A Grammar of Naf
Introduction
Scope and Purpose
This grammar provides a systematic description of the Naf language (the 1053rd one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.
The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Naf.
Typological Profile
It has not just singular and plural, but also dual, as well as the typologically rare OSV basic word order, four genders and a small but genuine set of click consonants.Phonology
Phoneme Inventory
Consonants
Naf has a large consonant inventory, comprising 48 phonemes.
It has a notably rich set of sibilant contrasts, a broad set of voiced–voiceless oppositions, a modest (but clearly contrastive) set of labialised consonants, a noticeable presence of pharyngealised phonemes and a small but genuine set of click consonants.The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Naf. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.
| labial | dental | phar. dental | alveolar | phar. alveolar | postalveolar | alveolo-palatal | lateral | palatal | retroflex | velar | lab. velar | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | p b | d t | dˤ tˤ | c ɟ | ɖ ʈ | k ɡ | kʷ ɡʷ | ||||||
| ejective stop | kʼ | kʷʼ | |||||||||||
| nasal | m | n | nˤ | ɲ | ɳ | ŋ | ŋʷ | ||||||
| trill/tap/flap | ɽ | ||||||||||||
| fricative | f | s z | sˤ zˤ | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | h | |||||||
| approximant | w | ɾ | j | ||||||||||
| affricate | t͡s | t͡sˤ | d͡ʒ t͡ʃ | t͡ɕ | |||||||||
| implosive | ɓ | ||||||||||||
| click | ᵏǀ | ᵏǀˤ | |||||||||||
| click, nasal | ᵑǀ | ᵑǀˤ |
Vowels
Naf has 10 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.
It has a modest but genuine inventory of nasal vowels, occasional ghost vowels that surface only weakly, front rounded vowels (these are cross-linguistically relatively uncommon, but occur in a number of well-known languages, including French, German, Turkish and Mandarin) and a moderately reduced system of unstressed vowels.The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Naf. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.
| front unrounded | front rounded | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| close | i | y | u | |
| mid | e | ø | ə̃ | o |
| open | a |
Stress and Tones
Naf has phonemic stress but no lexical tone. Stress consistently falls on the first vowel of the root, and no contrastive tonal distinctions are made.
Phonological Processes
Vowel Harmony
The language employs vowel harmony. To be specific, the following vowels change to match the first vowel of the root: /u/ becomes /y/, /o/ becomes /ø/.
Writing System
Introduction
Naf is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.
Orthography
Here are the various components of the orthography:
Simple letters
| a /a/ | b /b/ | c /ᵏǀ/ | c̣ /ᵏǀˤ/ |
| d /d/ | ḍ /dˤ/ | e /e/ | f /f/ |
| g /ɡ/ | h /h/ | i /i/ | j /d͡ʒ/ |
| k /k/ | m /m/ | n /n/ | ṇ /nˤ/ |
| o /o/ | p /p/ | r /ɾ/ | s /s/ |
| ṣ /sˤ/ | t /t/ | ṭ /tˤ/ | u /u/ |
| w /w/ | y /j/ | z /z/ | ẓ /zˤ/ |
| ñ /ɲ/ | ö /ø/ | ü /y/ | ẽ /ə̃/ |
Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs
| ai /ai/ | au /au/ | bb /ɓ/ |
| ch /t͡ʃ/ | dy /ɟ/ | gk /kʼ/ |
| gqu /kʼʷ/ | gw /ɡʷ/ | nc /ᵑǀ/ |
| nc̣ /ᵑǀˤ/ | ng /ŋ/ | ngw /ŋʷ/ |
| qu /kʷ/ | rd /ɖ/ | rn /ɳ/ |
| rr /ɽ/ | rs /ʂ/ | rt /ʈ/ |
| rz /ʐ/ | sh /ʃ/ | tj /c/ |
| ty /t͡ɕ/ | tz /t͡s/ | tẓ /t͡sˤ/ |
| zh /ʒ/ |
Word Classes and Morphology
Number and Gender
Number
Naf distinguishes singular, dual and plural.
Gender
Naf has the following genders:
Gender cl.1 – for instance: cüṭ ‘bird’, deṇ ‘large’, ḍaḍaurs ‘library’, ḍody ‘star’, fay ‘mother’, hairt ‘daughter’, huy ‘far’, jugwerd ‘tower’, mas ‘egg’, murit ‘brick’, ngaḍ ‘good’, püng ‘sound’, rrañ ‘round’, rsaroṣ ‘box’, rtubb ‘girl’, rzöng ‘white’, sisörr ‘religion’, tjaty ‘woman’, tjih ‘long’, ñarz ‘road’.
Gender cl.2 – for instance: cañöḍ ‘forest’, ḍardach ‘God’, gigqu ‘earth’, gir ‘stone’, gwöbb ‘son’, jagquaṭ ‘root’, jek ‘all’, kahörz ‘mammal’, motẓ ‘black’, pish ‘leaf’, pord ‘dirty’, quör ‘wind’, rsüy ‘land’, rzey ‘boy’, rütz ‘chair’, ṣebb ‘table’, ṣipaij ‘dust’, tyug ‘whole’, tyuw ‘city’, zuzus ‘urine’.
Gender cl.3 – for instance: cit ‘inside’, duẓ ‘south’, fardutẓ ‘stick’, gaif ‘single’, giz ‘few’, gquatön ‘net’, hudy ‘north’, jangwingw ‘umbrella’, migk ‘knife’, ṇarzam ‘colourless’, ṇizish ‘school’, queṣ ‘new’, rushogqu ‘river’, rzord ‘blind’, rzöw ‘right’, ṣagöṣ ‘snake’, tjatjaṇ ‘ash’, tjaz ‘yellow’, wady ‘fire’, wich ‘west’.
Gender cl.4 – for instance: bbard ‘night’, dyugk ‘little’, ḍẽbb ‘time’, gkatẓöṇ ‘restaurant’, gquirors ‘teacher’, ncey ‘nose’, nuzaj ‘fingernail’, pöṭ ‘sea’, rdaböp ‘penis’, rdiṭögk ‘smooth’, rrutaigw ‘belly’, rrör ‘foot’, rzaiñ ‘hand’, shutzir ‘farmer’, sib ‘skin’, tachairz ‘student’, työm ‘heart’, tẓirz ‘full’, ṭajörz ‘thick’, zhawof ‘lion’.
