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A Grammar of Tag

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Tag language (the 795th one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Tag.

Typological Profile

It has the typologically rare OSV basic word order and a small but genuine set of click consonants.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Tag has a moderately large consonant inventory, with 29 phonemes.

It has a complete absence of palatal consonants, something which is a rare occurrence indeed, as well as a modest (but clearly contrastive) set of labialised consonants, a small but genuine set of click consonants and a system with marginal but genuine retroflex contrasts.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Tag. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labialdentalalveolarpostalveolarlateralretroflexvelarlab. velarglottal
stopp b d t ɖ ʈ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ
ejective stopkʼ kʷʼ
nasalm n ɳ ŋ ŋʷ
trill/tap/flapɽ
fricativef s ʃ ʂ h
approximantʋ ɾ
affricatet͡ʃ
clickᵏǀ
click, nasalᵑǀ

Vowels

Tag has 6 vowel qualities. This places it within the broadly common range of mid-sized vowel inventories. The vowel chart shows the full set of contrasts employed in the language’s phonology.

It has a triangular vowel system with few low vowels.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Tag. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

frontcentralback
closei u
midə
opena

Stress and Tones

Tag has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Tag is normally written using the Cyrillic alphabet, a script with a long and varied history across Eastern Europe and northern Asia. In this grammar, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also used to give an unambiguous representation of sound.

The conventions adopted here follow standard Cyrillic practice for the language where that exists; where they do not, the IPA transcription should be taken as authoritative.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:

Simple letters

а /a/б /b/в /ʋ/г /h/
д /d/д̇ /ɖ/и /i/к /k, kʼ/
м /m/н /n/н̇ /ɳ/п /p/
р /ɾ/р̇ /ɽ/с /s/с̇ /ʂ/
т /t/т̇ /ʈ/у /u/ф /f/
ч /t͡ʃ/ш /ʃ/ґ /ɡ/ӈ /ŋ/
ә /ə/

Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs

ай /ai/аў /au/кв /kʷ/
квъ /kʼʷ/ҁн /ᵑǀ/ҁт /ᵏǀ/
ґв /ɡʷ/ӈв /ŋʷ/

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Tag does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Tag has the following genders:

Gender masc – for instance: вапайс ‘anus’, вураф ‘root’, дур̇ат ‘belly’, каӈв ‘fish’, майт̇ ‘bone’, маўӈ ‘animal’, мид ‘back’, муквъ ‘east’, над ‘idea’, р̇аквайн̇ ‘wild boar’, руӈвик ‘God’, т̇ид̇ив ‘guts’, тад ‘night’, тәк ‘south’, фап ‘bird’, фән ‘inside’, шәнукв ‘liver’, ҁтаўт ‘hair’, ґвәґваўм ‘hunter’, ӈвин̇ид ‘jaguar’.

Gender fem – for instance: гад ‘girl’, д̇асаўн̇ ‘forest’, д̇аўс̇ ‘nose’, диґәс̇ ‘book’, кан̇әквъ ‘smoke’, на ‘wife’, пум ‘land’, пән̇ан̇ ‘sand’, рас̇икв ‘apple’, ринәк ‘market’, сас̇уд̇ ‘lake’, ситаґ ‘plain’, файд̇ ‘west’, чаф ‘daughter’, ҁнучик ‘religion’, ҁтатаўт ‘wing’, ҁтәвур ‘dust’, ҁтәп ‘earth’, ґвәбәк ‘umbrella’, ґвәквъ ‘meat’.

Gender neut – for instance: вак ‘name’, ватав ‘student’, вәґв ‘fight’, гәквъит ‘dialect’, квиӈи ‘snow’, квъичән ‘machine’, кәт ‘sea’, муп ‘knife’, пам ‘language’, р̇әдув ‘grass’, рачип ‘flower’, т̇ав ‘child’, т̇әпап ‘cloud’, тан ‘blood’, фиб ‘wind’, чаӈайв ‘neighbour’, шив ‘leaf’, шиш ‘sound’, ґвиквъип ‘knee’, ґум ‘moon’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Tag can be exemplified by the following example:

Фәквъ н̇ук насус̇икв р̇ит диб нән нун̇ун дикв муп мам мим ҁтуд̇.

