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A Grammar of Hin

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Hin language (the 640th one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Hin.

Typological Profile

It has the VSO basic order, common globally but unusual in many families.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Hin has a moderately large consonant inventory, with 32 phonemes.

It has a notably rich set of sibilant contrasts, a modest (but clearly contrastive) set of labialised consonants and a broad and varied fricative inventory.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Hin. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labialdentalalveolarpostalveolaralveolo-palatallateralpalatalvelarlab. velarglottal
stopp b d t k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ
nasalm n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ
trill/tap/flapr
fricativef θ s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ xʷ ɣʷ h
approximantw l j
affricatet͡s t͡ʃ t͡ɕ

Vowels

Hin has 7 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.

It has occasional ghost vowels that surface only weakly and a moderately reduced system of unstressed vowels.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Hin. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

frontcentralback
closei u
mide o
opena

Stress and Tones

Hin has phonemic stress but no lexical tone. Stress consistently falls on the first vowel of the root, and no contrastive tonal distinctions are made.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

The language employs vowel harmony. To be specific, the following vowels change to match the first vowel of the root: /i/ becomes /u/, /e/ becomes /o/.

Writing System

Introduction

Hin is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:

Simple letters

a /a/b /b/d /d/e /e/
f /f/g /ɡ/h /h/i /i/
j /j/k /k/l /l/m /m/
n /n/o /o/p /p/r /r/
s /s/t /t/u /u/w /w/
z /z/ñ /ɲ/ğ /ɣ/

Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs

aa /aː/ai /ai/au /au/
ch /t͡ʃ/ee /eː/gw /ɡʷ/
ii /iː/kh /x/khw /xʷ/
ng /ŋ/ngw /ŋʷ/oo /oː/
qu /kʷ/sh /ʃ/th /θ/
ty /t͡ɕ/tz /t͡s/uu /uː/
zh /ʒ/ğw /ɣʷ/

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Hin does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Hin does not have genders or noun classes.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Hin can be exemplified by the following example:

Ğow pan khung squeğw zbuzgaul chuf squeğw dakhw miñ rahaso naz khwoth.

[ˈɣow pan ˈxuŋ ˈskʷeɣʷ zbuˈzɡaul ˈt͡ʃuf ˈskʷeɣʷ daxʷ ˈmiɲ rahaˈso ˈnaz ˈxʷoθ]

ˈɣow
catch pan
PAST ˈxuŋ
woman ˈskʷeɣʷ
the zbiˈzɡaul
COMIT ˈt͡ʃuf
knife ˈskʷeɣʷ
the daxʷ
ERG ˈmiɲ
three ra-
plur haˈso
mouse ˈnaz
blind ˈxʷoθ
yon

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

 (1)

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There is one type of clitic in the nominal phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing case. a clitic expressing case, comprising dakhw /daxʷ/ ‘ERG’, daj /daj/ ‘ACC’, wiz /wiz/ ‘GEN’, dang /daŋ/ ‘DAT’, maz /maz/ ‘INS’, tyij /t͡ɕij/ ‘VOC’, fin /fin/ ‘ALL’, chaw /t͡ʃaw/ ‘LOC’, khwich /xʷit͡ʃ/ ‘ABL’ and zhdach /ʒdat͡ʃ/ ‘PART’.

The morphology of the elements of the nominal phrase, i.e., nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns, is described below, as is the way that possession is expressed in Hin.

The Noun

The noun in Hin consists of an optional prefix expressing number, comprising ra- /ra-/ ‘plur’ followed by the root.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: 11 suffixes, namely -gwi /-ɡʷi/ ‘little’, -qua /-kʷa/ ‘big’, -thi /-θi/ ‘old’, -ha /-ha/ ‘new’, -ngwi /-ŋʷi/ ‘good’, -za /-za/ ‘bad’, -ğwa /-ɣʷa/ ‘have’, -ğa /-ɣa/ ‘use’, -khwi /-xʷi/ ‘see’, -ğwi /-ɣʷi/ ‘make’ and -cha /-t͡ʃa/ ‘break’

The Adjective

The adjective in Hin stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Numerals

The numeral in Hin stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

The determiner in Hin stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Hin stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

In Hin, both subject and object pronouns are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

Sash.