The Nominal Phrase
Nominal phrases in Naf can be exemplified by the following example:
initial XML:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def">
<noun>woman</noun>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>knife</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
<adj>blind</adj>
<num>three</num>
<det>yon</det>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>woman</noun> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>knife</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> - <adj>blind</adj> - <num>three</num> - <det>yon</det> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
- <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module articles:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module constorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <pp role="comitative"> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </np> </np> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <pp role="comitative"> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + </pp> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+ <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="plur">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="plur"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="plur">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="plur"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="plur" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> </np> - </np> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="plur" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> - </np> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </pp> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </s> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
</np>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
<pp role="comitative">
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for gender/defaultval: det, gender
returning cl.1
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for blind/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for yon/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
</np>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> - </np> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </pp> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" ph="ʐ o ˈ ɖ">ʐoˈɖ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="kʼ y ˈ">kʼyˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="s a ŋ o ˈ dˤ">saŋoˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="ʂ e ˈ">ʂeˈ</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="ɲ i t͡ʃ">ɲit͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="c a ˈ t͡ɕ">caˈt͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="j u f o ˈ ŋʷ">jufoˈŋʷ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="m i ˈ kʼ">miˈkʼ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="c au ˈ">cauˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" ph="ʐ o ˈ ɖ">ʐoˈɖ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="kʼ y ˈ">kʼyˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="s a ŋ o ˈ dˤ">saŋoˈdˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="ʂ e ˈ">ʂeˈ</word> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="ɲ i t͡ʃ">ɲit͡ʃ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="c a ˈ t͡ɕ">caˈt͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="j u f o ˈ ŋʷ">jufoˈŋʷ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="m i ˈ kʼ">miˈkʼ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="c au ˈ">cauˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner">ʐoˈɖ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC">kʼyˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC">saŋoˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC">ʂeˈ</word> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur">ɲit͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">caˈt͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative">jufoˈŋʷ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">miˈkʼ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1">cauˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʐoɖ</span><br><span class="gls">blind</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkʼy</span><br><span class="gls">yon</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-w</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saˈŋodˤ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʂe</span><br><span class="gls">three</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲit͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈcat͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">woman</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">juˈfoŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-w</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmikʼ</span><br><span class="gls">knife</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈcau</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈtˤi ˈʐoɖatˤ ˈkʼyw saˈŋodˤim ˈʂe ɲit͡ʃ ˈtˤi ˈcat͡ɕatˤ juˈfoŋʷ ˈtˤiw ˈmikʼatˤ ˈcaunˤ hazˤ</p> + <p>ṭi rzordaṭ gküw sangoḍim rse ñich ṭi tjatyaṭ yufongw ṭiw migkaṭ tjauṇ haẓ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʐoɖ</o> + <g>blind</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈkʼy</o> + <g>yon</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-w</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>saˈŋodˤ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʂe</o> + <g>three</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲit͡ʃ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈcat͡ɕ</o> + <g>woman</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>juˈfoŋʷ</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-w</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmikʼ</o> + <g>knife</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈcau</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ṭi rzordaṭ gküw sangoḍim rse ñich ṭi tjatyaṭ yufongw ṭiw migkaṭ tjauṇ haẓ. [ˈtˤi ˈʐoɖatˤ ˈkʼyw saˈŋodˤim ˈʂe ɲit͡ʃ ˈtˤi ˈcat͡ɕatˤ juˈfoŋʷ ˈtˤiw ˈmikʼatˤ ˈcaunˤ hazˤ] ˈtˤi the ˈʐoɖ blind -atˤ NOM ˈkʼy yon -w cl.3 saˈŋodˤ mouse -im ACC ˈʂe three ɲit͡ʃ plur ˈtˤi the ˈcat͡ɕ woman -atˤ NOM juˈfoŋʷ COMIT ˈtˤi the -w cl.3 ˈmikʼ knife -atˤ NOM ˈcau catch -nˤ active hazˤ PAST “The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.” | (1) |
In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.
There is one type of clitic in the nominal phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing number. a clitic expressing number, comprising ṣurs /sˤuʂ/ ‘dual’ and ñich /ɲit͡ʃ/ ‘plur’.
The morphology of the elements of the nominal phrase, i.e., nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns, is described below, as is the way that possession is expressed in Naf.
The Noun
The noun in Naf consists of the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -aṭ /-atˤ/ ‘NOM’, -im /-im/ ‘ACC’, -aḍ /-adˤ/ ‘DAT’, -utz /-ut͡s/ ‘INS’, -iḍ /-idˤ/ ‘VOC’, -urn /-uɳ/ ‘ALL’, -uf /-uf/ ‘LOC’, -ugqu /-ukʼʷ/ ‘ABL’ and -urr /-uɽ/ ‘PART’.
The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -ik /-ik/ ‘little’ and -ing /-iŋ/ ‘big’
The Adjective
The adjective in Naf stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Numerals
The numeral in Naf stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Determiners
In Naf, the determiner has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -r /-ɾ/ ‘cl.2’, -w /-w/ ‘cl.3’ and -ṇ /-nˤ/ ‘cl.4’.
Pronouns
The pronoun in Naf stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
In Naf, subject pronouns (but not object pronouns ones) are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/voice/obligatoryGot active
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="m ai ˈ dˤ">maiˈdˤ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2" ph="ɖ a ˈ">ɖaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ" ph="ŋʷ a">ŋʷa</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="m ai ˈ dˤ">maiˈdˤ</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2" ph="ɖ a ˈ">ɖaˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ" ph="ŋʷ a">ŋʷa</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">maiˈdˤ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">ɖaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ">ŋʷa</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmaidˤ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɖa</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋʷa</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.2.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈmaidˤ ˈɖanˤ ŋʷa</p> + <p>maiḍ rdaṇ ngwa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈmaidˤ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɖa</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋʷa</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Maiḍ rdaṇ ngwa. [ˈmaidˤ ˈɖanˤ ŋʷa] ˈmaidˤ 3.sing.cl.1 ˈɖa love -nˤ active ŋʷa 3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ “He (the boy) loves her (the girl).” | (2) |
But here, the word corresponding to he (i.e., the subject) is stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/voice/obligatoryGot active
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="m ai ˈ dˤ">maiˈdˤ</word> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="sˤ i ˈ t͡ʃ">sˤiˈt͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2" ph="ɖ a ˈ">ɖaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ" ph="ŋʷ a">ŋʷa</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="m ai ˈ dˤ">maiˈdˤ</word> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="sˤ i ˈ t͡ʃ">sˤiˈt͡ʃ</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2" ph="ɖ a ˈ">ɖaˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ" ph="ŋʷ a">ŋʷa</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.sing.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">maiˈdˤ</word> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">sˤiˈt͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">ɖaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ">ŋʷa</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmaidˤ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤit͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɖa</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋʷa</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.2.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈmaidˤ ˈsˤit͡ʃ ˈɖanˤ ŋʷa</p> + <p>maiḍ ṣich rdaṇ ngwa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈmaidˤ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤit͡ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɖa</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋʷa</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Maiḍ ṣich rdaṇ ngwa. [ˈmaidˤ ˈsˤit͡ʃ ˈɖanˤ ŋʷa] ˈmaidˤ 3.sing.cl.1 ˈsˤit͡ʃ 3.sing.cl.2 ˈɖa love -nˤ active ŋʷa 3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ “He loves her.” | (3) |
Proper Nouns
initial XML:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>hate</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>NN1</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>NN2</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>hate</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>NN1</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>NN2</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
