A Grammar of Zahdazahk
Introduction
Scope and Purpose
This grammar provides a systematic description of the Zahdazahk language (the 1078th one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.
The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Zahdazahk.
Typological Profile
It has a maximally developed dental–alveolar opposition, a disproportionately large set of glottal and uvular consonants, ergative case marking, i.e., the object of a transitive verb is marked the same as the subject of an intransitive one, and postpositions.Phonology
Phoneme Inventory
Consonants
Zahdazahk has an extremely large consonant inventory, totalling 81 phonemes. Such a system is exceptional in scale.
It has a maximally developed dental–alveolar opposition, an exceptionally large and contrastive set of fricatives, a maximally contrastive voicing system, an exceptionally dense set of affricate contrasts and a disproportionately large set of glottal and uvular consonants.The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Zahdazahk. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.
| labial | dental | phar. dental | alveolar | phar. alveolar | postalveolar | alveolo-palatal | lateral | palatal | retroflex | velar | lab. velar | uvular | lab. uvular | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | p b | d t | dˤ tˤ | c ɟ | ɖ ʈ | k ɡ | kʷ ɡʷ | q ɢ | qʷ ɢʷ | ʔ | |||||
| ejective stop | kʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ | |||||||||||
| nasal | m | n | nˤ | ɲ | ɳ | ŋ | ŋʷ | ||||||||
| trill/tap/flap | ɾ | ɾˤ | ɽ | ||||||||||||
| fricative | v ɸ | ð θ | ðˤ θˤ | s z | sˤ zˤ | ʃ ʒ | ɮ | ʂ ʐ | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ʁ | ʁʷ | h ɦ | ||
| approximant | w | ɹ | ɹˤ | l | j | ||||||||||
| affricate | p͡f | d͡z t͡s | d͡zˤ t͡sˤ | d͡ʒ t͡ʃ | d͡ʑ t͡ɕ | d͡ʐ t͡ʂ | k͡x | k͡xʷ | q͡χ | q͡χʷ | |||||
| implosive | ɓ |
Vowels
Zahdazahk has more than 14 vowel qualities. This constitutes an exceptionally rich vowel inventory, with numerous distinct categories represented in the chart.
It has a fully developed system of nasal vowels matching the oral height distinctions, phonologically distinctive back unrounded vowels, a partially contrastive system of vowel length, a maximally “square” vowel system balancing heights across backness and a full range of vowel qualities even in reduced syllables.The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Zahdazahk. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.
| front | central | back unrounded | back rounded | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| close | i ĩ | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɯ ɯ̃ | u ũ |
| close-mid | e ẽ | ɘ | ɤ | o õ |
| open-mid | ɛ | ɜ | ʌ | ɔ |
| open | a ã | ɑ ɑ̃ |
Stress and Tones
Zahdazahk has phonemic stress and 2 lexical tones. Each lexical item carries a tonal specification associated with the first vowel of the root, which determines the overall tonal contour of the word.
Phonological Processes
Vowel Harmony
Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.
Writing System
Introduction
Zahdazahk is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.
Orthography
Here are the various components of the orthography:
Simple letters
| a /a/ | b /b/ | d /d/ | ḍ /dˤ/ |
| e /e/ | f /f/ | g /ɡ/ | h /h/ |
| i /i/ | j /d͡ʒ/ | k /k/ | l /l/ |
| m /m/ | n /n/ | ṇ /nˤ/ | o /ɔ/ |
| p /p/ | q /q/ | r /ɾ/ | ṛ /ɾˤ/ |
| s /s/ | ṣ /sˤ/ | t /t/ | ṭ /tˤ/ |
| u /u/ | v /v/ | w /w/ | y /j/ |
| z /z/ | ẓ /zˤ/ | å /ʌ/ | æ /ɛ/ |
| è /ɜ/ | ë /ɘ/ | ï /ɨ/ | ð /ð/ |
| ð̣ /ðˤ/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ó /o/ | ğ /ɣ/ |
| ŕ /r/ | ṛ́ /rˤ/ | ơ /ɤ/ | ư /ɯ/ |
| ɦ /ɦ/ | ɮ /ɮ/ | ɸ /ɸ/ | ɹ /ɹ/ |
| ɹ̣ /ɹˤ/ | ʁ /ʁ/ |
Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs
| aa /aː, ɑ/ | aaaa /ɑː/ | aan /ɑ̃/ |
| aanaan /ɑ̃ː/ | ai /ai/ | an /ã/ |
| anan /ãː/ | au /au/ | bb /ɓ/ |
| ch /t͡ʃ/ | dy /ɟ/ | dz /d͡z/ |
| dẓ /d͡zˤ/ | d͡ʐ /d͡ʐ/ | d͡ʑ /d͡ʑ/ |
| ee /eː/ | en /ẽ/ | enen /ẽː/ |
| gk /kʼ/ | gq /qʼ/ | gqu /kʼʷ/ |
| gqw /qʼʷ/ | gw /ɡʷ/ | ii /iː/ |
| in /ĩ/ | inin /ĩː/ | kh /x/ |
| khw /xʷ/ | kkh /k͡x/ | kkhw /k͡xʷ/ |
| ng /ŋ/ | ngw /ŋʷ/ | oo /ɔː/ |
| pf /p͡f/ | qqh /q͡χ/ | qqhw /q͡χʷ/ |
| qu /kʷ/ | qw /qʷ/ | rd /ɖ/ |
| rn /ɳ/ | rr /ɽ/ | rs /ʂ/ |
| rt /ʈ/ | rz /ʐ/ | sh /ʃ/ |
| th /θ/ | tḥ /θˤ/ | tj /c/ |
| ty /t͡ɕ/ | tz /t͡s/ | tẓ /t͡sˤ/ |
| t͡ʂ /t͡ʂ/ | un /ũ/ | unun /ũː/ |
| uu /uː/ | zh /ʒ/ | åå /ʌː/ |
| ææ /ɛː/ | èè /ɜː/ | ëë /ɘː/ |
| ïn /ɨ̃/ | ïnïn /ɨ̃ː/ | ïï /ɨː/ |
| ón /õ/ | ónón /õː/ | óó /oː/ |
| ğw /ɣʷ/ | ħg /ɢ/ | ħgw /ɢʷ/ |
| ơơ /ɤː/ | ưn /ɯ̃/ | ưnưn /ɯ̃ː/ |
| ưư /ɯː/ | ɔi /ɔi/ | ʁw /ʁʷ/ |
| ’ /ʔ/ |
Diacritics
| ◌̀ /̰ˈ/ |
Word Classes and Morphology
Number and Gender
Number
Zahdazahk does not have grammatical number.
Gender
Zahdazahk has the following genders:
Gender masc – for instance: bbikkhɔìğw ‘God’, bèrnɔikh ‘root’, chåfèẓrt ‘tiger’, gkaàzb ‘west’, gkegq ‘father’, gquiğw ‘heart’, gqwaars ‘surface’, hèkhwaàṣ ‘ice’, pfïrzkanaǹsht ‘cloud’, pësgq ‘bird’, rnåẓtjèè ‘anus’, rrưshkìv ‘liver’, rzơħgaàğ ‘stick’, ṣgquuʁw ‘animal’, ṭèèp ‘time’, t͡ʂónónty ‘foot’, yaanaaǹṇ ‘man’, zħgwèzhħgèkhw ‘belly’, ğë̀ɸ ‘day’, ɸòw ‘bone’.
Gender fem – for instance: faawèħg ‘slime’, gquaagwè̀ṣt ‘student’, guŕuu’ ‘teacher’, kèkkhw ‘child’, kkhưztóǹrs ‘brick’, nëtjëëtj ‘money’, pfuntyaað̣ ‘wing’, pfơɹaanaand ‘lion’, rnïrsṭó̀v ‘lake’, rsgquàsh ‘head’, rztïḍɔìth ‘horn’, shṭơŕ ‘skin’, stï̀kkh ‘hair’, sṭërsoodz ‘fog’, ṣtɔìẓ ‘house’, ħgatḥiìrzt ‘mountain’, ħgeṇơờrsgq ‘dust’, ħgwơthuǹng ‘fat’, ɹih ‘city’, ɹæṇơzhrd ‘faeces’.
Gender neut – for instance: dyóókkh ‘chair’, gïvɔik ‘louse’, hờrzq ‘sound’, hưṣqweneǹf ‘bottle’, mìsq ‘idea’, módiǹɦ ‘machine’, naas ‘face’, qwaɹèẓgk ‘vagina’, rspegqwèẓṭ ‘dialect’, rzaatj ‘star’, sgquìẓgq ‘language’, sgquooqqhw ‘fight’, ṣưħgw ‘tongue’, zhqïshgqơty ‘breath’, zhrdaàğ ‘meat’, zhè̀zhg ‘fruit’, ğwëë̀t ‘manner’, ɹ̣idẓiìk ‘binoculars’, ʁart ‘mouth’, ʁiìpf ‘name’.
