A Grammar of Ruk
Introduction
Scope and Purpose
This grammar provides a systematic description of the Ruk language (the 1773rd one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.
The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Ruk.
Typological Profile
It has postpositions.Phonology
Phoneme Inventory
Consonants
Ruk has 19 consonant phonemes, a size that falls within a broadly average range.
It has an unusually restricted set of labial consonants.The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Ruk. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.
| labial | alveolar | postalveolar | lateral | palatal | velar | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | b | d t | k ɡ | ʔ | |||
| nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
| fricative | f | s | ʃ | x | h | ||
| approximant | w | ɾ | j | ||||
| affricate | t͡ʃ |
Vowels
Ruk has 8 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.
It has a strongly reduced vowel system in unstressed syllables and a partially contrastive system of vowel length.The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Ruk. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.
| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| close | i | u | |
| mid | e | ə | o |
| open | a |
Stress and Tones
Ruk has phonemic stress but no lexical tone. Stress consistently falls on the first vowel of the root, and no contrastive tonal distinctions are made.
Phonological Processes
Vowel Harmony
Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.
Writing System
Introduction
Ruk is an unwritten language. For that reason, all examples in this grammar are given exclusively in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which offers a precise and widely recognised means of recording its sounds.
Orthography
Rukis an unwritten language, so it does not make any sense to discuss its orthography.
Word Classes and Morphology
Number and Gender
Number
Ruk does not have grammatical number.
Gender
Ruk does not have genders or noun classes.
The Nominal Phrase
Nominal phrases in Ruk can be exemplified by the following example:
initial XML:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def">
<noun>woman</noun>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>knife</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
<adj>blind</adj>
<num>three</num>
<det>yon</det>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>woman</noun> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>knife</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> - <adj>blind</adj> - <num>three</num> - <det>yon</det> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module constorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
+ <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
- <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for case/defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for blind/adj/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> - <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ɡ e ˈ ɾ">ɡeˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" ph="ɲ u ˈ ʔ">ɲuˈʔ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="s ə f au ˈ n">səfauˈn</word> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="w o ˈ k">woˈk</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ɾ au ˈ ɾ">ɾauˈɾ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="h o ˈ s">hoˈs</word> + <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="s ə ɡ i ˈ ʃ">səɡiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="j e ˈ m">jeˈm</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ɡ e ˈ ɾ">ɡeˈɾ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" ph="ɲ u ˈ ʔ">ɲuˈʔ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="s ə f au ˈ n">səfauˈn</word> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="w o ˈ k">woˈk</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ɾ au ˈ ɾ">ɾauˈɾ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="h o ˈ s">hoˈs</word> - <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="s ə ɡ i ˈ ʃ">səɡiˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="j e ˈ m">jeˈm</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">ɡeˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">ɲuˈʔ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative">səfauˈn</word> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">woˈk</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">ɾauˈɾ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">hoˈs</word> + <thingy type="adjnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">əf</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">səɡiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">ət</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">jeˈm</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡeɾ</span><br><span class="gls">woman</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲuʔ</span><br><span class="gls">knife</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">səˈfaun</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈwok</span><br><span class="gls">yon</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɾauɾ</span><br><span class="gls">three</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈhos</span><br><span class="gls">blind</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">səˈɡiʃ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈjem</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif ˈɡeɾəfəɾ ˈdif ˈɲuʔəfəɾ səˈfaun ˈwok ˈɾauɾ ˈhosəf səˈɡiʃətəs ˈjeməbəməm</p> + <p>diˈf ɡeˈɾəfəɾ diˈf ɲuˈʔəfəɾ səfauˈn woˈk ɾauˈɾ hoˈsəf səɡiˈʃətəs jeˈməbəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɡeɾ</o> + <g>woman</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲuʔ</o> + <g>knife</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>səˈfaun</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈwok</o> + <g>yon</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɾauɾ</o> + <g>three</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈhos</o> + <g>blind</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>səˈɡiʃ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈjem</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif ˈɡeɾəfəɾ ˈdif ˈɲuʔəfəɾ səˈfaun ˈwok ˈɾauɾ ˈhosəf səˈɡiʃətəs ˈjeməbəməm] ˈdif the ˈɡeɾ woman -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈdif the ˈɲuʔ knife -əf sing -əɾ NOM səˈfaun COMIT ˈwok yon ˈɾauɾ three ˈhos blind -əf plur səˈɡiʃ mouse -ət plur -əs ACC ˈjem catch -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active “The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.” | (1) |
In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.
There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.The Noun
The noun in Ruk consists of first, the root; second, an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -əf ‘sing’ and -ət ‘plur’; and finally, third, an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -əɾ ‘NOM’, -əs ‘ACC’, -ət͡ʃ ‘GEN’, -ət ‘DAT’, -ən ‘INS’, -əw ‘VOC’, -əh ‘ALL’, -əx ‘LOC’, -əj ‘ABL’ and -ək ‘PART’.
The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -əjəw ‘little’ and -əɲəm ‘big’
The Adjective
In Ruk, the adjective has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -əd ‘sing’ and -əf ‘plur’.
Numerals
The numeral in Ruk stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Determiners
The determiner in Ruk stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Pronouns
The pronoun in Ruk has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -n ‘sing’ and -j ‘plur’.