-<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> +<example id="loveprop" translation="Sanain hates Jusash."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Jusash" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" propernoun="yes" ph="ɟ u sˤ ə# ˈ ʃ">ɟusˤə#ˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Sanain" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" propernoun="yes" ph="sˤ a n ai ˈ n">sˤanaiˈn</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2" ph="ᵑǀ i sˤ i ˈ">ᵑǀisˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ" ph="ŋʷ a">ŋʷa</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="loveprop" translation="Sanain hates Jusash."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Jusash" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" propernoun="yes" ph="ɟ u sˤ ə# ˈ ʃ">ɟusˤə#ˈʃ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Sanain" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" propernoun="yes" ph="sˤ a n ai ˈ n">sˤanaiˈn</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2" ph="ᵑǀ i sˤ i ˈ">ᵑǀisˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ" ph="ŋʷ a">ŋʷa</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Jusash" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" propernoun="yes">ɟusˤə#ˈʃ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Sanain" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" propernoun="yes">sˤanaiˈn</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">ᵑǀisˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ">ŋʷa</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɟuˈsˤə̃ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">Jusash</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤaˈnain</span><br><span class="gls">Sanain</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀiˈsˤi</span><br><span class="gls">hate</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋʷa</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.2.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈtˤi ɟuˈsˤə̃ʃim ˈtˤiɾ sˤaˈnainatˤ ᵑǀiˈsˤinˤ ŋʷa</p> + <p>ṭi Dyuṣẽshim ṭir Ṣanainaṭ nciṣiṇ ngwa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɟuˈsˤə̃ʃ</o> + <g>Jusash</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾ</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤaˈnain</o> + <g>Sanain</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀiˈsˤi</o> + <g>hate</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋʷa</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ṭi Dyuṣẽshim ṭir Ṣanainaṭ nciṣiṇ ngwa. [ˈtˤi ɟuˈsˤə̃ʃim ˈtˤiɾ sˤaˈnainatˤ ᵑǀiˈsˤinˤ ŋʷa] ˈtˤi the ɟuˈsˤə̃ʃ Jusash -im ACC ˈtˤi the -ɾ cl.2 sˤaˈnain Sanain -atˤ NOM ᵑǀiˈsˤi hate -nˤ active ŋʷa 3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ “Sanain hates Jusash.” | (4) |
Possession
initial XML:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </example>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2" ph="ʐ e ˈ j">ʐeˈj</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="ɡʷ a zˤ e ˈ ŋʷ">ɡʷazˤeˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2" ph="ʐ e ˈ j">ʐeˈj</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="ɡʷ a zˤ e ˈ ŋʷ">ɡʷazˤeˈŋʷ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">ʐeˈj</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">ɡʷazˤeˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʐej</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈtˤiɾ ˈʐejatˤ ˈtˤi ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷatˤ</p> + <p>ṭir rzeyaṭ ṭi gwaẓengwaṭ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾ</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʐej</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷ</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ṭir rzeyaṭ ṭi gwaẓengwaṭ [ˈtˤiɾ ˈʐejatˤ ˈtˤi ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷatˤ] ˈtˤi the -ɾ cl.2 ˈʐej boy -atˤ NOM ˈtˤi the ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷ apple -atˤ NOM “the boy’s apple” | (5) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="sˤ i ˈ t͡ʃ">sˤiˈt͡ʃ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="ɡʷ a zˤ e ˈ ŋʷ">ɡʷazˤeˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" ph="sˤ i ˈ t͡ʃ">sˤiˈt͡ʃ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="ɡʷ a zˤ e ˈ ŋʷ">ɡʷazˤeˈŋʷ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.sing.cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">sˤiˈt͡ʃ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">ɡʷazˤeˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤit͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈsˤit͡ʃ ˈtˤi ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷatˤ</p> + <p>ṣich ṭi gwaẓengwaṭ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤit͡ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷ</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ṣich ṭi gwaẓengwaṭ [ˈsˤit͡ʃ ˈtˤi ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷatˤ] ˈsˤit͡ʃ 3.sing.cl.2 ˈtˤi the ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷ apple -atˤ NOM “his (the boy’s) apple” | (6) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" ph="t͡ɕ y ˈ p">t͡ɕyˈp</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="ɡʷ a zˤ e ˈ ŋʷ">ɡʷazˤeˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" ph="t͡ɕ y ˈ p">t͡ɕyˈp</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="ɡʷ a zˤ e ˈ ŋʷ">ɡʷazˤeˈŋʷ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">t͡ɕyˈp</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">ɡʷazˤeˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕyp</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈt͡ɕyp ˈtˤi ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷatˤ</p> + <p>tyüp ṭi gwaẓengwaṭ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ɕyp</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷ</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
tyüp ṭi gwaẓengwaṭ [ˈt͡ɕyp ˈtˤi ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷatˤ] ˈt͡ɕyp 1excl.sing ˈtˤi the ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷ apple -atˤ NOM “my apple” | (7) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kiss</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>neighbour</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kiss</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>neighbour</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> - </vp> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> - </np> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + </np> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="subj" case="NOM">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="subj" case="NOM"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" gender="cl.4"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing" role="obj" case="ACC"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </np> - </np> - <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing" gender="cl.1"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing" role="subj" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing" role="obj" case="ACC"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing" role="subj" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </s> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for case/defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> + <flat> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" ph="t͡ɕ u ˈ p">t͡ɕuˈp</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="ɳ a ŋʷ a ˈ nˤ">ɳaŋʷaˈnˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC" ph="ɡʷ ø ˈ ɓ">ɡʷøˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2" ph="f i t au ˈ ʐ">fitauˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="h ai ˈ ʈ">haiˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ʃ i ɾ a ˈ">ʃiɾaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" ph="t͡ɕ u ˈ p">t͡ɕuˈp</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="ɳ a ŋʷ a ˈ nˤ">ɳaŋʷaˈnˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC" ph="ɡʷ ø ˈ ɓ">ɡʷøˈɓ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2" ph="f i t au ˈ ʐ">fitauˈʐ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="h ai ˈ ʈ">haiˈʈ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ʃ i ɾ a ˈ">ʃiɾaˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">t͡ɕuˈp</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">nˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">ɳaŋʷaˈnˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" case="ACC">ɡʷøˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">fitauˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">haiˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.1">ʃiɾaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕup</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳaˈŋʷanˤ</span><br><span class="gls">neighbour</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡʷøɓ</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fiˈtauʐ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈhaiʈ</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃiˈɾa</span><br><span class="gls">kiss</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈt͡ɕup ˈtˤinˤ ɳaˈŋʷanˤatˤ ˈtˤiɾ ˈɡʷøɓim ˈtˤiɾ fiˈtauʐatˤ ˈtˤi ˈhaiʈatˤ ʃiˈɾanˤ hazˤ</p> + <p>tyup ṭiṇ rnangwaṇaṭ ṭir gwöbbim ṭir fitaurzaṭ ṭi hairtaṭ shiraṇ haẓ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ɕup</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɳaˈŋʷanˤ</o> + <g>neighbour</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾ</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɡʷøɓ</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾ</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fiˈtauʐ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈhaiʈ</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃiˈɾa</o> + <g>kiss</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Tyup ṭiṇ rnangwaṇaṭ ṭir gwöbbim ṭir fitaurzaṭ ṭi hairtaṭ shiraṇ haẓ. [ˈt͡ɕup ˈtˤinˤ ɳaˈŋʷanˤatˤ ˈtˤiɾ ˈɡʷøɓim ˈtˤiɾ fiˈtauʐatˤ ˈtˤi ˈhaiʈatˤ ʃiˈɾanˤ hazˤ] ˈt͡ɕup 2.sing ˈtˤi the -nˤ cl.4 ɳaˈŋʷanˤ neighbour -atˤ NOM ˈtˤi the -ɾ cl.2 ˈɡʷøɓ son -im ACC ˈtˤi the -ɾ cl.2 fiˈtauʐ hunter -atˤ NOM ˈtˤi the ˈhaiʈ daughter -atˤ NOM ʃiˈɾa kiss -nˤ active hazˤ PAST “The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.” | (8) |
Derivation
Naf has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:
initial XML:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> + <flat> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="t͡sˤ i ˈ">t͡sˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="t͡sˤ u ʃ a ˈ ɾ">t͡sˤuʃaˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="t͡sˤ i ˈ">t͡sˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="t͡sˤ u ʃ a ˈ ɾ">t͡sˤuʃaˈɾ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">t͡sˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">t͡sˤuʃaˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡sˤi</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡sˤuˈʃaɾ</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈt͡sˤi t͡sˤuˈʃaɾatˤ</p> + <p>tẓi tẓusharaṭ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡sˤi</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡sˤuˈʃaɾ</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
tẓi tẓusharaṭ [ˈt͡sˤi t͡sˤuˈʃaɾatˤ] ˈt͡sˤi a t͡sˤuˈʃaɾ lamb -atˤ NOM “a lamb” | (9) |
In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:
initial XML:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </example>The adjective 'little' will be incorporated. Resistance is useless.
