A Grammar of Shus
Introduction
Scope and Purpose
This grammar provides a systematic description of the Shus language (the 1710th one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.
The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Shus.
Typological Profile
It has a small but genuine set of click consonants and postpositions.Phonology
Phoneme Inventory
Consonants
Shus has a large consonant inventory, comprising 35 phonemes.
It has a noticeable presence of pharyngealised phonemes, a small but genuine set of click consonants, a system with marginal but genuine retroflex contrasts and an unusually restricted set of labial consonants.The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Shus. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.
| labial | dental | phar. dental | alveolar | phar. alveolar | postalveolar | lateral | palatal | retroflex | velar | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | b | d t | dˤ tˤ | ɖ ʈ | k ɡ | ||||||
| ejective stop | kʼ | ||||||||||
| nasal | m | n | nˤ | ɲ | ɳ | ŋ | |||||
| trill/tap/flap | ɽ | ||||||||||
| fricative | f | θ | θˤ | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʂ | x | h | ||
| approximant | ʋ | l | j | ||||||||
| affricate | t͡ʃ | ||||||||||
| click | ᵏǀ | ᵏǀˤ | |||||||||
| click, nasal | ᵑǀ | ᵑǀˤ |
Vowels
Shus has 7 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.
It has has a completely boring and uninteresting vowel system.The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Shus. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.
| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| close | i | u | |
| mid | e | o | |
| open | a |
Stress and Tones
Shus has phonemic stress but no lexical tone. Stress consistently falls on the first vowel of the root, and no contrastive tonal distinctions are made.
Phonological Processes
Vowel Harmony
The language employs vowel harmony. To be specific, the following vowels change to match the first vowel of the root: /i/ becomes /u/, /e/ becomes /o/.
Writing System
Introduction
Shus is normally written using the Arabic alphabet, a consonant-centred script whose forms vary according to position in the word. In this grammar, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided to make the pronunciation fully explicit.
Orthography
Here are the various components of the orthography:
Simple letters
| ب /b/ | ت /t/ | ث /θ/ | ثٓ /θˤ/ |
| ح /h/ | خ /x/ | د /d/ | س /s/ |
| ش /ʃ/ | ص /sˤ/ | ض /dˤ/ | ط /tˤ/ |
| ف /f/ | قۡ /ᵏǀ/ | قۡٓ /ᵏǀˤ/ | ك /k/ |
| ل /l/ | م /m/ | ن /n/ | نٓ /nˤ/ |
| و /au, ʋ/ | ي /ai, j/ | ٹ /ʈ/ | ڃ /ɲ/ |
| چ /t͡ʃ/ | ڈ /ɖ/ | ړ /ɽ/ | ښ /ʂ/ |
| ڭ /ŋ/ | گ /ɡ/ | ڹ /ɳ/ | ݿ /kʼ/ |
Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs
| نقۡ /ᵑǀ/ | نقۡٓ /ᵑǀˤ/ |
Word Classes and Morphology
Number and Gender
Number
Shus does not have grammatical number.
Gender
Shus has the following genders:
Gender masc – for instance: بك ‘book’, ثڃڈ ‘mountain’, حب ‘day’, حخض ‘jaguar’, شنٓ ‘year’, ضچل ‘teacher’, طش ‘human being’, فڃݿ ‘mortar’, فړ ‘skin’, قۡٓيڭ ‘foot’, قۡٓړ ‘leg’, قۡگوب ‘lamb’, قۡڹف ‘snake’, كنٓ ‘friend’, لچ ‘mouth’, مښث ‘box’, وثگ ‘urine’, ڈسڈ ‘rope’, ڹث ‘animal’, ڹووثٓ ‘bark’.
Gender fem – for instance: تدك ‘plain’, تف ‘woman’, خك ‘sky’, صنٓ ‘knee’, صيڹ ‘restaurant’, صړ ‘rain’, قۡٓض ‘north’, قۡٓك ‘sound’, قۡٓن ‘surface’, لطس ‘slime’, لنٓيښ ‘vagina’, منٓش ‘fog’, ٹچچ ‘neck’, ٹچڹ ‘stick’, ڃخڈ ‘root’, چنٓوچ ‘fat’, ښشيڹ ‘smoke’, ڭښ ‘egg’, گثڹ ‘wing’, گنٓن ‘feather’.
The Nominal Phrase
Nominal phrases in Shus can be exemplified by the following example:
initial XML:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def">
<noun>woman</noun>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>knife</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
<adj>blind</adj>
<num>three</num>
<det>yon</det>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>woman</noun> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>knife</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> - <adj>blind</adj> - <num>three</num> - <det>yon</det> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module constorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
- <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot fem
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for yon/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> - <s> - <np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <pp role="comitative"> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - </pp> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="t i ˈ f">tiˈf</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="t͡ʃ ai ˈ tˤ">t͡ʃaiˈtˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="ʈ i t e ˈ m">ʈiteˈm</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ" ph="tˤ e ʋ">tˤeʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc" ph="au ˈ ʈ">auˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ a θ ai ˈ k">nˤaθaiˈk</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="m i ˈ ɽ">miˈɽ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɡ i ˈ m">ɡiˈm</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="a ˈ dˤ">aˈdˤ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="t i ˈ f">tiˈf</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="t͡ʃ ai ˈ tˤ">t͡ʃaiˈtˤ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="ʈ i t e ˈ m">ʈiteˈm</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ" ph="tˤ e ʋ">tˤeʋ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc" ph="au ˈ ʈ">auˈʈ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ a θ ai ˈ k">nˤaθaiˈk</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="m i ˈ ɽ">miˈɽ</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɡ i ˈ m">ɡiˈm</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="a ˈ dˤ">aˈdˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem">tiˈf</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="fem">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">t͡ʃaiˈtˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative">ʈiteˈm</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ">tˤeʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc">auˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">nˤaθaiˈk</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">miˈɽ</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">ɡiˈm</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">aˈdˤ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtif</span><br><span class="gls">woman</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃaitˤ</span><br><span class="gls">knife</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈiˈtem</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤeʋ</span><br><span class="gls">3.fem.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈauʈ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nˤaˈθaik</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmiɽ</span><br><span class="gls">blind</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡim</span><br><span class="gls">three</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈadˤ</span><br><span class="gls">yon</span></span></p> + <p>ˈtif ˈʋeɡ ˈt͡ʃaitˤ ˈɖeɡ ʈiˈtem tˤeʋ ˈʋauʈ ŋiŋ nˤaˈθaik ˈmiɽ ˈɡim ˈɖadˤ</p> + <p>تف وگ چيط ڈگ ٹتم طو ووٹ ڭڭ نٓثيك مړ گم ڈض</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtif</o> + <g>woman</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃaitˤ</o> + <g>knife</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈiˈtem</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤeʋ</o> + <g>3.fem.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈauʈ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nˤaˈθaik</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmiɽ</o> + <g>blind</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɡim</o> + <g>three</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈadˤ</o> + <g>yon</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
تف وگ چيط ڈگ ٹتم طو ووٹ ڭڭ نٓثيك مړ گم ڈض۔ [ˈtif ˈʋeɡ ˈt͡ʃaitˤ ˈɖeɡ ʈiˈtem tˤeʋ ˈʋauʈ ŋiŋ nˤaˈθaik ˈmiɽ ˈɡim ˈɖadˤ] ˈtif woman ʋ- fem ˈeɡ the ˈt͡ʃaitˤ knife ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ʈiˈtem COMIT tˤeʋ 3.fem.SUBJ ʋ- indicative ˈauʈ catch ŋiŋ PAST nˤaˈθaik mouse ˈmiɽ blind ˈɡim three ɖ- masc ˈadˤ yon “The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.” | (1) |
In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.
