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A Grammar of Gef

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Gef language (the 1651st one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Gef.

Typological Profile

It has the highly uncommon basic word order OVS, a rich system of noun classes, ergative case marking, i.e., the object of a transitive verb is marked the same as the subject of an intransitive one, and postpositions.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Gef has 21 consonant phonemes, a size that falls within a broadly average range.

It has a complete absence of affricates, a complete absence of laryngeal consonants and a broad and varied fricative inventory.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Gef. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labialalveolarpostalveolarlateralpalatalvelar
stopp b d t k ɡ
nasalm n ɲ
fricativef v s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ
approximantw l j

Vowels

Gef has 14 vowel qualities, representing a highly complex vocalic system. The chart below displays the full set of contrasts employed in the language.

It has a modest but genuine inventory of nasal vowels, a full range of vowel qualities even in reduced syllables, occasional ghost vowels that surface only weakly, front rounded vowels (these are cross-linguistically relatively uncommon, but occur in a number of well-known languages, including French, German, Turkish and Mandarin) and an unusually fine-grained height system distinguishing four levels.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Gef. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

front unroundedfront roundedcentralback
closei ĩ y ỹ u ũ
close-mide ø o
open-midɛ œ ɔ
opena ã

Stress and Tones

Gef has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Gef is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:

Simple letters

a /a/b /b/d /d/e /e/
f /f/g /ɡ/i /i/j /j/
k /k/l /l/m /m/n /n/
o /ɔ/p /p/s /s/t /t/
u /u/v /v/w /w/y /y/
z /z/æ /ɛ/ñ /ɲ/ó /o/
ö /ø/ğ /ɣ/œ /œ/

Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs

an /ã/in /ĩ/kh /x/
sh /ʃ/un /ũ/yn /ỹ/
zh /ʒ/

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Gef does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Gef has the following noun classes:

Class cl.1 – for instance: bisys ‘neighbour’, fójed ‘machine’, khæsh ‘language’, milój ‘religion’, mœñab ‘farmer’, pyjekh ‘binoculars’, synshint ‘mortar’, vaj ‘name’, vivush ‘umbrella’, wann ‘city’, wæj ‘book’, zhinp ‘friend’, zhusók ‘dialect’, ñœnush ‘net’.

Class cl.2 – for instance: bapöp ‘urine’, bifev ‘cloud’, bögil ‘plain’, dunv ‘wind’, gas ‘sky’, gif ‘star’, göt ‘house’, lağish ‘anus’, lævosh ‘faeces’, nód ‘sun’, shagam ‘tower’, syğæv ‘court’, vyn ‘moon’, zemankh ‘brick’.

Class cl.3 – for instance: ban ‘year’, göbik ‘rope’, kukeñ ‘snow’, liv ‘bed’, læn ‘table’, pövind ‘river’, tól ‘time’, wint ‘chair’, zheb ‘night’, zhunyp ‘snake’, zhuñ ‘day’, ñekhes ‘stick’.

Class cl.4 – for instance: dyl ‘son’, fow ‘husband’, gef ‘Gef’, lyf ‘knife’, mazhikh ‘bank’, möt ‘mother’, pam ‘girl’, tev ‘earth’, vœm ‘wife’, wón ‘child’, zhet ‘father’, zhulókh ‘jaguar’, zhózhaw ‘student’, ñot ‘boy’, ñöf ‘land’, ğyn ‘daughter’.

Class cl.5 – for instance: botav ‘lake’, mekum ‘cheese’, ned ‘top’, nikh ‘egg’, pifykh ‘feather’, pup ‘meat’, pyd ‘sea’, pæğ ‘stone’, shut ‘money’, vafev ‘salt’, wynsœb ‘school’, zhakh ‘water’, zhuk ‘inside’, zuz ‘surface’.

Class cl.6 – for instance: bal ‘colour’, dyt ‘sound’, fint ‘idea’, læm ‘manner’, mójad ‘embrace’, sœfœk ‘breath’, tim ‘fight’, tinz ‘speech’, vot ‘fire’.

