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ɰ|a̰| |ɡ|ɨ| |t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ| |h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|au|ˈ|l||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ɰa̰ ɡɨ ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀaulɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">|ɡ|ɨ|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|h|a|l|ə̰|ˈ|t|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owner">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="black" lexposp="adj" def="def" role="owner">|ᵑǀ|au|ˈ|l|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡɨ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕə̰</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haˈlə̰t</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀaul</span><br><span class="gls">black</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ɰa̰ ɡɨ ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀaulɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>डः गॖ चेः हलेःतॖःदॖ क्तै ङ्तौलॖःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɡɨ</o>
+ <g>love</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈt͡ɕə̰</o>
+ <g>a</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>haˈlə̰t</o>
+ <g>lamb</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵑǀaul</o>
+ <g>black</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɰa̰ ɡɨ ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀaulɨ̰dɨ#-> ɰa̰ ɡɨ ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀaulɨ̰dɨ
डः गॖ चेः हलेःतॖःदॖ क्तै ङ्तौलॖःदॖ। [ɰa̰ ɡɨ ˈt͡ɕə̰ haˈlə̰tɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀaulɨ̰dɨ] ɰa̰ PAST ɡɨ love ˈt͡ɕə̰ a haˈlə̰t lamb -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ˈᵑǀaul black -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “She loved a black lamb.” | (12) |
Compounding
Verbs
Inflectional Categories
The verbal phrase clitics in Kat fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing question, comprising अ /xa/ ‘Q’; second, a clitic expressing ta, comprising डः /ɰa̰/ ‘PAST’; third, a clitic expressing mode, comprising स /sa/ ‘imperative’, डः /ɰa̰/ ‘conditional’ and तः /ta̰/ ‘optative’; fourth, a clitic expressing voice, comprising ईअ /ca/ ‘passive’; and finally, fifth, a clitic expressing negation, comprising मॖ /mɨ/ ‘NEG’.
The verb itself does not have any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
The verb displays the following derivational morphology: five suffixes, namely -स /-sa/ ‘begin’, -कॖ /-kɨ/ ‘stop’, -नॖ /-nɨ/ ‘continue’, -द /-da/ ‘try’ and -न /-na/ ‘start’
initial XML:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
+ <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/> </np> - <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
- </np>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
- <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes: No change.
flatten:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">|ɡ|ɨ|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">|ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɡ|ɨ|#-> ɡɨ
### |ɡ|ɨ|
#-> ɡɨ
### |ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈɰɨ̰
### |ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈɰɨ̰
### |ɡ|ɨ| |ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|
#-> ɡɨ ˈɰɨ̰
removetags:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">|ɡ|ɨ|</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">|ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡɨ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɰɨ̰</span><br><span class="gls">2</span></span></p> + <p>ɡɨ ˈɰɨ̰</p> + <p>गॖ डॖः</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɡɨ</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɰɨ̰</o> + <g>2</g> + </w> + </il> </example>### ɡɨ ˈɰɨ̰
#-> ɡɨ ˈɰɨ̰
गॖ डॖः। [ɡɨ ˈɰɨ̰] ɡɨ love ˈɰɨ̰ 2 “I love you.” | (13) |
Adverbs Minor Classes
Adpositions
There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.
initial XML:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>table</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>table</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </example>
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking: No change.
module propagatenumber:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing">
+ <np def="def">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+ </np>
<np def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
- </np>
</pp>
</example>
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase: No change.
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
</np>
- </np>
</pp>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> <np def="def"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number"/> </np> </pp> </example>About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for table/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
<np def="def">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> + <flat> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> - <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">|d|ɨ|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def">|w|au|ˈ|ŋ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number">|f|a|ˈ|b|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |d|ɨ|ˈ|#-> ˈdɨ
### |d|ɨ|ˈ|
#-> ˈdɨ
### |w|au|ˈ|ŋ|
#-> ˈwauŋ
### |w|au|ˈ|ŋ|
#-> ˈwauŋ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |f|a|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈfab
### |f|a|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈfab
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |d|ɨ|ˈ| |w|au|ˈ|ŋ||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |f|a|ˈ|b||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ˈdɨ ˈwauŋɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈfabɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<flat>
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">|d|ɨ|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def">|w|au|ˈ|ŋ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number">|f|a|ˈ|b|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdɨ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈwauŋ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfab</span><br><span class="gls">table</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ˈdɨ ˈwauŋɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈfabɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>दॖ वौङॖःदॖ क्तै फ़बॖःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈdɨ</o>
+ <g>in</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈwauŋ</o>
+ <g>surface</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈfab</o>
+ <g>table</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ˈdɨ ˈwauŋɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈfabɨ̰dɨ#-> ˈdɨ ˈwauŋɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈfabɨ̰dɨ
दॖ वौङॖःदॖ क्तै फ़बॖःदॖ [ˈdɨ ˈwauŋɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈfabɨ̰dɨ] ˈdɨ in ˈwauŋ surface -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ˈfab table -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “on the table” | (14) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>box</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>box</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </example>
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking: No change.
module propagatenumber:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing">
+ <np def="def">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+ </np>
<np def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
- </np>
</pp>
</example>
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase: No change.