There is one type of clitic in the nominal phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing case. a clitic expressing case, comprising شو /ʃaʋ/ ‘DAT’, ښس /ʂis/ ‘INS’, سط /satˤ/ ‘VOC’, شنٓ /ʃanˤ/ ‘ALL’, ٹگ /ʈiɡ/ ‘LOC’, قۡص /ᵏǀisˤ/ ‘ABL’ and ښو /ʂiʋ/ ‘PART’.
The morphology of the elements of the nominal phrase, i.e., nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns, is described below, as is the way that possession is expressed in Shus.
The Noun
The noun in Shus stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
The noun displays the following derivational morphology: six suffixes, namely ـية /-ja/ ‘little’, ـط /-tˤi/ ‘big’, ـت /-te/ ‘old’, ـض /-dˤi/ ‘new’, ـو /-ʋe/ ‘good’ and ـثٓ /-θˤi/ ‘bad’, and five circumfixes, namely أـدة /a-da/ ‘have’, إـد /i-di/ ‘use’, أـصة /a-sˤa/ ‘see’, أـثة /a-θa/ ‘make’ and إـڈ /i-ɖi/ ‘break’
The Adjective
The adjective in Shus stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Numerals
The numeral in Shus stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Determiners
In Shus, the determiner has the following structure: an obligatory prefix expressing gender, comprising ڈـ /ɖ-/ ‘masc’ and وـ /ʋ-/ ‘fem’ followed by the root.
Pronouns
The pronoun in Shus stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
In Shus, subject pronouns (but not object pronouns ones) are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem"/> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem"/> </np> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
- <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/mode/obligatoryGot indicative
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem" ph="a ˈ ɳ">aˈɳ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" ph="ᵏǀ a ˈ d">ᵏǀaˈd</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem" ph="a ˈ ɳ">aˈɳ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" ph="ᵏǀ a ˈ d">ᵏǀaˈd</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">aˈɳ</word> + <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number">ᵏǀaˈd</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaɳ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀad</span><br><span class="gls">3.fem</span></span></p> + <p>ˈʋaɳ ˈᵏǀad</p> + <p>وڹ قۡد</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaɳ</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀad</o> + <g>3.fem</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
وڹ قۡد۔ [ˈʋaɳ ˈᵏǀad] ʋ- indicative ˈaɳ love ˈᵏǀad 3.fem “He (the boy) loves her (the girl).” | (2) |
But here, the word corresponding to he (i.e., the subject) is stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem"/> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
- <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/mode/obligatoryGot indicative
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> - <s> - <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/> + <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" ph="n u ˈ ɽ">nuˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem" ph="a ˈ ɳ">aˈɳ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" ph="ᵏǀ a ˈ d">ᵏǀaˈd</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" ph="n u ˈ ɽ">nuˈɽ</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem" ph="a ˈ ɳ">aˈɳ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" ph="ᵏǀ a ˈ d">ᵏǀaˈd</word> + <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">nuˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">aˈɳ</word> + <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number">ᵏǀaˈd</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnuɽ</span><br><span class="gls">3.masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaɳ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀad</span><br><span class="gls">3.fem</span></span></p> + <p>ˈnuɽ ˈʋaɳ ˈᵏǀad</p> + <p>نړ وڹ قۡد</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈnuɽ</o> + <g>3.masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaɳ</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀad</o> + <g>3.fem</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
نړ وڹ قۡد۔ [ˈnuɽ ˈʋaɳ ˈᵏǀad] ˈnuɽ 3.masc ʋ- indicative ˈaɳ love ˈᵏǀad 3.fem “He loves her.” | (3) |
Proper Nouns
initial XML:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>hate</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>NN1</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>NN2</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>hate</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>NN1</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>NN2</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> + </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot masc
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> - <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
-<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> +<example id="loveprop" translation="Khadab hates Vasheth."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Khadab" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" propernoun="yes" ph="x a d a ˈ b">xadaˈb</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem" ph="u ˈ b i n a ʂ">uˈbinaʂ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Vasheth" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" propernoun="yes" ph="ʋ a ʃ e ˈ θ">ʋaʃeˈθ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="loveprop" translation="Khadab hates Vasheth.">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="Khadab" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" propernoun="yes" ph="x a d a ˈ b">xadaˈb</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem" ph="u ˈ b i n a ʂ">uˈbinaʂ</word>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem" ph="u ˈ b u n a ʂ" underlying="u ˈ b i n a ʂ">uˈbunaʂ</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="Vasheth" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" propernoun="yes" ph="ʋ a ʃ e ˈ θ">ʋaʃeˈθ</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="loveprop" translation="Khadab hates Vasheth."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Khadab" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" propernoun="yes" ph="x a d a ˈ b">xadaˈb</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem" ph="u ˈ b u n a ʂ" underlying="u ˈ b i n a ʂ">uˈbunaʂ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Vasheth" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" propernoun="yes" ph="ʋ a ʃ e ˈ θ">ʋaʃeˈθ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Khadab" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" propernoun="yes">xadaˈb</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem" underlying="u ˈ b i n a ʂ">uˈbunaʂ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Vasheth" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" propernoun="yes">ʋaʃeˈθ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xaˈdab</span><br><span class="gls">Khadab</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈubinaʂ</span><br><span class="gls">hate</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋaˈʃeθ</span><br><span class="gls">Vasheth</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>xaˈdab ˈɖeɡ ˈʋubunaʂ ʋaˈʃeθ ˈʋeɡ</p> + <p>خدب ڈگ وبنښ وشث وگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>xaˈdab</o> + <g>Khadab</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈubinaʂ</o> + <g>hate</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋaˈʃeθ</o> + <g>Vasheth</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
خدب ڈگ وبنښ وشث وگ۔ [xaˈdab ˈɖeɡ ˈʋubunaʂ ʋaˈʃeθ ˈʋeɡ] xaˈdab Khadab ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ʋ- indicative ˈubinaʂ hate ʋaˈʃeθ Vasheth ʋ- fem ˈeɡ the “Khadab hates Vasheth.” | (4) |
Possession
initial XML:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot masc
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="ɖ i ˈ ɳ">ɖiˈɳ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤeʈauˈm</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="ɖ i ˈ ɳ">ɖiˈɳ</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤeʈauˈm</word>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="tˤ o ʈ au ˈ m" underlying="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤoʈauˈm</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="ɖ i ˈ ɳ">ɖiˈɳ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="tˤ o ʈ au ˈ m" underlying="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤoʈauˈm</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">ɖiˈɳ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" underlying="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤoʈauˈm</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɖiɳ</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤeˈʈaum</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ˈɖiɳ ˈɖeɡ tˤoˈʈaum ˈʋeɡ</p> + <p>ڈڹ ڈگ طٹوم وگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈɖiɳ</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤeˈʈaum</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ڈڹ ڈگ طٹوم وگ [ˈɖiɳ ˈɖeɡ tˤoˈʈaum ˈʋeɡ] ˈɖiɳ boy ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the tˤeˈʈaum apple ʋ- fem ˈeɡ the “the boy’s apple” | (5) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> - <np def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> - <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc"/> + <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot fem
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">
<word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="n u ˈ ɽ">nuˈɽ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤeʈauˈm</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<flat>
<word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="n u ˈ ɽ">nuˈɽ</word>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤeʈauˈm</word>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="tˤ o ʈ au ˈ m" underlying="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤoʈauˈm</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="n u ˈ ɽ">nuˈɽ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="tˤ o ʈ au ˈ m" underlying="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤoʈauˈm</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="pron" gender="masc" gloss="3.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">nuˈɽ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" underlying="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤoʈauˈm</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnuɽ</span><br><span class="gls">3.masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤeˈʈaum</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ˈnuɽ tˤoˈʈaum ˈʋeɡ</p> + <p>نړ طٹوم وگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈnuɽ</o> + <g>3.masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤeˈʈaum</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
نړ طٹوم وگ [ˈnuɽ tˤoˈʈaum ˈʋeɡ] ˈnuɽ 3.masc tˤeˈʈaum apple ʋ- fem ˈeɡ the “his (the boy’s) apple” | (6) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot fem
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" ph="θˤ i ˈ ɽ">θˤiˈɽ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤeʈauˈm</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<flat>