In Ruk, subject pronouns (but not object pronouns ones) are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for 3.sing/pron/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="j u ˈ">juˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="t͡ʃ o ˈ b">t͡ʃoˈb</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="j u ˈ">juˈ</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="t͡ʃ o ˈ b">t͡ʃoˈb</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">juˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">n</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">t͡ʃoˈb</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈju</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃob</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əw</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈjun ˈt͡ʃobəwəməm</p> + <p>juˈn t͡ʃoˈbəwəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈju</o> + <g>3.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃob</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əw</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈjun ˈt͡ʃobəwəməm] ˈju 3.sing -n sing ˈt͡ʃob love -əw PRES -əm indicative -əm active “He (the boy) loves her (the girl).” | (2) |
But here, the word corresponding to he (i.e., the subject) is stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for 3.sing/pron/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for 3.sing/pron/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="j u ˈ">juˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="j u ˈ">juˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="t͡ʃ o ˈ b">t͡ʃoˈb</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="j u ˈ">juˈ</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="j u ˈ">juˈ</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="t͡ʃ o ˈ b">t͡ʃoˈb</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">juˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">n</thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">juˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">n</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">t͡ʃoˈb</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈju</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈju</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃob</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əw</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈjun ˈjun ˈt͡ʃobəwəməm</p> + <p>juˈn juˈn t͡ʃoˈbəwəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈju</o> + <g>3.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈju</o> + <g>3.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃob</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əw</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈjun ˈjun ˈt͡ʃobəwəməm] ˈju 3.sing -n sing ˈju 3.sing -n sing ˈt͡ʃob love -əw PRES -əm indicative -əm active “He loves her.” | (3) |
Proper Nouns
initial XML:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>hate</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>NN1</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>NN2</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>hate</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>NN1</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>NN2</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
-<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> +<example id="loveprop" translation="Hanyain hates Wasin."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Hanyain" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" propernoun="yes" ph="h ə ɲ ai ˈ n">həɲaiˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Wasin" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" propernoun="yes" ph="w ə s iː ˈ n">wəsiːˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="k ə b i ˈ w">kəbiˈw</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="loveprop" translation="Hanyain hates Wasin."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Hanyain" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" propernoun="yes" ph="h ə ɲ ai ˈ n">həɲaiˈn</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Wasin" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" propernoun="yes" ph="w ə s iː ˈ n">wəsiːˈn</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="k ə b i ˈ w">kəbiˈw</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Hanyain" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" propernoun="yes">həɲaiˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Wasin" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" propernoun="yes">wəsiːˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">kəbiˈw</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">həˈɲain</span><br><span class="gls">Hanyain</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wəˈsiːn</span><br><span class="gls">Wasin</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kəˈbiw</span><br><span class="gls">hate</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əw</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif həˈɲainəfəɾ ˈdif wəˈsiːnəfəs kəˈbiwəwəməm</p> + <p>diˈf Həɲaiˈnəfəɾ diˈf Wəsiːˈnəfəs kəbiˈwəwəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>həˈɲain</o> + <g>Hanyain</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wəˈsiːn</o> + <g>Wasin</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kəˈbiw</o> + <g>hate</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əw</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif həˈɲainəfəɾ ˈdif wəˈsiːnəfəs kəˈbiwəwəməm] ˈdif the həˈɲain Hanyain -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈdif the wəˈsiːn Wasin -əf sing -əs ACC kəˈbiw hate -əw PRES -əm indicative -əm active “Hanyain hates Wasin.” | (4) |
Possession
initial XML:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="k o ˈ s">koˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə t͡ʃ">ət͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="t͡ʃ ə m a ˈ s">t͡ʃəmaˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="k o ˈ s">koˈs</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə t͡ʃ">ət͡ʃ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="t͡ʃ ə m a ˈ s">t͡ʃəmaˈs</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">koˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ət͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">t͡ʃəmaˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkos</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃəˈmas</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif ˈkosəfət͡ʃ ˈdif t͡ʃəˈmasəfəɾ</p> + <p>diˈf koˈsəfət͡ʃ diˈf t͡ʃəmaˈsəfəɾ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈkos</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət͡ʃ</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃəˈmas</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif ˈkosəfət͡ʃ ˈdif t͡ʃəˈmasəfəɾ] ˈdif the ˈkos boy -əf sing -ət͡ʃ GEN ˈdif the t͡ʃəˈmas apple -əf sing -əɾ NOM “the boy’s apple” | (5) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for 3.sing/pron/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="j u ˈ">juˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="t͡ʃ ə m a ˈ s">t͡ʃəmaˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="j u ˈ">juˈ</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="t͡ʃ ə m a ˈ s">t͡ʃəmaˈs</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">juˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">n</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">t͡ʃəmaˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈju</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃəˈmas</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈjun ˈdif t͡ʃəˈmasəfəɾ</p> + <p>juˈn diˈf t͡ʃəmaˈsəfəɾ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈju</o> + <g>3.