[fəkʼʷ ɳuk nasuʂikʷ ɽit dib nən nuɳun dikʷ mup mam mim ᵏǀuɖ]

fə
yon -kʼʷ
masc ɳuk
blind nasuʂ
mouse -ikʷ
plur ɽit
three di
the -b
fem nən
woman nuɳun
COMIT di
the -kʷ
neut mup
knife mam
PAST mim
catch ᵏǀuɖ
3.sing.fem.SUBJ

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

 (1)

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

All nominal phrase clitics in Tag are enclitics (placed finally), and there are two types: a clitic expressing possessor, comprising р̇ум /ɽum/ ‘1incl.sing’, шиӈ /ʃiŋ/ ‘1excl.sing’, гав /haʋ/ ‘2.sing’, ҁнуб /ᵑǀub/ ‘3.sing.masc’, д̇иб /ɖib/ ‘3.sing.fem’, ҁнум /ᵑǀum/ ‘3.sing.neut’, т̇ич /ʈit͡ʃ/ ‘1incl.plur’, шиф /ʃif/ ‘1excl.plur’, ки /ki/ ‘2.plur’, р̇әс̇ /ɽəʂ/ ‘3.plur.masc’, с̇уд /ʂud/ ‘3.plur.fem’ and фин̇ /fiɳ/ ‘3.plur.neut’ followed by a clitic expressing case, comprising кат /kʼat/ ‘GEN’, ҁтәч /ᵏǀət͡ʃ/ ‘DAT’, гир /hiɾ/ ‘INS’, чәч /t͡ʃət͡ʃ/ ‘VOC’, сап /sap/ ‘ALL’, кад /kad/ ‘LOC’, д̇әр̇ /ɖəɽ/ ‘ABL’ and ҁтис̇ /ᵏǀiʂ/ ‘PART’.

The morphology of the elements of the nominal phrase, i.e., nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns, is described below, as is the way that possession is expressed in Tag.

The Noun

The noun in Tag consists of the root followed by an optional suffix expressing number, comprising -икв /-ikʷ/ ‘plur’.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -квә /-kʷə/ ‘little’ and -ви /-ʋi/ ‘big’

The Adjective

The adjective in Tag stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Numerals

The numeral in Tag stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

In Tag, the determiner has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -квъ /-kʼʷ/ ‘masc’, -б /-b/ ‘fem’ and -кв /-kʷ/ ‘neut’.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Tag stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

In Tag, subject pronouns (but not object pronouns ones) are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

Ҁнук фар.

[ᵑǀukʼ faɾ]

ᵑǀukʼ
3.sing.fem faɾ
love

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

 (2)

But here, the word corresponding to he (i.e., the subject) is stressed:

Ҁнук чайн̇ фар.

[ᵑǀukʼ t͡ʃaiɳ faɾ]

ᵑǀukʼ
3.sing.fem t͡ʃaiɳ
3.sing.masc faɾ
love

“He loves her.”

 (3)

Proper Nouns

Диб Ґвичаґв диквъ Ҁтир̇айд чәпиф.

[dib ɡʷit͡ʃaɡʷ dikʼʷ ᵏǀiɽaid t͡ʃəpif]

di
the -b
fem ɡʷit͡ʃaɡʷ
Gichag di
the -kʼʷ
masc ᵏǀiɽaid
Kiraid t͡ʃəpif
hate

“Kiraid hates Gichag.”

 (4)

Possession

диквъ дут̇ кат диб рас̇икв ҁнуб

[dikʼʷ duʈ kʼat dib ɾaʂikʷ ᵑǀub]

di
the -kʼʷ
masc duʈ
boy kʼat
GEN di
the -b
fem ɾaʂikʷ
apple ᵑǀub
3.sing.masc.POSS

“the boy’s apple”

 (5)
чайн̇ кат диб рас̇икв ҁнуб

[t͡ʃaiɳ kʼat dib ɾaʂikʷ ᵑǀub]

t͡ʃaiɳ
3.sing.masc kʼat
GEN di
the -b
fem ɾaʂikʷ
apple ᵑǀub
3.sing.masc.POSS

“his (the boy’s) apple”

 (6)
диб рас̇икв шиӈ

[dib ɾaʂikʷ ʃiŋ]

di
the -b
fem ɾaʂikʷ
apple ʃiŋ
1excl.sing.POSS

“my apple”

 (7)
Дикв чаӈайв гав кат диквъ пав ҁнум диквъ ґвәґваўм кат диб чаф ҁнуб мам кифәр̇ ҁтуд̇.