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" ph="θˤ i ˈ ɽ">θˤiˈɽ</word>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤeʈauˈm</word>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="tˤ o ʈ au ˈ m" underlying="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤoʈauˈm</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" ph="θˤ i ˈ ɽ">θˤiˈɽ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="tˤ o ʈ au ˈ m" underlying="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤoʈauˈm</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">θˤiˈɽ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" underlying="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤoʈauˈm</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈθˤiɽ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤeˈʈaum</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ˈθˤiɽ tˤoˈʈaum ˈʋeɡ</p> + <p>ثٓړ طٹوم وگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈθˤiɽ</o> + <g>1excl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤeˈʈaum</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ثٓړ طٹوم وگ [ˈθˤiɽ tˤoˈʈaum ˈʋeɡ] ˈθˤiɽ 1excl tˤeˈʈaum apple ʋ- fem ˈeɡ the “my apple” | (7) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kiss</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>neighbour</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kiss</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>neighbour</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> - </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc">
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" gender="fem">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc">
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" gender="fem"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" role="subj"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="masc"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - </np> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" role="subj"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> </s> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
- <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot masc
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> - <s> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="sˤ a dˤ a ˈ s">sˤadˤaˈs</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="h i ˈ ʋ">hiˈʋ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ" ph="tˤ e ʋ">tˤeʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc" ph="e ˈ t͡ʃ i ɳ e θˤ">eˈt͡ʃiɳeθˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" ph="ʃ au ˈ d">ʃauˈd</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="dˤ e ɲ u ˈ ʈ">dˤeɲuˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="ɽ o ˈ ɡ">ɽoˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="sˤ a dˤ a ˈ s">sˤadˤaˈs</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="h i ˈ ʋ">hiˈʋ</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ" ph="tˤ e ʋ">tˤeʋ</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc" ph="e ˈ t͡ʃ i ɳ e θˤ">eˈt͡ʃiɳeθˤ</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" ph="ʃ au ˈ d">ʃauˈd</word>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="dˤ e ɲ u ˈ ʈ">dˤeɲuˈʈ</word>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="dˤ o ɲ u ˈ ʈ" underlying="dˤ e ɲ u ˈ ʈ">dˤoɲuˈʈ</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="ɽ o ˈ ɡ">ɽoˈɡ</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="sˤ a dˤ a ˈ s">sˤadˤaˈs</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="h i ˈ ʋ">hiˈʋ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ" ph="tˤ e ʋ">tˤeʋ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc" ph="e ˈ t͡ʃ i ɳ e θˤ">eˈt͡ʃiɳeθˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" ph="ʃ au ˈ d">ʃauˈd</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="dˤ o ɲ u ˈ ʈ" underlying="dˤ e ɲ u ˈ ʈ">dˤoɲuˈʈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="ɽ o ˈ ɡ">ɽoˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">sˤadˤaˈs</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">hiˈʋ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ">tˤeʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc">eˈt͡ʃiɳeθˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">ʃauˈd</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" underlying="dˤ e ɲ u ˈ ʈ">dˤoɲuˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">ɽoˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤaˈdˤas</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈhiʋ</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤeʋ</span><br><span class="gls">3.fem.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈet͡ʃiɳeθˤ</span><br><span class="gls">kiss</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʃaud</span><br><span class="gls">2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤeˈɲuʈ</span><br><span class="gls">neighbour</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɽoɡ</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>sˤaˈdˤas ˈɖeɡ ˈhiʋ ˈʋeɡ tˤeʋ ˈʋet͡ʃiɳeθˤ ŋiŋ ˈʃaud dˤoˈɲuʈ ˈɖeɡ ˈɽoɡ ˈɖeɡ</p> + <p>صضس ڈگ حو وگ طو وچڹثٓ ڭڭ شود ضڃٹ ڈگ ړگ ڈگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>sˤaˈdˤas</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈhiʋ</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤeʋ</o> + <g>3.fem.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈet͡ʃiɳeθˤ</o> + <g>kiss</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʃaud</o> + <g>2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤeˈɲuʈ</o> + <g>neighbour</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɽoɡ</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
صضس ڈگ حو وگ طو وچڹثٓ ڭڭ شود ضڃٹ ڈگ ړگ ڈگ۔ [sˤaˈdˤas ˈɖeɡ ˈhiʋ ˈʋeɡ tˤeʋ ˈʋet͡ʃiɳeθˤ ŋiŋ ˈʃaud dˤoˈɲuʈ ˈɖeɡ ˈɽoɡ ˈɖeɡ] sˤaˈdˤas hunter ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ˈhiʋ daughter ʋ- fem ˈeɡ the tˤeʋ 3.fem.SUBJ ʋ- indicative ˈet͡ʃiɳeθˤ kiss ŋiŋ PAST ˈʃaud 2 dˤeˈɲuʈ neighbour ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ˈɽoɡ son ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the “The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.” | (8) |
Derivation
initial XML:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀeɡauˈb</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀeɡauˈb</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ o ɡ au ˈ b" underlying="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀoɡauˈb</word> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ o ɡ au ˈ b" underlying="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀoɡauˈb</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" underlying="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀoɡauˈb</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀeˈɡaub</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span></p> + <p>ᵏǀoˈɡaub</p> + <p>قۡگوب</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀeˈɡaub</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
قۡگوب [ᵏǀoˈɡaub] ᵏǀeˈɡaub lamb “a lamb” | (9) |
initial XML:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
submodule transform_adj<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</example>module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> + </word> </np> </example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <flat> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - </word> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <flat> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀeɡauˈb</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="j a">ja</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<flat>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
- <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀeɡauˈb</word>
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ o ɡ au ˈ b" underlying="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀoɡauˈb</word>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="j a">ja</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <flat> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ o ɡ au ˈ b" underlying="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀoɡauˈb</word> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="j a">ja</thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" underlying="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀoɡauˈb</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj">ja</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀeˈɡaub</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ja</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span></p> + <p>ᵏǀoˈɡaubja</p> + <p>قۡگوبية</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀeˈɡaub</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ja</o> + <g>little</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
قۡگوبية [ᵏǀoˈɡaubja] ᵏǀeˈɡaub lamb -ja little “a little lamb” | (10) |
initial XML:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>have</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
submodule transform_adj<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</s>
</example>submodule transform_verb_obj
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+ <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
+ <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+ <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
+ <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
+ </word>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> - </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/>
- <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem">
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/verb/mode/obligatoryGot indicative
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem">
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem"> <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - </word> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ" ph="tˤ e ʋ">tˤeʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph="a">a</thingy> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" ph="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀeɡauˈb</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="j a">ja</thingy> + <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph="d a">da</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ" ph="tˤ e ʋ">tˤeʋ</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph="a">a</thingy>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
- <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" ph="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀeɡauˈb</word>
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" ph="ᵏǀ o ɡ au ˈ b" underlying="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀoɡauˈb</word>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="j a">ja</thingy>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph="d a">da</thingy>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ" ph="tˤ e ʋ">tˤeʋ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph="a">a</thingy> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" ph="ᵏǀ o ɡ au ˈ b" underlying="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀoɡauˈb</word> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="j a">ja</thingy> - <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph="d a">da</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ">tˤeʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb">a</thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" underlying="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀoɡauˈb</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj">ja</thingy> + <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb">da</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤeʋ</span><br><span class="gls">3.fem.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">a-</span><br><span class="gls">have₁</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀeˈɡaub</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ja</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-da</span><br><span class="gls">have₂</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>tˤeʋ ʋaᵏǀoˈɡaubjada ŋiŋ</p> + <p>طو وقۡگوبيد ڭڭ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>tˤeʋ</o> + <g>3.fem.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>a-</o> + <g>have₁</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀeˈɡaub</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ja</o> + <g>little</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-da</o> + <g>have₂</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