The Nominal Phrase
Nominal phrases in Zahdazahk can be exemplified by the following example:
initial XML:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def">
<noun>woman</noun>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>knife</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
<adj>blind</adj>
<num>three</num>
<det>yon</det>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>woman</noun> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>knife</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> - <adj>blind</adj> - <num>three</num> - <det>yon</det> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module constorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
+ <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
- <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for yon/det/gender/optional
Got neut
About to call getSlotValue for yon/det/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> - <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - </pp> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut"/> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="ɡʷ ɔː ̰ˈ ɢʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɡʷɔː̰ˈɢʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="ɾ ɑː ̰ˈ zˤ+k" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɾɑː̰ˈzˤk</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="qʼʷ e# b u ˈ n" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">qʼʷe#buˈn</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="rˤ aː ̰ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">rˤaː̰ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ s+tˤ" slots="T1 Cfs">̰ˈstˤ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="ʐ+ɢʷ ɛ ̰ˈ z+kʼ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐɢʷɛ̰ˈzkʼ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="sˤ ɨ# ˈ k" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sˤɨ#ˈk</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ# x" slots="Cip V2 Cir">bɨ#x</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʂet͡se#ːˈθ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ɢʷ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ɢʷ/ + /̰ˈ//zˤ+k/ + /̰ˈ/ > /zˤ+k/ + /̰ˈ/
/̰ˈ/ + /̰ˈ/ > // + /̰ˈ/
/x/ + /ʂ/ > // + /x/
/θ/ + /̰ˈ/ > // + /̰ˈ/
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="ɡʷ ɔː ̰ˈ ɢʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɡʷɔː̰ˈɢʷ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="ɡʷ ɔː ̰ˈ ɢʷ">ɡʷɔː̰ˈɢʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="ɾ ɑː ̰ˈ zˤ+k" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɾɑː̰ˈzˤk</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="qʼʷ e# b u ˈ n" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">qʼʷe#buˈn</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="ɾ ɑː ̰ˈ zˤ+k">ɾɑː̰ˈzˤk</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="qʼʷ e# b u ˈ n">qʼʷe#buˈn</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="rˤ aː ̰ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">rˤaː̰ˈ</word> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ s+tˤ" slots="T1 Cfs">̰ˈstˤ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="ʐ+ɢʷ ɛ ̰ˈ z+kʼ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐɢʷɛ̰ˈzkʼ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="sˤ ɨ# ˈ k" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sˤɨ#ˈk</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ# x" slots="Cip V2 Cir">bɨ#x</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʂet͡se#ːˈθ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="rˤ aː" underlying="rˤ aː ̰ˈ">rˤaː</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ s+tˤ">̰ˈstˤ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="ʐ+ɢʷ ɛ ̰ˈ z+kʼ">ʐɢʷɛ̰ˈzkʼ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="sˤ ɨ# ˈ k">sˤɨ#ˈk</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ#" underlying="b ɨ# x">bɨ#</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="x e t͡s e#ː ˈ" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">xet͡se#ːˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="ɡʷ ɔː ̰ˈ ɢʷ">ɡʷɔː̰ˈɢʷ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut" ph="ɾ ɑː ̰ˈ zˤ+k">ɾɑː̰ˈzˤk</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="qʼʷ e# b u ˈ n">qʼʷe#buˈn</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="rˤ aː" underlying="rˤ aː ̰ˈ">rˤaː</word> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ s+tˤ">̰ˈstˤ</thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="ʐ+ɢʷ ɛ ̰ˈ z+kʼ">ʐɢʷɛ̰ˈzkʼ</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="sˤ ɨ# ˈ k">sˤɨ#ˈk</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ#" underlying="b ɨ# x">bɨ#</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="x e t͡s e#ː ˈ" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">xet͡se#ːˈ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">ɡʷɔː̰ˈɢʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="neut">ɾɑː̰ˈzˤk</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative">qʼʷe#buˈn</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.plur.neut">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" underlying="rˤ aː ̰ˈ">rˤaː</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">̰ˈstˤ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">ʐɢʷɛ̰ˈzkʼ</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">sˤɨ#ˈk</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" underlying="b ɨ# x">bɨ#</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">xet͡se#ːˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷɔː̰ˈɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls">woman</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɾɑː̰ˈzˤk</span><br><span class="gls">knife</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qʼʷẽˈbun</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃɨʐc</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">rˤaː̰ˈ</span><br><span class="gls">yon</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈstˤ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɢʷɛ̰ˈzkʼ</span><br><span class="gls">three</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤɨ̃k</span><br><span class="gls">blind</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bɨ̃x-</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ ɡʷɔː̰ˈɢʷ̰ˈɔʐ ɾɑː̰ˈzˤk̰ˈɔʐ qʼʷẽˈbun ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ ʈɨʐq t͡ʃɨʐc rˤaː̰ˈstˤ ʐɢʷɛ̰ˈzkʼ ˈsˤɨ̃k bɨ̃xeˈt͡sẽː̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw gwoòħgẁorz raaaàẓk̀orz gqwenbun rzbëẓgqw rtïrzq chïrztj ṛ́aàsṭ rzħgwæ̀zgk ṣïnk bïnkhetzeneǹorz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡʷɔː̰ˈɢʷ</o> + <g>woman</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɾɑː̰ˈzˤk</o> + <g>knife</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qʼʷẽˈbun</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃɨʐc</o> + <g>3.sing.fem.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>rˤaː̰ˈ</o> + <g>yon</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈstˤ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɢʷɛ̰ˈzkʼ</o> + <g>three</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤɨ̃k</o> + <g>blind</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bɨ̃x-</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw gwoòħgẁorz raaaàẓk̀orz gqwenbun rzbëẓgqw rtïrzq chïrztj ṛ́aàsṭ rzħgwæ̀zgk ṣïnk bïnkhetzeneǹorz. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ ɡʷɔː̰ˈɢʷ̰ˈɔʐ ɾɑː̰ˈzˤk̰ˈɔʐ qʼʷẽˈbun ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ ʈɨʐq t͡ʃɨʐc rˤaː̰ˈstˤ ʐɢʷɛ̰ˈzkʼ ˈsˤɨ̃k bɨ̃xeˈt͡sẽː̰ˈɔʐ] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG ɡʷɔː̰ˈɢʷ woman -̰ˈɔʐ def ɾɑː̰ˈzˤk knife -̰ˈɔʐ def qʼʷẽˈbun COMIT ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ catch ʈɨʐq PAST t͡ʃɨʐc 3.sing.fem.SUBJ rˤaː̰ˈ yon -̰ˈstˤ plur ʐɢʷɛ̰ˈzkʼ three ˈsˤɨ̃k blind bɨ̃x- plur ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ mouse -̰ˈɔʐ def “The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.” | (1) |
In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.
There is one type of clitic in the nominal phrase, namely a proclitic (placed initially), expressing case. a clitic expressing case, comprising ð̣ærzħgw /ðˤɛʐɢʷ/ ‘ERG’, zhḍónl /ʒdˤo#l/ ‘GEN’, shgquen’ /ʃkʼʷe#ʔ/ ‘DAT’, ṣunzhp /sˤu#ʒp/ ‘INS’, ʁưs’ /ʁɯsʔ/ ‘VOC’, thërzgqu /θɘʐkʼʷ/ ‘ALL’, ɸech /ɸet͡ʃ/ ‘LOC’, pinrs /pi#ʂ/ ‘ABL’ and katj /kac/ ‘PART’.
The morphology of the elements of the nominal phrase, i.e., nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns, is described below, as is the way that possession is expressed in Zahdazahk.
The Noun
The noun in Zahdazahk consists of first, an optional prefix expressing number, comprising bïnkh- /bɨ#x-/ ‘plur’; second, the root; and finally, third, an optional suffix expressing def, comprising -̀orz /-̰ˈɔʐ/ ‘def’.
The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -rtaa /-ʈɑ/ ‘little’ and -d͡ʑi /-d͡ʑi/ ‘big’
The Adjective
The adjective in Zahdazahk stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Numerals
The numeral in Zahdazahk stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Determiners
In Zahdazahk, the determiner has the following structure: first, an optional prefix expressing gender, comprising rsgkenl- /ʂkʼe#l-/ ‘masc’ and ṛ́uzhqu- /rˤuʒkʷ-/ ‘fem’; second, the root; and finally, third, an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -̀ħgw /-̰ˈɢʷ/ ‘sing’ and -̀sṭ /-̰ˈstˤ/ ‘plur’.