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
</np>
- </np>
</pp>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> <np def="def"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number"/> </np> </pp> </example>About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for box/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
<np def="def">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> - <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> + <flat> <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> - <np def="def"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">|t|ɨ|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def">|ᵑǀ|ai|ˈ|ɡ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number">|ᵏǀ|a̰|s|a|ˈ|b|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |t|ɨ|ˈ|#-> ˈtɨ
### |t|ɨ|ˈ|
#-> ˈtɨ
### |ᵑǀ|ai|ˈ|ɡ|
#-> ˈᵑǀaiɡ
### |ᵑǀ|ai|ˈ|ɡ|
#-> ˈᵑǀaiɡ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|a̰|s|a|ˈ|b|
#-> ᵏǀa̰ˈsab
### |ᵏǀ|a̰|s|a|ˈ|b|
#-> ᵏǀa̰ˈsab
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |t|ɨ|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|ai|ˈ|ɡ||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵏǀ|a̰|s|a|ˈ|b||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ˈtɨ ˈᵑǀaiɡɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀa̰ˈsabɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<flat>
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">|t|ɨ|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def">|ᵑǀ|ai|ˈ|ɡ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number">|ᵏǀ|a̰|s|a|ˈ|b|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtɨ</span><br><span class="gls">to</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀaiɡ</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀa̰ˈsab</span><br><span class="gls">box</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ˈtɨ ˈᵑǀaiɡɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀa̰ˈsabɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>तॖ ङ्त्थ्गॖःदॖ क्तै क्तःसबॖःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈtɨ</o>
+ <g>to</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵑǀaiɡ</o>
+ <g>inside</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ᵏǀa̰ˈsab</o>
+ <g>box</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ˈtɨ ˈᵑǀaiɡɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀa̰ˈsabɨ̰dɨ#-> ˈtɨ ˈᵑǀaiɡɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀa̰ˈsabɨ̰dɨ
तॖ ङ्त्थ्गॖःदॖ क्तै क्तःसबॖःदॖ [ˈtɨ ˈᵑǀaiɡɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵏǀa̰ˈsabɨ̰dɨ] ˈtɨ to ˈᵑǀaiɡ inside -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ᵏǀa̰ˈsab box -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “into the box” | (15) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking: No change.
module propagatenumber: No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <np def="neither" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np def="neither" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np def="neither" locus="number">
+ <np def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> <np def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" locus="number"/> </np> </pp> </example>
addaffixes: No change.
flatten:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> - <pp role="comitative"> + <flat> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - <np def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" locus="number"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" locus="number"/> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative">|ᵏǀ|a|ʃ|aː|ˈ|</word> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" locus="number">|l|a̰|ˈ|</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ᵏǀ|a|ʃ|aː|ˈ|#-> ᵏǀaˈʃaː
### |ᵏǀ|a|ʃ|aː|ˈ|
#-> ᵏǀaˈʃaː
### |l|a̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈla̰
### |l|a̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈla̰
### |ᵏǀ|a|ʃ|aː|ˈ| |l|a̰|ˈ|
#-> ᵏǀaˈʃaː ˈla̰
removetags:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<flat>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative">|ᵏǀ|a|ʃ|aː|ˈ|</word>
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" locus="number">|l|a̰|ˈ|</word>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀaˈʃaː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈla̰</span><br><span class="gls">1excl</span></span></p>
+ <p>ᵏǀaˈʃaː ˈla̰</p>
+ <p>क्तषा लः</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ᵏǀaˈʃaː</o>
+ <g>COMIT</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈla̰</o>
+ <g>1excl</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ᵏǀaˈʃaː ˈla̰#-> ᵏǀaˈʃaː ˈla̰
क्तषा लः [ᵏǀaˈʃaː ˈla̰] ᵏǀaˈʃaː COMIT ˈla̰ 1excl “with me” | (16) |
Syntax
Basic Clause Structure
Constituent Order
Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.
The basic constituent order of Kat is Verb–Subject–Object (VSO). Clauses begin with the verb, followed by the subject, with the object in final position. This pattern is attested among various verb-initial languages.
The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Kat.
initial XML:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/case/obligatoryGot ERG
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - </np> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">|s|ɨː|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|kʼ|a|k|a|ˈ|f|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɰ|a̰|#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |s|ɨː|
#-> sɨː
### |s|ɨː|
#-> sɨː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |kʼ|a|k|a|ˈ|f|
#-> kʼaˈkaf
### |kʼ|a|k|a|ˈ|f|
#-> kʼaˈkaf
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|
#-> kʼɨˈnaid
### |kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|
#-> kʼɨˈnaid
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ɰ|a̰| |s|ɨː| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |kʼ|a|k|a|ˈ|f||a|d|a| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ɰa̰ sɨː ˈᵏǀəː kʼaˈkafada ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">|s|ɨː|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|kʼ|a|k|a|ˈ|f|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sɨː</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼaˈkaf</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ada</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼɨˈnaid</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ɰa̰ sɨː ˈᵏǀəː kʼaˈkafada ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>डः सॗ क्तै क़अकफ़द क्तै क़ॶन्थ्दॖःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>sɨː</o>
+ <g>kill</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kʼaˈkaf</o>
+ <g>jaguar</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ada</o>
+ <g>ERG</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kʼɨˈnaid</o>
+ <g>hunter</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɰa̰ sɨː ˈᵏǀəː kʼaˈkafada ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidɨ̰dɨ#-> ɰa̰ sɨː ˈᵏǀəː kʼaˈkafada ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidɨ̰dɨ
डः सॗ क्तै क़अकफ़द क्तै क़ॶन्थ्दॖःदॖ। [ɰa̰ sɨː ˈᵏǀəː kʼaˈkafada ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidɨ̰dɨ] ɰa̰ PAST sɨː kill ˈᵏǀəː the kʼaˈkaf jaguar -ada ERG ˈᵏǀəː the kʼɨˈnaid hunter -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “The jaguar killed the hunter.” | (17) |
initial XML:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>dog</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>dog</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
- <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM">
- <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- </np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/case/obligatoryGot ERG
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">|c|ɨ|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|m|a|ɲ|ə|ˈ|kʼ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|x|a|ˈ|ŋ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">|k|a|ˈ|ɲ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɰ|a̰|#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |c|ɨ|
#-> cɨ
### |c|ɨ|
#-> cɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |m|a|ɲ|ə|ˈ|kʼ|
#-> maˈɲəkʼ
### |m|a|ɲ|ə|ˈ|kʼ|
#-> maˈɲəkʼ
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |x|a|ˈ|ŋ|