[dikʷ t͡ʃaŋaiʋ haʋ kʼat dikʼʷ paʋ ᵑǀum dikʼʷ ɡʷəɡʷaum kʼat dib t͡ʃaf ᵑǀub mam kʼifəɽ ᵏǀuɖ]

di
the -kʷ
neut t͡ʃaŋaiʋ
neighbour haʋ
2.sing.POSS kʼat
GEN di
the -kʼʷ
masc paʋ
son ᵑǀum
3.sing.neut.POSS di
the -kʼʷ
masc ɡʷəɡʷaum
hunter kʼat
GEN di
the -b
fem t͡ʃaf
daughter ᵑǀub
3.sing.masc.POSS mam
PAST kʼifəɽ
kiss ᵏǀuɖ
3.sing.fem.SUBJ

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

 (8)

Derivation

Tag has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:

гарәч

[haɾət͡ʃ]

haɾət͡ʃ
lamb

“a lamb”

 (9)

In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:

гарәчквә

[haɾət͡ʃkʷə]

haɾət͡ʃ
lamb -kʷə
little

“a little lamb”

 (10)

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

The verbal phrase clitics in Tag fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing negation, comprising ӈуӈ /ŋuŋ/ ‘NEG’; second, a clitic expressing ta, comprising мам /mam/ ‘PAST’; third, a clitic expressing mode, comprising ну /nu/ ‘imperative’, куӈв /kuŋʷ/ ‘conditional’ and шид̇ /ʃiɖ/ ‘optative’; fourth, a clitic expressing voice, comprising нув /nuʋ/ ‘passive’; and finally, fifth, a clitic expressing subj, comprising бис̇ /biʂ/ ‘1incl.sing’, диб /dib/ ‘1excl.sing’, дуквъ /dukʼʷ/ ‘2.sing’, ҁтуд̇ /ᵏǀuɖ/ ‘3.sing.fem’, гар̇ /haɽ/ ‘3.sing.neut’, ґвам /ɡʷam/ ‘1incl.plur’, квъам /kʼʷam/ ‘1excl.plur’, наґв /naɡʷ/ ‘2.plur’, с̇ик /ʂik/ ‘3.plur.masc’, туп /tup/ ‘3.plur.fem’ and р̇уӈв /ɽuŋʷ/ ‘3.plur.neut’.

The verb itself does not have any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -са /-sa/ ‘begin’ and -вә /-ʋə/ ‘stop’

Даўӈ фар диб.

[dauŋ faɾ dib]

dauŋ
2.sing faɾ
love dib
1excl.sing.SUBJ

“I love you.”

 (11)

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

шаўм диб квайв

[ʃaum dib kʷaiʋ]

ʃaum
in_surface di
the -b
fem kʷaiʋ
table

“on the table”

 (12)
кваўк дикв мавир

[kʷauk dikʷ maʋiɾ]

kʷauk
to_inside di
the -kʷ
neut maʋiɾ
box

“into the box”

 (13)
нун̇ун дим

[nuɳun dim]

nuɳun
COMIT dim
1excl.sing

“with me”

 (14)

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Tag adopts Object–Subject–Verb (OSV) as its unmarked word order. The object precedes the subject, and the verb appears clause-finally. OSV is a rare ordering pattern but is attested in a small number of languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Tag.

Диквъ ґвәґваўм диквъ ӈвин̇ид мам вә.

[dikʼʷ ɡʷəɡʷaum dikʼʷ ŋʷiɳid mam ʋə]

di
the -kʼʷ
masc ɡʷəɡʷaum
hunter di
the -kʼʷ
masc ŋʷiɳid
jaguar mam
PAST ʋə
kill

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

 (15)
Диквъ ґвәґваўм кат диб чаф ҁнуб кат диквъ кар̇ д̇иб диквъ квәфәб мам тит.

