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A Grammar of Aushob

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Aushob language (the 1732nd one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Aushob.

Typological Profile

It has not just singular and plural, but also dual, and postpositions.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Aushob has 24 consonant phonemes, a size that falls within a broadly average range.

It has a noticeable presence of pharyngealised phonemes.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Aushob. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labialalveolarphar. alveolarpostalveolaralveolo-palatallateralpalatalvelarglottal
stopp b d t dˤ tˤ k ɡ
nasalm n nˤ ɲ
fricativef s sˤ ʃ h
approximantw l j
affricatet͡ʃ t͡ɕ
implosiveɓ

Vowels

Aushob has 7 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.

It has has a completely boring and uninteresting vowel system.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Aushob. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

frontcentralback
closei u
mide o
opena

Stress and Tones

Aushob has phonemic stress but no lexical tone. Stress consistently falls on the first vowel of the root, and no contrastive tonal distinctions are made.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Aushob is an unwritten language. For that reason, all examples in this grammar are given exclusively in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which offers a precise and widely recognised means of recording its sounds.

Orthography

Aushobis an unwritten language, so it does not make any sense to discuss its orthography.

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Aushob distinguishes singular, dual and plural.

Gender

Aushob does not have genders or noun classes.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Aushob can be exemplified by the following example:

[ˈtˤeʃub ˈfaiw ˈtˤimustˤub ˈfaiw baˈɲodˤ ˈʃes pik ˈlub ˈpaitˤ tˤaˈkit͡ɕodat͡ɕ ˈt͡ɕaw]

tˤ-
NOM ˈeʃ
woman -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM tˤ-
NOM ˈimustˤ
knife -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM baˈɲodˤ
COMIT ˈʃes
catch pik
PAST ˈlub
three ˈpaitˤ
blind tˤ-
NOM ˈakit͡ɕod
mouse -at͡ɕ
plur ˈt͡ɕa
yon -w
NOM

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

 (1)

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.

The Noun

The noun in Aushob consists of first, an obligatory prefix expressing case, comprising tˤ- ‘NOM’, f- ‘DAT’, h- ‘INS’, j- ‘VOC’, dˤ- ‘ALL’, d- ‘LOC’, k- ‘ABL’ and l- ‘PART’; second, the root; and finally, third, an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -ub ‘sing’, -id ‘dual’ and -at͡ɕ ‘plur’.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -ed ‘little’ and -of ‘big’

The Adjective

The adjective in Aushob stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Numerals

The numeral in Aushob stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

In Aushob, the determiner has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -w ‘NOM’, -p ‘DAT’, -k ‘INS’, -l ‘VOC’, -t ‘ALL’, -nˤ ‘LOC’, -s ‘ABL’ and -d ‘PART’.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Aushob stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

In Aushob, subject pronouns (but not object pronouns ones) are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

[ˈʃob ˈɡos]

ˈʃob
love ˈɡos
3.sing

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

 (2)

But here, the word corresponding to he (i.e., the subject) is stressed:

[ˈɡos ˈʃob ˈɡos]

ˈɡos
3.sing ˈʃob
love ˈɡos
3.sing

“He loves her.”

 (3)

Proper Nouns

[tˤiˈɓeʃidˤub ˈfaiw baˈsidˤ tˤeˈt͡ʃaɓilub ˈfaiw]

tˤ-
NOM ˈiɓeʃidˤ
Ibeshid -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM baˈsidˤ
hate tˤ-
NOM ˈet͡ʃaɓil
Echabil -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM

“Ibeshid hates Echabil.”

 (4)

Possession

[tˤiˈwaliɡub ˈfaiw ˈtˤospub ˈfaiw]

tˤ-
NOM ˈiwaliɡ
apple -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM tˤ-
NOM ˈosp
boy -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM

“the boy’s apple”

 (5)

[tˤiˈwaliɡub ˈfaiw ˈɡos]

tˤ-
NOM ˈiwaliɡ
apple -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈɡos
3.sing

“his (the boy’s) apple”

 (6)

[tˤiˈwaliɡub ˈfaiw ˈwej]

tˤ-
NOM ˈiwaliɡ
apple -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈwej
1excl.sing

“my apple”

 (7)

[ˈtˤutub ˈfaiw tˤoˈtˤajodub ˈfaiw duˈɡit͡ɕ pik ˈtˤewub ˈfaiw tˤeˈsakanub ˈfaiw ˈkuk]

tˤ-
NOM ˈut
daughter -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM tˤ-
NOM ˈotˤajod
hunter -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM duˈɡit͡ɕ
kiss pik
PAST tˤ-
NOM ˈew
son -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM tˤ-
NOM ˈesakan
neighbour -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈkuk
2.sing