#-> ˈxaŋ
### |x|a|ˈ|ŋ|
#-> ˈxaŋ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |k|a|ˈ|ɲ|
#-> ˈkaɲ
### |k|a|ˈ|ɲ|
#-> ˈkaɲ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|
#-> kʼɨˈnaid
### |kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|
#-> kʼɨˈnaid
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ɰ|a̰| |c|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |m|a|ɲ|ə|ˈ|kʼ||a|d|a| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |x|a|ˈ|ŋ||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |k|a|ˈ|ɲ||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ɰa̰ cɨ ˈᵏǀəː maˈɲəkʼada ˈᵏǀəː ˈxaŋɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈkaɲɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">|c|ɨ|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|m|a|ɲ|ə|ˈ|kʼ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|x|a|ˈ|ŋ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">|k|a|ˈ|ɲ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">|kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">cɨ</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">maˈɲəkʼ</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ada</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈxaŋ</span><br><span class="gls">dog</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkaɲ</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼɨˈnaid</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ɰa̰ cɨ ˈᵏǀəː maˈɲəkʼada ˈᵏǀəː ˈxaŋɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈkaɲɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>डः ईॶ क्तै मञेक़अद क्तै अङॖःदॖ क्तै कञॖःदॖ क्तै क़ॶन्थ्दॖःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>cɨ</o>
+ <g>eat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>maˈɲəkʼ</o>
+ <g>lion</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ada</o>
+ <g>ERG</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈxaŋ</o>
+ <g>dog</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈkaɲ</o>
+ <g>daughter</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kʼɨˈnaid</o>
+ <g>hunter</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɰa̰ cɨ ˈᵏǀəː maˈɲəkʼada ˈᵏǀəː ˈxaŋɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈkaɲɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidɨ̰dɨ#-> ɰa̰ cɨ ˈᵏǀəː maˈɲəkʼada ˈᵏǀəː ˈxaŋɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈkaɲɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidɨ̰dɨ
डः ईॶ क्तै मञेक़अद क्तै अङॖःदॖ क्तै कञॖःदॖ क्तै क़ॶन्थ्दॖःदॖ। [ɰa̰ cɨ ˈᵏǀəː maˈɲəkʼada ˈᵏǀəː ˈxaŋɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈkaɲɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidɨ̰dɨ] ɰa̰ PAST cɨ eat ˈᵏǀəː the maˈɲəkʼ lion -ada ERG ˈᵏǀəː the ˈxaŋ dog -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ˈkaɲ daughter -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the kʼɨˈnaid hunter -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.” | (18) |
The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.
Noun Phrases
Structure and Order
The internal structure of noun phrases in Kat reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.
Possessive constructions are head-initial: the possessed noun precedes the possessor. For instance, Kat expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “toy child”. This structure is typologically rarer and often co-occurs with verb-initial syntax or with grammatical marking on the noun.
initial XML:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>friend</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>book</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>friend</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>book</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="2" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" posp="pron"/> </np> + </np> + </np> + </np> </example>
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" person="2">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" person="2">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
- <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" person="2"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" person="2"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/> </np> - </np> - </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> </np> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> </example>About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">ɰɨɡəːh</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">|ᵏǀ|a|ˈ|t͡ʃ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">|t͡ɕ|ɨ|ˈ|t͡ɕ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">|ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### ɰɨɡəːh
#-> ɰɨɡəːh
### ɰɨɡəːh
#-> ɰɨɡəːh
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|a|ˈ|t͡ʃ|
#-> ˈᵏǀat͡ʃ
### |ᵏǀ|a|ˈ|t͡ʃ|
#-> ˈᵏǀat͡ʃ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |t͡ɕ|ɨ|ˈ|t͡ɕ|
#-> ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕ
### |t͡ɕ|ɨ|ˈ|t͡ɕ|
#-> ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈɰɨ̰
### |ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈɰɨ̰
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| ɰɨɡəːh|ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵏǀ|a|ˈ|t͡ʃ||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |t͡ɕ|ɨ|ˈ|t͡ɕ||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː ɰɨɡəːhɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵏǀat͡ʃɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈɰɨ̰
removetags:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<flat>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">ɰɨɡəːh</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">|ᵏǀ|a|ˈ|t͡ʃ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" person="2">|t͡ɕ|ɨ|ˈ|t͡ɕ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">|ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|</word>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰɨɡəːh</span><br><span class="gls">book</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀat͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">friend</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɰɨ̰</span><br><span class="gls">2</span></span></p>
+ <p>ˈᵏǀəː ɰɨɡəːhɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵏǀat͡ʃɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈɰɨ̰</p>
+ <p>क्तै डॖगैहॖःदॖ क्तै क्तच्षॖःदॖ क्तै चॖचॖःदॖ डॖः</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰɨɡəːh</o>
+ <g>book</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀat͡ʃ</o>
+ <g>friend</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕ</o>
+ <g>son</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈɰɨ̰</o>
+ <g>2</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ˈᵏǀəː ɰɨɡəːhɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵏǀat͡ʃɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈɰɨ̰#-> ˈᵏǀəː ɰɨɡəːhɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵏǀat͡ʃɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈɰɨ̰
क्तै डॖगैहॖःदॖ क्तै क्तच्षॖःदॖ क्तै चॖचॖःदॖ डॖः [ˈᵏǀəː ɰɨɡəːhɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵏǀat͡ʃɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈɰɨ̰] ˈᵏǀəː the ɰɨɡəːh book -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ˈᵏǀat͡ʃ friend -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ˈt͡ɕɨt͡ɕ son -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈɰɨ̰ 2 “your son’s friend’s book” | (19) |
Case Marking
Kat uses split case marking. In the present tense, the grammar follows a nominative–accusative pattern, where intransitive and transitive subjects are treated alike and objects are marked with the accusative. In the past tense, however, it follows an ergative–absolutive pattern, here called ergative–nominative, where intransitive subjects and transitive objects are treated alike and transitive subjects are marked with the ergative. This makes sense because present-tense clauses often describe events as ongoing, habitual or controlled by an active participant, so the grammar treats the subject as the central argument. Past-tense clauses, by contrast, often present an event as completed, making the affected participant especially salient. The ergative marking then singles out the transitive agent as the additional participant responsible for bringing about that result.