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
submodule transform_adj<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</example>module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> + </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> + <flat> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - </word> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <flat> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="t͡sˤ i ˈ">t͡sˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="t͡sˤ u ʃ a ˈ ɾ">t͡sˤuʃaˈɾ</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <flat> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="t͡sˤ i ˈ">t͡sˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="t͡sˤ u ʃ a ˈ ɾ">t͡sˤuʃaˈɾ</word> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="i k">ik</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">t͡sˤiˈ</word> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">t͡sˤuʃaˈɾ</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj">ik</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡sˤi</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡sˤuˈʃaɾ</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ik</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈt͡sˤi t͡sˤuˈʃaɾikatˤ</p> + <p>tẓi tẓusharikaṭ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡sˤi</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡sˤuˈʃaɾ</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ik</o> + <g>little</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
tẓi tẓusharikaṭ [ˈt͡sˤi t͡sˤuˈʃaɾikatˤ] ˈt͡sˤi a t͡sˤuˈʃaɾ lamb -ik little -atˤ NOM “a little lamb” | (10) |
Compounding
Verbs
Inflectional Categories
All verbal phrase clitics in Naf are enclitics (placed finally), and there are five types: first, a clitic expressing ta, comprising haẓ /hazˤ/ ‘PAST’; second, a clitic expressing mode, comprising zhan /ʒan/ ‘imperative’, ru /ɾu/ ‘conditional’ and gitz /ɡit͡s/ ‘optative’; third, a clitic expressing negation, comprising nciz /ᵑǀiz/ ‘NEG’; fourth, a clitic expressing subj, comprising ṣuch /sˤut͡ʃ/ ‘1incl.sing’, ngibb /ŋiɓ/ ‘1excl.sing’, quak /kʷak/ ‘2.sing’, ngwa /ŋʷa/ ‘3.sing.cl.2’, ngwidy /ŋʷiɟ/ ‘3.sing.cl.3’, tatj /tac/ ‘3.sing.cl.4’, ṭabb /tˤaɓ/ ‘1incl.dual’, ṭing /tˤiŋ/ ‘1excl.dual’, rdi /ɖi/ ‘2.dual’, dyugw /ɟuɡʷ/ ‘3.dual.cl.1’, chin /t͡ʃin/ ‘3.dual.cl.2’, tyang /t͡ɕaŋ/ ‘3.dual.cl.3’, huṇ /hunˤ/ ‘3.dual.cl.4’, gwabb /ɡʷaɓ/ ‘1incl.plur’, sir /siɾ/ ‘1excl.plur’, tyar /t͡ɕaɾ/ ‘2.plur’, ṣaqu /sˤakʷ/ ‘3.plur.cl.1’, c̣udy /ᵏǀˤuɟ/ ‘3.plur.cl.2’, gatz /ɡat͡s/ ‘3.plur.cl.3’ and dady /daɟ/ ‘3.plur.cl.4’; and finally, fifth, a clitic expressing question, comprising rsuty /ʂut͡ɕ/ ‘Q’.
In addition, the verb is structured like this: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing voice, comprising -ṇ /-nˤ/ ‘active’ and -qu /-kʷ/ ‘passive’.
The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -bbi /-ɓi/ ‘begin’ and -sa /-sa/ ‘stop’
initial XML:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/voice/obligatoryGot active
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> + <flat> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="t͡ɕ u ˈ p">t͡ɕuˈp</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing" ph="ɖ a ˈ">ɖaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="ŋ i ɓ">ŋiɓ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="t͡ɕ u ˈ p">t͡ɕuˈp</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing" ph="ɖ a ˈ">ɖaˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="ŋ i ɓ">ŋiɓ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">t͡ɕuˈp</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing">ɖaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">ŋiɓ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕup</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɖa</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiɓ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈt͡ɕup ˈɖanˤ ŋiɓ</p> + <p>tyup rdaṇ ngibb</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ɕup</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɖa</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiɓ</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Tyup rdaṇ ngibb. [ˈt͡ɕup ˈɖanˤ ŋiɓ] ˈt͡ɕup 2.sing ˈɖa love -nˤ active ŋiɓ 1excl.sing.SUBJ “I love you.” | (11) |
Adverbs Minor Classes
Adpositions
There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.
initial XML:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>table</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>table</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
+ <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </pp> </example>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for table/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> + <flat> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="d e ˈ ɓ">deˈɓ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="sˤ e ˈ ɓ">sˤeˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="d e ˈ ɓ">deˈɓ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="sˤ e ˈ ɓ">sˤeˈɓ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">deˈɓ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2">sˤeˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdeɓ</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤeɓ</span><br><span class="gls">table</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈdeɓ ˈtˤiɾ ˈsˤeɓatˤ</p> + <p>debb ṭir ṣebbaṭ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈdeɓ</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾ</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤeɓ</o> + <g>table</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
debb ṭir ṣebbaṭ [ˈdeɓ ˈtˤiɾ ˈsˤeɓatˤ] ˈdeɓ in_surface ˈtˤi the -ɾ cl.2 ˈsˤeɓ table -atˤ NOM “on the table” | (12) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>box</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>box</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
+ <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/>
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </pp> </example>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for box/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> - <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> + <flat> <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="k ə# ˈ ɡʷ">kə#ˈɡʷ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="ʂ a ɾ o ˈ sˤ">ʂaɾoˈsˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="k ə# ˈ ɡʷ">kə#ˈɡʷ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="ʂ a ɾ o ˈ sˤ">ʂaɾoˈsˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">kə#ˈɡʷ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.1">ʂaɾoˈsˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈkə̃ɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">to_inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂaˈɾosˤ</span><br><span class="gls">box</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈkə̃ɡʷ ˈtˤi ʂaˈɾosˤatˤ</p> + <p>kẽgw ṭi rsaroṣaṭ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈkə̃ɡʷ</o> + <g>to_inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂaˈɾosˤ</o> + <g>box</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
kẽgw ṭi rsaroṣaṭ [ˈkə̃ɡʷ ˈtˤi ʂaˈɾosˤatˤ] ˈkə̃ɡʷ to_inside ˈtˤi the ʂaˈɾosˤ box -atˤ NOM “into the box” | (13) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module addgender:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number"/> </np> </pp> </example>
addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> - <pp role="comitative"> + <flat> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number"/> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="j u f o ˈ ŋʷ">jufoˈŋʷ</word> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" ph="t͡ɕ y ˈ p">t͡ɕyˈp</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="j u f o ˈ ŋʷ">jufoˈŋʷ</word> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" ph="t͡ɕ y ˈ p">t͡ɕyˈp</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative">jufoˈŋʷ</word> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number">t͡ɕyˈp</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">juˈfoŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕyp</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span></p> + <p>juˈfoŋʷ ˈt͡ɕyp</p> + <p>yufongw tyüp</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>juˈfoŋʷ</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ɕyp</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
yufongw tyüp [juˈfoŋʷ ˈt͡ɕyp] juˈfoŋʷ COMIT ˈt͡ɕyp 1excl.sing “with me” | (14) |
Syntax
Basic Clause Structure
Constituent Order
Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.
Naf adopts Object–Subject–Verb (OSV) as its unmarked word order. The object precedes the subject, and the verb appears clause-finally. OSV is a rare ordering pattern but is attested in a small number of languages.