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃəˈmas</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈjun ˈdif t͡ʃəˈmasəfəɾ] ˈju 3.sing -n sing ˈdif the t͡ʃəˈmas apple -əf sing -əɾ NOM “his (the boy’s) apple” | (6) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for 1excl.sing/pron/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="m o ˈ">moˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="t͡ʃ ə m a ˈ s">t͡ʃəmaˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="m o ˈ">moˈ</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="t͡ʃ ə m a ˈ s">t͡ʃəmaˈs</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">moˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">n</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">t͡ʃəmaˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmo</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃəˈmas</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈmon ˈdif t͡ʃəˈmasəfəɾ</p> + <p>moˈn diˈf t͡ʃəmaˈsəfəɾ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈmo</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃəˈmas</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈmon ˈdif t͡ʃəˈmasəfəɾ] ˈmo 1excl.sing -n sing ˈdif the t͡ʃəˈmas apple -əf sing -əɾ NOM “my apple” | (7) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kiss</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>neighbour</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kiss</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>neighbour</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> - </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="NOM"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" case="ACC"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="subj" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - </np> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="obj" case="ACC"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="subj" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> - </np> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="obj" case="ACC"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </s> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for 2.sing/pron/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="n ə ɾ au ˈ ɾ">nəɾauˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə t͡ʃ">ət͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="n a ˈ ʔ">naˈʔ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t͡ʃ u ˈ">t͡ʃuˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="ɲ ə b i ˈ s+ʔ">ɲəbiˈsʔ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə t͡ʃ">ət͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="f uː ˈ m">fuːˈm</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="ʔ ə f aː ˈ s">ʔəfaːˈs</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="n ə ɾ au ˈ ɾ">nəɾauˈɾ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə t͡ʃ">ət͡ʃ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="n a ˈ ʔ">naˈʔ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t͡ʃ u ˈ">t͡ʃuˈ</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="ɲ ə b i ˈ s+ʔ">ɲəbiˈsʔ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə t͡ʃ">ət͡ʃ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="f uː ˈ m">fuːˈm</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="ʔ ə f aː ˈ s">ʔəfaːˈs</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">nəɾauˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ət͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">naˈʔ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">t͡ʃuˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">n</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">ɲəbiˈsʔ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ət͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">fuːˈm</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">ʔəfaːˈs</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nəˈɾauɾ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnaʔ</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃu</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲəˈbisʔ</span><br><span class="gls">neighbour</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfuːm</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔəˈfaːs</span><br><span class="gls">kiss</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif nəˈɾauɾəfət͡ʃ ˈdif ˈnaʔəfəɾ ˈt͡ʃun ˈdif ɲəˈbisʔəfət͡ʃ ˈdif ˈfuːməfəs ʔəˈfaːsəbəməm</p> + <p>diˈf nəɾauˈɾəfət͡ʃ diˈf naˈʔəfəɾ t͡ʃuˈn diˈf ɲəbiˈsʔəfət͡ʃ diˈf fuːˈməfəs ʔəfaːˈsəbəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nəˈɾauɾ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət͡ʃ</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnaʔ</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃu</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲəˈbisʔ</o> + <g>neighbour</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət͡ʃ</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfuːm</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʔəˈfaːs</o> + <g>kiss</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif nəˈɾauɾəfət͡ʃ ˈdif ˈnaʔəfəɾ ˈt͡ʃun ˈdif ɲəˈbisʔəfət͡ʃ ˈdif ˈfuːməfəs ʔəˈfaːsəbəməm] ˈdif the nəˈɾauɾ hunter -əf sing -ət͡ʃ GEN ˈdif the ˈnaʔ daughter -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈt͡ʃu 2.sing -n sing ˈdif the ɲəˈbisʔ neighbour -əf sing -ət͡ʃ GEN ˈdif the ˈfuːm son -əf sing -əs ACC ʔəˈfaːs kiss -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active “The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.” | (8) |
Derivation
Ruk has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:
initial XML:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="t ə t u ˈ ɲ">tətuˈɲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="t ə t u ˈ ɲ">tətuˈɲ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">tətuˈɲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">təˈtuɲ</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>təˈtuɲəfəɾ</p> + <p>tətuˈɲəfəɾ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>təˈtuɲ</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[təˈtuɲəfəɾ] təˈtuɲ lamb -əf sing -əɾ NOM “a lamb” | (9) |
In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:
initial XML:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
submodule transform_adj<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</example>module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> + </word> </np> </example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - </word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <flat> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="t ə t u ˈ ɲ">tətuˈɲ</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="ə j ə w">əjəw</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <flat> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="t ə t u ˈ ɲ">tətuˈɲ</word> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="ə j ə w">əjəw</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">tətuˈɲ</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj">əjəw</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">təˈtuɲ</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əjəw</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>təˈtuɲəjəwəfəɾ</p> + <p>tətuˈɲəjəwəfəɾ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>təˈtuɲ</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əjəw</o> + <g>little</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[təˈtuɲəjəwəfəɾ] təˈtuɲ lamb -əjəw little -əf sing -əɾ NOM “a little lamb” | (10) |
Compounding
Verbs
Inflectional Categories
There is one type of clitic in the verbal phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing negation. a clitic expressing negation, comprising ʔəh ‘NEG’.
In addition, the verb is structured like this: first, the root; second, an obligatory suffix expressing ta, comprising -əw ‘PRES’ and -əb ‘PAST’; third, an obligatory suffix expressing mode, comprising -əm ‘indicative’, -ən ‘imperative’, -əh ‘conditional’ and -əj ‘optative’; and finally, fourth, an obligatory suffix expressing voice, comprising -əm ‘active’ and -əx ‘passive’.