initial XML:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-state">
<verb>sleep</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-state"> - <verb>sleep</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatoryGot NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3">|t͡ʃ|ɨː|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |t͡ʃ|ɨː|#-> t͡ʃɨː
### |t͡ʃ|ɨː|
#-> t͡ʃɨː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |t͡ʃ|ɨː| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> t͡ʃɨː ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3">|t͡ʃ|ɨː|</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃɨː</span><br><span class="gls">sleep</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀa̰b</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>t͡ʃɨː ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ</p> + <p>च्षॗ क्तै ङ्तःबॖःदॖ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃɨː</o> + <g>sleep</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵑǀa̰b</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>### t͡ʃɨː ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ
#-> t͡ʃɨː ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ
च्षॗ क्तै ङ्तःबॖःदॖ। [t͡ʃɨː ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ] t͡ʃɨː sleep ˈᵏǀəː the ˈᵑǀa̰b cat -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “The cat is sleeping.” | (20) |
initial XML:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>run</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>run</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatoryGot NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> - <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3">|w|a|</word> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |w|a|#-> wa
### |w|a|
#-> wa
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |w|a| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> wa ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3">|w|a|</word> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wa</span><br><span class="gls">run</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀa̰b</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>wa ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ</p> + <p>व क्तै ङ्तःबॖःदॖ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>wa</o> + <g>run</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵑǀa̰b</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>### wa ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ
#-> wa ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ
व क्तै ङ्तःबॖःदॖ। [wa ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ] wa run ˈᵏǀəː the ˈᵑǀa̰b cat -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “The cat is running.” | (21) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>chase</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>chase</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
+ <np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatoryGot NOM
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
addaffixes:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> - <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">|c|a̰|d|ə|ˈ|n|a|</word> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">|ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">-|a|c|a̰|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |c|a̰|d|ə|ˈ|n|a|#-> ca̰ˈdəna
### |c|a̰|d|ə|ˈ|n|a|
#-> ca̰ˈdəna
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|
#-> ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac
### |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|
#-> ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac
### -|a|c|a̰|
#-> -aca̰
### -|a|c|a̰|
#-> -aca̰
### |c|a̰|d|ə|ˈ|n|a| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c||a|c|a̰|
#-> ca̰ˈdəna ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacaca̰
removetags:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3" obj="3">|c|a̰|d|ə|ˈ|n|a|</word> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">|ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|</word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">-|a|c|a̰|</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ca̰ˈdəna</span><br><span class="gls">chase</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀa̰b</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aca̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span></p> + <p>ca̰ˈdəna ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacaca̰</p> + <p>ईअःदेन क्तै ङ्तःबॖःदॖ क्तै ङ्तॖच्षईअईअः</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ca̰ˈdəna</o> + <g>chase</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵑǀa̰b</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aca̰</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + </il> </example>### ca̰ˈdəna ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacaca̰
#-> ca̰ˈdəna ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacaca̰
ईअःदेन क्तै ङ्तःबॖःदॖ क्तै ङ्तॖच्षईअईअः। [ca̰ˈdəna ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacaca̰] ca̰ˈdəna chase ˈᵏǀəː the ˈᵑǀa̰b cat -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac mouse -aca̰ ACC “The cat is chasing the mouse.” | (22) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatoryGot ERG
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - </np> - <np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">|ɡ|au|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɰ|a̰|#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ɡ|au|
#-> ɡau
### |ɡ|au|
#-> ɡau
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|
#-> ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac
### |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|
#-> ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ɰ|a̰| |ɡ|au| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b||a|d|a| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ɰa̰ ɡau ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bada ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">|ɡ|au|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡau</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀa̰b</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ada</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ɰa̰ ɡau ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bada ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>डः गौ क्तै ङ्तःबद क्तै ङ्तॖच्षईॶःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɡau</o>
+ <g>catch</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵑǀa̰b</o>
+ <g>cat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ada</o>
+ <g>ERG</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac</o>
+ <g>mouse</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɰa̰ ɡau ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bada ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ#-> ɰa̰ ɡau ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bada ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ
डः गौ क्तै ङ्तःबद क्तै ङ्तॖच्षईॶःदॖ। [ɰa̰ ɡau ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bada ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ] ɰa̰ PAST ɡau catch ˈᵏǀəː the ˈᵑǀa̰b cat -ada ERG ˈᵏǀəː the ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac mouse -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “The cat caught the mouse.” | (23) |
Conjunctions
Here is an example of a conjunction.
initial XML:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>tiger</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>tiger</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM" number="plur">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<conjp conj="and">
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flattenconjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
- <conjp conj="and">
- <np def="def" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- </conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatoryGot ERG
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">|s|ɨː|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|kʼ|a|k|a|ˈ|f|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|f|a|ˈ|</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|ɰ|a|w|ə|ˈ|l|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|f|a|ˈ|</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|m|a|ɲ|ə|ˈ|kʼ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɰ|a̰|#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |s|ɨː|
#-> sɨː
### |s|ɨː|
#-> sɨː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|
#-> kʼɨˈnaid
### |kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|
#-> kʼɨˈnaid
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |kʼ|a|k|a|ˈ|f|
#-> kʼaˈkaf
### |kʼ|a|k|a|ˈ|f|
#-> kʼaˈkaf
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |f|a|ˈ|
#-> ˈfa
### |f|a|ˈ|
#-> ˈfa
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ɰ|a|w|ə|ˈ|l|
#-> ɰaˈwəl
### |ɰ|a|w|ə|ˈ|l|
#-> ɰaˈwəl
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |f|a|ˈ|
#-> ˈfa
### |f|a|ˈ|
#-> ˈfa
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |m|a|ɲ|ə|ˈ|kʼ|