[dikʼʷ ɡʷəɡʷaum kʼat dib t͡ʃaf ᵑǀub kʼat dikʼʷ kaɽ ɖib dikʼʷ kʷəfəb mam tit]

di
the -kʼʷ
masc ɡʷəɡʷaum
hunter kʼat
GEN di
the -b
fem t͡ʃaf
daughter ᵑǀub
3.sing.masc.POSS kʼat
GEN di
the -kʼʷ
masc kaɽ
dog ɖib
3.sing.fem.POSS di
the -kʼʷ
masc kʷəfəb
lion mam
PAST tit
eat

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

 (16)

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Tag reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Tag expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.

диквъ пав гав кат дикв тайп ҁнуб кат диб диґәс̇ ҁнум

[dikʼʷ paʋ haʋ kʼat dikʷ taip ᵑǀub kʼat dib diɡəʂ ᵑǀum]

di
the -kʼʷ
masc paʋ
son haʋ
2.sing.POSS kʼat
GEN di
the -kʷ
neut taip
friend ᵑǀub
3.sing.masc.POSS kʼat
GEN di
the -b
fem diɡəʂ
book ᵑǀum
3.sing.neut.POSS

“your son’s friend’s book”

 (17)

Case Marking

Tag does not use case marking to distinguish the core participants of the clause. There is therefore no regular nominative, accusative, ergative, active or stative marking on subjects and objects. Instead, the roles of the participants are identified by other means, cf. the examples below.

Диквъ баўс̇ р̇ук.

[dikʼʷ bauʂ ɽukʼ]

di
the -kʼʷ
masc bauʂ
cat ɽukʼ
sleep

“The cat is sleeping.”

 (18)
Диквъ баўс̇ квъәс.

[dikʼʷ bauʂ kʼʷəs]

di
the -kʼʷ
masc bauʂ
cat kʼʷəs
run

“The cat is running.”

 (19)
Диквъ насус̇ диквъ баўс̇ мәр̇ам.

[dikʼʷ nasuʂ dikʼʷ bauʂ məɽam]

di
the -kʼʷ
masc nasuʂ
mouse di
the -kʼʷ
masc bauʂ
cat məɽam
chase

“The cat is chasing the mouse.”

 (20)
Диквъ насус̇ диквъ баўс̇ мам мим.

[dikʼʷ nasuʂ dikʼʷ bauʂ mam mim]

di
the -kʼʷ
masc nasuʂ
mouse di
the -kʼʷ
masc bauʂ
cat mam
PAST mim
catch

“The cat caught the mouse.”

 (21)

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

Диквъ ӈвин̇идикв д̇ив диквъ нәс̇әчикв д̇ив диквъ квәфәбикв диквъ ґвәґваўм мам вә.

[dikʼʷ ŋʷiɳidikʷ ɖiʋ dikʼʷ nəʂət͡ʃikʷ ɖiʋ dikʼʷ kʷəfəbikʷ dikʼʷ ɡʷəɡʷaum mam ʋə]

di
the -kʼʷ
masc ŋʷiɳid
jaguar -ikʷ
plur ɖiʋ
and di
the -kʼʷ
masc nəʂət͡ʃ
tiger -ikʷ
plur ɖiʋ
and di
the -kʼʷ
masc kʷəfəb
lion -ikʷ
plur di
the -kʼʷ
masc ɡʷəɡʷaum
hunter mam
PAST ʋə
kill

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

 (22)

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Tag provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Tag uses the correlative strategy to form relative clauses. The relative clause is introduced by a dedicated relativiser and appears as an independent clause. The main clause contains a demonstrative that corresponds to the relativiser and identifies the element being modified. The relative clause precedes the main clause when used on its own, and follows the head noun when it functions as a modifier. The internal structure of both clauses is fully finite.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

Диквъ баўс̇ мам шан̇әӈв диб.

[dikʼʷ bauʂ mam ʃaɳəŋʷ dib]

di
the -kʼʷ
masc bauʂ
cat mam
PAST ʃaɳəŋʷ
pat dib
1excl.sing.SUBJ

“I patted the cat.”

 (23)

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

Диквъ насус̇ мам мим чайн̇ мам шан̇әӈв диб ваўс̇.