طو وقۡگوبيد ڭڭ۔ [tˤeʋ ʋaᵏǀoˈɡaubjada ŋiŋ] tˤeʋ 3.fem.SUBJ ʋ- indicative a- have₁ ᵏǀeˈɡaub lamb -ja little -da have₂ ŋiŋ PAST “She had a little lamb.” | (11) |
This doesn’t affect all adjectives and verbs. Compare, for instance the previous example with this one, where black and love do not undergo affixation:
initial XML:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>black</adj>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>black</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="black"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="black"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="black"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="black"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="black"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="black"/> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="black"/> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="black"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> - <word posp="pron" gender="fem" gloss="3.fem"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="black"/> </np> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="black"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="black"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word posp="adj" gloss="black" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/mode/obligatoryGot indicative
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="black" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="black" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="black" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ" ph="tˤ e ʋ">tˤeʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc" ph="a ˈ ɳ">aˈɳ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀeɡauˈb</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="black" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="θˤ o ˈ ɲ">θˤoˈɲ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ" ph="tˤ e ʋ">tˤeʋ</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc" ph="a ˈ ɳ">aˈɳ</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀeɡauˈb</word>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ o ɡ au ˈ b" underlying="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀoɡauˈb</word>
<word posp="adj" gloss="black" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="θˤ o ˈ ɲ">θˤoˈɲ</word>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="lamb2b" translation="She loved a black lamb."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ" ph="tˤ e ʋ">tˤeʋ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc" ph="a ˈ ɳ">aˈɳ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ o ɡ au ˈ b" underlying="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀoɡauˈb</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="black" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="θˤ o ˈ ɲ">θˤoˈɲ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ">tˤeʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" obj="3.masc">aˈɳ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" underlying="ᵏǀ e ɡ au ˈ b">ᵏǀoɡauˈb</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="black" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">θˤoˈɲ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤeʋ</span><br><span class="gls">3.fem.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaɳ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀeˈɡaub</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈθˤoɲ</span><br><span class="gls">black</span></span></p> + <p>tˤeʋ ˈʋaɳ ŋiŋ ᵏǀoˈɡaub ˈθˤoɲ</p> + <p>طو وڹ ڭڭ قۡگوب ثٓڃ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>tˤeʋ</o> + <g>3.fem.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaɳ</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀeˈɡaub</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈθˤoɲ</o> + <g>black</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
طو وڹ ڭڭ قۡگوب ثٓڃ۔ [tˤeʋ ˈʋaɳ ŋiŋ ᵏǀoˈɡaub ˈθˤoɲ] tˤeʋ 3.fem.SUBJ ʋ- indicative ˈaɳ love ŋiŋ PAST ᵏǀeˈɡaub lamb ˈθˤoɲ black “She loved a black lamb.” | (12) |
Compounding
Verbs
Inflectional Categories
The verbal phrase clitics in Shus fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing subj, comprising بنٓ /banˤ/ ‘1incl’, چض /t͡ʃidˤ/ ‘1excl’, ثص /θisˤ/ ‘2’ and طو /tˤeʋ/ ‘3.fem’; second, a clitic expressing ta, comprising ڭڭ /ŋiŋ/ ‘PAST’; third, a clitic expressing voice, comprising چة /t͡ʃa/ ‘passive’; and finally, fourth, a clitic expressing negation, comprising مص /mesˤ/ ‘NEG’.
In addition, the verb is structured like this: an obligatory prefix expressing mode, comprising وـ /ʋ-/ ‘indicative’, حـ /h-/ ‘imperative’, چـ /t͡ʃ-/ ‘conditional’ and ڃـ /ɲ-/ ‘optative’ followed by the root.
The verb displays the following derivational morphology: five suffixes, namely ـړة /-ɽa/ ‘begin’, ـس /-si/ ‘stop’, ـتة /-ta/ ‘continue’, ـڃة /-ɲa/ ‘try’ and ـٹ /-ʈe/ ‘start’
initial XML:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
- <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/> </np> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
- <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/mode/obligatoryGot indicative
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2" ph="a ˈ ɳ">aˈɳ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" ph="ʃ au ˈ d">ʃauˈd</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2" ph="a ˈ ɳ">aˈɳ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" ph="ʃ au ˈ d">ʃauˈd</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">aˈɳ</word> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">ʃauˈd</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃidˤ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaɳ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʃaud</span><br><span class="gls">2</span></span></p> + <p>t͡ʃidˤ ˈʋaɳ ˈʃaud</p> + <p>چض وڹ شود</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃidˤ</o> + <g>1excl.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaɳ</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʃaud</o> + <g>2</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
چض وڹ شود۔ [t͡ʃidˤ ˈʋaɳ ˈʃaud] t͡ʃidˤ 1excl.SUBJ ʋ- indicative ˈaɳ love ˈʃaud 2 “I love you.” | (13) |
Adverbs Minor Classes
Adpositions
There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.
initial XML:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>table</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>table</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module articles:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> </pp> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot masc
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ŋ o ˈ ɖ">ŋoˈɖ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="k i ˈ ɡ">kiˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ŋ o ˈ ɖ">ŋoˈɖ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="k i ˈ ɡ">kiˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">ŋoˈɖ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">kiˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈŋoɖ</span><br><span class="gls">table</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkiɡ</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span></p> + <p>ˈŋoɖ ˈɖeɡ ˈkiɡ</p> + <p>ڭڈ ڈگ كگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈŋoɖ</o> + <g>table</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈkiɡ</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ڭڈ ڈگ كگ [ˈŋoɖ ˈɖeɡ ˈkiɡ] ˈŋoɖ table ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ˈkiɡ in_surface “on the table” | (14) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>box</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>box</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module articles:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/> </pp> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot masc
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> - <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="m a ʂ o ˈ θ">maʂoˈθ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="ᵏǀ u ˈ ʃ">ᵏǀuˈʃ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="m a ʂ o ˈ θ">maʂoˈθ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="ᵏǀ u ˈ ʃ">ᵏǀuˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">maʂoˈθ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">ᵏǀuˈʃ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">maˈʂoθ</span><br><span class="gls">box</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀuʃ</span><br><span class="gls">to_inside</span></span></p> + <p>maˈʂoθ ˈɖeɡ ˈᵏǀuʃ</p> + <p>مښث ڈگ قۡش</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>maˈʂoθ</o> + <g>box</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀuʃ</o> + <g>to_inside</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
مښث ڈگ قۡش [maˈʂoθ ˈɖeɡ ˈᵏǀuʃ] maˈʂoθ box ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ˈᵏǀuʃ to_inside “into the box” | (15) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> </pp> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np def="neither" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np def="neither" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> </pp> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</example>
addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> - <pp role="comitative"> - <np def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number"/> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" ph="θˤ i ˈ ɽ">θˤiˈɽ</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="ʈ i t e ˈ m">ʈiteˈm</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" ph="θˤ i ˈ ɽ">θˤiˈɽ</word> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="ʈ i t e ˈ m">ʈiteˈm</word> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number">θˤiˈɽ</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative">ʈiteˈm</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈθˤiɽ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈiˈtem</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈθˤiɽ ʈiˈtem</p> + <p>ثٓړ ٹتم</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈθˤiɽ</o> + <g>1excl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈiˈtem</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ثٓړ ٹتم [ˈθˤiɽ ʈiˈtem] ˈθˤiɽ 1excl ʈiˈtem COMIT “with me” | (16) |
Syntax
Basic Clause Structure
Constituent Order
Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.
Shus employs Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) as its basic word order. The subject is followed by the verb, with the object occurring in post-verbal position. This ordering is widely attested across the world’s languages.