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

 (8)

Derivation

Aushob has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:

[tˤoˈɡodonub]

tˤ-
NOM ˈoɡodon
lamb -ub
sing

“a lamb”

 (9)

In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:

[tˤoˈɡodonedub]

tˤ-
NOM ˈoɡodon
lamb -ed
little -ub
sing

“a little lamb”

 (10)

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

The verbal phrase clitics in Aushob fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing mode, comprising ɲal ‘imperative’, t͡ʃuf ‘conditional’ and ɡiɓ ‘optative’; second, a clitic expressing ta, comprising pik ‘PAST’; third, a clitic expressing voice, comprising t͡ɕaʃ ‘passive’; and finally, fourth, a clitic expressing negation, comprising pedˤ ‘NEG’.

In addition, the verb is structured like this: the root followed by an optional suffix expressing comp, comprising -us ‘COMP’.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -ɲi ‘begin’ and -da ‘stop’

[ˈʃob ˈkuk]

ˈʃob
love ˈkuk
2.sing

“I love you.”

 (11)

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

[ˈtˤidˤub ˈtˤaʃehub ˈfaiw ˈɲat͡ɕ]

tˤ-
NOM ˈidˤ
surface -ub
sing tˤ-
NOM ˈaʃeh
table -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈɲat͡ɕ
in

“on the table”

 (12)

[ˈtˤaiwub tˤaiˈɡulanˤub ˈfaiw ˈnˤoɡ]

tˤ-
NOM ˈaiw
inside -ub
sing tˤ-
NOM ˈaiɡulanˤ
box -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈnˤoɡ
to

“into the box”

 (13)

[ˈwej baˈɲodˤ]

ˈwej
1excl.sing baˈɲodˤ
COMIT

“with me”

 (14)

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Aushob employs Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) as its basic word order. The subject is followed by the verb, with the object occurring in post-verbal position. This ordering is widely attested across the world’s languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Aushob.

[tˤiˈjanˤumub ˈfaiw ˈkil pik tˤoˈtˤajodub ˈfaiw]

tˤ-
NOM ˈijanˤum
jaguar -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈkil
kill pik
PAST tˤ-
NOM ˈotˤajod
hunter -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

 (15)

[tˤuˈjuɲowub ˈfaiw ˈhuj pik ˈtˤauɡub ˈfaiw ˈtˤutub ˈfaiw tˤoˈtˤajodub ˈfaiw]

tˤ-
NOM ˈujuɲow
lion -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈhuj
eat pik
PAST tˤ-
NOM ˈauɡ
dog -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM tˤ-
NOM ˈut
daughter -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM tˤ-
NOM ˈotˤajod
hunter -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

 (16)

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Aushob reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-initial: the possessed noun precedes the possessor. For instance, Aushob expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “toy child”. This structure is typologically rarer and often co-occurs with verb-initial syntax or with grammatical marking on the noun.

[tˤebukub ˈfaiw ˈtˤufub ˈfaiw ˈtˤewub ˈfaiw ˈkuk]

tˤ-
NOM ebuk
book -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM tˤ-
NOM ˈuf
friend -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM tˤ-
NOM ˈew
son -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈkuk
2.sing

“your son’s friend’s book”

 (17)

Case Marking

Aushob does not use case marking to distinguish the core participants of the clause. There is therefore no regular nominative, accusative, ergative, active or stative marking on subjects and objects. Instead, the roles of the participants are identified by other means, cf. the examples below.

[ˈtˤubub ˈfaiw ˈsim]

tˤ-
NOM ˈub
cat -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈsim
sleep

“The cat is sleeping.”

 (18)

[ˈtˤubub ˈfaiw ˈt͡ɕotˤ]

tˤ-
NOM ˈub
cat -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈt͡ɕotˤ
run

“The cat is running.”

 (19)

[ˈtˤubub ˈfaiw sˤiˈpit͡ɕ tˤaˈkit͡ɕodub ˈfaiw]

tˤ-
NOM ˈub
cat -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM sˤiˈpit͡ɕ
chase tˤ-
NOM ˈakit͡ɕod
mouse -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM

“The cat is chasing the mouse.”

 (20)

[ˈtˤubub ˈfaiw ˈʃes pik tˤaˈkit͡ɕodub ˈfaiw]

tˤ-
NOM ˈub
cat -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈʃes
catch pik
PAST tˤ-
NOM ˈakit͡ɕod
mouse -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM

“The cat caught the mouse.”