Pronouns
The pronoun in Zahdazahk stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Zahdazahk always includes the personal pronouns, even if they are not stressed. This is similar to English, where the only way to distinguish "he loves her" from "he loves her" and "he loves her" is the stress. So the following corresponds exactly to English in this regard:
initial XML:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ʐ+ɟ ʌː ˈ ɖ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐɟʌːˈɖ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="q͡χʷ ɯ ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="ʂ+t eː ˈ ŋʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʂteːˈŋʷ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ʐ+ɟ ʌː ˈ ɖ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐɟʌːˈɖ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ʐ+ɟ ʌː ˈ ɖ">ʐɟʌːˈɖ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="q͡χʷ ɯ ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="q͡χʷ ɯ ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="ʂ+t eː ˈ ŋʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʂteːˈŋʷ</word> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="ʂ+t eː ˈ ŋʷ">ʂteːˈŋʷ</word> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ʐ+ɟ ʌː ˈ ɖ">ʐɟʌːˈɖ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="q͡χʷ ɯ ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="ʂ+t eː ˈ ŋʷ">ʂteːˈŋʷ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">ʐɟʌːˈɖ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">ʂteːˈŋʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʐɟʌːɖ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʂteːŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem</span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈʐɟʌːɖ q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ ˈʂteːŋʷ</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw rzdyåård qqhwừẓgqu rsteengw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʐɟʌːɖ</o> + <g>3.sing.masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʂteːŋʷ</o> + <g>3.sing.fem</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw rzdyåård qqhwừẓgqu rsteengw. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈʐɟʌːɖ q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ ˈʂteːŋʷ] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG ˈʐɟʌːɖ 3.sing.masc q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ love ˈʂteːŋʷ 3.sing.fem “He (the boy) loves her (the girl).” | (2) |
Proper Nouns
initial XML:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>hate</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>NN1</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>NN2</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>hate</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>NN1</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>NN2</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> + </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
-<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> +<example id="loveprop" translation="Dadaur hates Dazhuzdask."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Dadaur" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" propernoun="yes" ph="d ɑ d au ̰ˈ ɽ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">dɑdaṵˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="l e# v ɛː ˈ ɓ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">le#vɛːˈɓ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Dazhuzdask" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" propernoun="yes" ph="d͡ʐ u zˤ+d ɑ# ˈ s+kʷ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">d͡ʐuzˤdɑ#ˈskʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ɽ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ɽ/ + /̰ˈ//s+kʷ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /s+kʷ/ + /̰ˈ/
<example id="loveprop" translation="Dadaur hates Dazhuzdask."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Dadaur" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" propernoun="yes" ph="d ɑ d au ̰ˈ ɽ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">dɑdaṵˈɽ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Dadaur" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" propernoun="yes" ph="d ɑ d au ̰ˈ ɽ">dɑdaṵˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="l e# v ɛː ˈ ɓ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">le#vɛːˈɓ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="l e# v ɛː ˈ ɓ">le#vɛːˈɓ</word> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Dazhuzdask" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" propernoun="yes" ph="d͡ʐ u zˤ+d ɑ# ˈ s+kʷ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">d͡ʐuzˤdɑ#ˈskʷ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Dazhuzdask" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" propernoun="yes" ph="d͡ʐ u zˤ+d ɑ# ˈ s+kʷ">d͡ʐuzˤdɑ#ˈskʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="loveprop" translation="Dadaur hates Dazhuzdask."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Dadaur" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" propernoun="yes" ph="d ɑ d au ̰ˈ ɽ">dɑdaṵˈɽ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="l e# v ɛː ˈ ɓ">le#vɛːˈɓ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Dazhuzdask" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" propernoun="yes" ph="d͡ʐ u zˤ+d ɑ# ˈ s+kʷ">d͡ʐuzˤdɑ#ˈskʷ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Dadaur" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" propernoun="yes">dɑdaṵˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">le#vɛːˈɓ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Dazhuzdask" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" propernoun="yes">d͡ʐuzˤdɑ#ˈskʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dɑdaṵˈɽ</span><br><span class="gls">Dadaur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lẽˈvɛːɓ</span><br><span class="gls">hate</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡ʐuˈzˤdɑ̃skʷ</span><br><span class="gls">Dazhuzdask</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ dɑdaṵˈɽ̰ˈɔʐ lẽˈvɛːɓ d͡ʐuˈzˤdɑ̃skʷ̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw Daadaùrr̀orz lenvææbb D͡ʐuẓdaansqùorz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dɑdaṵˈɽ</o> + <g>Dadaur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>lẽˈvɛːɓ</o> + <g>hate</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡ʐuˈzˤdɑ̃skʷ</o> + <g>Dazhuzdask</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw Daadaùrr̀orz lenvææbb D͡ʐuẓdaansqùorz. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ dɑdaṵˈɽ̰ˈɔʐ lẽˈvɛːɓ d͡ʐuˈzˤdɑ̃skʷ̰ˈɔʐ] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG dɑdaṵˈɽ Dadaur -̰ˈɔʐ def lẽˈvɛːɓ hate d͡ʐuˈzˤdɑ̃skʷ Dazhuzdask -̰ˈɔʐ def “Dadaur hates Dazhuzdask.” | (3) |
Possession
initial XML:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing"> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> </np> </example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="n ɘ ˈ z" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">nɘˈz</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/z/ + /̰ˈ/ > /z/ + /̰ˈ//s+k/ + /̰ˈ/ > /s+k/ + /̰ˈ/
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<flat>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="n ɘ ˈ z" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">nɘˈz</word>
- <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="n ɘ ˈ z">nɘˈz</word>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word>
- <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="n ɘ ˈ z">nɘˈz</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">nɘˈz</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnɘz</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ˈnɘz̰ˈɔʐ k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>nëz̀orz kkhæẓbeneǹsk̀orz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈnɘz</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
nëz̀orz kkhæẓbeneǹsk̀orz [ˈnɘz̰ˈɔʐ k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk̰ˈɔʐ] ˈnɘz boy -̰ˈɔʐ def k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk apple -̰ˈɔʐ def “the boy’s apple” | (4) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut"> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing"> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʐ+ɟ ʌː ˈ ɖ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐɟʌːˈɖ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/s+k/ + /̰ˈ/ > /s+k/ + /̰ˈ/<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<flat>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy>
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʐ+ɟ ʌː ˈ ɖ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐɟʌːˈɖ</word>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʐ+ɟ ʌː ˈ ɖ">ʐɟʌːˈɖ</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word>
- <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʐ+ɟ ʌː ˈ ɖ">ʐɟʌːˈɖ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ʐɟʌːˈɖ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʐɟʌːɖ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ˈʐɟʌːɖ k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>rzdyåård kkhæẓbeneǹsk̀orz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈʐɟʌːɖ</o> + <g>3.sing.masc</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
rzdyåård kkhæẓbeneǹsk̀orz [ˈʐɟʌːɖ k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk̰ˈɔʐ] ˈʐɟʌːɖ 3.sing.masc k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk apple -̰ˈɔʐ def “his (the boy’s) apple” | (5) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing"> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/s+k/ + /̰ˈ/ > /s+k/ + /̰ˈ/<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<flat>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy>
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word>
- <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>ð̣ïnïnkkhw kkhæẓbeneǹsk̀orz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ð̣ïnïnkkhw kkhæẓbeneǹsk̀orz [ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk̰ˈɔʐ] ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ 1excl.sing k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk apple -̰ˈɔʐ def “my apple” | (6) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kiss</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>neighbour</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kiss</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>neighbour</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> - </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" case="ERG"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="ERG"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="ABS"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing" gender="fem">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing" case="ABS">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ABS">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ERG"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ERG" role="subj"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing" case="ABS"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing" case="ABS" role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ABS"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - </np> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ERG" role="subj">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing" case="ABS" role="obj">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ABS">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