The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -əməʔ ‘begin’ and -əɡəx ‘stop’
initial XML:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for 2.sing/pron/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> + <flat> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="t͡ʃ u ˈ">t͡ʃuˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="t͡ʃ o ˈ b">t͡ʃoˈb</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="t͡ʃ u ˈ">t͡ʃuˈ</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="t͡ʃ o ˈ b">t͡ʃoˈb</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">t͡ʃuˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">n</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">t͡ʃoˈb</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃu</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃob</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əw</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈt͡ʃun ˈt͡ʃobəwəməm</p> + <p>t͡ʃuˈn t͡ʃoˈbəwəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃu</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃob</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əw</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈt͡ʃun ˈt͡ʃobəwəməm] ˈt͡ʃu 2.sing -n sing ˈt͡ʃob love -əw PRES -əm indicative -əm active “I love you.” | (11) |
Adverbs Minor Classes
Adpositions
There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.
initial XML:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>table</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>table</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module articles:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> </pp> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
calling defaultval for case/defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for table/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for table/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="j ai ˈ n">jaiˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="b eː ˈ d">beːˈd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="ɡ au ˈ h">ɡauˈh</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="j ai ˈ n">jaiˈn</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" ph="b eː ˈ d">beːˈd</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="ɡ au ˈ h">ɡauˈh</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">jaiˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing">beːˈd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">ɡauˈh</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈjain</span><br><span class="gls">table</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbeːd</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡauh</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif ˈjainəfəɾ ˈbeːdəfəɾ ˈɡauh</p> + <p>diˈf jaiˈnəfəɾ beːˈdəfəɾ ɡauˈh</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈjain</o> + <g>table</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbeːd</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɡauh</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif ˈjainəfəɾ ˈbeːdəfəɾ ˈɡauh] ˈdif the ˈjain table -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈbeːd surface -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈɡauh in “on the table” | (12) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>box</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>box</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module articles:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp"/> </pp> </example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="to" posp="pp"/> </pp> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="to" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="to" posp="pp"/> </pp> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="to" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="to" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
calling defaultval for case/defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for box/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for box/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> - <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> <word gloss="to" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="to" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="k ə ʔ au ˈ x">kəʔauˈx</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" ph="ʔ iː ˈ n">ʔiːˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="x aː ˈ k">xaːˈk</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="k ə ʔ au ˈ x">kəʔauˈx</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" ph="ʔ iː ˈ n">ʔiːˈn</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word gloss="to" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="x aː ˈ k">xaːˈk</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">kəʔauˈx</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing">ʔiːˈn</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">xaːˈk</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kəˈʔaux</span><br><span class="gls">box</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʔiːn</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈxaːk</span><br><span class="gls">to</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif kəˈʔauxəfəɾ ˈʔiːnəfəɾ ˈxaːk</p> + <p>diˈf kəʔauˈxəfəɾ ʔiːˈnəfəɾ xaːˈk</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kəˈʔaux</o> + <g>box</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʔiːn</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈxaːk</o> + <g>to</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif kəˈʔauxəfəɾ ˈʔiːnəfəɾ ˈxaːk] ˈdif the kəˈʔaux box -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈʔiːn inside -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈxaːk to “into the box” | (13) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
</pp>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> </pp> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for 1excl.sing/pron/number/obligatoryGot sing
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> - <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" ph="m o ˈ">moˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="s ə f au ˈ n">səfauˈn</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" ph="m o ˈ">moˈ</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="s ə f au ˈ n">səfauˈn</word> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number">moˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">n</thingy> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative">səfauˈn</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmo</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">səˈfaun</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈmon səˈfaun</p> + <p>moˈn səfauˈn</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈmo</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>səˈfaun</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈmon səˈfaun] ˈmo 1excl.sing -n sing səˈfaun COMIT “with me” | (14) |
Syntax
Basic Clause Structure
Constituent Order
Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.
Ruk has basic Subject–Object–Verb (SOV) word order. The subject precedes the object, and the verb appears at the end of the clause. This is one of the most frequent patterns cross-linguistically.
The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Ruk.
initial XML:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="s ə x i ˈ ʃ">səxiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="n ə ɾ au ˈ ɾ">nəɾauˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="b eː ˈ ɾ">beːˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="s ə x i ˈ ʃ">səxiˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="n ə ɾ au ˈ ɾ">nəɾauˈɾ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="b eː ˈ ɾ">beːˈɾ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">səxiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">nəɾauˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">beːˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">səˈxiʃ</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nəˈɾauɾ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbeːɾ</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif səˈxiʃəfəɾ ˈdif nəˈɾauɾəfəs ˈbeːɾəbəməm</p> + <p>diˈf səxiˈʃəfəɾ diˈf nəɾauˈɾəfəs beːˈɾəbəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>səˈxiʃ</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nəˈɾauɾ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbeːɾ</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif səˈxiʃəfəɾ ˈdif nəˈɾauɾəfəs ˈbeːɾəbəməm] ˈdif the səˈxiʃ jaguar -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈdif the nəˈɾauɾ hunter -əf sing -əs ACC ˈbeːɾ kill -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active “The jaguar killed the hunter.” | (15) |
initial XML:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>dog</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>dog</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="ACC">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+ <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="obj" case="ACC">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="obj" case="ACC">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
- </np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="b ə ɲ aː ˈ ɡ">bəɲaːˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="n ə ɾ au ˈ ɾ">nəɾauˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə t͡ʃ">ət͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="n a ˈ ʔ">naˈʔ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə t͡ʃ">ət͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="d iː ˈ w">diːˈw</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="n u ˈ s">nuˈs</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="b ə ɲ aː ˈ ɡ">bəɲaːˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="n ə ɾ au ˈ ɾ">nəɾauˈɾ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə t͡ʃ">ət͡ʃ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="n a ˈ ʔ">naˈʔ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə t͡ʃ">ət͡ʃ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="d iː ˈ w">diːˈw</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="n u ˈ s">nuˈs</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">bəɲaːˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">nəɾauˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ət͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">naˈʔ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ət͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">diːˈw</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">nuˈs</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bəˈɲaːɡ</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nəˈɾauɾ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnaʔ</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdiːw</span><br><span class="gls">dog</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnus</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif bəˈɲaːɡəfəɾ ˈdif nəˈɾauɾəfət͡ʃ ˈdif ˈnaʔəfət͡ʃ ˈdif ˈdiːwəfəs ˈnusəbəməm</p> + <p>diˈf bəɲaːˈɡəfəɾ diˈf nəɾauˈɾəfət͡ʃ diˈf naˈʔəfət͡ʃ diˈf diːˈwəfəs nuˈsəbəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bəˈɲaːɡ</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nəˈɾauɾ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət͡ʃ</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnaʔ</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət͡ʃ</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdiːw</o> + <g>dog</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnus</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif bəˈɲaːɡəfəɾ ˈdif nəˈɾauɾəfət͡ʃ ˈdif ˈnaʔəfət͡ʃ ˈdif ˈdiːwəfəs ˈnusəbəməm] ˈdif the bəˈɲaːɡ lion -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈdif the nəˈɾauɾ hunter -əf sing -ət͡ʃ GEN ˈdif the ˈnaʔ daughter -əf sing -ət͡ʃ GEN ˈdif the ˈdiːw dog -əf sing -əs ACC ˈnus eat -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active “The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.” | (16) |
The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.