The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Naf.
initial XML:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.4">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2" ph="f i t au ˈ ʐ">fitauˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4" ph="h i t a ˈ ɓ">hitaˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="ᵑǀ a ˈ">ᵑǀaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" ph="t a c">tac</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2" ph="f i t au ˈ ʐ">fitauˈʐ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4" ph="h i t a ˈ ɓ">hitaˈɓ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="ᵑǀ a ˈ">ᵑǀaˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" ph="t a c">tac</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.2">fitauˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">nˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4">hitaˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.4">ᵑǀaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ">tac</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fiˈtauʐ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hiˈtaɓ</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀa</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tac</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈtˤiɾ fiˈtauʐim ˈtˤinˤ hiˈtaɓatˤ ˈᵑǀanˤ hazˤ tac</p> + <p>ṭir fitaurzim ṭiṇ hitabbaṭ ncaṇ haẓ tatj</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾ</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fiˈtauʐ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hiˈtaɓ</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵑǀa</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tac</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ṭir fitaurzim ṭiṇ hitabbaṭ ncaṇ haẓ tatj. [ˈtˤiɾ fiˈtauʐim ˈtˤinˤ hiˈtaɓatˤ ˈᵑǀanˤ hazˤ tac] ˈtˤi the -ɾ cl.2 fiˈtauʐ hunter -im ACC ˈtˤi the -nˤ cl.4 hiˈtaɓ jaguar -atˤ NOM ˈᵑǀa kill -nˤ active hazˤ PAST tac 3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ “The jaguar killed the hunter.” | (15) |
initial XML:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>dog</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>dog</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" gender="cl.1">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" gender="cl.1"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing" role="obj" case="ACC"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </np> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing" role="obj" case="ACC"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </s> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.4">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for case/defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2" ph="f i t au ˈ ʐ">fitauˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" ph="h ai ˈ ʈ">haiˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" ph="c au ˈ z">cauˈz</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4" ph="ʒ a w o ˈ f">ʒawoˈf</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="d u ˈ">duˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" ph="t a c">tac</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2" ph="f i t au ˈ ʐ">fitauˈʐ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" ph="h ai ˈ ʈ">haiˈʈ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" ph="c au ˈ z">cauˈz</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4" ph="ʒ a w o ˈ f">ʒawoˈf</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="d u ˈ">duˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" ph="t a c">tac</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" gender="cl.2">fitauˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">haiˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="ACC">cauˈz</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">nˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.4">ʒawoˈf</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.4">duˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ">tac</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fiˈtauʐ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈhaiʈ</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈcauz</span><br><span class="gls">dog</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒaˈwof</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdu</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tac</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈtˤiɾ fiˈtauʐatˤ ˈtˤi ˈhaiʈatˤ ˈtˤi ˈcauzim ˈtˤinˤ ʒaˈwofatˤ ˈdunˤ hazˤ tac</p> + <p>ṭir fitaurzaṭ ṭi hairtaṭ ṭi tjauzim ṭiṇ zhawofaṭ duṇ haẓ tatj</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾ</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fiˈtauʐ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈhaiʈ</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈcauz</o> + <g>dog</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒaˈwof</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdu</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tac</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ṭir fitaurzaṭ ṭi hairtaṭ ṭi tjauzim ṭiṇ zhawofaṭ duṇ haẓ tatj. [ˈtˤiɾ fiˈtauʐatˤ ˈtˤi ˈhaiʈatˤ ˈtˤi ˈcauzim ˈtˤinˤ ʒaˈwofatˤ ˈdunˤ hazˤ tac] ˈtˤi the -ɾ cl.2 fiˈtauʐ hunter -atˤ NOM ˈtˤi the ˈhaiʈ daughter -atˤ NOM ˈtˤi the ˈcauz dog -im ACC ˈtˤi the -nˤ cl.4 ʒaˈwof lion -atˤ NOM ˈdu eat -nˤ active hazˤ PAST tac 3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ “The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.” | (16) |
The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.
Noun Phrases
Structure and Order
The internal structure of noun phrases in Naf reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.
Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Naf expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.
initial XML:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>friend</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>book</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>friend</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>book</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> </example>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" person="2"> + <flat> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" ph="t͡ɕ u ˈ p">t͡ɕuˈp</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" ph="ɡʷ ø ˈ ɓ">ɡʷøˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="f i ˈ kʷ">fiˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="c y ˈ ɡʷ">cyˈɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" ph="t͡ɕ u ˈ p">t͡ɕuˈp</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" ph="ɡʷ ø ˈ ɓ">ɡʷøˈɓ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="f i ˈ kʷ">fiˈkʷ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM" ph="c y ˈ ɡʷ">cyˈɡʷ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">t͡ɕuˈp</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">ɡʷøˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">nˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">fiˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" case="NOM">cyˈɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕup</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɡʷøɓ</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfikʷ</span><br><span class="gls">friend</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈcyɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">book</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈt͡ɕup ˈtˤiɾ ˈɡʷøɓatˤ ˈtˤinˤ ˈfikʷatˤ ˈtˤi ˈcyɡʷatˤ</p> + <p>tyup ṭir gwöbbaṭ ṭiṇ fiquaṭ ṭi tjügwaṭ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ɕup</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾ</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɡʷøɓ</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfikʷ</o> + <g>friend</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈcyɡʷ</o> + <g>book</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
tyup ṭir gwöbbaṭ ṭiṇ fiquaṭ ṭi tjügwaṭ [ˈt͡ɕup ˈtˤiɾ ˈɡʷøɓatˤ ˈtˤinˤ ˈfikʷatˤ ˈtˤi ˈcyɡʷatˤ] ˈt͡ɕup 2.sing ˈtˤi the -ɾ cl.2 ˈɡʷøɓ son -atˤ NOM ˈtˤi the -nˤ cl.4 ˈfikʷ friend -atˤ NOM ˈtˤi the ˈcyɡʷ book -atˤ NOM “your son’s friend’s book” | (17) |
Case Marking
Naf uses nominative–accusative case marking. The subject of an intransitive verb and the subject of a transitive verb are treated alike and take the nominative case, while the object of a transitive verb is marked with the accusative case. This is the familiar pattern from many European languages: the grammar groups together the participants that function as subjects and marks the participant affected by a transitive action separately.
initial XML:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-state">
<verb>sleep</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-state"> - <verb>sleep</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="t͡ɕ ø ˈ">t͡ɕøˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="t͡ɕ ø ˈ">t͡ɕøˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1">t͡ɕøˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmit͡sˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕø</span><br><span class="gls">sleep</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤatˤ ˈt͡ɕønˤ</p> + <p>ṭi mitẓaṭ työṇ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmit͡sˤ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ɕø</o> + <g>sleep</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ṭi mitẓaṭ työṇ. [ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤatˤ ˈt͡ɕønˤ] ˈtˤi the ˈmit͡sˤ cat -atˤ NOM ˈt͡ɕø sleep -nˤ active “The cat is sleeping.” | (18) |
initial XML:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>run</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>run</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+ <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for voice/defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ɟ i ˈ">ɟiˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ɟ i ˈ">ɟiˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.1">ɟiˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmit͡sˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɟi</span><br><span class="gls">run</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤatˤ ˈɟinˤ</p> + <p>ṭi mitẓaṭ dyiṇ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmit͡sˤ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɟi</o> + <g>run</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ṭi mitẓaṭ dyiṇ. [ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤatˤ ˈɟinˤ] ˈtˤi the ˈmit͡sˤ cat -atˤ NOM ˈɟi run -nˤ active “The cat is running.” | (19) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>chase</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>chase</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+ <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for voice/defaultval: verb, voice
returning active
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" ph="s a ŋ o ˈ dˤ">saŋoˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="t͡s a t a ˈ">t͡sataˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" ph="s a ŋ o ˈ dˤ">saŋoˈdˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="t͡s a t a ˈ">t͡sataˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">saŋoˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1">t͡sataˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-w</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saˈŋodˤ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmit͡sˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡saˈta</span><br><span class="gls">chase</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span></p> + <p>ˈtˤiw saˈŋodˤim ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤatˤ t͡saˈtanˤ</p> + <p>ṭiw sangoḍim ṭi mitẓaṭ tzataṇ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-w</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>saˈŋodˤ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmit͡sˤ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡saˈta</o> + <g>chase</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ṭiw sangoḍim ṭi mitẓaṭ tzataṇ. [ˈtˤiw saˈŋodˤim ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤatˤ t͡saˈtanˤ] ˈtˤi the -w cl.3 saˈŋodˤ mouse -im ACC ˈtˤi the ˈmit͡sˤ cat -atˤ NOM t͡saˈta chase -nˤ active “The cat is chasing the mouse.” | (20) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" ph="s a ŋ o ˈ dˤ">saŋoˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="c au ˈ">cauˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" ph="s a ŋ o ˈ dˤ">saŋoˈdˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="c au ˈ">cauˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">saŋoˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.1">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" subj="3.sing.cl.1">cauˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-w</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saˈŋodˤ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmit͡sˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈcau</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈtˤiw saˈŋodˤim ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤatˤ ˈcaunˤ hazˤ</p> + <p>ṭiw sangoḍim ṭi mitẓaṭ tjauṇ haẓ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-w</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>saˈŋodˤ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmit͡sˤ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈcau</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ṭiw sangoḍim ṭi mitẓaṭ tjauṇ haẓ. [ˈtˤiw saˈŋodˤim ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤatˤ ˈcaunˤ hazˤ] ˈtˤi the -w cl.3 saˈŋodˤ mouse -im ACC ˈtˤi the ˈmit͡sˤ cat -atˤ NOM ˈcau catch -nˤ active hazˤ PAST “The cat caught the mouse.” | (21) |
Conjunctions
Here is an example of a conjunction.