[ˈsaʃ]

ˈsaʃ
love

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

 (2)

But here, the word corresponding to he is stressed:

Sash thah.

[ˈsaʃ ˈθah]

ˈsaʃ
love ˈθah
3.sing

“He loves her.”

 (3)

And here, it is the one translated as her that is stressed:

Sash thah daj.

[ˈsaʃ ˈθah daj]

ˈsaʃ
love ˈθah
3.sing daj
ACC

“He loves her.”

 (4)

Proper Nouns

Gwimir Sabugw squeğw Zbakhwakh squeğw daj.

[ɡʷiˈmir saˈbuɡʷ ˈskʷeɣʷ zbaˈxʷax ˈskʷeɣʷ daj]

ɡʷiˈmir
hate saˈbuɡʷ
Sabug ˈskʷeɣʷ
the zbaˈxʷax
Zbakhakh ˈskʷeɣʷ
the daj
ACC

“Sabug hates Zbakhakh.”

 (5)

Possession

tzasir squeğw leñ squeğw

[t͡saˈsir ˈskʷeɣʷ ˈleɲ ˈskʷeɣʷ]

t͡saˈsir
apple ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈleɲ
boy ˈskʷeɣʷ
the

“the boy’s apple”

 (6)
tzasir squeğw thah

[t͡saˈsir ˈskʷeɣʷ ˈθah]

t͡saˈsir
apple ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈθah
3.sing

“his (the boy’s) apple”

 (7)
tzasir squeğw had

[t͡saˈsir ˈskʷeɣʷ ˈhad]

t͡saˈsir
apple ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈhad
1excl.sing

“my apple”

 (8)
Gitiih pan man squeğw tzuquaul squeğw dakhw weem squeğw tzağwin squeğw gwazh.

[ɡiˈtiːh pan ˈman ˈskʷeɣʷ t͡suˈkʷaul ˈskʷeɣʷ daxʷ ˈweːm ˈskʷeɣʷ t͡saˈɣʷin ˈskʷeɣʷ ˈɡʷaʒ]

ɡiˈtiːh
kiss pan
PAST ˈman
daughter ˈskʷeɣʷ
the t͡siˈkʷaul
hunter ˈskʷeɣʷ
the daxʷ
ERG ˈweːm
son ˈskʷeɣʷ
the t͡saˈɣʷin
neighbour ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈɡʷaʒ
2.sing

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

 (9)

Derivation

fağaaf

[faˈɣaːf]

faˈɣaːf
lamb

“a lamb”

 (10)
fağaafgwi

[faˈɣaːfɡʷi]

faˈɣaːf
lamb -ɡʷi
little

“a little lamb”

 (11)
Fağaafgwiğwa pan.

[faˈɣaːfɡʷiɣʷa pan]

faˈɣaːf
lamb -ɡʷi
little -ɣʷa
have pan
PAST

“She had a little lamb.”

 (12)

This doesn’t affect all adjectives and verbs. Compare, for instance the previous example with this one, where black and love do not undergo affixation:

Sash pan fağaaf thuuty.

[ˈsaʃ pan faˈɣaːf ˈθuːt͡ɕ]

ˈsaʃ
love pan
PAST faˈɣaːf
lamb ˈθuːt͡ɕ
black

“She loved a black lamb.”

 (13)

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

The verbal phrase clitics in Hin fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing negation, comprising squath /skʷaθ/ ‘NEG’; second, a clitic expressing ta, comprising pan /pan/ ‘PAST’; third, a clitic expressing mode, comprising zhaf /ʒaf/ ‘imperative’, gib /ɡib/ ‘conditional’ and khith /xiθ/ ‘optative’; and finally, fourth, a clitic expressing subj, comprising taw /taw/ ‘1incl.sing’, ñigw /ɲiɡʷ/ ‘1excl.sing’, chaty /t͡ʃat͡ɕ/ ‘2.sing’, jangw /jaŋʷ/ ‘1incl.plur’, naty /nat͡ɕ/ ‘1excl.plur’, quim /kʷim/ ‘2.plur’ and jas /jas/ ‘3.plur’.