Noun Phrases
Structure and Order
The internal structure of noun phrases in Ruk reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.
Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Ruk expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.
initial XML:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>friend</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>book</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>friend</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>book</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for 2.sing/pron/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> + <flat> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t͡ʃ u ˈ">t͡ʃuˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="f uː ˈ m">fuːˈm</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə t͡ʃ">ət͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="t au ˈ ʃ">tauˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə t͡ʃ">ət͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="h i ˈ f">hiˈf</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t͡ʃ u ˈ">t͡ʃuˈ</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="f uː ˈ m">fuːˈm</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə t͡ʃ">ət͡ʃ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="t au ˈ ʃ">tauˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə t͡ʃ">ət͡ʃ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="h i ˈ f">hiˈf</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">t͡ʃuˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">n</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">fuːˈm</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ət͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">tauˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ət͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">hiˈf</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃu</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfuːm</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtauʃ</span><br><span class="gls">friend</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈhif</span><br><span class="gls">book</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈt͡ʃun ˈdif ˈfuːməfət͡ʃ ˈdif ˈtauʃəfət͡ʃ ˈdif ˈhifəfəɾ</p> + <p>t͡ʃuˈn diˈf fuːˈməfət͡ʃ diˈf tauˈʃəfət͡ʃ diˈf hiˈfəfəɾ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃu</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfuːm</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət͡ʃ</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtauʃ</o> + <g>friend</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət͡ʃ</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈhif</o> + <g>book</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈt͡ʃun ˈdif ˈfuːməfət͡ʃ ˈdif ˈtauʃəfət͡ʃ ˈdif ˈhifəfəɾ] ˈt͡ʃu 2.sing -n sing ˈdif the ˈfuːm son -əf sing -ət͡ʃ GEN ˈdif the ˈtauʃ friend -əf sing -ət͡ʃ GEN ˈdif the ˈhif book -əf sing -əɾ NOM “your son’s friend’s book” | (17) |
Case Marking
Ruk uses nominative–accusative case marking. The subject of an intransitive verb and the subject of a transitive verb are treated alike and take the nominative case, while the object of a transitive verb is marked with the accusative case. This is the familiar pattern from many European languages: the grammar groups together the participants that function as subjects and marks the participant affected by a transitive action separately.
initial XML:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-state">
<verb>sleep</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-state"> - <verb>sleep</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="n e ˈ h">neˈh</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="n e ˈ h">neˈh</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">neˈh</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲob</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈneh</span><br><span class="gls">sleep</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əw</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif ˈɲobəfəɾ ˈnehəwəməm</p> + <p>diˈf ɲoˈbəfəɾ neˈhəwəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲob</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈneh</o> + <g>sleep</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əw</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif ˈɲobəfəɾ ˈnehəwəməm] ˈdif the ˈɲob cat -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈneh sleep -əw PRES -əm indicative -əm active “The cat is sleeping.” | (18) |
initial XML:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>run</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>run</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+ <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for mode/defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicative
calling defaultval for voice/
defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="b iː ˈ d">biːˈd</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="b iː ˈ d">biːˈd</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">biːˈd</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲob</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbiːd</span><br><span class="gls">run</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əw</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif ˈɲobəfəɾ ˈbiːdəwəməm</p> + <p>diˈf ɲoˈbəfəɾ biːˈdəwəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲob</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbiːd</o> + <g>run</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əw</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif ˈɲobəfəɾ ˈbiːdəwəməm] ˈdif the ˈɲob cat -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈbiːd run -əw PRES -əm indicative -əm active “The cat is running.” | (19) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>chase</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>chase</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+ <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for mode/defaultval: verb, mode
returning indicative
calling defaultval for voice/
defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="s ə ɡ i ˈ ʃ">səɡiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="w ə ɡ u ˈ d">wəɡuˈd</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="s ə ɡ i ˈ ʃ">səɡiˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="w ə ɡ u ˈ d">wəɡuˈd</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">səɡiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">wəɡuˈd</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲob</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">səˈɡiʃ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wəˈɡud</span><br><span class="gls">chase</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əw</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif ˈɲobəfəɾ ˈdif səˈɡiʃəfəs wəˈɡudəwəməm</p> + <p>diˈf ɲoˈbəfəɾ diˈf səɡiˈʃəfəs wəɡuˈdəwəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲob</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>səˈɡiʃ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wəˈɡud</o> + <g>chase</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əw</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif ˈɲobəfəɾ ˈdif səˈɡiʃəfəs wəˈɡudəwəməm] ˈdif the ˈɲob cat -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈdif the səˈɡiʃ mouse -əf sing -əs ACC wəˈɡud chase -əw PRES -əm indicative -əm active “The cat is chasing the mouse.” | (20) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="s ə ɡ i ˈ ʃ">səɡiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="j e ˈ m">jeˈm</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="s ə ɡ i ˈ ʃ">səɡiˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="j e ˈ m">jeˈm</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">səɡiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">jeˈm</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲob</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">səˈɡiʃ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈjem</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif ˈɲobəfəɾ ˈdif səˈɡiʃəfəs ˈjeməbəməm</p> + <p>diˈf ɲoˈbəfəɾ diˈf səɡiˈʃəfəs jeˈməbəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲob</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>səˈɡiʃ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈjem</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif ˈɲobəfəɾ ˈdif səˈɡiʃəfəs ˈjeməbəməm] ˈdif the ˈɲob cat -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈdif the səˈɡiʃ mouse -əf sing -əs ACC ˈjem catch -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active “The cat caught the mouse.” | (21) |
Conjunctions
Here is an example of a conjunction.