initial XML:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>tiger</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>tiger</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.2"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.2" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.2" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flattenconjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.2" number="plur">
- <conjp conj="and">
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- </conjp>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.2" number="plur">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.2" number="plur">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.2" number="plur"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> </np> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="h i t a ˈ ɓ">hitaˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="ɲ i t͡ʃ">ɲit͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʒ i ˈ sˤ">ʒiˈsˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="k u b o ˈ dˤ">kuboˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="ɲ i t͡ʃ">ɲit͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʒ i ˈ sˤ">ʒiˈsˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="ʒ a w o ˈ f">ʒawoˈf</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="ɲ i t͡ʃ">ɲit͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" ph="f i t au ˈ ʐ">fitauˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.2" ph="ᵑǀ a ˈ">ᵑǀaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ" ph="ŋʷ a">ŋʷa</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="h i t a ˈ ɓ">hitaˈɓ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="ɲ i t͡ʃ">ɲit͡ʃ</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʒ i ˈ sˤ">ʒiˈsˤ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="k u b o ˈ dˤ">kuboˈdˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="ɲ i t͡ʃ">ɲit͡ʃ</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ʒ i ˈ sˤ">ʒiˈsˤ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="ʒ a w o ˈ f">ʒawoˈf</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur" ph="ɲ i t͡ʃ">ɲit͡ʃ</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" ph="f i t au ˈ ʐ">fitauˈʐ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.2" ph="ᵑǀ a ˈ">ᵑǀaˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ" ph="ŋʷ a">ŋʷa</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">nˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">hitaˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur">ɲit͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ʒiˈsˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.2" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">kuboˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur">ɲit͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ʒiˈsˤ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">nˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">ʒawoˈf</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="plur">ɲit͡ʃ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">fitauˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.cl.2" subj="3.sing.cl.2">ᵑǀaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ">ŋʷa</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hiˈtaɓ</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲit͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʒisˤ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kuˈbodˤ</span><br><span class="gls">tiger</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲit͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʒisˤ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒaˈwof</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲit͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fiˈtauʐ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀa</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋʷa</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.2.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈtˤinˤ hiˈtaɓim ɲit͡ʃ ˈʒisˤ ˈtˤiɾ kuˈbodˤim ɲit͡ʃ ˈʒisˤ ˈtˤinˤ ʒaˈwofim ɲit͡ʃ ˈtˤiɾ fiˈtauʐatˤ ˈᵑǀanˤ hazˤ ŋʷa</p> + <p>ṭiṇ hitabbim ñich zhiṣ ṭir kuboḍim ñich zhiṣ ṭiṇ zhawofim ñich ṭir fitaurzaṭ ncaṇ haẓ ngwa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hiˈtaɓ</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲit͡ʃ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʒisˤ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾ</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kuˈbodˤ</o> + <g>tiger</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲit͡ʃ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʒisˤ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒaˈwof</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲit͡ʃ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾ</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fiˈtauʐ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵑǀa</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋʷa</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ṭiṇ hitabbim ñich zhiṣ ṭir kuboḍim ñich zhiṣ ṭiṇ zhawofim ñich ṭir fitaurzaṭ ncaṇ haẓ ngwa. [ˈtˤinˤ hiˈtaɓim ɲit͡ʃ ˈʒisˤ ˈtˤiɾ kuˈbodˤim ɲit͡ʃ ˈʒisˤ ˈtˤinˤ ʒaˈwofim ɲit͡ʃ ˈtˤiɾ fiˈtauʐatˤ ˈᵑǀanˤ hazˤ ŋʷa] ˈtˤi the -nˤ cl.4 hiˈtaɓ jaguar -im ACC ɲit͡ʃ plur ˈʒisˤ and ˈtˤi the -ɾ cl.2 kuˈbodˤ tiger -im ACC ɲit͡ʃ plur ˈʒisˤ and ˈtˤi the -nˤ cl.4 ʒaˈwof lion -im ACC ɲit͡ʃ plur ˈtˤi the -ɾ cl.2 fiˈtauʐ hunter -atˤ NOM ˈᵑǀa kill -nˤ active hazˤ PAST ŋʷa 3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ “The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.” | (22) |
Modifiers and Determiners
The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Naf provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.
Complex Sentences
Relative Clauses
Naf forms relative clauses by placing them before the noun they modify. The modifier takes the form of a finite clause that precedes the head noun without any relative pronoun. The clause shows ordinary clausal structure, with the role of the head noun recoverable from the syntactic position inside the clause.