In addition, the verb is structured like this: the root followed by an optional suffix expressing voice, comprising -ad /-ad/ ‘passive’.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: five suffixes, namely -zi /-zi/ ‘begin’, -ri /-ri/ ‘stop’, -zhi /-ʒi/ ‘continue’, -pa /-pa/ ‘try’ and -wa /-wa/ ‘start’

Sash ñigw.

[ˈsaʃ ɲiɡʷ]

ˈsaʃ
love ɲiɡʷ
1excl.sing.SUBJ

“I love you.”

 (14)

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

zhiiqu zdungw squeğw chaw

[ˈʒiːkʷ ˈzduŋʷ ˈskʷeɣʷ t͡ʃaw]

ˈʒiːkʷ
in_surface ˈzduŋʷ
table ˈskʷeɣʷ
the t͡ʃaw
LOC

“on the table”

 (15)
chip simequ squeğw chaw

[ˈt͡ʃip siˈmekʷ ˈskʷeɣʷ t͡ʃaw]

ˈt͡ʃip
to_inside siˈmekʷ
box ˈskʷeɣʷ
the t͡ʃaw
LOC

“into the box”

 (16)
zbuzgaul had chaw

[zbuˈzɡaul ˈhad t͡ʃaw]

zbiˈzɡaul
COMIT ˈhad
1excl.sing t͡ʃaw
LOC

“with me”

 (17)

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

The basic constituent order of Hin is Verb–Subject–Object (VSO). Clauses begin with the verb, followed by the subject, with the object in final position. This pattern is attested among various verb-initial languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Hin.

Nikhw pan ğağwak squeğw dakhw tzuquaul squeğw.

[ˈnixʷ pan ɣaˈɣʷak ˈskʷeɣʷ daxʷ t͡suˈkʷaul ˈskʷeɣʷ]

ˈnixʷ
kill pan
PAST ɣaˈɣʷak
jaguar ˈskʷeɣʷ
the daxʷ
ERG t͡siˈkʷaul
hunter ˈskʷeɣʷ
the

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

 (18)
Tyakhw pan dispeñ squeğw dakhw khaik squeğw man squeğw tzuquaul squeğw.

[ˈt͡ɕaxʷ pan diˈspeɲ ˈskʷeɣʷ daxʷ ˈxaik ˈskʷeɣʷ ˈman ˈskʷeɣʷ t͡suˈkʷaul ˈskʷeɣʷ]

ˈt͡ɕaxʷ
eat pan
PAST diˈspeɲ
lion ˈskʷeɣʷ
the daxʷ
ERG ˈxaik
dog ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈman
daughter ˈskʷeɣʷ
the t͡siˈkʷaul
hunter ˈskʷeɣʷ
the

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

 (19)

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Hin reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-initial: the possessed noun precedes the possessor. For instance, Hin expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “toy child”. This structure is typologically rarer and often co-occurs with verb-initial syntax or with grammatical marking on the noun.

lukhw squeğw khwiid squeğw weem squeğw gwazh

[ˈluxʷ ˈskʷeɣʷ ˈxʷiːd ˈskʷeɣʷ ˈweːm ˈskʷeɣʷ ˈɡʷaʒ]

ˈluxʷ
book ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈxʷiːd
friend ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈweːm
son ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈɡʷaʒ
2.sing

“your son’s friend’s book”

 (20)

Case Marking

Hin uses split case marking. In the present tense, the grammar follows a nominative–accusative pattern, where intransitive and transitive subjects are treated alike and objects are marked with the accusative. In the past tense, however, it follows an ergative–absolutive pattern, here called ergative–nominative, where intransitive subjects and transitive objects are treated alike and transitive subjects are marked with the ergative. This makes sense because present-tense clauses often describe events as ongoing, habitual or controlled by an active participant, so the grammar treats the subject as the central argument. Past-tense clauses, by contrast, often present an event as completed, making the affected participant especially salient. The ergative marking then singles out the transitive agent as the additional participant responsible for bringing about that result.

Jof gom squeğw.

[ˈjof ˈɡom ˈskʷeɣʷ]

ˈjof
sleep ˈɡom
cat ˈskʷeɣʷ
the

“The cat is sleeping.”