- </np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> - <s> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG" ph="z+ɟ ɨ ˈ sˤ+kʼ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">zɟɨˈsˤkʼ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="kʷ ʌ sˤ ɔ ˈ ʐ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">kʷʌsˤɔˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="nˤ ɨ# ʁ i ˈ kʼʷ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">nˤɨ#ʁiˈkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="v ɑ ˈ ʐ+qʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">vɑˈʐqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/zˤ+ɖ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /zˤ+ɖ/ + /̰ˈ//sˤ+kʼ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /sˤ+kʼ/ + /̰ˈ/
/kʼʷ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /kʼʷ/ + /̰ˈ/
/ʐ+qʼʷ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʐ+qʼʷ/ + /̰ˈ/
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG" ph="z+ɟ ɨ ˈ sˤ+kʼ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">zɟɨˈsˤkʼ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG" ph="z+ɟ ɨ ˈ sˤ+kʼ">zɟɨˈsˤkʼ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="kʷ ʌ sˤ ɔ ˈ ʐ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">kʷʌsˤɔˈʐ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="kʷ ʌ sˤ ɔ ˈ ʐ">kʷʌsˤɔˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="nˤ ɨ# ʁ i ˈ kʼʷ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">nˤɨ#ʁiˈkʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="nˤ ɨ# ʁ i ˈ kʼʷ">nˤɨ#ʁiˈkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="v ɑ ˈ ʐ+qʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">vɑˈʐqʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="v ɑ ˈ ʐ+qʼʷ">vɑˈʐqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG" ph="z+ɟ ɨ ˈ sˤ+kʼ">zɟɨˈsˤkʼ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="kʷ ʌ sˤ ɔ ˈ ʐ">kʷʌsˤɔˈʐ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="nˤ ɨ# ʁ i ˈ kʼʷ">nˤɨ#ʁiˈkʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="v ɑ ˈ ʐ+qʼʷ">vɑˈʐqʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG">zɟɨˈsˤkʼ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">kʷʌsˤɔˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">nˤɨ#ʁiˈkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">vɑˈʐqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈzɟɨsˤkʼ</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʷʌˈsˤɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">kiss</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃɨʐc</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nˤɨ̃ˈʁikʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">neighbour</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈvɑʐqʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ̰ˈɔʐ ˈzɟɨsˤkʼ̰ˈɔʐ kʷʌˈsˤɔʐ ʈɨʐq t͡ʃɨʐc ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ nˤɨ̃ˈʁikʼʷ̰ˈɔʐ ˈvɑʐqʼʷ̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw rtïnɔiẓrd̀orz zdyïṣgk̀orz quåṣorz rtïrzq chïrztj chɔirr ṇïnʁigqùorz vaarzgqẁorz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈzɟɨsˤkʼ</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʷʌˈsˤɔʐ</o> + <g>kiss</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃɨʐc</o> + <g>3.sing.fem.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nˤɨ̃ˈʁikʼʷ</o> + <g>neighbour</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈvɑʐqʼʷ</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw rtïnɔiẓrd̀orz zdyïṣgk̀orz quåṣorz rtïrzq chïrztj chɔirr ṇïnʁigqùorz vaarzgqẁorz. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ̰ˈɔʐ ˈzɟɨsˤkʼ̰ˈɔʐ kʷʌˈsˤɔʐ ʈɨʐq t͡ʃɨʐc ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ nˤɨ̃ˈʁikʼʷ̰ˈɔʐ ˈvɑʐqʼʷ̰ˈɔʐ] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ hunter -̰ˈɔʐ def ˈzɟɨsˤkʼ daughter -̰ˈɔʐ def kʷʌˈsˤɔʐ kiss ʈɨʐq PAST t͡ʃɨʐc 3.sing.fem.SUBJ ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ 2.sing nˤɨ̃ˈʁikʼʷ neighbour -̰ˈɔʐ def ˈvɑʐqʼʷ son -̰ˈɔʐ def “The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.” | (7) |
Derivation
Zahdazahk has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:
initial XML:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
</np>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
</np>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/optionalGot neut
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/def/optional
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="s ɑ# ̰ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">sɑ#̰ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɢʷ" slots="T1 Cfs">̰ˈɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="v ɨ ɾˤ i ̰ˈ j" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">vɨɾˤḭˈj</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/̰ˈ/ + /̰ˈ/ > // + /̰ˈ/<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<flat>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy>
- <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="s ɑ# ̰ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">sɑ#̰ˈ</word>
- <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɢʷ" slots="T1 Cfs">̰ˈɢʷ</thingy>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="s ɑ#" underlying="s ɑ# ̰ˈ">sɑ#</word>
+ <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɢʷ">̰ˈɢʷ</thingy>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="v ɨ ɾˤ i ̰ˈ j" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">vɨɾˤḭˈj</word>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="v ɨ ɾˤ i ̰ˈ j">vɨɾˤḭˈj</word>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="s ɑ#" underlying="s ɑ# ̰ˈ">sɑ#</word> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɢʷ">̰ˈɢʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="v ɨ ɾˤ i ̰ˈ j">vɨɾˤḭˈj</word> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" underlying="s ɑ# ̰ˈ">sɑ#</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">̰ˈɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">vɨɾˤḭˈj</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sɑ̰̃ˈ</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">vɨɾˤḭˈj</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span></p> + <p>sɑ̰̃ˈɢʷ vɨɾˤḭˈj</p> + <p>saaǹħgw vïṛìy</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>sɑ̰̃ˈ</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɢʷ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>vɨɾˤḭˈj</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
saaǹħgw vïṛìy [sɑ̰̃ˈɢʷ vɨɾˤḭˈj] sɑ̰̃ˈ a -̰ˈɢʷ sing vɨɾˤḭˈj lamb “a lamb” | (8) |
In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:
initial XML:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
submodule transform_adj<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</example>module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> + </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
- <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/optionalGot neut
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/def/optional
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - </word> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="s ɑ# ̰ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">sɑ#̰ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɢʷ" slots="T1 Cfs">̰ˈɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="v ɨ ɾˤ i ̰ˈ j" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">vɨɾˤḭˈj</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="ʈ ɑ" slots="Cms V2">ʈɑ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/̰ˈ/ + /̰ˈ/ > // + /̰ˈ//j/ + /ʈ/ > // + /j/
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<flat>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy>
<thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy>
- <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="s ɑ# ̰ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">sɑ#̰ˈ</word>
- <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɢʷ" slots="T1 Cfs">̰ˈɢʷ</thingy>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="s ɑ#" underlying="s ɑ# ̰ˈ">sɑ#</word>
+ <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɢʷ">̰ˈɢʷ</thingy>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
- <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="v ɨ ɾˤ i ̰ˈ j" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">vɨɾˤḭˈj</word>
- <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="ʈ ɑ" slots="Cms V2">ʈɑ</thingy>
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="v ɨ ɾˤ i ̰ˈ" underlying="v ɨ ɾˤ i ̰ˈ j">vɨɾˤḭˈ</word>
+ <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="j ɑ" underlying="ʈ ɑ">jɑ</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="s ɑ#" underlying="s ɑ# ̰ˈ">sɑ#</word> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɢʷ">̰ˈɢʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="v ɨ ɾˤ i ̰ˈ" underlying="v ɨ ɾˤ i ̰ˈ j">vɨɾˤḭˈ</word> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="j ɑ" underlying="ʈ ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" underlying="s ɑ# ̰ˈ">sɑ#</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">̰ˈɢʷ</thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" underlying="v ɨ ɾˤ i ̰ˈ j">vɨɾˤḭˈ</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" underlying="ʈ ɑ">jɑ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sɑ̰̃ˈ</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">vɨɾˤḭˈj</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʈɑ</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span></p> + <p>sɑ̰̃ˈɢʷ vɨɾˤḭˈjɑ</p> + <p>saaǹħgw vïṛìyaa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>sɑ̰̃ˈ</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɢʷ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>vɨɾˤḭˈj</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʈɑ</o> + <g>little</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
saaǹħgw vïṛìyaa [sɑ̰̃ˈɢʷ vɨɾˤḭˈjɑ] sɑ̰̃ˈ a -̰ˈɢʷ sing vɨɾˤḭˈj lamb -ʈɑ little “a little lamb” | (9) |
Compounding
Verbs
Inflectional Categories
The verbal phrase clitics in Zahdazahk fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing mode, comprising ḍody /dˤɔɟ/ ‘imperative’, rsrtaq /ʂʈaq/ ‘conditional’ and dyat /ɟat/ ‘optative’; second, a clitic expressing ta, comprising rtïrzq /ʈɨʐq/ ‘PAST’; third, a clitic expressing voice, comprising ṣqwëy /sˤqʷɘj/ ‘passive’; fourth, a clitic expressing negation, comprising ñinsh’ /ɲi#ʃʔ/ ‘NEG’; and finally, fifth, a clitic expressing subj, comprising ṣtjaɸ /sˤcaɸ/ ‘1incl.sing’, dzïd͡ʐ /d͡zɨd͡ʐ/ ‘1excl.sing’, ṣësh /sˤɘʃ/ ‘2.sing’, chïrztj /t͡ʃɨʐc/ ‘3.sing.fem’, rsưch /ʂɯt͡ʃ/ ‘3.sing.neut’, shïrzd /ʃɨʐd/ ‘1incl.plur’, shrtèqqhw /ʃʈɜq͡χʷ/ ‘1excl.plur’, ’ëzp /ʔɘzp/ ‘2.plur’, khæf /xɛf/ ‘3.plur.masc’, gqwið /qʼʷið/ ‘3.plur.fem’ and khwưzhtj /xʷɯʒc/ ‘3.plur.neut’.