The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Shus.
initial XML:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot masc
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> - <s> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="h a x e ˈ dˤ">haxeˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc" ph="e ˈ m">eˈm</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="sˤ a dˤ a ˈ s">sˤadˤaˈs</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="h a x e ˈ dˤ">haxeˈdˤ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc" ph="e ˈ m">eˈm</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="sˤ a dˤ a ˈ s">sˤadˤaˈs</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">haxeˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">eˈm</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">sˤadˤaˈs</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haˈxedˤ</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈem</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤaˈdˤas</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>haˈxedˤ ˈɖeɡ ˈʋem ŋiŋ sˤaˈdˤas ˈɖeɡ</p> + <p>حخض ڈگ وم ڭڭ صضس ڈگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>haˈxedˤ</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈem</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤaˈdˤas</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
حخض ڈگ وم ڭڭ صضس ڈگ۔ [haˈxedˤ ˈɖeɡ ˈʋem ŋiŋ sˤaˈdˤas ˈɖeɡ] haˈxedˤ jaguar ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ʋ- indicative ˈem kill ŋiŋ PAST sˤaˈdˤas hunter ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the “The jaguar killed the hunter.” | (17) |
initial XML:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>dog</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>dog</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <np role="obj"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" gender="fem">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="fem">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" gender="fem">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" role="obj">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot masc
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> - <s> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɽ a b o ˈ t">ɽaboˈt</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem" ph="o ˈ m">oˈm</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="sˤ a dˤ a ˈ s">sˤadˤaˈs</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="h i ˈ ʋ">hiˈʋ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="b a ˈ θˤ">baˈθˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɽ a b o ˈ t">ɽaboˈt</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem" ph="o ˈ m">oˈm</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="sˤ a dˤ a ˈ s">sˤadˤaˈs</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="h i ˈ ʋ">hiˈʋ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="b a ˈ θˤ">baˈθˤ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">ɽaboˈt</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.fem">oˈm</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">sˤadˤaˈs</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">hiˈʋ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">baˈθˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽaˈbot</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈom</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤaˈdˤas</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈhiʋ</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbaθˤ</span><br><span class="gls">dog</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ɽaˈbot ˈɖeɡ ˈʋom ŋiŋ sˤaˈdˤas ˈɖeɡ ˈhiʋ ˈʋeɡ ˈbaθˤ ˈɖeɡ</p> + <p>ړبت ڈگ وم ڭڭ صضس ڈگ حو وگ بثٓ ڈگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɽaˈbot</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈom</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤaˈdˤas</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈhiʋ</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbaθˤ</o> + <g>dog</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ړبت ڈگ وم ڭڭ صضس ڈگ حو وگ بثٓ ڈگ۔ [ɽaˈbot ˈɖeɡ ˈʋom ŋiŋ sˤaˈdˤas ˈɖeɡ ˈhiʋ ˈʋeɡ ˈbaθˤ ˈɖeɡ] ɽaˈbot lion ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ʋ- indicative ˈom eat ŋiŋ PAST sˤaˈdˤas hunter ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ˈhiʋ daughter ʋ- fem ˈeɡ the ˈbaθˤ dog ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the “The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.” | (18) |
The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.
Noun Phrases
Structure and Order
The internal structure of noun phrases in Shus reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.
Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Shus expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.
initial XML:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>friend</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>book</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>friend</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>book</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc">
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc">
- <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot masc
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> + <flat> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"/> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" ph="ʃ au ˈ d">ʃauˈd</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="ɽ o ˈ ɡ">ɽoˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="k a ˈ nˤ">kaˈnˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="b u k">buk</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" ph="ʃ au ˈ d">ʃauˈd</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="ɽ o ˈ ɡ">ɽoˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="k a ˈ nˤ">kaˈnˤ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="b u k">buk</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">ʃauˈd</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">ɽoˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">kaˈnˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">buk</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʃaud</span><br><span class="gls">2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɽoɡ</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkanˤ</span><br><span class="gls">friend</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">buk</span><br><span class="gls">book</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ˈʃaud ˈɽoɡ ˈɖeɡ ˈkanˤ ˈɖeɡ buk ˈɖeɡ</p> + <p>شود ړگ ڈگ كنٓ ڈگ بك ڈگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈʃaud</o> + <g>2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɽoɡ</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈkanˤ</o> + <g>friend</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>buk</o> + <g>book</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
شود ړگ ڈگ كنٓ ڈگ بك ڈگ [ˈʃaud ˈɽoɡ ˈɖeɡ ˈkanˤ ˈɖeɡ buk ˈɖeɡ] ˈʃaud 2 ˈɽoɡ son ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ˈkanˤ friend ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the buk book ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the “your son’s friend’s book” | (19) |
Case Marking
Shus does not use case marking to distinguish the core participants of the clause. There is therefore no regular nominative, accusative, ergative, active or stative marking on subjects and objects. Instead, the roles of the participants are identified by other means, cf. the examples below.
initial XML:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-state">
<verb>sleep</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-state"> - <verb>sleep</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot masc
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> - <s> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" ph="i ˈ ʂ">iˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" ph="i ˈ ʂ">iˈʂ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc">iˈʂ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnˤoʂ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈiʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sleep</span></span></p> + <p>ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ ˈʋiʂ</p> + <p>نٓښ ڈگ وښ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈnˤoʂ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈiʂ</o> + <g>sleep</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
نٓښ ڈگ وښ۔ [ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ ˈʋiʂ] ˈnˤoʂ cat ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ʋ- indicative ˈiʂ sleep “The cat is sleeping.” | (20) |
initial XML:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>run</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>run</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+ <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for mode/defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicative
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot masc
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> - <s> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" ph="a ˈ nˤ">aˈnˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" ph="a ˈ nˤ">aˈnˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc">aˈnˤ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnˤoʂ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈanˤ</span><br><span class="gls">run</span></span></p> + <p>ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ ˈʋanˤ</p> + <p>نٓښ ڈگ ونٓ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈnˤoʂ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈanˤ</o> + <g>run</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
نٓښ ڈگ ونٓ۔ [ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ ˈʋanˤ] ˈnˤoʂ cat ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ʋ- indicative ˈanˤ run “The cat is running.” | (21) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>chase</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>chase</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+ <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for mode/defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicative
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot masc
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> - <s> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc" ph="u ˈ θˤ a n a ɽ">uˈθˤanaɽ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ a θ ai ˈ k">nˤaθaiˈk</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc" ph="u ˈ θˤ a n a ɽ">uˈθˤanaɽ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ a θ ai ˈ k">nˤaθaiˈk</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">uˈθˤanaɽ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">nˤaθaiˈk</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnˤoʂ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈuθˤanaɽ</span><br><span class="gls">chase</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nˤaˈθaik</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ ˈʋuθˤanaɽ nˤaˈθaik ˈɖeɡ</p> + <p>نٓښ ڈگ وثٓنړ نٓثيك ڈگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈnˤoʂ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈuθˤanaɽ</o> + <g>chase</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nˤaˈθaik</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
نٓښ ڈگ وثٓنړ نٓثيك ڈگ۔ [ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ ˈʋuθˤanaɽ nˤaˈθaik ˈɖeɡ] ˈnˤoʂ cat ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ʋ- indicative ˈuθˤanaɽ chase nˤaˈθaik mouse ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the “The cat is chasing the mouse.” | (22) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot masc
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> - <s> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc" ph="au ˈ ʈ">auˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ a θ ai ˈ k">nˤaθaiˈk</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc" ph="au ˈ ʈ">auˈʈ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ a θ ai ˈ k">nˤaθaiˈk</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">auˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">nˤaθaiˈk</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnˤoʂ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈauʈ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nˤaˈθaik</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ ˈʋauʈ ŋiŋ nˤaˈθaik ˈɖeɡ</p> + <p>نٓښ ڈگ ووٹ ڭڭ نٓثيك ڈگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈnˤoʂ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈauʈ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nˤaˈθaik</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
نٓښ ڈگ ووٹ ڭڭ نٓثيك ڈگ۔ [ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ ˈʋauʈ ŋiŋ nˤaˈθaik ˈɖeɡ] ˈnˤoʂ cat ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ʋ- indicative ˈauʈ catch ŋiŋ PAST nˤaˈθaik mouse ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the “The cat caught the mouse.” | (23) |
Conjunctions
Here is an example of a conjunction.