 (21)

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

[tˤoˈtˤajodub ˈfaiw ˈkil pik tˤiˈjanˤumat͡ɕ ˈfaiw ˈpasˤ tˤuˈɲadˤaɲat͡ɕ ˈfaiw ˈpasˤ tˤuˈjuɲowat͡ɕ ˈfaiw]

tˤ-
NOM ˈotˤajod
hunter -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈkil
kill pik
PAST tˤ-
NOM ˈijanˤum
jaguar -at͡ɕ
plur ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈpasˤ
and tˤ-
NOM ˈuɲadˤaɲ
tiger -at͡ɕ
plur ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈpasˤ
and tˤ-
NOM ˈujuɲow
lion -at͡ɕ
plur ˈfai
the -w
NOM

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

 (22)

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Aushob provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Aushob forms relative clauses by placing them before the noun they modify. The modifier takes the form of a finite clause that precedes the head noun without any relative pronoun. The clause shows ordinary clausal structure, with the role of the head noun recoverable from the syntactic position inside the clause.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

[daˈkais pik ˈtˤubub ˈfaiw]

daˈkais
pat pik
PAST tˤ-
NOM ˈub
cat -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM

“I patted the cat.”

 (23)

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

[daˈkais pik ˈʃesus pik tˤaˈkit͡ɕodub ˈfaiw ˈtˤubub ˈfaiw]

daˈkais
pat pik
PAST ˈʃes
catch -us
COMP pik
PAST tˤ-
NOM ˈakit͡ɕod
mouse -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM tˤ-
NOM ˈub
cat -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

 (24)

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

[daˈkais pik ˈʃesus pik ˈhujus pik tˤoˈʃidet͡ɕub ˈfaiw tˤaˈkit͡ɕodub ˈfaiw ˈtˤubub ˈfaiw]

daˈkais
pat pik
PAST ˈʃes
catch -us
COMP pik
PAST ˈhuj
eat -us
COMP pik
PAST tˤ-
NOM ˈoʃidet͡ɕ
cheese -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM tˤ-
NOM ˈakit͡ɕod
mouse -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM tˤ-
NOM ˈub
cat -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

 (25)

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

[daˈkais pik ˈʃesus pik ˈhujus pik ˈwej ˈjekus pik tˤoˈʃidet͡ɕub ˈfaiw tˤaˈkit͡ɕodub ˈfaiw ˈtˤubub ˈfaiw]

daˈkais
pat pik
PAST ˈʃes
catch -us
COMP pik
PAST ˈhuj
eat -us
COMP pik
PAST ˈwej
1excl.sing ˈjek
buy -us
COMP pik
PAST tˤ-
NOM ˈoʃidet͡ɕ
cheese -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM tˤ-
NOM ˈakit͡ɕod
mouse -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM tˤ-
NOM ˈub
cat -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

 (26)

Complementation Strategies

Aushob marks complement clauses with subordinating verbal morphology. The embedded verb is fully finite and carries a subordinating suffix that identifies the clause as a complement. No structural changes occur within the clause apart from this verbal marking.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

[ˈtˤospub ˈfaiw ˈwonˤus pik ˈtˤasˤub ˈfaiw tˤiˈwaliɡub wiˈstˤum pik tˤedˤit͡ʃelub ˈfaiw]

tˤ-
NOM ˈosp
boy -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈwonˤ
give -us
COMP pik
PAST tˤ-
NOM ˈasˤ
girl -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM tˤ-
NOM ˈiwaliɡ
apple -ub
sing wiˈstˤum
surprise pik
PAST tˤ-
NOM edˤit͡ʃel
teacher -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

 (27)

Quotes

Aushob employs a quotative particle to mark direct and indirect speech. The quotative follows the reported phrase and identifies the preceding expression as quoted or reported. The same construction is also used to express reported thoughts.

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

[ˈtˤospub ˈfaiw ˈfak pik ˈtˤasˤub ˈfaiw ˈwej ˈʃobus ˈkuk]

tˤ-
NOM ˈosp
boy -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈfak
tell pik
PAST tˤ-
NOM ˈasˤ
girl -ub
sing ˈfai
the -w
NOM ˈwej
1excl.sing ˈʃob
love -us
COMP ˈkuk
2.sing

“The boy told the girl that he loved her.”

 (28)

How to cite this grammar

Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Aushob. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 21 September 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/58L6Q

In BibTeX format:

@misc{LC-58L6Q,
  year         = 2026,
  author       = {{Language Creator}},
  title        = {A Grammar of {Aushob}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/58L6Q}},
  note         = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 21 September 2026}
}

Supplementary Materials

A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Aushob / Aushob–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.

Readers are encouraged to share observations or corrections via the feedback form. The present page may be accessed directly at:

https://languagecreator.org/grammar/58L6Q

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