The verb itself does not have any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -ṣgque /-sˤkʼʷe/ ‘begin’ and -ẓæ /-zˤɛ/ ‘stop’
initial XML:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="q͡χʷ ɯ ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="q͡χʷ ɯ ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="q͡χʷ ɯ ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="q͡χʷ ɯ ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ d͡zɨd͡ʐ ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ïnïnkkhw qqhwừẓgqu dzïd͡ʐ chɔirr</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡zɨd͡ʐ</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ïnïnkkhw qqhwừẓgqu dzïd͡ʐ chɔirr. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ d͡zɨd͡ʐ ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ 1excl.sing q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ love d͡zɨd͡ʐ 1excl.sing.SUBJ ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ 2.sing “I love you.” | (10) |
Adverbs Minor Classes
Adpositions
There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.
initial XML:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>table</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>table</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="LOC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="LOC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="LOC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="LOC"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="LOC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="LOC"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+ <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for table/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for table/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="LOC">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="LOC"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="LOC">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="LOC"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="LOC"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ɸ e t͡ʃ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ɸet͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="LOC" ph="ʃ+k o ̰ˈ ʃ+kʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃko̰ˈʃkʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="LOC" ph="qʼʷ aː ˈ ʂ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">qʼʷaːˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="d͡zˤ e ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">d͡zˤḛˈzˤkʼʷ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ʃ+kʷ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʃ+kʷ/ + /̰ˈ//ʂ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʂ/ + /̰ˈ/
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ɸ e t͡ʃ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ɸet͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ɸ e t͡ʃ">ɸet͡ʃ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="LOC" ph="ʃ+k o ̰ˈ ʃ+kʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃko̰ˈʃkʷ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="LOC" ph="ʃ+k o ̰ˈ ʃ+kʷ">ʃko̰ˈʃkʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="LOC" ph="qʼʷ aː ˈ ʂ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">qʼʷaːˈʂ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="d͡zˤ e ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">d͡zˤḛˈzˤkʼʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="LOC" ph="qʼʷ aː ˈ ʂ">qʼʷaːˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="d͡zˤ e ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ">d͡zˤḛˈzˤkʼʷ</word> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ɸ e t͡ʃ">ɸet͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="LOC" ph="ʃ+k o ̰ˈ ʃ+kʷ">ʃko̰ˈʃkʷ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="LOC" ph="qʼʷ aː ˈ ʂ">qʼʷaːˈʂ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="d͡zˤ e ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ">d͡zˤḛˈzˤkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC">ɸet͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="LOC">ʃko̰ˈʃkʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="LOC">qʼʷaːˈʂ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">d͡zˤḛˈzˤkʼʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɸet͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃko̰ˈʃkʷ</span><br><span class="gls">table</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈqʼʷaːʂ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡zˤḛˈzˤkʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span></p> + <p>ɸet͡ʃ ʃko̰ˈʃkʷ̰ˈɔʐ ˈqʼʷaːʂ̰ˈɔʐ d͡zˤḛˈzˤkʼʷ</p> + <p>ɸech shkó̀shqùorz gqwaars̀orz dẓèẓgqu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɸet͡ʃ</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃko̰ˈʃkʷ</o> + <g>table</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈqʼʷaːʂ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡zˤḛˈzˤkʼʷ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ɸech shkó̀shqùorz gqwaars̀orz dẓèẓgqu [ɸet͡ʃ ʃko̰ˈʃkʷ̰ˈɔʐ ˈqʼʷaːʂ̰ˈɔʐ d͡zˤḛˈzˤkʼʷ] ɸet͡ʃ LOC ʃko̰ˈʃkʷ table -̰ˈɔʐ def ˈqʼʷaːʂ surface -̰ˈɔʐ def d͡zˤḛˈzˤkʼʷ in “on the table” | (11) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>box</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>box</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="DAT"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np type="owner_owned" case="DAT">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="DAT"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="DAT" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np type="owner_owned" case="DAT" number="sing">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="DAT" number="sing"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="DAT">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="DAT"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="DAT">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="DAT"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+ <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for box/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for box/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="DAT">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="DAT">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> - <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="DAT"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="DAT"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="DAT"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="DAT"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="DAT"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="DAT"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="DAT" ph="n i ʔ e#ː ̰ˈ ʐ+ɟ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">niʔe#ː̰ˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="DAT" ph="n u# ̰ˈ ʐ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">nu#̰ˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="f ɯ ˈ zˤ+ʈ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">fɯˈzˤʈ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ʐ+ɟ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʐ+ɟ/ + /̰ˈ//ʐ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʐ/ + /̰ˈ/
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="DAT" ph="n i ʔ e#ː ̰ˈ ʐ+ɟ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">niʔe#ː̰ˈʐɟ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="DAT" ph="n i ʔ e#ː ̰ˈ ʐ+ɟ">niʔe#ː̰ˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="DAT" ph="n u# ̰ˈ ʐ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">nu#̰ˈʐ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="f ɯ ˈ zˤ+ʈ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">fɯˈzˤʈ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="DAT" ph="n u# ̰ˈ ʐ">nu#̰ˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="f ɯ ˈ zˤ+ʈ">fɯˈzˤʈ</word> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="DAT" ph="n i ʔ e#ː ̰ˈ ʐ+ɟ">niʔe#ː̰ˈʐɟ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="DAT" ph="n u# ̰ˈ ʐ">nu#̰ˈʐ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="f ɯ ˈ zˤ+ʈ">fɯˈzˤʈ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="neut" case="DAT">niʔe#ː̰ˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc" case="DAT">nu#̰ˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">fɯˈzˤʈ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃkʼʷẽʔ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">niʔẽː̰ˈʐɟ</span><br><span class="gls">box</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nṵ̃ˈʐ</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈfɯzˤʈ</span><br><span class="gls">to</span></span></p> + <p>ʃkʼʷẽʔ niʔẽː̰ˈʐɟ̰ˈɔʐ nṵ̃ˈʐ̰ˈɔʐ ˈfɯzˤʈ</p> + <p>shgquen’ ni’eneǹrzdỳorz nuǹrz̀orz fưẓrt</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʃkʼʷẽʔ</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>niʔẽː̰ˈʐɟ</o> + <g>box</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nṵ̃ˈʐ</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈfɯzˤʈ</o> + <g>to</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
shgquen’ ni’eneǹrzdỳorz nuǹrz̀orz fưẓrt [ʃkʼʷẽʔ niʔẽː̰ˈʐɟ̰ˈɔʐ nṵ̃ˈʐ̰ˈɔʐ ˈfɯzˤʈ] ʃkʼʷẽʔ DAT niʔẽː̰ˈʐɟ box -̰ˈɔʐ def nṵ̃ˈʐ inside -̰ˈɔʐ def ˈfɯzˤʈ to “into the box” | (12) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" person="1excl">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/>
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</example>
addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> - <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" person="1excl"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ɸ e t͡ʃ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ɸet͡ʃ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="qʼʷ e# b u ˈ n" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">qʼʷe#buˈn</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ɸ e t͡ʃ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ɸet͡ʃ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="qʼʷ e# b u ˈ n" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">qʼʷe#buˈn</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ɸ e t͡ʃ">ɸet͡ʃ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="qʼʷ e# b u ˈ n">qʼʷe#buˈn</word> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC" ph="ɸ e t͡ʃ">ɸet͡ʃ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="qʼʷ e# b u ˈ n">qʼʷe#buˈn</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="LOC">ɸet͡ʃ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative">qʼʷe#buˈn</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɸet͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qʼʷẽˈbun</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span></p> + <p>ɸet͡ʃ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ qʼʷẽˈbun</p> + <p>ɸech ð̣ïnïnkkhw gqwenbun</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɸet͡ʃ</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qʼʷẽˈbun</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ɸech ð̣ïnïnkkhw gqwenbun [ɸet͡ʃ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ qʼʷẽˈbun] ɸet͡ʃ LOC ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ 1excl.sing qʼʷẽˈbun COMIT “with me” | (13) |
Syntax
Basic Clause Structure
Constituent Order
Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.
Zahdazahk employs Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) as its basic word order. The subject is followed by the verb, with the object occurring in post-verbal position. This ordering is widely attested across the world’s languages.