Class cl.7 – for instance: bow ‘road’, fækh ‘animal’, jyv ‘east’, jókhuf ‘mouse’, khynsil ‘louse’, lazynw ‘worm’, mip ‘fish’, mupak ‘mammal’, nak ‘south’, nykh ‘dog’, nósung ‘box’, petöm ‘lamb’, saf ‘west’, tygash ‘tiger’, wenav ‘sand’, wigaz ‘smoke’, wylum ‘horn’, zhöd ‘north’, zœj ‘bird’, ñam ‘cat’.

Class cl.8 – for instance: deshökh ‘teacher’, fagaw ‘hunter’, fakhæt ‘ice’, keg ‘man’, khegesh ‘dust’, koj ‘rain’, mikh ‘human being’, sas ‘woman’, shotit ‘God’, veb ‘people’, ñunzans ‘restaurant’.

Class cl.9 – for instance: dos ‘fruit’, fawöğ ‘flower’, gunfañ ‘forest’, gunvig ‘root’, gósizh ‘seed’, khæfos ‘wheat’, kœñöv ‘grass’, nesökh ‘ash’, nynğyf ‘bark’, pik ‘leaf’, pushæğ ‘fog’, zot ‘tree’, ñotash ‘apple’.

Class cl.10 – for instance: bung ‘leg’, byk ‘hair’, föl ‘skin’, jœjunsh ‘vagina’, khisinkh ‘bosom’, khuñinm ‘tail’, lybos ‘library’, mof ‘eye’, nögoz ‘slime’, pinp ‘head’, pynkh ‘tooth’, pöwañ ‘fat’, shœñ ‘nose’, tumæf ‘market’, vewew ‘neck’, vil ‘heart’, vœkh ‘ear’, zhóñösh ‘breast’, zhökhin ‘wing’, zil ‘tongue’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Gef can be exemplified by the following example:

Jókhufote nu khenu lizy vyzhy si pó sasanwö lyfanñi wazhan.

[joxufɔte nu xenu lizy vyʒy si po sasãwø lyfãɲi waʒã]

joxuf
mouse -ɔ
3.cl.6.POSS -te
ABS nu
three xe
yon -nu
cl.7 liz
blind -y
indicative vyʒ
catch -y
indicative si
PAST po
3.cl.8.SUBJ sas
woman -ã
no.owner.POSS -wø
ERG lyf
knife -ã
no.owner.POSS -ɲi
LOC waʒã
COMIT

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

 (1)

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.

The Noun

The noun in Gef consists of first, the root; second, an obligatory suffix expressing possessor, comprising -ö /-ø/ ‘1incl’, -i /-i/ ‘1excl’, -u /-u/ ‘2’, -y /-y/ ‘3.cl.1’, -e /-e/ ‘3.cl.2’, -ó /-o/ ‘3.cl.3’, -œ /-œ/ ‘3.cl.4’, -æ /-ɛ/ ‘3.cl.5’, -o /-ɔ/ ‘3.cl.6’, -a /-a/ ‘3.cl.7’, -in /-i#/ ‘3.cl.8’, -un /-u#/ ‘3.cl.9’, -yn /-y#/ ‘3.cl.10’ and -an /-a#/ ‘no.owner’; and finally, third, an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -te /-te/ ‘ABS’, -wö /-wø/ ‘ERG’, -fæ /-fɛ/ ‘DAT’, -de /-de/ ‘INS’, -mö /-mø/ ‘VOC’, -fó /-fo/ ‘ALL’, -ñi /-ɲi/ ‘LOC’, -jo /-jɔ/ ‘ABL’ and -jun /-ju#/ ‘PART’.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -uğ /-uɣ/ ‘little’ and -om /-ɔm/ ‘big’

The Adjective

The adjective in Gef stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Numerals

The numeral in Gef stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

In Gef, the determiner has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -zhœ /-ʒœ/ ‘cl.1’, -pyn /-py#/ ‘cl.2’, -to /-tɔ/ ‘cl.3’, -wy /-wy/ ‘cl.4’, -jö /-jø/ ‘cl.5’, -dun /-du#/ ‘cl.6’, -nu /-nu/ ‘cl.7’, -tin /-ti#/ ‘cl.8’, -jæ /-jɛ/ ‘cl.9’ and -pe /-pe/ ‘cl.10’.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Gef stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

In Gef, subject pronouns (but not object pronouns ones) are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

Ni shinzy fö.