#-> maˈɲəkʼ
### |m|a|ɲ|ə|ˈ|kʼ|
#-> maˈɲəkʼ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ɰ|a̰| |s|ɨː| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d||a|d|a| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |kʼ|a|k|a|ˈ|f||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |f|a|ˈ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ɰ|a|w|ə|ˈ|l||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |f|a|ˈ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |m|a|ɲ|ə|ˈ|kʼ||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ɰa̰ sɨː ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidada ˈᵏǀəː kʼaˈkafɨ̰dɨ ˈfa ˈᵏǀəː ɰaˈwəlɨ̰dɨ ˈfa ˈᵏǀəː maˈɲəkʼɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="3">|s|ɨː|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|kʼ|ɨ|n|ai|ˈ|d|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|kʼ|a|k|a|ˈ|f|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and">|f|a|ˈ|</word>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|ɰ|a|w|ə|ˈ|l|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and">|f|a|ˈ|</word>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|m|a|ɲ|ə|ˈ|kʼ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sɨː</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼɨˈnaid</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ada</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼaˈkaf</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfa</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰaˈwəl</span><br><span class="gls">tiger</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfa</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">maˈɲəkʼ</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ɰa̰ sɨː ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidada ˈᵏǀəː kʼaˈkafɨ̰dɨ ˈfa ˈᵏǀəː ɰaˈwəlɨ̰dɨ ˈfa ˈᵏǀəː maˈɲəkʼɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>डः सॗ क्तै क़ॶन्थ्दद क्तै क़अकफ़ॖःदॖ फ़ क्तै डवेलॖःदॖ फ़ क्तै मञेक़ॶःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>sɨː</o>
+ <g>kill</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kʼɨˈnaid</o>
+ <g>hunter</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ada</o>
+ <g>ERG</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kʼaˈkaf</o>
+ <g>jaguar</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈfa</o>
+ <g>and</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰaˈwəl</o>
+ <g>tiger</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈfa</o>
+ <g>and</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>maˈɲəkʼ</o>
+ <g>lion</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɰa̰ sɨː ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidada ˈᵏǀəː kʼaˈkafɨ̰dɨ ˈfa ˈᵏǀəː ɰaˈwəlɨ̰dɨ ˈfa ˈᵏǀəː maˈɲəkʼɨ̰dɨ#-> ɰa̰ sɨː ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidada ˈᵏǀəː kʼaˈkafɨ̰dɨ ˈfa ˈᵏǀəː ɰaˈwəlɨ̰dɨ ˈfa ˈᵏǀəː maˈɲəkʼɨ̰dɨ
डः सॗ क्तै क़ॶन्थ्दद क्तै क़अकफ़ॖःदॖ फ़ क्तै डवेलॖःदॖ फ़ क्तै मञेक़ॶःदॖ। [ɰa̰ sɨː ˈᵏǀəː kʼɨˈnaidada ˈᵏǀəː kʼaˈkafɨ̰dɨ ˈfa ˈᵏǀəː ɰaˈwəlɨ̰dɨ ˈfa ˈᵏǀəː maˈɲəkʼɨ̰dɨ] ɰa̰ PAST sɨː kill ˈᵏǀəː the kʼɨˈnaid hunter -ada ERG ˈᵏǀəː the kʼaˈkaf jaguar -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈfa and ˈᵏǀəː the ɰaˈwəl tiger -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈfa and ˈᵏǀəː the maˈɲəkʼ lion -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.” | (24) |
Modifiers and Determiners
The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Kat provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.
Complex Sentences
Relative Clauses
Kat forms relative clauses by using a head-internal strategy. The head noun appears inside the clause itself, occupying its regular syntactic position. The entire clause functions as a modifier, and its external syntactic behaviour is identical to that of a noun-modifying phrase.
To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:
initial XML:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise: No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatoryGot NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">|j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɰ|a̰|#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|
#-> jaˈha̰kʼa
### |j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|
#-> jaˈha̰kʼa
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ɰ|a̰| |j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">|j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jaˈha̰kʼa</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀa̰b</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>डः यहःक़अ क्तै ङ्तःबॖःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>jaˈha̰kʼa</o>
+ <g>pat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵑǀa̰b</o>
+ <g>cat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ#-> ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ
डः यहःक़अ क्तै ङ्तःबॖःदॖ। [ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ] ɰa̰ PAST jaˈha̰kʼa pat ˈᵏǀəː the ˈᵑǀa̰b cat -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “I patted the cat.” | (25) |
We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:
initial XML:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/> </np> <np role="obj" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owner"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatoryGot NOM
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="owner"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">|j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">|ɡ|au|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɰ|a̰|#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|
#-> jaˈha̰kʼa
### |j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|
#-> jaˈha̰kʼa
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ɡ|au|
#-> ɡau
### |ɡ|au|
#-> ɡau
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|
#-> ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac
### |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|
#-> ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ɰ|a̰| |j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a| |ɰ|a̰| |ɡ|au| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ɰa̰ ɡau ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">|j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">|ɡ|au|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jaˈha̰kʼa</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡau</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀa̰b</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ɰa̰ ɡau ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>डः यहःक़अ डः गौ क्तै ङ्तॖच्षईॶःदॖ क्तै ङ्तःबॖःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>jaˈha̰kʼa</o>
+ <g>pat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɡau</o>
+ <g>catch</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac</o>
+ <g>mouse</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵑǀa̰b</o>
+ <g>cat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ɰa̰ ɡau ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ#-> ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ɰa̰ ɡau ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ
डः यहःक़अ डः गौ क्तै ङ्तॖच्षईॶःदॖ क्तै ङ्तःबॖःदॖ। [ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ɰa̰ ɡau ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ] ɰa̰ PAST jaˈha̰kʼa pat ɰa̰ PAST ɡau catch ˈᵏǀəː the ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac mouse -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ˈᵑǀa̰b cat -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “I patted the cat that caught the mouse.” | (26) |
Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:
initial XML:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <np role="obj">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</subs>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
+ </np>
</subs>
</np>
+ <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/> </np> <np role="obj" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owner"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owner"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- </np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/case/obligatoryGot NOM
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="owner"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="owner"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">|j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">|ɡ|au|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">|c|ɨ|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|s|a|ɟ|au|ˈ|l|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɰ|a̰|#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|
#-> jaˈha̰kʼa
### |j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|
#-> jaˈha̰kʼa
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ɡ|au|
#-> ɡau
### |ɡ|au|
#-> ɡau
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |c|ɨ|
#-> cɨ
### |c|ɨ|
#-> cɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |s|a|ɟ|au|ˈ|l|
#-> saˈɟaul
### |s|a|ɟ|au|ˈ|l|
#-> saˈɟaul
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|