 (21)
Pil gom squeğw.

[ˈpil ˈɡom ˈskʷeɣʷ]

ˈpil
run ˈɡom
cat ˈskʷeɣʷ
the

“The cat is running.”

 (22)
Mushpush gom squeğw haso squeğw daj.

[muˈʃpuʃ ˈɡom ˈskʷeɣʷ haˈso ˈskʷeɣʷ daj]

miˈʃpuʃ
chase ˈɡom
cat ˈskʷeɣʷ
the haˈso
mouse ˈskʷeɣʷ
the daj
ACC

“The cat is chasing the mouse.”

 (23)
Ğow pan gom squeğw dakhw haso squeğw.

[ˈɣow pan ˈɡom ˈskʷeɣʷ daxʷ haˈso ˈskʷeɣʷ]

ˈɣow
catch pan
PAST ˈɡom
cat ˈskʷeɣʷ
the daxʷ
ERG haˈso
mouse ˈskʷeɣʷ
the

“The cat caught the mouse.”

 (24)

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

Nikhw pan tzuquaul squeğw dakhw rağağwak squeğw hağw razhbiñii squeğw hağw radispeñ squeğw.

[ˈnixʷ pan t͡suˈkʷaul ˈskʷeɣʷ daxʷ raɣaˈɣʷak ˈskʷeɣʷ ˈhaɣʷ raʒbiˈɲiː ˈskʷeɣʷ ˈhaɣʷ radiˈspeɲ ˈskʷeɣʷ]

ˈnixʷ
kill pan
PAST t͡siˈkʷaul
hunter ˈskʷeɣʷ
the daxʷ
ERG ra-
plur ɣaˈɣʷak
jaguar ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈhaɣʷ
and ra-
plur ʒbiˈɲiː
tiger ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈhaɣʷ
and ra-
plur diˈspeɲ
lion ˈskʷeɣʷ
the

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

 (25)

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Hin provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Hin forms relative clauses by placing the relative clause after the noun it modifies. The clause follows the internal word order of ordinary finite clauses. A dedicated relativising marker introduces the clause and identifies the relationship between the head noun and its role inside the relative clause.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

Patyaak pan ñigw gom squeğw.

[paˈt͡ɕaːk pan ɲiɡʷ ˈɡom ˈskʷeɣʷ]

paˈt͡ɕaːk
pat pan
PAST ɲiɡʷ
1excl.sing.SUBJ ˈɡom
cat ˈskʷeɣʷ
the

“I patted the cat.”

 (26)

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

Patyaak pan ñigw gom squeğw, quish dakhw ğow pan haso squeğw.

[paˈt͡ɕaːk pan ɲiɡʷ ˈɡom ˈskʷeɣʷ, ˈkʷiʃ daxʷ ˈɣow pan haˈso ˈskʷeɣʷ]

paˈt͡ɕaːk
pat pan
PAST ɲiɡʷ
1excl.sing.SUBJ ˈɡom
cat ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈkʷiʃ
RELPRON daxʷ
ERG ˈɣow
catch pan
PAST haˈso
mouse ˈskʷeɣʷ
the

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

 (27)

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

Patyaak pan ñigw gom squeğw, quish dakhw ğow pan haso squeğw, quish dakhw tyakhw pan zdiriñ squeğw.

[paˈt͡ɕaːk pan ɲiɡʷ ˈɡom ˈskʷeɣʷ, ˈkʷiʃ daxʷ ˈɣow pan haˈso ˈskʷeɣʷ, ˈkʷiʃ daxʷ ˈt͡ɕaxʷ pan zdiˈriɲ ˈskʷeɣʷ]

paˈt͡ɕaːk
pat pan
PAST ɲiɡʷ
1excl.sing.SUBJ ˈɡom
cat ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈkʷiʃ
RELPRON daxʷ
ERG ˈɣow
catch pan
PAST haˈso
mouse ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈkʷiʃ
RELPRON daxʷ
ERG ˈt͡ɕaxʷ
eat pan
PAST zdiˈriɲ
cheese ˈskʷeɣʷ
the

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

 (28)

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

Patyaak pan ñigw gom squeğw, quish dakhw ğow pan haso squeğw, quish dakhw tyakhw pan zdiriñ squeğw, quish kikh pan ñigw had dakhw.