initial XML:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>tiger</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>tiger</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flattenconjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="plur">
- <conjp conj="and">
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- </conjp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="plur">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="plur">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="plur">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="n ə ɾ au ˈ ɾ">nəɾauˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="s ə x i ˈ ʃ">səxiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="x iː ˈ n">xiːˈn</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="m ə f au ˈ k">məfauˈk</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="x iː ˈ n">xiːˈn</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="b ə ɲ aː ˈ ɡ">bəɲaːˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="b eː ˈ ɾ">beːˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="n ə ɾ au ˈ ɾ">nəɾauˈɾ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="s ə x i ˈ ʃ">səxiˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="x iː ˈ n">xiːˈn</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="m ə f au ˈ k">məfauˈk</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="x iː ˈ n">xiːˈn</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="b ə ɲ aː ˈ ɡ">bəɲaːˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="b eː ˈ ɾ">beːˈɾ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">nəɾauˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">səxiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">ət</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">xiːˈn</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">məfauˈk</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">ət</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">xiːˈn</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">bəɲaːˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">ət</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">beːˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nəˈɾauɾ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">səˈxiʃ</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈxiːn</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">məˈfauk</span><br><span class="gls">tiger</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈxiːn</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bəˈɲaːɡ</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbeːɾ</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif nəˈɾauɾəfəɾ ˈdif səˈxiʃətəs ˈxiːn ˈdif məˈfaukətəs ˈxiːn ˈdif bəˈɲaːɡətəs ˈbeːɾəbəməm</p> + <p>diˈf nəɾauˈɾəfəɾ diˈf səxiˈʃətəs xiːˈn diˈf məfauˈkətəs xiːˈn diˈf bəɲaːˈɡətəs beːˈɾəbəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nəˈɾauɾ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>səˈxiʃ</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈxiːn</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>məˈfauk</o> + <g>tiger</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈxiːn</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bəˈɲaːɡ</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbeːɾ</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif nəˈɾauɾəfəɾ ˈdif səˈxiʃətəs ˈxiːn ˈdif məˈfaukətəs ˈxiːn ˈdif bəˈɲaːɡətəs ˈbeːɾəbəməm] ˈdif the nəˈɾauɾ hunter -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈdif the səˈxiʃ jaguar -ət plur -əs ACC ˈxiːn and ˈdif the məˈfauk tiger -ət plur -əs ACC ˈxiːn and ˈdif the bəˈɲaːɡ lion -ət plur -əs ACC ˈbeːɾ kill -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active “The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.” | (22) |
Modifiers and Determiners
The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Ruk provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.
Complex Sentences
Relative Clauses
Ruk forms relative clauses by placing them before the noun they modify. The modifier takes the form of a finite clause that precedes the head noun without any relative pronoun. The clause shows ordinary clausal structure, with the role of the head noun recoverable from the syntactic position inside the clause.
To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:
initial XML:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="ɾ ə ɲ u ˈ x">ɾəɲuˈx</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="ɾ ə ɲ u ˈ x">ɾəɲuˈx</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">ɾəɲuˈx</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲob</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɾəˈɲux</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif ˈɲobəfəs ɾəˈɲuxəbəməm</p> + <p>diˈf ɲoˈbəfəs ɾəɲuˈxəbəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲob</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɾəˈɲux</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif ˈɲobəfəs ɾəˈɲuxəbəməm] ˈdif the ˈɲob cat -əf sing -əs ACC ɾəˈɲux pat -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active “I patted the cat.” | (23) |
We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:
initial XML:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="ACC">
+ <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - </np> <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> - <s> - <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="s ə ɡ i ˈ ʃ">səɡiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" ph="j e ˈ m">jeˈm</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="ɾ ə ɲ u ˈ x">ɾəɲuˈx</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="s ə ɡ i ˈ ʃ">səɡiˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" ph="j e ˈ m">jeˈm</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="ɾ ə ɲ u ˈ x">ɾəɲuˈx</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">səɡiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">jeˈm</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">ɾəɲuˈx</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">səˈɡiʃ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈjem</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲob</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɾəˈɲux</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif səˈɡiʃəfəs ˈjeməbəməm ˈdif ˈɲobəfəs ɾəˈɲuxəbəməm</p> + <p>diˈf səɡiˈʃəfəs jeˈməbəməm diˈf ɲoˈbəfəs ɾəɲuˈxəbəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>səˈɡiʃ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈjem</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲob</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɾəˈɲux</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif səˈɡiʃəfəs ˈjeməbəməm ˈdif ˈɲobəfəs ɾəˈɲuxəbəməm] ˈdif the səˈɡiʃ mouse -əf sing -əs ACC ˈjem catch -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active ˈdif the ˈɲob cat -əf sing -əs ACC ɾəˈɲux pat -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active “I patted the cat that caught the mouse.” | (24) |
Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:
initial XML:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="ACC">
+ <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
- <np role="obj" case="ACC">