The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Zahdazahk.
initial XML:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="qʼ ɘ qʼ o ˈ ɦ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">qʼɘqʼoˈɦ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="d e# ˈ ʒ+ɢʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">de#ˈʒɢʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ɦ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ɦ/ + /̰ˈ//zˤ+ɖ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /zˤ+ɖ/ + /̰ˈ/
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="qʼ ɘ qʼ o ˈ ɦ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">qʼɘqʼoˈɦ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="qʼ ɘ qʼ o ˈ ɦ">qʼɘqʼoˈɦ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="d e# ˈ ʒ+ɢʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">de#ˈʒɢʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="d e# ˈ ʒ+ɢʷ">de#ˈʒɢʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="qʼ ɘ qʼ o ˈ ɦ">qʼɘqʼoˈɦ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="d e# ˈ ʒ+ɢʷ">de#ˈʒɢʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">qʼɘqʼoˈɦ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">de#ˈʒɢʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qʼɘˈqʼoɦ</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdẽʒɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃɨʐc</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ qʼɘˈqʼoɦ̰ˈɔʐ ˈdẽʒɢʷ ʈɨʐq t͡ʃɨʐc ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw gqëgqóɦ̀orz denzhħgw rtïrzq chïrztj rtïnɔiẓrd̀orz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qʼɘˈqʼoɦ</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdẽʒɢʷ</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃɨʐc</o> + <g>3.sing.fem.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw gqëgqóɦ̀orz denzhħgw rtïrzq chïrztj rtïnɔiẓrd̀orz. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ qʼɘˈqʼoɦ̰ˈɔʐ ˈdẽʒɢʷ ʈɨʐq t͡ʃɨʐc ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ̰ˈɔʐ] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG qʼɘˈqʼoɦ jaguar -̰ˈɔʐ def ˈdẽʒɢʷ kill ʈɨʐq PAST t͡ʃɨʐc 3.sing.fem.SUBJ ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ hunter -̰ˈɔʐ def “The jaguar killed the hunter.” | (14) |
initial XML:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>dog</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>dog</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="ABS"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ABS">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ABS">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ABS">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ABS" role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ABS">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ABS" role="obj">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ABS">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
- </np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="p͡f ɤ ɹ ɑ#ː ˈ d" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">p͡fɤɹɑ#ːˈd</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="s+qʼʷ e# ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sqʼʷe#̰ˈzˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="z+ɟ ɨ ˈ sˤ+kʼ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">zɟɨˈsˤkʼ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="sˤ+c ɑ ˈ l" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sˤcɑˈl</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/d/ + /̰ˈ/ > /d/ + /̰ˈ//zˤ+ɖ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /zˤ+ɖ/ + /̰ˈ/
/sˤ+kʼ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /sˤ+kʼ/ + /̰ˈ/
/l/ + /̰ˈ/ > /l/ + /̰ˈ/
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="p͡f ɤ ɹ ɑ#ː ˈ d" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">p͡fɤɹɑ#ːˈd</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="p͡f ɤ ɹ ɑ#ː ˈ d">p͡fɤɹɑ#ːˈd</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="s+qʼʷ e# ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sqʼʷe#̰ˈzˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="s+qʼʷ e# ̰ˈ zˤ">sqʼʷe#̰ˈzˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="z+ɟ ɨ ˈ sˤ+kʼ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">zɟɨˈsˤkʼ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="z+ɟ ɨ ˈ sˤ+kʼ">zɟɨˈsˤkʼ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="sˤ+c ɑ ˈ l" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sˤcɑˈl</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="sˤ+c ɑ ˈ l">sˤcɑˈl</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="p͡f ɤ ɹ ɑ#ː ˈ d">p͡fɤɹɑ#ːˈd</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem" ph="s+qʼʷ e# ̰ˈ zˤ">sqʼʷe#̰ˈzˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ" ph="t͡ʃ ɨ ʐ+c">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="z+ɟ ɨ ˈ sˤ+kʼ">zɟɨˈsˤkʼ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="sˤ+c ɑ ˈ l">sˤcɑˈl</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">p͡fɤɹɑ#ːˈd</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">sqʼʷe#̰ˈzˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">t͡ʃɨʐc</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">zɟɨˈsˤkʼ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">sˤcɑˈl</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p͡fɤˈɹɑ̃ːd</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sqʼʷḛ̃ˈzˤ</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃɨʐc</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈzɟɨsˤkʼ</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤcɑl</span><br><span class="gls">dog</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ p͡fɤˈɹɑ̃ːd̰ˈɔʐ sqʼʷḛ̃ˈzˤ ʈɨʐq t͡ʃɨʐc ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ̰ˈɔʐ ˈzɟɨsˤkʼ̰ˈɔʐ ˈsˤcɑl̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw pfơɹaanaand̀orz sgqweǹẓ rtïrzq chïrztj rtïnɔiẓrd̀orz zdyïṣgk̀orz ṣtjaal̀orz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p͡fɤˈɹɑ̃ːd</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sqʼʷḛ̃ˈzˤ</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃɨʐc</o> + <g>3.sing.fem.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈzɟɨsˤkʼ</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤcɑl</o> + <g>dog</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw pfơɹaanaand̀orz sgqweǹẓ rtïrzq chïrztj rtïnɔiẓrd̀orz zdyïṣgk̀orz ṣtjaal̀orz. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ p͡fɤˈɹɑ̃ːd̰ˈɔʐ sqʼʷḛ̃ˈzˤ ʈɨʐq t͡ʃɨʐc ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ̰ˈɔʐ ˈzɟɨsˤkʼ̰ˈɔʐ ˈsˤcɑl̰ˈɔʐ] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG p͡fɤˈɹɑ̃ːd lion -̰ˈɔʐ def sqʼʷḛ̃ˈzˤ eat ʈɨʐq PAST t͡ʃɨʐc 3.sing.fem.SUBJ ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ hunter -̰ˈɔʐ def ˈzɟɨsˤkʼ daughter -̰ˈɔʐ def ˈsˤcɑl dog -̰ˈɔʐ def “The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.” | (15) |
The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.
Noun Phrases
Structure and Order
The internal structure of noun phrases in Zahdazahk reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.
Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Zahdazahk expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.
initial XML:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>friend</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>book</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>friend</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>book</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ABS"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing" case="ABS"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing" case="ABS"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing" case="ABS"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="v ɑ ˈ ʐ+qʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">vɑˈʐqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="q a# ̰ˈ ʐ+ɟ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">qa#̰ˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="p u k ɘː c" slots="C V C V C">pukɘːc</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ʐ+qʼʷ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʐ+qʼʷ/ + /̰ˈ//ʐ+ɟ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʐ+ɟ/ + /̰ˈ/
/c/ + /̰ˈ/ > /c/ + /̰ˈ/
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<flat>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy>
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="v ɑ ˈ ʐ+qʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">vɑˈʐqʼʷ</word>
- <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="v ɑ ˈ ʐ+qʼʷ">vɑˈʐqʼʷ</word>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="q a# ̰ˈ ʐ+ɟ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">qa#̰ˈʐɟ</word>
- <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="q a# ̰ˈ ʐ+ɟ">qa#̰ˈʐɟ</word>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="p u k ɘː c" slots="C V C V C">pukɘːc</word>
- <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="p u k ɘː c">pukɘːc</word>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="v ɑ ˈ ʐ+qʼʷ">vɑˈʐqʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="q a# ̰ˈ ʐ+ɟ">qa#̰ˈʐɟ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS" ph="p u k ɘː c">pukɘːc</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">vɑˈʐqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">qa#̰ˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="neut" case="ABS">pukɘːc</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈvɑʐqʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qã̰ˈʐɟ</span><br><span class="gls">friend</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pukɘːc</span><br><span class="gls">book</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ ˈvɑʐqʼʷ̰ˈɔʐ qã̰ˈʐɟ̰ˈɔʐ pukɘːc̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>chɔirr vaarzgqẁorz qaǹrzdỳorz pukëëtj̀orz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈvɑʐqʼʷ</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qã̰ˈʐɟ</o> + <g>friend</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pukɘːc</o> + <g>book</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
chɔirr vaarzgqẁorz qaǹrzdỳorz pukëëtj̀orz [ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ ˈvɑʐqʼʷ̰ˈɔʐ qã̰ˈʐɟ̰ˈɔʐ pukɘːc̰ˈɔʐ] ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ 2.sing ˈvɑʐqʼʷ son -̰ˈɔʐ def qã̰ˈʐɟ friend -̰ˈɔʐ def pukɘːc book -̰ˈɔʐ def “your son’s friend’s book” | (16) |
Case Marking
Zahdazahk uses ergative–absolutive case marking. The subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb are treated alike and take the absolutive case, while the subject of a transitive verb is marked with the ergative case. From the point of view of such a system, this is a perfectly natural way to organise the clause: the absolutive marks the participant most directly involved in the event or state, while the ergative marks the additional participant that causes or controls a transitive event.