To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:
initial XML:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing" ph="h a t͡s u ˈ">hat͡suˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="ŋ i ɓ">ŋiɓ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing" ph="h a t͡s u ˈ">hat͡suˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="ŋ i ɓ">ŋiɓ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">hat͡suˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">ŋiɓ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmit͡sˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haˈt͡su</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiɓ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤim haˈt͡sunˤ hazˤ ŋiɓ</p> + <p>ṭi mitẓim hatzuṇ haẓ ngibb</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmit͡sˤ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>haˈt͡su</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiɓ</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ṭi mitẓim hatzuṇ haẓ ngibb. [ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤim haˈt͡sunˤ hazˤ ŋiɓ] ˈtˤi the ˈmit͡sˤ cat -im ACC haˈt͡su pat -nˤ active hazˤ PAST ŋiɓ 1excl.sing.SUBJ “I patted the cat.” | (23) |
We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:
initial XML:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> - <s> - <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" ph="s a ŋ o ˈ dˤ">saŋoˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="c au ˈ">cauˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing" ph="h a t͡s u ˈ">hat͡suˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="ŋ i ɓ">ŋiɓ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" ph="s a ŋ o ˈ dˤ">saŋoˈdˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="c au ˈ">cauˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing" ph="h a t͡s u ˈ">hat͡suˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="ŋ i ɓ">ŋiɓ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.3">saŋoˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">cauˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">hat͡suˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">ŋiɓ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-w</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saˈŋodˤ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈcau</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmit͡sˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haˈt͡su</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiɓ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈtˤiw saˈŋodˤim ˈcaunˤ hazˤ ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤim haˈt͡sunˤ hazˤ ŋiɓ</p> + <p>ṭiw sangoḍim tjauṇ haẓ ṭi mitẓim hatzuṇ haẓ ngibb</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-w</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>saˈŋodˤ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈcau</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmit͡sˤ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>haˈt͡su</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiɓ</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ṭiw sangoḍim tjauṇ haẓ ṭi mitẓim hatzuṇ haẓ ngibb. [ˈtˤiw saˈŋodˤim ˈcaunˤ hazˤ ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤim haˈt͡sunˤ hazˤ ŋiɓ] ˈtˤi the -w cl.3 saˈŋodˤ mouse -im ACC ˈcau catch -nˤ active hazˤ PAST ˈtˤi the ˈmit͡sˤ cat -im ACC haˈt͡su pat -nˤ active hazˤ PAST ŋiɓ 1excl.sing.SUBJ “I patted the cat that caught the mouse.” | (24) |
Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:
initial XML:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ACC"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"> <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> - <s> - <subs> - <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" ph="t͡sˤ i c a ˈ kʼ">t͡sˤicaˈkʼ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="d u ˈ">duˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" ph="s a ŋ o ˈ dˤ">saŋoˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="c au ˈ">cauˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing" ph="h a t͡s u ˈ">hat͡suˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="ŋ i ɓ">ŋiɓ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" ph="t͡sˤ i c a ˈ kʼ">t͡sˤicaˈkʼ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="d u ˈ">duˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" ph="s a ŋ o ˈ dˤ">saŋoˈdˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="c au ˈ">cauˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing" ph="h a t͡s u ˈ">hat͡suˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="ŋ i ɓ">ŋiɓ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">t͡sˤicaˈkʼ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1">duˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC">saŋoˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">cauˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="1excl.sing">hat͡suˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">ŋiɓ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡sˤiˈcakʼ</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdu</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-w</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saˈŋodˤ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈcau</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmit͡sˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haˈt͡su</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiɓ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈtˤi t͡sˤiˈcakʼim ˈdunˤ hazˤ ˈtˤiw saˈŋodˤim ˈcaunˤ hazˤ ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤim haˈt͡sunˤ hazˤ ŋiɓ</p> + <p>ṭi tẓitjagkim duṇ haẓ ṭiw sangoḍim tjauṇ haẓ ṭi mitẓim hatzuṇ haẓ ngibb</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡sˤiˈcakʼ</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdu</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-w</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>saˈŋodˤ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈcau</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmit͡sˤ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>haˈt͡su</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiɓ</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ṭi tẓitjagkim duṇ haẓ ṭiw sangoḍim tjauṇ haẓ ṭi mitẓim hatzuṇ haẓ ngibb. [ˈtˤi t͡sˤiˈcakʼim ˈdunˤ hazˤ ˈtˤiw saˈŋodˤim ˈcaunˤ hazˤ ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤim haˈt͡sunˤ hazˤ ŋiɓ] ˈtˤi the t͡sˤiˈcakʼ cheese -im ACC ˈdu eat -nˤ active hazˤ PAST ˈtˤi the -w cl.3 saˈŋodˤ mouse -im ACC ˈcau catch -nˤ active hazˤ PAST ˈtˤi the ˈmit͡sˤ cat -im ACC haˈt͡su pat -nˤ active hazˤ PAST ŋiɓ 1excl.sing.SUBJ “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.” | (25) |
Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:
initial XML:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>buy</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>buy</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
</subs>
+ </np>
+ </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ACC"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ACC"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing" person="1excl"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing" person="1excl"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing" person="1excl"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" number="sing" person="1excl"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing" person="1excl"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing" person="1excl"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/voice/obligatoryGot active
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> - <s> - <subs> - <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"/> - </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" ph="t͡ɕ y ˈ p">t͡ɕyˈp</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="k y ˈ">kyˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="t͡sˤ i c a ˈ kʼ">t͡sˤicaˈkʼ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" ph="d u ˈ">duˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="s a ŋ o ˈ dˤ">saŋoˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" ph="c au ˈ">cauˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" subj="1excl.sing" ph="h a t͡s u ˈ">hat͡suˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="ŋ i ɓ">ŋiɓ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" ph="t͡ɕ y ˈ p">t͡ɕyˈp</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="k y ˈ">kyˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="t͡sˤ i c a ˈ kʼ">t͡sˤicaˈkʼ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" ph="d u ˈ">duˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3" attach="suffix" ph="w">w</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="s a ŋ o ˈ dˤ">saŋoˈdˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" ph="c au ˈ">cauˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl" ph="m i ˈ t͡sˤ">miˈt͡sˤ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" subj="1excl.sing" ph="h a t͡s u ˈ">hat͡suˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="ŋ i ɓ">ŋiɓ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">t͡ɕyˈp</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">kyˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl">t͡sˤicaˈkʼ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">duˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.3">w</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" case="ACC" person="1excl">saŋoˈdˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">cauˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" case="ACC" person="1excl">miˈt͡sˤ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" subj="1excl.sing">hat͡suˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">ŋiɓ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕyp</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈky</span><br><span class="gls">buy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡sˤiˈcakʼ</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdu</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-w</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saˈŋodˤ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈcau</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈmit͡sˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haˈt͡su</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiɓ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈt͡ɕyp ˈkynˤ hazˤ ˈtˤi t͡sˤiˈcakʼim ˈdunˤ hazˤ ˈtˤiw saˈŋodˤim ˈcaunˤ hazˤ ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤim haˈt͡sunˤ hazˤ ŋiɓ</p> + <p>tyüp küṇ haẓ ṭi tẓitjagkim duṇ haẓ ṭiw sangoḍim tjauṇ haẓ ṭi mitẓim hatzuṇ haẓ ngibb</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ɕyp</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈky</o> + <g>buy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡sˤiˈcakʼ</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdu</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-w</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>saˈŋodˤ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈcau</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈmit͡sˤ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>haˈt͡su</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋiɓ</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Tyüp küṇ haẓ ṭi tẓitjagkim duṇ haẓ ṭiw sangoḍim tjauṇ haẓ ṭi mitẓim hatzuṇ haẓ ngibb. [ˈt͡ɕyp ˈkynˤ hazˤ ˈtˤi t͡sˤiˈcakʼim ˈdunˤ hazˤ ˈtˤiw saˈŋodˤim ˈcaunˤ hazˤ ˈtˤi ˈmit͡sˤim haˈt͡sunˤ hazˤ ŋiɓ] ˈt͡ɕyp 1excl.sing ˈky buy -nˤ active hazˤ PAST ˈtˤi the t͡sˤiˈcakʼ cheese -im ACC ˈdu eat -nˤ active hazˤ PAST ˈtˤi the -w cl.3 saˈŋodˤ mouse -im ACC ˈcau catch -nˤ active hazˤ PAST ˈtˤi the ˈmit͡sˤ cat -im ACC haˈt͡su pat -nˤ active hazˤ PAST ŋiɓ 1excl.sing.SUBJ “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.” | (26) |
Complementation Strategies
Naf forms complement clauses by nominalising the embedded verb. The nominalised form lacks finite verbal categories and behaves as a noun phrase. Subjects of nominalised clauses occur in the genitive case, and the nominalised verb establishes the semantic content of the complement.