#-> ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac
### |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|
#-> ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ɰ|a̰| |j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a| |ɰ|a̰| |ɡ|au| |ɰ|a̰| |c|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |s|a|ɟ|au|ˈ|l||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ɰa̰ ɡau ɰa̰ cɨ ˈᵏǀəː saˈɟaulɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3">|j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">|ɡ|au|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">|c|ɨ|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|s|a|ɟ|au|ˈ|l|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jaˈha̰kʼa</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡau</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">cɨ</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saˈɟaul</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀa̰b</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ɰa̰ ɡau ɰa̰ cɨ ˈᵏǀəː saˈɟaulɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>डः यहःक़अ डः गौ डः ईॶ क्तै सजौलॖःदॖ क्तै ङ्तॖच्षईॶःदॖ क्तै ङ्तःबॖःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>jaˈha̰kʼa</o>
+ <g>pat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɡau</o>
+ <g>catch</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>cɨ</o>
+ <g>eat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>saˈɟaul</o>
+ <g>cheese</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac</o>
+ <g>mouse</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵑǀa̰b</o>
+ <g>cat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ɰa̰ ɡau ɰa̰ cɨ ˈᵏǀəː saˈɟaulɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ#-> ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ɰa̰ ɡau ɰa̰ cɨ ˈᵏǀəː saˈɟaulɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ
डः यहःक़अ डः गौ डः ईॶ क्तै सजौलॖःदॖ क्तै ङ्तॖच्षईॶःदॖ क्तै ङ्तःबॖःदॖ। [ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ɰa̰ ɡau ɰa̰ cɨ ˈᵏǀəː saˈɟaulɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ] ɰa̰ PAST jaˈha̰kʼa pat ɰa̰ PAST ɡau catch ɰa̰ PAST cɨ eat ˈᵏǀəː the saˈɟaul cheese -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac mouse -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ˈᵑǀa̰b cat -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.” | (27) |
Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:
initial XML:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>buy</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>buy</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <np role="obj">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</subs>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</subs>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <np role="obj" case="NOM">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</np>
+ </np>
</subs>
</np>
+ <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
+ </np>
</subs>
</np>
+ <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/> </np> - <np role="obj" case="NOM"> + <np role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owner"> + <np role="owner" person="1excl"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="NOM"> + <np role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owner"> + <np role="owner" person="1excl"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="NOM"> + <np role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owner"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<np role="owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<np role="owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<np role="owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<np role="owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
+ <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
- </np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- </np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/case/obligatoryGot NOM
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
addaffixes:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="owner" person="1excl"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="owner" person="1excl"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="owner"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl">|j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">|ɡ|au|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">|c|ɨ|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">|ɰ|a̰|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|s|a|ɟ|au|ˈ|l|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">|l|a̰|ˈ|</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">|ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɰ|a̰|#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|
#-> jaˈha̰kʼa
### |j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|
#-> jaˈha̰kʼa
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ɡ|au|
#-> ɡau
### |ɡ|au|
#-> ɡau
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |c|ɨ|
#-> cɨ
### |c|ɨ|
#-> cɨ
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |s|a|ɟ|au|ˈ|l|
#-> saˈɟaul
### |s|a|ɟ|au|ˈ|l|
#-> saˈɟaul
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |l|a̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈla̰
### |l|a̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈla̰
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|
#-> ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac
### |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|
#-> ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|
#-> ˈᵑǀa̰b
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ɰ|a̰| |j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a| |ɰ|a̰| |ɡ|au| |ɰ|a̰| |c|ɨ| |ɰ|a̰| |ɰ|a̰| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |s|a|ɟ|au|ˈ|l||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |l|a̰|ˈ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b||ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ɰa̰ ɡau ɰa̰ cɨ ɰa̰ ɰa̰ ˈᵏǀəː saˈɟaulɨ̰dɨ ˈla̰ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ
removetags:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl">|j|a|h|a̰|ˈ|kʼ|a|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">|ɡ|au|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">|c|ɨ|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3">|ɰ|a̰|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|s|a|ɟ|au|ˈ|l|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">|l|a̰|ˈ|</word>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">|ᵑǀ|ɨ|t͡ʃ|a|ˈ|c|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">|ᵑǀ|a̰|ˈ|b|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jaˈha̰kʼa</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡau</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">cɨ</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls">buy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saˈɟaul</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈla̰</span><br><span class="gls">1excl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀa̰b</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ɰa̰ ɡau ɰa̰ cɨ ɰa̰ ɰa̰ ˈᵏǀəː saˈɟaulɨ̰dɨ ˈla̰ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ</p>
+ <p>डः यहःक़अ डः गौ डः ईॶ डः डः क्तै सजौलॖःदॖ लः क्तै ङ्तॖच्षईॶःदॖ क्तै ङ्तःबॖःदॖ</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>jaˈha̰kʼa</o>
+ <g>pat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɡau</o>
+ <g>catch</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>cɨ</o>
+ <g>eat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>buy</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>saˈɟaul</o>
+ <g>cheese</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈla̰</o>
+ <g>1excl</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac</o>
+ <g>mouse</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵑǀa̰b</o>
+ <g>cat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ɰa̰ ɡau ɰa̰ cɨ ɰa̰ ɰa̰ ˈᵏǀəː saˈɟaulɨ̰dɨ ˈla̰ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ#-> ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ɰa̰ ɡau ɰa̰ cɨ ɰa̰ ɰa̰ ˈᵏǀəː saˈɟaulɨ̰dɨ ˈla̰ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ
डः यहःक़अ डः गौ डः ईॶ डः डः क्तै सजौलॖःदॖ लः क्तै ङ्तॖच्षईॶःदॖ क्तै ङ्तःबॖःदॖ। [ɰa̰ jaˈha̰kʼa ɰa̰ ɡau ɰa̰ cɨ ɰa̰ ɰa̰ ˈᵏǀəː saˈɟaulɨ̰dɨ ˈla̰ ˈᵏǀəː ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃacɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀa̰bɨ̰dɨ] ɰa̰ PAST jaˈha̰kʼa pat ɰa̰ PAST ɡau catch ɰa̰ PAST cɨ eat ɰa̰ PAST ɰa̰ buy ˈᵏǀəː the saˈɟaul cheese -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈla̰ 1excl ˈᵏǀəː the ᵑǀɨˈt͡ʃac mouse -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ˈᵑǀa̰b cat -ɨ̰dɨ NOM “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.” | (28) |
Complementation Strategies
Kat forms complement clauses by nominalising the embedded verb. The nominalised form lacks finite verbal categories and behaves as a noun phrase. Subjects of nominalised clauses occur in the genitive case, and the nominalised verb establishes the semantic content of the complement.