initial XML:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-state">
<verb>sleep</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-state"> - <verb>sleep</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="l e ̰ˈ ɾ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">lḛˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ʒ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʒ/ + /̰ˈ/<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<flat>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word>
- <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="l e ̰ˈ ɾ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">lḛˈɾ</word>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="l e ̰ˈ ɾ">lḛˈɾ</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy>
- <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="l e ̰ˈ ɾ">lḛˈɾ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">lḛˈɾ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lḛˈɾ</span><br><span class="gls">sleep</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂɯt͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.neut.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ lḛˈɾ ʂɯt͡ʃ</p> + <p>qqhï̀zh̀orz lèr rsưch</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>lḛˈɾ</o> + <g>sleep</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂɯt͡ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing.neut.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Qqhï̀zh̀orz lèr rsưch. [q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ lḛˈɾ ʂɯt͡ʃ] q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ cat -̰ˈɔʐ def lḛˈɾ sleep ʂɯt͡ʃ 3.sing.neut.SUBJ “The cat is sleeping.” | (17) |
initial XML:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>run</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>run</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+ <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="ŋʷ ʌː ̰ˈ q͡χʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ŋʷʌː̰ˈq͡χʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ʒ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʒ/ + /̰ˈ/<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<flat>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word>
- <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="ŋʷ ʌː ̰ˈ q͡χʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ŋʷʌː̰ˈq͡χʷ</word>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="ŋʷ ʌː ̰ˈ q͡χʷ">ŋʷʌː̰ˈq͡χʷ</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy>
- <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="ŋʷ ʌː ̰ˈ q͡χʷ">ŋʷʌː̰ˈq͡χʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut">ŋʷʌː̰ˈq͡χʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋʷʌː̰ˈq͡χʷ</span><br><span class="gls">run</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂɯt͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.neut.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ ŋʷʌː̰ˈq͡χʷ ʂɯt͡ʃ</p> + <p>qqhï̀zh̀orz ngwåå̀qqhw rsưch</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋʷʌː̰ˈq͡χʷ</o> + <g>run</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂɯt͡ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing.neut.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Qqhï̀zh̀orz ngwåå̀qqhw rsưch. [q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ ŋʷʌː̰ˈq͡χʷ ʂɯt͡ʃ] q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ cat -̰ˈɔʐ def ŋʷʌː̰ˈq͡χʷ run ʂɯt͡ʃ 3.sing.neut.SUBJ “The cat is running.” | (18) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>chase</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>chase</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+ <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="zˤ+kʼʷ i j ɘ ̰ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">zˤkʼʷijɘ̰ˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʂet͡se#ːˈθ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ʒ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʒ/ + /̰ˈ//θ/ + /̰ˈ/ > // + /̰ˈ/
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="zˤ+kʼʷ i j ɘ ̰ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">zˤkʼʷijɘ̰ˈk͡xʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="zˤ+kʼʷ i j ɘ ̰ˈ k͡xʷ">zˤkʼʷijɘ̰ˈk͡xʷ</word> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʂet͡se#ːˈθ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">ʂet͡se#ːˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="zˤ+kʼʷ i j ɘ ̰ˈ k͡xʷ">zˤkʼʷijɘ̰ˈk͡xʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">ʂet͡se#ːˈ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">zˤkʼʷijɘ̰ˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">ʂet͡se#ːˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zˤkʼʷijɘ̰ˈk͡xʷ</span><br><span class="gls">chase</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂɯt͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.neut.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ zˤkʼʷijɘ̰ˈk͡xʷ ʂɯt͡ʃ ʂeˈt͡sẽː̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw qqhï̀zh̀orz ẓgquiyë̀kkhw rsưch rsetzeneǹorz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zˤkʼʷijɘ̰ˈk͡xʷ</o> + <g>chase</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂɯt͡ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing.neut.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw qqhï̀zh̀orz ẓgquiyë̀kkhw rsưch rsetzeneǹorz. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ zˤkʼʷijɘ̰ˈk͡xʷ ʂɯt͡ʃ ʂeˈt͡sẽː̰ˈɔʐ] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ cat -̰ˈɔʐ def zˤkʼʷijɘ̰ˈk͡xʷ chase ʂɯt͡ʃ 3.sing.neut.SUBJ ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ mouse -̰ˈɔʐ def “The cat is chasing the mouse.” | (19) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʂet͡se#ːˈθ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ʒ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʒ/ + /̰ˈ//θ/ + /̰ˈ/ > // + /̰ˈ/
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʂet͡se#ːˈθ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">ʂet͡se#ːˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">ʂet͡se#ːˈ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">ʂet͡se#ːˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂɯt͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.neut.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ ʈɨʐq ʂɯt͡ʃ ʂeˈt͡sẽː̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw qqhï̀zh̀orz rzbëẓgqw rtïrzq rsưch rsetzeneǹorz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂɯt͡ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing.neut.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw qqhï̀zh̀orz rzbëẓgqw rtïrzq rsưch rsetzeneǹorz. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ ʈɨʐq ʂɯt͡ʃ ʂeˈt͡sẽː̰ˈɔʐ] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ cat -̰ˈɔʐ def ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ catch ʈɨʐq PAST ʂɯt͡ʃ 3.sing.neut.SUBJ ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ mouse -̰ˈɔʐ def “The cat caught the mouse.” | (20) |
Conjunctions
Here is an example of a conjunction.
initial XML:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>tiger</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>tiger</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flattenconjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="plur">
- <conjp conj="and">
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- </conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="plur">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="plur">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="plur">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - </vp> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem" ph="d e# ˈ ʒ+ɢʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">de#ˈʒɢʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ# x" slots="Cip V2 Cir">bɨ#x</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="qʼ ɘ qʼ o ˈ ɦ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">qʼɘqʼoˈɦ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɳ ɤ ˈ ɢʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɳɤˈɢʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ# x" slots="Cip V2 Cir">bɨ#x</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="t͡ʃ ʌ f ɜ ˈ zˤ+ʈ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ʃʌfɜˈzˤʈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɳ ɤ ˈ ɢʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɳɤˈɢʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ# x" slots="Cip V2 Cir">bɨ#x</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="p͡f ɤ ɹ ɑ#ː ˈ d" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">p͡fɤɹɑ#ːˈd</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/zˤ+ɖ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /zˤ+ɖ/ + /̰ˈ//x/ + /qʼ/ > // + /qʼ/
/ɦ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ɦ/ + /̰ˈ/
/x/ + /t͡ʃ/ > // + /t͡ʃ/
/zˤ+ʈ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /zˤ+ʈ/ + /̰ˈ/
/x/ + /p͡f/ > // + /p͡f/
/d/ + /̰ˈ/ > /d/ + /̰ˈ/
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem" ph="d e# ˈ ʒ+ɢʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">de#ˈʒɢʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem" ph="d e# ˈ ʒ+ɢʷ">de#ˈʒɢʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ# x" slots="Cip V2 Cir">bɨ#x</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="qʼ ɘ qʼ o ˈ ɦ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">qʼɘqʼoˈɦ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɳ ɤ ˈ ɢʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɳɤˈɢʷ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ# x" slots="Cip V2 Cir">bɨ#x</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="t͡ʃ ʌ f ɜ ˈ zˤ+ʈ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ʃʌfɜˈzˤʈ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɳ ɤ ˈ ɢʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ɳɤˈɢʷ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ# x" slots="Cip V2 Cir">bɨ#x</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="p͡f ɤ ɹ ɑ#ː ˈ d" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">p͡fɤɹɑ#ːˈd</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ#" underlying="b ɨ# x">bɨ#</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="qʼ ɘ qʼ o ˈ ɦ">qʼɘqʼoˈɦ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɳ ɤ ˈ ɢʷ">ɳɤˈɢʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ#" underlying="b ɨ# x">bɨ#</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="t͡ʃ ʌ f ɜ ˈ zˤ+ʈ">t͡ʃʌfɜˈzˤʈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɳ ɤ ˈ ɢʷ">ɳɤˈɢʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ#" underlying="b ɨ# x">bɨ#</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="p͡f ɤ ɹ ɑ#ː ˈ d">p͡fɤɹɑ#ːˈd</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="ʈ ɨ n ɔi ˈ zˤ+ɖ">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem" ph="d e# ˈ ʒ+ɢʷ">de#ˈʒɢʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ#" underlying="b ɨ# x">bɨ#</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="qʼ ɘ qʼ o ˈ ɦ">qʼɘqʼoˈɦ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɳ ɤ ˈ ɢʷ">ɳɤˈɢʷ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ#" underlying="b ɨ# x">bɨ#</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="t͡ʃ ʌ f ɜ ˈ zˤ+ʈ">t͡ʃʌfɜˈzˤʈ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ɳ ɤ ˈ ɢʷ">ɳɤˈɢʷ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" attach="prefix" ph="b ɨ#" underlying="b ɨ# x">bɨ#</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="p͡f ɤ ɹ ɑ#ː ˈ d">p͡fɤɹɑ#ːˈd</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">ʈɨnɔiˈzˤɖ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem">de#ˈʒɢʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" underlying="b ɨ# x">bɨ#</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">qʼɘqʼoˈɦ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ɳɤˈɢʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" underlying="b ɨ# x">bɨ#</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">t͡ʃʌfɜˈzˤʈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ɳɤˈɢʷ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="plur" underlying="b ɨ# x">bɨ#</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">p͡fɤɹɑ#ːˈd</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈdẽʒɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bɨ̃x-</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qʼɘˈqʼoɦ</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɳɤɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bɨ̃x-</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃʌˈfɜzˤʈ</span><br><span class="gls">tiger</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɳɤɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bɨ̃x-</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p͡fɤˈɹɑ̃ːd</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ̰ˈɔʐ ˈdẽʒɢʷ ʈɨʐq bɨ̃qʼɘˈqʼoɦ̰ˈɔʐ ˈɳɤɢʷ bɨ̃t͡ʃʌˈfɜzˤʈ̰ˈɔʐ ˈɳɤɢʷ bɨ̃p͡fɤˈɹɑ̃ːd̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw rtïnɔiẓrd̀orz denzhħgw rtïrzq bïngqëgqóɦ̀orz rnơħgw bïnchåfèẓrt̀orz rnơħgw bïnpfơɹaanaand̀orz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈdẽʒɢʷ</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bɨ̃x-</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qʼɘˈqʼoɦ</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɳɤɢʷ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bɨ̃x-</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃʌˈfɜzˤʈ</o> + <g>tiger</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɳɤɢʷ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bɨ̃x-</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p͡fɤˈɹɑ̃ːd</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw rtïnɔiẓrd̀orz denzhħgw rtïrzq bïngqëgqóɦ̀orz rnơħgw bïnchåfèẓrt̀orz rnơħgw bïnpfơɹaanaand̀orz. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ̰ˈɔʐ ˈdẽʒɢʷ ʈɨʐq bɨ̃qʼɘˈqʼoɦ̰ˈɔʐ ˈɳɤɢʷ bɨ̃t͡ʃʌˈfɜzˤʈ̰ˈɔʐ ˈɳɤɢʷ bɨ̃p͡fɤˈɹɑ̃ːd̰ˈɔʐ] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG ʈɨˈnɔizˤɖ hunter -̰ˈɔʐ def ˈdẽʒɢʷ kill ʈɨʐq PAST bɨ̃x- plur qʼɘˈqʼoɦ jaguar -̰ˈɔʐ def ˈɳɤɢʷ and bɨ̃x- plur t͡ʃʌˈfɜzˤʈ tiger -̰ˈɔʐ def ˈɳɤɢʷ and bɨ̃x- plur p͡fɤˈɹɑ̃ːd lion -̰ˈɔʐ def “The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.” | (21) |
Modifiers and Determiners
The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Zahdazahk provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.