[ni ʃĩzy fø]

ni
3.cl.4 ʃĩz
love -y
indicative fø
3.cl.4.SUBJ

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

 (2)

But here, the word corresponding to he (i.e., the subject) is stressed:

Ni shinzy fö ni.

[ni ʃĩzy fø ni]

ni
3.cl.4 ʃĩz
love -y
indicative fø
3.cl.4.SUBJ ni
3.cl.4

“He loves her.”

 (3)

Proper Nouns

Wikækhante zhivapy pó Ñazhóvanwö.

[wikɛxãte ʒivapy po ɲaʒovãwø]

wikɛx
Wikekh -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS ʒivap
hate -y
indicative po
3.cl.8.SUBJ ɲaʒov
Nyazhov -ã
no.owner.POSS -wø
ERG

“Nyazhov hates Wikekh.”

 (4)

Possession

ñotante ñotashœte

[ɲɔtãte ɲɔtaʃœte]

ɲɔt
boy -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS ɲɔtaʃ
apple -œ
3.cl.4.POSS -te
ABS

“the boy’s apple”

 (5)
ni ñotashœte

[ni ɲɔtaʃœte]

ni
3.cl.4 ɲɔtaʃ
apple -œ
3.cl.4.POSS -te
ABS

“his (the boy’s) apple”

 (6)
ñotashite

[ɲɔtaʃite]

ɲɔtaʃ
apple -i
1excl.POSS -te
ABS

“my apple”

 (7)
Bisysute dylyte valynjy si fö fagawante ğyninwö.

[bisysute dylyte valỹjy si fø faɡawãte ɣynĩwø]

bisys
neighbour -u
2.POSS -te
ABS dyl
son -y
3.cl.1.POSS -te
ABS valỹj
kiss -y
indicative si
PAST fø
3.cl.4.SUBJ faɡaw
hunter -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS ɣyn
daughter -ĩ
3.cl.8.POSS -wø
ERG

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

 (8)

Derivation

Gef has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:

petömante ninu

[petømãte ninu]

petøm
lamb -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS ni
a -nu
cl.7

“a lamb”

 (9)

In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:

petömuğante ninu

[petømuɣãte ninu]

petøm
lamb -uɣ
little -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS ni
a -nu
cl.7

“a little lamb”

 (10)

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

All verbal phrase clitics in Gef are enclitics (placed finally), and there are five types: first, a clitic expressing ta, comprising si /si/ ‘PAST’; second, a clitic expressing voice, comprising kœ /kœ/ ‘passive’; third, a clitic expressing negation, comprising mo /mɔ/ ‘NEG’; fourth, a clitic expressing subj, comprising ja /ja/ ‘1incl’, jyn /jy#/ ‘1excl’, wæ /wɛ/ ‘2’, jan /ja#/ ‘3.cl.2’, tó /to/ ‘3.cl.3’, fö /fø/ ‘3.cl.4’, ğyn /ɣy#/ ‘3.cl.5’, tun /tu#/ ‘3.cl.6’, da /da/ ‘3.cl.7’, pó /po/ ‘3.cl.8’, vi /vi/ ‘3.cl.9’ and bœ /bœ/ ‘3.cl.10’; and finally, fifth, a clitic expressing question, comprising kin /ki#/ ‘Q’.

In addition, the verb is structured like this: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing mode, comprising -y /-y/ ‘indicative’, -e /-e/ ‘imperative’, -o /-ɔ/ ‘conditional’ and -ó /-o/ ‘optative’.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -óf /-of/ ‘begin’ and -æsh /-ɛʃ/ ‘stop’

Sa shinzy jyn.