initial XML:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>tiger</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>tiger</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="masc" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="masc"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flattenconjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
- <conjp conj="and">
- <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="masc">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot masc
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> - <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="sˤ a dˤ a ˈ s">sˤadˤaˈs</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc" ph="e ˈ m">eˈm</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="h a x e ˈ dˤ">haxeˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀˤ i ˈ ɡ">ᵏǀˤiˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="ᵑǀˤ i θˤ a ˈ d">ᵑǀˤiθˤaˈd</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀˤ i ˈ ɡ">ᵏǀˤiˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="ɽ a b o ˈ t">ɽaboˈt</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="sˤ a dˤ a ˈ s">sˤadˤaˈs</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc" ph="e ˈ m">eˈm</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="h a x e ˈ dˤ">haxeˈdˤ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀˤ i ˈ ɡ">ᵏǀˤiˈɡ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="ᵑǀˤ i θˤ a ˈ d">ᵑǀˤiθˤaˈd</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀˤ i ˈ ɡ">ᵏǀˤiˈɡ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="ɽ a b o ˈ t">ɽaboˈt</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">sˤadˤaˈs</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" obj="3.masc">eˈm</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">haxeˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ᵏǀˤiˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">ᵑǀˤiθˤaˈd</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ᵏǀˤiˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">ɽaboˈt</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤaˈdˤas</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈem</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haˈxedˤ</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀˤiɡ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀˤiˈθˤad</span><br><span class="gls">tiger</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀˤiɡ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽaˈbot</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>sˤaˈdˤas ˈɖeɡ ˈʋem ŋiŋ haˈxedˤ ˈɖeɡ ˈᵏǀˤiɡ ᵑǀˤiˈθˤad ˈɖeɡ ˈᵏǀˤiɡ ɽaˈbot ˈɖeɡ</p> + <p>صضس ڈگ وم ڭڭ حخض ڈگ قۡٓگ نقۡٓثٓد ڈگ قۡٓگ ړبت ڈگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>sˤaˈdˤas</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈem</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>haˈxedˤ</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀˤiɡ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀˤiˈθˤad</o> + <g>tiger</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀˤiɡ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɽaˈbot</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
صضس ڈگ وم ڭڭ حخض ڈگ قۡٓگ نقۡٓثٓد ڈگ قۡٓگ ړبت ڈگ۔ [sˤaˈdˤas ˈɖeɡ ˈʋem ŋiŋ haˈxedˤ ˈɖeɡ ˈᵏǀˤiɡ ᵑǀˤiˈθˤad ˈɖeɡ ˈᵏǀˤiɡ ɽaˈbot ˈɖeɡ] sˤaˈdˤas hunter ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ʋ- indicative ˈem kill ŋiŋ PAST haˈxedˤ jaguar ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ˈᵏǀˤiɡ and ᵑǀˤiˈθˤad tiger ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ˈᵏǀˤiɡ and ɽaˈbot lion ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the “The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.” | (24) |
Modifiers and Determiners
The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Shus provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.
Complex Sentences
Relative Clauses
Shus forms relative clauses by placing them before the noun they modify. The modifier takes the form of a finite clause that precedes the head noun without any relative pronoun. The clause shows ordinary clausal structure, with the role of the head noun recoverable from the syntactic position inside the clause.
To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:
initial XML:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/mode/obligatoryGot indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc" ph="a ˈ ʈ a ɡ e ʃ">aˈʈaɡeʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc" ph="a ˈ ʈ a ɡ e ʃ">aˈʈaɡeʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">aˈʈaɡeʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃidˤ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaʈaɡeʃ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnˤoʂ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>t͡ʃidˤ ˈʋaʈaɡeʃ ŋiŋ ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ</p> + <p>چض وٹگش ڭڭ نٓښ ڈگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃidˤ</o> + <g>1excl.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaʈaɡeʃ</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnˤoʂ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
چض وٹگش ڭڭ نٓښ ڈگ۔ [t͡ʃidˤ ˈʋaʈaɡeʃ ŋiŋ ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ] t͡ʃidˤ 1excl.SUBJ ʋ- indicative ˈaʈaɡeʃ pat ŋiŋ PAST ˈnˤoʂ cat ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the “I patted the cat.” | (25) |
We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:
initial XML:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" gender="masc">
+ <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/mode/obligatoryGot indicative
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - </subs> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc" ph="a ˈ ʈ a ɡ e ʃ">aˈʈaɡeʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc" ph="au ˈ ʈ">auˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ a θ ai ˈ k">nˤaθaiˈk</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc" ph="a ˈ ʈ a ɡ e ʃ">aˈʈaɡeʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc" ph="au ˈ ʈ">auˈʈ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ a θ ai ˈ k">nˤaθaiˈk</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">aˈʈaɡeʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc">auˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">nˤaθaiˈk</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">banuˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃidˤ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaʈaɡeʃ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈauʈ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nˤaˈθaik</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">baˈnuʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnˤoʂ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>t͡ʃidˤ ˈʋaʈaɡeʃ ŋiŋ ˈʋauʈ ŋiŋ nˤaˈθaik ˈɖeɡ baˈnuʃ ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ</p> + <p>چض وٹگش ڭڭ ووٹ ڭڭ نٓثيك ڈگ بنش نٓښ ڈگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃidˤ</o> + <g>1excl.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaʈaɡeʃ</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈauʈ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nˤaˈθaik</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>baˈnuʃ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnˤoʂ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
چض وٹگش ڭڭ ووٹ ڭڭ نٓثيك ڈگ بنش نٓښ ڈگ۔ [t͡ʃidˤ ˈʋaʈaɡeʃ ŋiŋ ˈʋauʈ ŋiŋ nˤaˈθaik ˈɖeɡ baˈnuʃ ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ] t͡ʃidˤ 1excl.SUBJ ʋ- indicative ˈaʈaɡeʃ pat ŋiŋ PAST ʋ- indicative ˈauʈ catch ŋiŋ PAST nˤaˈθaik mouse ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the baˈnuʃ COMP ˈnˤoʂ cat ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the “I patted the cat that caught the mouse.” | (26) |
Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:
initial XML:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" gender="masc">
+ <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" gender="masc">
+ <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.fem">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/mode/obligatoryGot indicative
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.fem">