[paˈt͡ɕaːk pan ɲiɡʷ ˈɡom ˈskʷeɣʷ, ˈkʷiʃ daxʷ ˈɣow pan haˈso ˈskʷeɣʷ, ˈkʷiʃ daxʷ ˈt͡ɕaxʷ pan zdiˈriɲ ˈskʷeɣʷ, ˈkʷiʃ ˈkix pan ɲiɡʷ ˈhad daxʷ]

paˈt͡ɕaːk
pat pan
PAST ɲiɡʷ
1excl.sing.SUBJ ˈɡom
cat ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈkʷiʃ
RELPRON daxʷ
ERG ˈɣow
catch pan
PAST haˈso
mouse ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈkʷiʃ
RELPRON daxʷ
ERG ˈt͡ɕaxʷ
eat pan
PAST zdiˈriɲ
cheese ˈskʷeɣʷ
the ˈkʷiʃ
RELPRON ˈkix
buy pan
PAST ɲiɡʷ
1excl.sing.SUBJ ˈhad
1excl.sing daxʷ
ERG

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

 (29)

Complementation Strategies

Hin introduces complement clauses with a dedicated complementiser, similar to English that. The complementiser appears at the beginning of the embedded clause and signals that the clause functions as a syntactic argument. The embedded clause is fully finite and displays the same tense, aspect and agreement patterns as independent clauses.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

Ngagaizh pan ñan pan leñ squeğw dakhw tzasir khir squeğw dang lakam dakhw khishpij squeğw dang.

[ŋaˈɡaiʒ pan ˈɲan pan ˈleɲ ˈskʷeɣʷ daxʷ t͡saˈsir ˈxir ˈskʷeɣʷ daŋ laˈkam daxʷ xiˈʃpij ˈskʷeɣʷ daŋ]

ŋaˈɡaiʒ
surprise pan
PAST ˈɲan
give pan
PAST ˈleɲ
boy ˈskʷeɣʷ
the daxʷ
ERG t͡saˈsir
apple ˈxir
girl ˈskʷeɣʷ
the daŋ
DAT laˈkam
COMP daxʷ
ERG xiˈʃpij
teacher ˈskʷeɣʷ
the daŋ
DAT

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

 (30)

Quotes

Hin employs a quotative particle to mark direct and indirect speech. The quotative follows the reported phrase and identifies the preceding expression as quoted or reported. The same construction is also used to express reported thoughts.

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Bogw pan leñ squeğw dakhw sash ñigw had gwazh daj lakam khir squeğw dang.

[ˈboɡʷ pan ˈleɲ ˈskʷeɣʷ daxʷ ˈsaʃ ɲiɡʷ ˈhad ˈɡʷaʒ daj laˈkam ˈxir ˈskʷeɣʷ daŋ]

ˈboɡʷ
tell pan
PAST ˈleɲ
boy ˈskʷeɣʷ
the daxʷ
ERG ˈsaʃ
love ɲiɡʷ
1excl.sing.SUBJ ˈhad
1excl.sing ˈɡʷaʒ
2.sing daj
ACC laˈkam
COMP ˈxir
girl ˈskʷeɣʷ
the daŋ
DAT

“The boy told the girl that he loved her.”

 (31)

How to cite this grammar

Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Hin. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 9 July 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/69059

In BibTeX format:

@misc{LC-69059,
  year         = 2026,
  author       = {{Language Creator}},
  title        = {A Grammar of {Hin}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/69059}},
  note         = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 9 July 2026}
}

Supplementary Materials

A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Hin / Hin–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.

Readers are encouraged to share observations or corrections via the feedback form. The present page may be accessed directly at:

https://languagecreator.org/grammar/69059

Behind the scenes, the Language Creator stores the generated language in a JSON-based format known as ELD. The corresponding ELD file may be downloaded, edited as required, and reuploaded in order to regenerate the grammar, dictionary and texts.

To revisit the questionnaire settings used to generate this language, .

Language creation took 0.02 seconds; writing the grammar 0.06 seconds.