[sa ʃĩzy jỹ]

sa
2 ʃĩz
love -y
indicative jỹ
1excl.SUBJ

“I love you.”

 (11)

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

lænante zuzante næ

[lɛnãte zuzãte nɛ]

lɛn
table -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS zuz
surface -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS nɛ
in

“on the table”

 (12)
nósungante zhukante ba

[nosũɡãte ʒukãte ba]

nosũɡ
box -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS ʒuk
inside -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS ba
to

“into the box”

 (13)
lyn wazhan

[lỹ waʒã]

lỹ
1excl waʒã
COMIT

“with me”

 (14)

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Gef has Object–Verb–Subject (OVS) as its basic constituent order. Clauses begin with the object, followed by the verb, with the subject in final position. This is a rare but attested configuration in the world’s languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Gef.

Fagawante zhikhy si fö zhulókhanwö.

[faɡawãte ʒixy si fø ʒuloxãwø]

faɡaw
hunter -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS ʒix
kill -y
indicative si
PAST fø
3.cl.4.SUBJ ʒulox
jaguar -ã
no.owner.POSS -wø
ERG

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

 (15)
Fagawante ğyninte nykhœte vupy si da miñybanwö.

[faɡawãte ɣynĩte nyxœte vupy si da miɲybãwø]

faɡaw
hunter -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS ɣyn
daughter -ĩ
3.cl.8.POSS -te
ABS nyx
dog -œ
3.cl.4.POSS -te
ABS vup
eat -y
indicative si
PAST da
3.cl.7.SUBJ miɲyb
lion -ã
no.owner.POSS -wø
ERG

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

 (16)

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Gef reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Gef expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.

dylute zhinpœte wæjyte

[dylute ʒĩpœte wɛjyte]

dyl
son -u
2.POSS -te
ABS ʒĩp
friend -œ
3.cl.4.POSS -te
ABS wɛj
book -y
3.cl.1.POSS -te
ABS

“your son’s friend’s book”

 (17)

Case Marking

Gef uses ergative–absolutive case marking. The subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb are treated alike and take the absolutive case, while the subject of a transitive verb is marked with the ergative case. From the point of view of such a system, this is a perfectly natural way to organise the clause: the absolutive marks the participant most directly involved in the event or state, while the ergative marks the additional participant that causes or controls a transitive event.

Keby da ñamante.

[keby da ɲamãte]

keb
sleep -y
indicative da
3.cl.7.SUBJ ɲam
cat -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS

“The cat is sleeping.”

 (18)
Khily da ñamante.

[xily da ɲamãte]

xil
run -y
indicative da
3.cl.7.SUBJ ɲam
cat -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS

“The cat is running.”

 (19)
Jókhufante zefæzhy da ñamanwö.

[joxufãte zefɛʒy da ɲamãwø]

joxuf
mouse -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS zefɛʒ
chase -y
indicative da
3.cl.7.SUBJ ɲam
cat -ã
no.owner.POSS -wø
ERG

“The cat is chasing the mouse.”

 (20)
Jókhufante vyzhy si da ñamanwö.

[joxufãte vyʒy si da ɲamãwø]

joxuf
mouse -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS vyʒ
catch -y
indicative si
PAST da
3.cl.7.SUBJ ɲam
cat -ã
no.owner.POSS -wø
ERG

“The cat caught the mouse.”

 (21)

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

Zhulókhante li tygashante li miñybante zhikhy si pó fagawanwö.

[ʒuloxãte li tyɡaʃãte li miɲybãte ʒixy si po faɡawãwø]

ʒulox
jaguar -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS li
and tyɡaʃ
tiger -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS li
and miɲyb
lion -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS ʒix
kill -y
indicative si
PAST po
3.cl.8.SUBJ faɡaw
hunter -ã
no.owner.POSS -wø
ERG

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

 (22)

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Gef provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Gef forms relative clauses by using a head-internal strategy. The head noun appears inside the clause itself, occupying its regular syntactic position. The entire clause functions as a modifier, and its external syntactic behaviour is identical to that of a noun-modifying phrase.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

Ñamante bœwify si jyn.