The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:
initial XML:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>surprise</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>give</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj">
<noun>teacher</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>surprise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>give</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj"> - <noun>teacher</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
- <np role="subj">
+ <np role="subj" case="ERG">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
- <np role="subj" case="ERG">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
- <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <np role="subj" case="ERG">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
+ <np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
+ <np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" case="ERG">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ <np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
+ </np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" case="ERG">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" indobj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj" case="ERG"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np role="owner"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3" indobj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> <np role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" indobj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" case="ERG">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3" indobj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" indobj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="subj" case="ERG">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="subj" case="ERG">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3" indobj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" indobj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="subj" case="ERG">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3" indobj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- </np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" indobj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" indobj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3" indobj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3" indobj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatoryGot NOM
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/case/obligatory
Got DAT
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/obligatory
Got ERG
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/case/obligatory
Got DAT
addaffixes:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" indobj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" indobj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3" indobj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3" indobj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="a" posp="det" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" indobj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" indobj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="owner"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3" indobj="3"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3" indobj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - </np> - <np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" indobj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3" indobj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" indobj="3">|w|a|ɓ|ɨ|ˈ|t͡ɕ|a|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3" indobj="3">|l|a|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">|n|ə̰|ˈ|c|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">-|a̰|ŋ|ɨ̰|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵑǀ|a|ˈ|h|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">ʃɨcɨːc</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">-|a̰|ŋ|ɨ̰|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɰ|a̰|#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |w|a|ɓ|ɨ|ˈ|t͡ɕ|a|
#-> waˈɓɨt͡ɕa
### |w|a|ɓ|ɨ|ˈ|t͡ɕ|a|
#-> waˈɓɨt͡ɕa
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |l|a|
#-> la
### |l|a|
#-> la
### |t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈt͡ɕə̰
### |t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈt͡ɕə̰
### |ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|
#-> ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ
### |ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|
#-> ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### -|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|
#-> -ɨ̰dɨ
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |n|ə̰|ˈ|c|
#-> ˈnə̰c
### |n|ə̰|ˈ|c|
#-> ˈnə̰c
### -|a̰|ŋ|ɨ̰|
#-> -a̰ŋɨ̰
### -|a̰|ŋ|ɨ̰|
#-> -a̰ŋɨ̰
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|a|ˈ|h|
#-> ˈᵑǀah
### |ᵑǀ|a|ˈ|h|
#-> ˈᵑǀah
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### ʃɨcɨːc
#-> ʃɨcɨːc
### ʃɨcɨːc
#-> ʃɨcɨːc
### -|a̰|ŋ|ɨ̰|
#-> -a̰ŋɨ̰
### -|a̰|ŋ|ɨ̰|
#-> -a̰ŋɨ̰
### |ɰ|a̰| |w|a|ɓ|ɨ|ˈ|t͡ɕ|a| |ɰ|a̰| |l|a| |t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ| |ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ||ɨ̰|d|ɨ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |n|ə̰|ˈ|c||a̰|ŋ|ɨ̰| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|a|ˈ|h||a|d|a| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| ʃɨcɨːc|a̰|ŋ|ɨ̰|
#-> ɰa̰ waˈɓɨt͡ɕa ɰa̰ la ˈt͡ɕə̰ ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈnə̰ca̰ŋɨ̰ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀahada ˈᵏǀəː ʃɨcɨːca̰ŋɨ̰
removetags:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" indobj="3">|w|a|ɓ|ɨ|ˈ|t͡ɕ|a|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3" indobj="3">|l|a|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|t͡ɕ|ə̰|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" case="NOM">|ᵏǀ|a|b|aː|ˈ|t͡ɕ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">-|ɨ̰|d|ɨ|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">|n|ə̰|ˈ|c|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">-|a̰|ŋ|ɨ̰|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵑǀ|a|ˈ|h|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">ʃɨcɨːc</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">-|a̰|ŋ|ɨ̰|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">waˈɓɨt͡ɕa</span><br><span class="gls">surprise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">la</span><br><span class="gls">give</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕə̰</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨ̰dɨ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnə̰c</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-a̰ŋɨ̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀah</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ada</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃɨcɨːc</span><br><span class="gls">teacher</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-a̰ŋɨ̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ɰa̰ waˈɓɨt͡ɕa ɰa̰ la ˈt͡ɕə̰ ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈnə̰ca̰ŋɨ̰ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀahada ˈᵏǀəː ʃɨcɨːca̰ŋɨ̰</p>
+ <p>डः वभॖच डः ल चेः क्तबाचॖःदॖ क्तै नेःईअःङॖः क्तै ङ्तहद क्तै षॖईॷईअःङॖः</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>waˈɓɨt͡ɕa</o>
+ <g>surprise</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>la</o>
+ <g>give</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈt͡ɕə̰</o>
+ <g>a</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ</o>
+ <g>apple</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨ̰dɨ</o>
+ <g>NOM</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈnə̰c</o>
+ <g>girl</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-a̰ŋɨ̰</o>
+ <g>DAT</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵑǀah</o>
+ <g>boy</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ada</o>
+ <g>ERG</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ʃɨcɨːc</o>
+ <g>teacher</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-a̰ŋɨ̰</o>
+ <g>DAT</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɰa̰ waˈɓɨt͡ɕa ɰa̰ la ˈt͡ɕə̰ ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈnə̰ca̰ŋɨ̰ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀahada ˈᵏǀəː ʃɨcɨːca̰ŋɨ̰#-> ɰa̰ waˈɓɨt͡ɕa ɰa̰ la ˈt͡ɕə̰ ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈnə̰ca̰ŋɨ̰ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀahada ˈᵏǀəː ʃɨcɨːca̰ŋɨ̰
डः वभॖच डः ल चेः क्तबाचॖःदॖ क्तै नेःईअःङॖः क्तै ङ्तहद क्तै षॖईॷईअःङॖः। [ɰa̰ waˈɓɨt͡ɕa ɰa̰ la ˈt͡ɕə̰ ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕɨ̰dɨ ˈᵏǀəː ˈnə̰ca̰ŋɨ̰ ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀahada ˈᵏǀəː ʃɨcɨːca̰ŋɨ̰] ɰa̰ PAST waˈɓɨt͡ɕa surprise ɰa̰ PAST la give ˈt͡ɕə̰ a ᵏǀaˈbaːt͡ɕ apple -ɨ̰dɨ NOM ˈᵏǀəː the ˈnə̰c girl -a̰ŋɨ̰ DAT ˈᵏǀəː the ˈᵑǀah boy -ada ERG ˈᵏǀəː the ʃɨcɨːc teacher -a̰ŋɨ̰ DAT “It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.” | (29) |
Quotes
Kat employs a quotative particle to mark direct and indirect speech. The quotative follows the reported phrase and identifies the preceding expression as quoted or reported. The same construction is also used to express reported thoughts.
Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:
initial XML:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>tell</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>tell</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module embed: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
module nominalise:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
+ <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
+ <np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word person="2" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</np>
+ </np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word person="2" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="1excl" indobj="3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np role="owner"> + <np role="owner" person="2"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="1excl" indobj="3">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np role="owner" person="2">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2">
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="1excl" indobj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<np role="owner" person="2">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="1excl" indobj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<np role="owner" person="2">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
+ <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
</np>
- </np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="1excl" indobj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="1excl" indobj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" person="2">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
- <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/obligatoryGot ERG
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/case/obligatory
Got DAT
addaffixes:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="1excl" indobj="3">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="1excl" indobj="3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" person="2">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" tr="rheme" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="1excl" indobj="3"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="1excl" indobj="3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - </np> - <np role="owner" person="2"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2"> <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" tr="rheme" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="1excl" indobj="3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="1excl" indobj="3">|w|ai|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵑǀ|a|ˈ|h|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2">|ɡ|ɨ|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">|ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|</word> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|l|a̰|ˈ|</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">|n|ə̰|ˈ|c|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">-|a̰|ŋ|ɨ̰|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɰ|a̰|#-> ɰa̰
### |ɰ|a̰|
#-> ɰa̰
### |w|ai|
#-> wai
### |w|ai|
#-> wai
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵑǀ|a|ˈ|h|
#-> ˈᵑǀah
### |ᵑǀ|a|ˈ|h|
#-> ˈᵑǀah
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### -|a|d|a|
#-> -ada
### |ɡ|ɨ|
#-> ɡɨ
### |ɡ|ɨ|
#-> ɡɨ
### |ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈɰɨ̰
### |ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈɰɨ̰
### |l|a̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈla̰
### |l|a̰|ˈ|
#-> ˈla̰
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|
#-> ˈᵏǀəː
### |n|ə̰|ˈ|c|
#-> ˈnə̰c
### |n|ə̰|ˈ|c|
#-> ˈnə̰c
### -|a̰|ŋ|ɨ̰|
#-> -a̰ŋɨ̰
### -|a̰|ŋ|ɨ̰|
#-> -a̰ŋɨ̰
### |ɰ|a̰| |w|ai| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |ᵑǀ|a|ˈ|h||a|d|a| |ɡ|ɨ| |ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ| |l|a̰|ˈ| |ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ| |n|ə̰|ˈ|c||a̰|ŋ|ɨ̰|
#-> ɰa̰ wai ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀahada ɡɨ ˈɰɨ̰ ˈla̰ ˈᵏǀəː ˈnə̰ca̰ŋɨ̰
removetags:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PAST">|ɰ|a̰|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3" obj="1excl" indobj="3">|w|ai|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|ᵑǀ|a|ˈ|h|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|a|d|a|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpta" function="proclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2">|ɡ|ɨ|</word>
- <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">|ɰ|ɨ̰|ˈ|</word>
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="NOM">|l|a̰|ˈ|</word>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">|ᵏǀ|əː|ˈ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">|n|ə̰|ˈ|c|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">-|a̰|ŋ|ɨ̰|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɰa̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wai</span><br><span class="gls">tell</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀah</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ada</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡɨ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɰɨ̰</span><br><span class="gls">2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈla̰</span><br><span class="gls">1excl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀəː</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnə̰c</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-a̰ŋɨ̰</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span></p>
+ <p>ɰa̰ wai ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀahada ɡɨ ˈɰɨ̰ ˈla̰ ˈᵏǀəː ˈnə̰ca̰ŋɨ̰</p>
+ <p>डः व्थ् क्तै ङ्तहद गॖ डॖः लः क्तै नेःईअःङॖः</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɰa̰</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>wai</o>
+ <g>tell</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵑǀah</o>
+ <g>boy</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ada</o>
+ <g>ERG</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɡɨ</o>
+ <g>love</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈɰɨ̰</o>
+ <g>2</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈla̰</o>
+ <g>1excl</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈᵏǀəː</o>
+ <g>the</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ˈnə̰c</o>
+ <g>girl</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-a̰ŋɨ̰</o>
+ <g>DAT</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɰa̰ wai ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀahada ɡɨ ˈɰɨ̰ ˈla̰ ˈᵏǀəː ˈnə̰ca̰ŋɨ̰#-> ɰa̰ wai ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀahada ɡɨ ˈɰɨ̰ ˈla̰ ˈᵏǀəː ˈnə̰ca̰ŋɨ̰
डः व्थ् क्तै ङ्तहद गॖ डॖः लः क्तै नेःईअःङॖः। [ɰa̰ wai ˈᵏǀəː ˈᵑǀahada ɡɨ ˈɰɨ̰ ˈla̰ ˈᵏǀəː ˈnə̰ca̰ŋɨ̰] ɰa̰ PAST wai tell ˈᵏǀəː the ˈᵑǀah boy -ada ERG ɡɨ love ˈɰɨ̰ 2 ˈla̰ 1excl ˈᵏǀəː the ˈnə̰c girl -a̰ŋɨ̰ DAT “The boy told the girl that he loved her.” | (30) |
How to cite this grammar
Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Kat. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.91, on 13 June 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/4AQDA
In BibTeX format:
@misc{LC-4AQDA,
year = 2026,
author = {{Language Creator}},
title = {A Grammar of {Kat}},
howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/4AQDA}},
note = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.91, on 13 June 2026}
}
Supplementary Materials
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