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.fem"> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - </subs> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - </subs> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc" ph="a ˈ ʈ a ɡ e ʃ">aˈʈaɡeʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc" ph="au ˈ ʈ">auˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.fem" ph="o ˈ m">oˈm</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="s i f o ˈ nˤ">sifoˈnˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ a θ ai ˈ k">nˤaθaiˈk</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc" ph="a ˈ ʈ a ɡ e ʃ">aˈʈaɡeʃ</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc" ph="au ˈ ʈ">auˈʈ</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.fem" ph="o ˈ m">oˈm</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="s i f o ˈ nˤ">sifoˈnˤ</word>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="s u f o ˈ nˤ" underlying="s i f o ˈ nˤ">sufoˈnˤ</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ a θ ai ˈ k">nˤaθaiˈk</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc" ph="a ˈ ʈ a ɡ e ʃ">aˈʈaɡeʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc" ph="au ˈ ʈ">auˈʈ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.fem" ph="o ˈ m">oˈm</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="s u f o ˈ nˤ" underlying="s i f o ˈ nˤ">sufoˈnˤ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ a θ ai ˈ k">nˤaθaiˈk</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">aˈʈaɡeʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc">auˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.fem">oˈm</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" underlying="s i f o ˈ nˤ">sufoˈnˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">banuˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">nˤaθaiˈk</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">banuˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃidˤ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaʈaɡeʃ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈauʈ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈom</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">siˈfonˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">baˈnuʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nˤaˈθaik</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">baˈnuʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnˤoʂ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>t͡ʃidˤ ˈʋaʈaɡeʃ ŋiŋ ˈʋauʈ ŋiŋ ˈʋom ŋiŋ suˈfonˤ ˈʋeɡ baˈnuʃ nˤaˈθaik ˈɖeɡ baˈnuʃ ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ</p> + <p>چض وٹگش ڭڭ ووٹ ڭڭ وم ڭڭ سفنٓ وگ بنش نٓثيك ڈگ بنش نٓښ ڈگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃidˤ</o> + <g>1excl.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaʈaɡeʃ</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈauʈ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈom</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>siˈfonˤ</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>baˈnuʃ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nˤaˈθaik</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>baˈnuʃ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnˤoʂ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
چض وٹگش ڭڭ ووٹ ڭڭ وم ڭڭ سفنٓ وگ بنش نٓثيك ڈگ بنش نٓښ ڈگ۔ [t͡ʃidˤ ˈʋaʈaɡeʃ ŋiŋ ˈʋauʈ ŋiŋ ˈʋom ŋiŋ suˈfonˤ ˈʋeɡ baˈnuʃ nˤaˈθaik ˈɖeɡ baˈnuʃ ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ] t͡ʃidˤ 1excl.SUBJ ʋ- indicative ˈaʈaɡeʃ pat ŋiŋ PAST ʋ- indicative ˈauʈ catch ŋiŋ PAST ʋ- indicative ˈom eat ŋiŋ PAST siˈfonˤ cheese ʋ- fem ˈeɡ the baˈnuʃ COMP nˤaˈθaik mouse ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the baˈnuʃ COMP ˈnˤoʂ cat ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.” | (27) |
Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:
initial XML:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>buy</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>buy</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> + </vp> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" gender="fem">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" gender="masc">
+ <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" gender="masc">
+ <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="fem" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="fem">
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="fem"> + <np role="obj" gender="fem" person="1excl"> <subs> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="fem" person="1excl"> <subs> <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="fem" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" gender="fem" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
+ <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/mode/obligatoryGot indicative
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - </subs> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - </subs> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - </subs> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc" ph="a ˈ ʈ a ɡ e ʃ">aˈʈaɡeʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc" ph="au ˈ ʈ">auˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl" ph="o ˈ m">oˈm</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" ph="θˤ i ˈ ɽ">θˤiˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" ph="au ˈ nˤ">auˈnˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl" ph="s i f o ˈ nˤ">sifoˈnˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ a θ ai ˈ k">nˤaθaiˈk</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<flat>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc" ph="a ˈ ʈ a ɡ e ʃ">aˈʈaɡeʃ</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc" ph="au ˈ ʈ">auˈʈ</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl" ph="o ˈ m">oˈm</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" ph="θˤ i ˈ ɽ">θˤiˈɽ</word>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" ph="au ˈ nˤ">auˈnˤ</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl" ph="s i f o ˈ nˤ">sifoˈnˤ</word>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl" ph="s u f o ˈ nˤ" underlying="s i f o ˈ nˤ">sufoˈnˤ</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ a θ ai ˈ k">nˤaθaiˈk</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc" ph="a ˈ ʈ a ɡ e ʃ">aˈʈaɡeʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc" ph="au ˈ ʈ">auˈʈ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl" ph="o ˈ m">oˈm</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" ph="θˤ i ˈ ɽ">θˤiˈɽ</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" ph="au ˈ nˤ">auˈnˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl" ph="s u f o ˈ nˤ" underlying="s i f o ˈ nˤ">sufoˈnˤ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ a θ ai ˈ k">nˤaθaiˈk</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="nˤ o ˈ ʂ">nˤoˈʂ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.masc">aˈʈaɡeʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.masc">auˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">oˈm</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">θˤiˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl">auˈnˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">banuˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl" underlying="s i f o ˈ nˤ">sufoˈnˤ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" person="1excl">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">banuˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">nˤaθaiˈk</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">banuˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">nˤoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃidˤ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaʈaɡeʃ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈauʈ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈom</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈθˤiɽ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃidˤ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaunˤ</span><br><span class="gls">buy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">baˈnuʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">siˈfonˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">baˈnuʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nˤaˈθaik</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">baˈnuʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnˤoʂ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>t͡ʃidˤ ˈʋaʈaɡeʃ ŋiŋ ˈʋauʈ ŋiŋ ˈʋom ŋiŋ ˈθˤiɽ t͡ʃidˤ ˈʋaunˤ ŋiŋ baˈnuʃ suˈfonˤ ˈʋeɡ baˈnuʃ nˤaˈθaik ˈɖeɡ baˈnuʃ ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ</p> + <p>چض وٹگش ڭڭ ووٹ ڭڭ وم ڭڭ ثٓړ چض وونٓ ڭڭ بنش سفنٓ وگ بنش نٓثيك ڈگ بنش نٓښ ڈگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃidˤ</o> + <g>1excl.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaʈaɡeʃ</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈauʈ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈom</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈθˤiɽ</o> + <g>1excl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃidˤ</o> + <g>1excl.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaunˤ</o> + <g>buy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>baˈnuʃ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>siˈfonˤ</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>baˈnuʃ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nˤaˈθaik</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>baˈnuʃ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnˤoʂ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
چض وٹگش ڭڭ ووٹ ڭڭ وم ڭڭ ثٓړ چض وونٓ ڭڭ بنش سفنٓ وگ بنش نٓثيك ڈگ بنش نٓښ ڈگ۔ [t͡ʃidˤ ˈʋaʈaɡeʃ ŋiŋ ˈʋauʈ ŋiŋ ˈʋom ŋiŋ ˈθˤiɽ t͡ʃidˤ ˈʋaunˤ ŋiŋ baˈnuʃ suˈfonˤ ˈʋeɡ baˈnuʃ nˤaˈθaik ˈɖeɡ baˈnuʃ ˈnˤoʂ ˈɖeɡ] t͡ʃidˤ 1excl.SUBJ ʋ- indicative ˈaʈaɡeʃ pat ŋiŋ PAST ʋ- indicative ˈauʈ catch ŋiŋ PAST ʋ- indicative ˈom eat ŋiŋ PAST ˈθˤiɽ 1excl t͡ʃidˤ 1excl.SUBJ ʋ- indicative ˈaunˤ buy ŋiŋ PAST baˈnuʃ COMP siˈfonˤ cheese ʋ- fem ˈeɡ the baˈnuʃ COMP nˤaˈθaik mouse ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the baˈnuʃ COMP ˈnˤoʂ cat ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.” | (28) |
Complementation Strategies
Shus introduces complement clauses with a dedicated complementiser, similar to English that. The complementiser appears at the beginning of the embedded clause and signals that the clause functions as a syntactic argument. The embedded clause is fully finite and displays the same tense, aspect and agreement patterns as independent clauses.