[ɲamãte bœwify si jỹ]

ɲam
cat -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS bœwif
pat -y
indicative si
PAST jỹ
1excl.SUBJ

“I patted the cat.”

 (23)

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

Ñamote jókhufante vyzhy si bœwify si jyn.

[ɲamɔte joxufãte vyʒy si bœwify si jỹ]

ɲam
cat -ɔ
3.cl.6.POSS -te
ABS joxuf
mouse -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS vyʒ
catch -y
indicative si
PAST bœwif
pat -y
indicative si
PAST jỹ
1excl.SUBJ

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

 (24)

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

Ñamote jókhufote mekumante vupy si vyzhy si bœwify si jyn.

[ɲamɔte joxufɔte mekumãte vupy si vyʒy si bœwify si jỹ]

ɲam
cat -ɔ
3.cl.6.POSS -te
ABS joxuf
mouse -ɔ
3.cl.6.POSS -te
ABS mekum
cheese -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS vup
eat -y
indicative si
PAST vyʒ
catch -y
indicative si
PAST bœwif
pat -y
indicative si
PAST jỹ
1excl.SUBJ

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

 (25)

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

Ñamote jókhufote lyn mekumante gydy si vupy si vyzhy si bœwify si jyn.

[ɲamɔte joxufɔte lỹ mekumãte ɡydy si vupy si vyʒy si bœwify si jỹ]

ɲam
cat -ɔ
3.cl.6.POSS -te
ABS joxuf
mouse -ɔ
3.cl.6.POSS -te
ABS lỹ
1excl mekum
cheese -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS ɡyd
buy -y
indicative si
PAST vup
eat -y
indicative si
PAST vyʒ
catch -y
indicative si
PAST bœwif
pat -y
indicative si
PAST jỹ
1excl.SUBJ

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

 (26)

Complementation Strategies

Gef forms complement clauses by nominalising the embedded verb. The nominalised form lacks finite verbal categories and behaves as a noun phrase. Subjects of nominalised clauses occur in the genitive case, and the nominalised verb establishes the semantic content of the complement.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

Deshökhanfæ tiwynpy si tun ñotowö ñotashante nijæ pamanfæ wóvy si.

[deʃøxãfɛ tiwỹpy si tũ ɲɔtɔwø ɲɔtaʃãte nijɛ pamãfɛ wovy si]

deʃøx
teacher -ã
no.owner.POSS -fɛ
DAT tiwỹp
surprise -y
indicative si
PAST tũ
3.cl.6.SUBJ ɲɔt
boy -ɔ
3.cl.6.POSS -wø
ERG ɲɔtaʃ
apple -ã
no.owner.POSS -te
ABS ni
a -jɛ
cl.9 pam
girl -ã
no.owner.POSS -fɛ
DAT wov
give -y
indicative si
PAST

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

 (27)

Quotes

Gef employs a quotative particle to mark direct and indirect speech. The quotative follows the reported phrase and identifies the preceding expression as quoted or reported. The same construction is also used to express reported thoughts.

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Lyn sa shinzy pamanfæ nœzy si fö ñotanwö.

[lỹ sa ʃĩzy pamãfɛ nœzy si fø ɲɔtãwø]

lỹ
1excl sa
2 ʃĩz
love -y
indicative pam
girl -ã
no.owner.POSS -fɛ
DAT nœz
tell -y
indicative si
PAST fø
3.cl.4.SUBJ ɲɔt
boy -ã
no.owner.POSS -wø
ERG

“The boy told the girl that he loved her.”

 (28)

How to cite this grammar

Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Gef. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 15 September 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/4S9AV

In BibTeX format:

@misc{LC-4S9AV,
  year         = 2026,
  author       = {{Language Creator}},
  title        = {A Grammar of {Gef}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/4S9AV}},
  note         = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 15 September 2026}
}

Supplementary Materials

A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Gef / Gef–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.

Readers are encouraged to share observations or corrections via the feedback form. The present page may be accessed directly at:

https://languagecreator.org/grammar/4S9AV

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