+ <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - </np> <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> - <s> - <subs> - <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="h ə s+t a ˈ ɾ">həstaˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" ph="n u ˈ s">nuˈs</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="s ə ɡ i ˈ ʃ">səɡiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" ph="j e ˈ m">jeˈm</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="ɾ ə ɲ u ˈ x">ɾəɲuˈx</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="h ə s+t a ˈ ɾ">həstaˈɾ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" ph="n u ˈ s">nuˈs</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="s ə ɡ i ˈ ʃ">səɡiˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" ph="j e ˈ m">jeˈm</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="ɾ ə ɲ u ˈ x">ɾəɲuˈx</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">həstaˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">nuˈs</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">səɡiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">jeˈm</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">ɾəɲuˈx</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">həˈstaɾ</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnus</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">səˈɡiʃ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈjem</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲob</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɾəˈɲux</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif həˈstaɾəfəs ˈnusəbəməm ˈdif səˈɡiʃəfəs ˈjeməbəməm ˈdif ˈɲobəfəs ɾəˈɲuxəbəməm</p> + <p>diˈf həstaˈɾəfəs nuˈsəbəməm diˈf səɡiˈʃəfəs jeˈməbəməm diˈf ɲoˈbəfəs ɾəɲuˈxəbəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>həˈstaɾ</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnus</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>səˈɡiʃ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈjem</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲob</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɾəˈɲux</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif həˈstaɾəfəs ˈnusəbəməm ˈdif səˈɡiʃəfəs ˈjeməbəməm ˈdif ˈɲobəfəs ɾəˈɲuxəbəməm] ˈdif the həˈstaɾ cheese -əf sing -əs ACC ˈnus eat -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active ˈdif the səˈɡiʃ mouse -əf sing -əs ACC ˈjem catch -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active ˈdif the ˈɲob cat -əf sing -əs ACC ɾəˈɲux pat -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.” | (25) |
Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:
initial XML:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>buy</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>buy</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
</subs>
+ </np>
+ </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="ACC">
+ <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
- <np role="obj" case="ACC">
+ <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
- <np role="obj" case="ACC">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - </np> <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl"> <subs> <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl"> <subs> <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl"> <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for 1excl.sing/pron/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> - <s> - <subs> - <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" ph="m o ˈ">moˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="b i ˈ j">biˈj</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="h ə s+t a ˈ ɾ">həstaˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" ph="n u ˈ s">nuˈs</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="s ə ɡ i ˈ ʃ">səɡiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" ph="j e ˈ m">jeˈm</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="1excl.sing" ph="ɾ ə ɲ u ˈ x">ɾəɲuˈx</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" ph="m o ˈ">moˈ</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="b i ˈ j">biˈj</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="h ə s+t a ˈ ɾ">həstaˈɾ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" ph="n u ˈ s">nuˈs</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="s ə ɡ i ˈ ʃ">səɡiˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" ph="j e ˈ m">jeˈm</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="ɲ o ˈ b">ɲoˈb</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="1excl.sing" ph="ɾ ə ɲ u ˈ x">ɾəɲuˈx</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">moˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">n</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">biˈj</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl">həstaˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">nuˈs</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl">səɡiˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">jeˈm</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="1excl">ɲoˈb</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="1excl.sing">ɾəɲuˈx</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmo</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈbij</span><br><span class="gls">buy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">həˈstaɾ</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnus</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">səˈɡiʃ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈjem</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲob</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɾəˈɲux</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈmon ˈbijəbəməm ˈdif həˈstaɾəfəs ˈnusəbəməm ˈdif səˈɡiʃəfəs ˈjeməbəməm ˈdif ˈɲobəfəs ɾəˈɲuxəbəməm</p> + <p>moˈn biˈjəbəməm diˈf həstaˈɾəfəs nuˈsəbəməm diˈf səɡiˈʃəfəs jeˈməbəməm diˈf ɲoˈbəfəs ɾəɲuˈxəbəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈmo</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈbij</o> + <g>buy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>həˈstaɾ</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnus</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>səˈɡiʃ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈjem</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲob</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɾəˈɲux</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈmon ˈbijəbəməm ˈdif həˈstaɾəfəs ˈnusəbəməm ˈdif səˈɡiʃəfəs ˈjeməbəməm ˈdif ˈɲobəfəs ɾəˈɲuxəbəməm] ˈmo 1excl.sing -n sing ˈbij buy -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active ˈdif the həˈstaɾ cheese -əf sing -əs ACC ˈnus eat -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active ˈdif the səˈɡiʃ mouse -əf sing -əs ACC ˈjem catch -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active ˈdif the ˈɲob cat -əf sing -əs ACC ɾəˈɲux pat -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.” | (26) |
Complementation Strategies
Ruk forms complement clauses by nominalising the embedded verb. The nominalised form lacks finite verbal categories and behaves as a noun phrase. Subjects of nominalised clauses occur in the genitive case, and the nominalised verb establishes the semantic content of the complement.