The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:
initial XML:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>surprise</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>give</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj">
<noun>teacher</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>surprise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>give</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj"> - <noun>teacher</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> - </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> - </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj" gender="fem" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" gender="fem"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" gender="fem">
<subs>
<np def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="3.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" indobj="3.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" gender="fem">
<subs>
<np def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="3.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" indobj="3.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" gender="fem">
<subs>
<np def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="3.fem">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" gender="fem"/>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" indobj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" indobj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot masc
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got masc
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" gender="fem">
<subs>
<np def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="3.fem">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" gender="fem"/>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" indobj="3.masc">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" indobj="3.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> - <s> - <np role="subj" gender="fem"> - <subs> - <np def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" gender="fem"/> - </subs> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" indobj="3.masc"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" indobj="3.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="3.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" indobj="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɖ i ˈ ɳ">ɖiˈɳ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="3.fem" ph="a ˈ j">aˈj</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="s o ˈ θ">soˈθ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤeʈauˈm</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" gender="fem" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ" ph="tˤ e ʋ">tˤeʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" indobj="3.masc" ph="i ˈ dˤ i ɖ i t͡ʃ">iˈdˤiɖit͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="dˤ i t͡ʃ e l">dˤit͡ʃel</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɖ i ˈ ɳ">ɖiˈɳ</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="3.fem" ph="a ˈ j">aˈj</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="s o ˈ θ">soˈθ</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤeʈauˈm</word>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="tˤ o ʈ au ˈ m" underlying="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤoʈauˈm</word>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" gender="fem" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ" ph="tˤ e ʋ">tˤeʋ</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" indobj="3.masc" ph="i ˈ dˤ i ɖ i t͡ʃ">iˈdˤiɖit͡ʃ</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="dˤ i t͡ʃ e l">dˤit͡ʃel</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɖ i ˈ ɳ">ɖiˈɳ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="3.fem" ph="a ˈ j">aˈj</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="s o ˈ θ">soˈθ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="tˤ o ʈ au ˈ m" underlying="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤoʈauˈm</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" gender="fem" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ" ph="tˤ e ʋ">tˤeʋ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" indobj="3.masc" ph="i ˈ dˤ i ɖ i t͡ʃ">iˈdˤiɖit͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="dˤ i t͡ʃ e l">dˤit͡ʃel</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">ɖiˈɳ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="3.fem">aˈj</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem">soˈθ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="fem">eˈɡ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" underlying="tˤ e ʈ au ˈ m">tˤoʈauˈm</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" gender="fem">banuˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.fem.SUBJ">tˤeʋ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.fem" indobj="3.masc">iˈdˤiɖit͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc">dˤit͡ʃel</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɖiɳ</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaj</span><br><span class="gls">give</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsoθ</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤeˈʈaum</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">baˈnuʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tˤeʋ</span><br><span class="gls">3.fem.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈidˤiɖit͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">surprise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dˤit͡ʃel</span><br><span class="gls">teacher</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ˈɖiɳ ˈɖeɡ ˈʋaj ŋiŋ ˈsoθ ˈʋeɡ tˤoˈʈaum baˈnuʃ tˤeʋ ˈʋidˤiɖit͡ʃ ŋiŋ dˤit͡ʃel ˈɖeɡ</p> + <p>ڈڹ ڈگ وي ڭڭ سث وگ طٹوم بنش طو وضڈچ ڭڭ ضچل ڈگ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈɖiɳ</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaj</o> + <g>give</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsoθ</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤeˈʈaum</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>baˈnuʃ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tˤeʋ</o> + <g>3.fem.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈidˤiɖit͡ʃ</o> + <g>surprise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dˤit͡ʃel</o> + <g>teacher</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ڈڹ ڈگ وي ڭڭ سث وگ طٹوم بنش طو وضڈچ ڭڭ ضچل ڈگ۔ [ˈɖiɳ ˈɖeɡ ˈʋaj ŋiŋ ˈsoθ ˈʋeɡ tˤoˈʈaum baˈnuʃ tˤeʋ ˈʋidˤiɖit͡ʃ ŋiŋ dˤit͡ʃel ˈɖeɡ] ˈɖiɳ boy ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ʋ- indicative ˈaj give ŋiŋ PAST ˈsoθ girl ʋ- fem ˈeɡ the tˤeˈʈaum apple baˈnuʃ COMP tˤeʋ 3.fem.SUBJ ʋ- indicative ˈidˤiɖit͡ʃ surprise ŋiŋ PAST dˤit͡ʃel teacher ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the “It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.” | (29) |
Quotes
Shus expresses quoted or reported speech without a dedicated quotative particle. Quotations appear as ordinary clauses, distinguished only by the surrounding syntactic context or by the use of verbs of speaking.
Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:
initial XML:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>tell</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>tell</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" posp="pron"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
- <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="1excl">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem" person="1excl">
<subs>
- <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="1excl">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="1excl"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
- <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem" person="1excl"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot masc
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="1excl"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem" person="1excl"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> - <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="1excl"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="1excl"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem" person="1excl"> - <subs> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem" person="1excl"/> - </subs> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="1excl"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem" person="1excl"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɖ i ˈ ɳ">ɖiˈɳ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="1excl" ph="e ˈ x">eˈx</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="s o ˈ θ">soˈθ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" ph="θˤ i ˈ ɽ">θˤiˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2" ph="a ˈ ɳ">aˈɳ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" ph="ʃ au ˈ d">ʃauˈd</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem" person="1excl" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="ɖ i ˈ ɳ">ɖiˈɳ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc" attach="prefix" ph="ɖ">ɖ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="3.masc.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="1excl" ph="e ˈ x">eˈx</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ŋ i ŋ">ŋiŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="s o ˈ θ">soˈθ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem" ph="e ˈ ɡ">eˈɡ</word> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" ph="θˤ i ˈ ɽ">θˤiˈɽ</word> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ i dˤ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative" attach="prefix" ph="ʋ">ʋ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2" ph="a ˈ ɳ">aˈɳ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" ph="ʃ au ˈ d">ʃauˈd</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem" person="1excl" ph="b a n u ˈ ʃ">banuˈʃ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">ɖiˈɳ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="masc">ɖ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">eˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.masc" indobj="3.fem" obj="1excl">eˈx</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ŋiŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem">soˈθ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="fem">ʋ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="fem">eˈɡ</word> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">θˤiˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="proclitic" gloss="1excl.SUBJ">t͡ʃidˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="prefix" gloss="indicative">ʋ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">aˈɳ</word> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">ʃauˈd</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="fem" person="1excl">banuˈʃ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɖiɳ</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖ-</span><br><span class="gls">masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈex</span><br><span class="gls">tell</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiŋ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsoθ</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈeɡ</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈθˤiɽ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃidˤ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋ-</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈaɳ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʃaud</span><br><span class="gls">2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">baˈnuʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈɖiɳ ˈɖeɡ ˈʋex ŋiŋ ˈsoθ ˈʋeɡ ˈθˤiɽ t͡ʃidˤ ˈʋaɳ ˈʃaud baˈnuʃ</p> + <p>ڈڹ ڈگ وخ ڭڭ سث وگ ثٓړ چض وڹ شود بنش</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈɖiɳ</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɖ-</o> + <g>masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈex</o> + <g>tell</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiŋ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsoθ</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈeɡ</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈθˤiɽ</o> + <g>1excl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃidˤ</o> + <g>1excl.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋ-</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈaɳ</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʃaud</o> + <g>2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>baˈnuʃ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ڈڹ ڈگ وخ ڭڭ سث وگ ثٓړ چض وڹ شود بنش۔ [ˈɖiɳ ˈɖeɡ ˈʋex ŋiŋ ˈsoθ ˈʋeɡ ˈθˤiɽ t͡ʃidˤ ˈʋaɳ ˈʃaud baˈnuʃ] ˈɖiɳ boy ɖ- masc ˈeɡ the ʋ- indicative ˈex tell ŋiŋ PAST ˈsoθ girl ʋ- fem ˈeɡ the ˈθˤiɽ 1excl t͡ʃidˤ 1excl.SUBJ ʋ- indicative ˈaɳ love ˈʃaud 2 baˈnuʃ COMP “The boy told the girl that he loved her.” | (30) |
How to cite this grammar
Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Shus. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 19 September 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/545GN
In BibTeX format:
@misc{LC-545GN,
year = 2026,
author = {{Language Creator}},
title = {A Grammar of {Shus}},
howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/545GN}},
note = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 19 September 2026}
}
Supplementary Materials
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