[dikʼʷ nasuʂ mam mim t͡ʃaiɳ mam ʃaɳəŋʷ dib ʋauʂ]

di
the -kʼʷ
masc nasuʂ
mouse mam
PAST mim
catch t͡ʃaiɳ
3.sing.masc mam
PAST ʃaɳəŋʷ
pat dib
1excl.sing.SUBJ ʋauʂ
then

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

 (24)

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

Диб даквъаў мам тит чайн̇ мам мим ваўс̇ чайн̇ мам шан̇әӈв диб ваўс̇.

[dib dakʼʷau mam tit t͡ʃaiɳ mam mim ʋauʂ t͡ʃaiɳ mam ʃaɳəŋʷ dib ʋauʂ]

di
the -b
fem dakʼʷau
cheese mam
PAST tit
eat t͡ʃaiɳ
3.sing.masc mam
PAST mim
catch ʋauʂ
then t͡ʃaiɳ
3.sing.masc mam
PAST ʃaɳəŋʷ
pat dib
1excl.sing.SUBJ ʋauʂ
then

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

 (25)

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

Ҁнук мам виӈ диб ҁнук мам тит ваўс̇ чайн̇ мам мим ваўс̇ чайн̇ мам шан̇әӈв диб ваўс̇.

[ᵑǀukʼ mam ʋiŋ dib ᵑǀukʼ mam tit ʋauʂ t͡ʃaiɳ mam mim ʋauʂ t͡ʃaiɳ mam ʃaɳəŋʷ dib ʋauʂ]

ᵑǀukʼ
3.sing.fem mam
PAST ʋiŋ
buy dib
1excl.sing.SUBJ ᵑǀukʼ
3.sing.fem mam
PAST tit
eat ʋauʂ
then t͡ʃaiɳ
3.sing.masc mam
PAST mim
catch ʋauʂ
then t͡ʃaiɳ
3.sing.masc mam
PAST ʃaɳəŋʷ
pat dib
1excl.sing.SUBJ ʋauʂ
then

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

 (26)

Complementation Strategies

Tag introduces complement clauses with a dedicated complementiser, similar to English that. The complementiser appears at the beginning of the embedded clause and signals that the clause functions as a syntactic argument. The embedded clause is fully finite and displays the same tense, aspect and agreement patterns as independent clauses.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

Дикв с̇идид рас̇икв диб гад диквъ дут̇ мам р̇айф магуш мам кумән.

[dikʷ ʂidid ɾaʂikʷ dib had dikʼʷ duʈ mam ɽaif mahuʃ mam kumən]

di
the -kʷ
neut ʂidid
teacher ɾaʂikʷ
apple di
the -b
fem had
girl di
the -kʼʷ
masc duʈ
boy mam
PAST ɽaif
give mahuʃ
COMP mam
PAST kumən
surprise

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

 (27)

Quotes

Tag employs a quotative particle to mark direct and indirect speech. The quotative follows the reported phrase and identifies the preceding expression as quoted or reported. The same construction is also used to express reported thoughts.

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Даўӈ дим фар диб магуш диб гад диквъ дут̇ мам нур.

[dauŋ dim faɾ dib mahuʃ dib had dikʼʷ duʈ mam nuɾ]

dauŋ
2.sing dim
1excl.sing faɾ
love dib
1excl.sing.SUBJ mahuʃ
COMP di
the -b
fem had
girl di
the -kʼʷ
masc duʈ
boy mam
PAST nuɾ
tell

“The boy told the girl that he loved her.”

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How to cite this grammar

Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Tag. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 13 July 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/767YL

In BibTeX format:

@misc{LC-767YL,
  year         = 2026,
  author       = {{Language Creator}},
  title        = {A Grammar of {Tag}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/767YL}},
  note         = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 13 July 2026}
}

Supplementary Materials

A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Tag / Tag–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.

Readers are encouraged to share observations or corrections via the feedback form. The present page may be accessed directly at:

https://languagecreator.org/grammar/767YL

Behind the scenes, the Language Creator stores the generated language in a JSON-based format known as ELD. The corresponding ELD file may be downloaded, edited as required, and reuploaded in order to regenerate the grammar, dictionary and texts.

To revisit the questionnaire settings used to generate this language, .

Language creation took 0.03 seconds; writing the grammar 0.07 seconds.