The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:
initial XML:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>surprise</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>give</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj">
<noun>teacher</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>surprise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>give</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj"> - <noun>teacher</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> - </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> + </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="NOM"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> <subs> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="subj" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> <subs> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="subj" case="NOM"> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> <subs> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> </vp> </s> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/case/obligatory
Got DAT
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/case/obligatory
Got DAT
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> - <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="k o ˈ s">koˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="x o ˈ d">xoˈd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="t͡ʃ ə m a ˈ s">t͡ʃəmaˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="n a ˈ ʃ">naˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="ɲ ə ʔ e ˈ ʃ">ɲəʔeˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" ph="t͡ʃ ə n a ˈ m">t͡ʃənaˈm</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="k o ˈ s">koˈs</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="x o ˈ d">xoˈd</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="t͡ʃ ə m a ˈ s">t͡ʃəmaˈs</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="n a ˈ ʃ">naˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="ɲ ə ʔ e ˈ ʃ">ɲəʔeˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" ph="t͡ʃ ə n a ˈ m">t͡ʃənaˈm</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" case="NOM">koˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">xoˈd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">ət</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">t͡ʃəmaˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">əs</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">naˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">ɲəʔeˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">ət</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing">t͡ʃənaˈm</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkos</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈxod</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃəˈmas</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnaʃ</span><br><span class="gls">give</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲəˈʔeʃ</span><br><span class="gls">teacher</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃəˈnam</span><br><span class="gls">surprise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif ˈkosəfəɾ ˈdif ˈxodəfət t͡ʃəˈmasəfəs ˈnaʃəbəməm ˈdif ɲəˈʔeʃəfət t͡ʃəˈnaməbəməm</p> + <p>diˈf koˈsəfəɾ diˈf xoˈdəfət t͡ʃəmaˈsəfəs naˈʃəbəməm diˈf ɲəʔeˈʃəfət t͡ʃənaˈməbəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈkos</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈxod</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃəˈmas</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnaʃ</o> + <g>give</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲəˈʔeʃ</o> + <g>teacher</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃəˈnam</o> + <g>surprise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif ˈkosəfəɾ ˈdif ˈxodəfət t͡ʃəˈmasəfəs ˈnaʃəbəməm ˈdif ɲəˈʔeʃəfət t͡ʃəˈnaməbəməm] ˈdif the ˈkos boy -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈdif the ˈxod girl -əf sing -ət DAT t͡ʃəˈmas apple -əf sing -əs ACC ˈnaʃ give -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active ˈdif the ɲəˈʔeʃ teacher -əf sing -ət DAT t͡ʃəˈnam surprise -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active “It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.” | (27) |
Quotes
Ruk expresses quoted or reported speech without a dedicated quotative particle. Quotations appear as ordinary clauses, distinguished only by the surrounding syntactic context or by the use of verbs of speaking.
Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:
initial XML:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>tell</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>tell</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
+ <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" person="2">
<subs>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" person="2">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" person="1excl">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" person="2">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" person="1excl">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" person="2">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" person="2">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/obligatoryGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/case/obligatory
Got DAT
About to call getSlotValue for 1excl.sing/pron/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for 2.sing/pron/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/mode/obligatory
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" person="2">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" person="2"> - <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="k o ˈ s">koˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="x o ˈ d">xoˈd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="m o ˈ">moˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="t͡ʃ u ˈ">t͡ʃuˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" ph="t͡ʃ o ˈ b">t͡ʃoˈb</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing" ph="s o ˈ t">soˈt</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="k o ˈ s">koˈs</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="ə ɾ">əɾ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="d i ˈ f">diˈf</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="x o ˈ d">xoˈd</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="ə f">əf</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="m o ˈ">moˈ</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="t͡ʃ u ˈ">t͡ʃuˈ</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="n">n</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" ph="t͡ʃ o ˈ b">t͡ʃoˈb</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə w">əw</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing" ph="s o ˈ t">soˈt</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə b">əb</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="ə m">əm</thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">koˈs</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">əɾ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">diˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">xoˈd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">əf</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">ət</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="ACC">moˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">n</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">t͡ʃuˈ</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">n</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing">t͡ʃoˈb</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">əw</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing">soˈt</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">əb</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative">əm</thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">əm</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkos</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əɾ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdif</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈxod</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əf</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmo</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃu</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-n</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃob</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əw</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsot</span><br><span class="gls">tell</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əb</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əm</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈdif ˈkosəfəɾ ˈdif ˈxodəfət ˈmon ˈt͡ʃun ˈt͡ʃobəwəməm ˈsotəbəməm</p> + <p>diˈf koˈsəfəɾ diˈf xoˈdəfət moˈn t͡ʃuˈn t͡ʃoˈbəwəməm soˈtəbəməm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈkos</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əɾ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdif</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈxod</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əf</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmo</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃu</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-n</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃob</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əw</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsot</o> + <g>tell</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əb</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>indicative</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əm</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
[ˈdif ˈkosəfəɾ ˈdif ˈxodəfət ˈmon ˈt͡ʃun ˈt͡ʃobəwəməm ˈsotəbəməm] ˈdif the ˈkos boy -əf sing -əɾ NOM ˈdif the ˈxod girl -əf sing -ət DAT ˈmo 1excl.sing -n sing ˈt͡ʃu 2.sing -n sing ˈt͡ʃob love -əw PRES -əm indicative -əm active ˈsot tell -əb PAST -əm indicative -əm active “The boy told the girl that he loved her.” | (28) |
How to cite this grammar
Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Ruk. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 27 September 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/5GV23
In BibTeX format:
@misc{LC-5GV23,
year = 2026,
author = {{Language Creator}},
title = {A Grammar of {Ruk}},
howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/5GV23}},
note = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 27 September 2026}
}
Supplementary Materials
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