The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:
initial XML:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>surprise</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>give</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj">
<noun>teacher</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>surprise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>give</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj"> - <noun>teacher</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> - </vp> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> + </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="subj" case="NOM"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2"> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <subs> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" indobj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" indobj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
- <np role="subj" case="NOM" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing" role="subj" case="NOM">
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" indobj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing" role="subj" case="NOM">
- <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" indobj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" indobj="3.sing.cl.1">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" indobj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatoryGot cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/case/obligatory
Got DAT
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatory
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/case/obligatory
Got DAT
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" indobj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" indobj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> - <subs> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" indobj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" indobj="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" indobj="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" ph="kʼʷ i ɾ o ˈ ʂ">kʼʷiɾoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="a dˤ">adˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM" ph="ʐ e ˈ j">ʐeˈj</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" ph="t͡sˤ i ˈ">t͡sˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" ph="ɡʷ a zˤ e ˈ ŋʷ">ɡʷazˤeˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1" ph="ʈ u ˈ ɓ">ʈuˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="a dˤ">adˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ɲ o ˈ">ɲoˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="kʼ i ɡ ə# ˈ">kʼiɡə#ˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" ph="ŋʷ i ɟ">ŋʷiɟ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" ph="kʼʷ i ɾ o ˈ ʂ">kʼʷiɾoˈʂ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="a dˤ">adˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM" ph="ʐ e ˈ j">ʐeˈj</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" ph="t͡sˤ i ˈ">t͡sˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1" ph="ɡʷ a zˤ e ˈ ŋʷ">ɡʷazˤeˈŋʷ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph="i m">im</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1" ph="ʈ u ˈ ɓ">ʈuˈɓ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="a dˤ">adˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ɲ o ˈ">ɲoˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="kʼ i ɡ ə# ˈ">kʼiɡə#ˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" ph="ŋʷ i ɟ">ŋʷiɟ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">nˤ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4">kʼʷiɾoˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">adˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" case="NOM">ʐeˈj</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">t͡sˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" gender="cl.1">ɡʷazˤeˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC">im</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">ʈuˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">adˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" indobj="3.sing.cl.1">ɲoˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" subj="3.sing.cl.3">kʼiɡə#ˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ">ŋʷiɟ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼʷiˈɾoʂ</span><br><span class="gls">teacher</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-adˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʐej</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡sˤi</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-im</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʈuɓ</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-adˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɲo</span><br><span class="gls">give</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼiˈɡə̃</span><br><span class="gls">surprise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋʷiɟ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.3.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈtˤinˤ kʼʷiˈɾoʂadˤ ˈtˤiɾ ˈʐejatˤ ˈt͡sˤi ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷim ˈtˤi ˈʈuɓadˤ ˈɲonˤ hazˤ kʼiˈɡə̃nˤ hazˤ ŋʷiɟ</p> + <p>ṭiṇ gquirorsaḍ ṭir rzeyaṭ tẓi gwaẓengwim ṭi rtubbaḍ ñoṇ haẓ gkigẽṇ haẓ ngwidy</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼʷiˈɾoʂ</o> + <g>teacher</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-adˤ</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾ</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʐej</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡sˤi</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷ</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-im</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʈuɓ</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-adˤ</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɲo</o> + <g>give</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼiˈɡə̃</o> + <g>surprise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋʷiɟ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ṭiṇ gquirorsaḍ ṭir rzeyaṭ tẓi gwaẓengwim ṭi rtubbaḍ ñoṇ haẓ gkigẽṇ haẓ ngwidy. [ˈtˤinˤ kʼʷiˈɾoʂadˤ ˈtˤiɾ ˈʐejatˤ ˈt͡sˤi ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷim ˈtˤi ˈʈuɓadˤ ˈɲonˤ hazˤ kʼiˈɡə̃nˤ hazˤ ŋʷiɟ] ˈtˤi the -nˤ cl.4 kʼʷiˈɾoʂ teacher -adˤ DAT ˈtˤi the -ɾ cl.2 ˈʐej boy -atˤ NOM ˈt͡sˤi a ɡʷaˈzˤeŋʷ apple -im ACC ˈtˤi the ˈʈuɓ girl -adˤ DAT ˈɲo give -nˤ active hazˤ PAST kʼiˈɡə̃ surprise -nˤ active hazˤ PAST ŋʷiɟ 3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ “It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.” | (27) |
Quotes
Naf employs a quotative particle to mark direct and indirect speech. The quotative follows the reported phrase and identifies the preceding expression as quoted or reported. The same construction is also used to express reported thoughts.
Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:
initial XML:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>tell</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>tell</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing" person="1excl"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3" person="2"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3" person="2">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" gender="cl.3" number="sing" person="1excl"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" person="1excl"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3" person="2"> <subs> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" person="1excl"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3" person="2"> <subs> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> </vp> </s> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3" person="2">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/voice/obligatoryGot active
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/case/obligatory
Got DAT
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/voice/obligatory
Got active
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3" person="2">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" gender="cl.3" person="2"> - <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="t͡ɕ y ˈ p">t͡ɕyˈp</word> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="t͡ɕ u ˈ p">t͡ɕuˈp</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" ph="ɖ a ˈ">ɖaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1" ph="ʈ u ˈ ɓ">ʈuˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="a dˤ">adˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" ph="ʐ e ˈ j">ʐeˈj</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2" ph="j a ˈ">jaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ" ph="ŋʷ a">ŋʷa</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="t͡ɕ y ˈ p">t͡ɕyˈp</word> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="t͡ɕ u ˈ p">t͡ɕuˈp</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" ph="ɖ a ˈ">ɖaˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.1" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1" ph="ʈ u ˈ ɓ">ʈuˈɓ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="a dˤ">adˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" ph="tˤ i ˈ">tˤiˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2" attach="suffix" ph="ɾ">ɾ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2" ph="ʐ e ˈ j">ʐeˈj</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph="a tˤ">atˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="npnumber" function="enclitic" gloss="sing" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2" ph="j a ˈ">jaˈ</word> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph="nˤ">nˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="h a zˤ">hazˤ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ" ph="ŋʷ a">ŋʷa</thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="enclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" case="ACC">t͡ɕyˈp</word> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">t͡ɕuˈp</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing">ɖaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">tˤiˈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.1">ʈuˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">adˤ</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">tˤiˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.2">ɾ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" gender="cl.2">ʐeˈj</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM">atˤ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" indobj="3.sing.cl.1" subj="3.sing.cl.2">jaˈ</word> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active">nˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">hazˤ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ">ŋʷa</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕyp</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ɕup</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɖa</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʈuɓ</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-adˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈtˤi</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɾ</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʐej</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-atˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈja</span><br><span class="gls">tell</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nˤ</span><br><span class="gls">active</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hazˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋʷa</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.2.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈt͡ɕyp ˈt͡ɕup ˈɖanˤ ˈtˤi ˈʈuɓadˤ ˈtˤiɾ ˈʐejatˤ ˈjanˤ hazˤ ŋʷa</p> + <p>tyüp tyup rdaṇ ṭi rtubbaḍ ṭir rzeyaṭ yaṇ haẓ ngwa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ɕyp</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ɕup</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɖa</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʈuɓ</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-adˤ</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈtˤi</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ɾ</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʐej</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-atˤ</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈja</o> + <g>tell</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nˤ</o> + <g>active</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hazˤ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋʷa</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Tyüp tyup rdaṇ ṭi rtubbaḍ ṭir rzeyaṭ yaṇ haẓ ngwa. [ˈt͡ɕyp ˈt͡ɕup ˈɖanˤ ˈtˤi ˈʈuɓadˤ ˈtˤiɾ ˈʐejatˤ ˈjanˤ hazˤ ŋʷa] ˈt͡ɕyp 1excl.sing ˈt͡ɕup 2.sing ˈɖa love -nˤ active ˈtˤi the ˈʈuɓ girl -adˤ DAT ˈtˤi the -ɾ cl.2 ˈʐej boy -atˤ NOM ˈja tell -nˤ active hazˤ PAST ŋʷa 3.sing.cl.2.SUBJ “The boy told the girl that he loved her.” | (28) |
How to cite this grammar
Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Naf. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 30 July 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/17STM
In BibTeX format:
@misc{LC-17STM,
year = 2026,
author = {{Language Creator}},
title = {A Grammar of {Naf}},
howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/17STM}},
note = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 30 July 2026}
}
Supplementary Materials
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