Complex Sentences
Relative Clauses
Zahdazahk forms relative clauses by placing the relative clause after the noun it modifies. The clause follows the internal word order of ordinary finite clauses. A dedicated relativising marker introduces the clause and identifies the relationship between the head noun and its role inside the relative clause.
To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:
initial XML:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ʒ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʒ/ + /̰ˈ/<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.neut">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ ʈɨʐq d͡zɨd͡ʐ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ïnïnkkhw qqhơpfơrzdy rtïrzq dzïd͡ʐ qqhï̀zh̀orz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡zɨd͡ʐ</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ïnïnkkhw qqhơpfơrzdy rtïrzq dzïd͡ʐ qqhï̀zh̀orz. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ ʈɨʐq d͡zɨd͡ʐ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ 1excl.sing q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ pat ʈɨʐq PAST d͡zɨd͡ʐ 1excl.sing.SUBJ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ cat -̰ˈɔʐ def “I patted the cat.” | (22) |
We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:
initial XML:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <np id="parent">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ </np>
+ <relp comma="after">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent">
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
- <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" comma="after"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" comma="after"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" comma="after" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʂet͡se#ːˈθ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ʒ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʒ/ + /̰ˈ//θ/ + /̰ˈ/ > // + /̰ˈ/
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" comma="after" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʂet͡se#ːˈθ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" comma="after" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">ʂet͡se#ːˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" comma="after" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">ʂet͡se#ːˈ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ,</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" comma="after" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">ʂet͡se#ːˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂɯt͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.neut.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ ʈɨʐq d͡zɨd͡ʐ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ, ðˤɛʐɢʷ t͡ɕḭˈzˤ ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ ʈɨʐq ʂɯt͡ʃ ʂeˈt͡sẽː̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ïnïnkkhw qqhơpfơrzdy rtïrzq dzïd͡ʐ qqhï̀zh̀orz, ð̣ærzħgw tyìẓ rzbëẓgqw rtïrzq rsưch rsetzeneǹorz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡zɨd͡ʐ</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂɯt͡ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing.neut.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ïnïnkkhw qqhơpfơrzdy rtïrzq dzïd͡ʐ qqhï̀zh̀orz, ð̣ærzħgw tyìẓ rzbëẓgqw rtïrzq rsưch rsetzeneǹorz. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ ʈɨʐq d͡zɨd͡ʐ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ, ðˤɛʐɢʷ t͡ɕḭˈzˤ ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ ʈɨʐq ʂɯt͡ʃ ʂeˈt͡sẽː̰ˈɔʐ] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ 1excl.sing q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ pat ʈɨʐq PAST d͡zɨd͡ʐ 1excl.sing.SUBJ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ cat -̰ˈɔʐ def ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG t͡ɕḭˈzˤ RELPRON ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ catch ʈɨʐq PAST ʂɯt͡ʃ 3.sing.neut.SUBJ ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ mouse -̰ˈɔʐ def “I patted the cat that caught the mouse.” | (23) |
Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:
initial XML:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <np id="parent">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ </np>
+ <relp comma="after">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <np id="parent">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <relp comma="after">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent">
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
- <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent">
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
- <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" comma="after"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" comma="after"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʂet͡se#ːˈθ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="s+qʼʷ e# ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sqʼʷe#̰ˈzˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" comma="after" ph="q͡χʷ e qʼ ɔi ˈ ʐ+ɡ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χʷeqʼɔiˈʐɡ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ʒ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʒ/ + /̰ˈ//θ/ + /̰ˈ/ > // + /̰ˈ/
/ʐ+ɡ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʐ+ɡ/ + /̰ˈ/
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʂet͡se#ːˈθ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">ʂet͡se#ːˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="s+qʼʷ e# ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sqʼʷe#̰ˈzˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="s+qʼʷ e# ̰ˈ zˤ">sqʼʷe#̰ˈzˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" comma="after" ph="q͡χʷ e qʼ ɔi ˈ ʐ+ɡ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χʷeqʼɔiˈʐɡ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" comma="after" ph="q͡χʷ e qʼ ɔi ˈ ʐ+ɡ">q͡χʷeqʼɔiˈʐɡ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">ʂet͡se#ːˈ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="s+qʼʷ e# ̰ˈ zˤ">sqʼʷe#̰ˈzˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" comma="after" ph="q͡χʷ e qʼ ɔi ˈ ʐ+ɡ">q͡χʷeqʼɔiˈʐɡ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ,</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">ʂet͡se#ːˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ,</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" obj="3.sing.neut">sqʼʷe#̰ˈzˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" comma="after">q͡χʷeqʼɔiˈʐɡ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂɯt͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.neut.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sqʼʷḛ̃ˈzˤ</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂɯt͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.neut.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χʷeˈqʼɔiʐɡ</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ ʈɨʐq d͡zɨd͡ʐ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ, ðˤɛʐɢʷ t͡ɕḭˈzˤ ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ ʈɨʐq ʂɯt͡ʃ ʂeˈt͡sẽː̰ˈɔʐ, ðˤɛʐɢʷ t͡ɕḭˈzˤ sqʼʷḛ̃ˈzˤ ʈɨʐq ʂɯt͡ʃ q͡χʷeˈqʼɔiʐɡ̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ïnïnkkhw qqhơpfơrzdy rtïrzq dzïd͡ʐ qqhï̀zh̀orz, ð̣ærzħgw tyìẓ rzbëẓgqw rtïrzq rsưch rsetzeneǹorz, ð̣ærzħgw tyìẓ sgqweǹẓ rtïrzq rsưch qqhwegqɔirzg̀orz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡zɨd͡ʐ</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂɯt͡ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing.neut.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sqʼʷḛ̃ˈzˤ</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂɯt͡ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing.neut.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χʷeˈqʼɔiʐɡ</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ïnïnkkhw qqhơpfơrzdy rtïrzq dzïd͡ʐ qqhï̀zh̀orz, ð̣ærzħgw tyìẓ rzbëẓgqw rtïrzq rsưch rsetzeneǹorz, ð̣ærzħgw tyìẓ sgqweǹẓ rtïrzq rsưch qqhwegqɔirzg̀orz. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ ʈɨʐq d͡zɨd͡ʐ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ, ðˤɛʐɢʷ t͡ɕḭˈzˤ ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ ʈɨʐq ʂɯt͡ʃ ʂeˈt͡sẽː̰ˈɔʐ, ðˤɛʐɢʷ t͡ɕḭˈzˤ sqʼʷḛ̃ˈzˤ ʈɨʐq ʂɯt͡ʃ q͡χʷeˈqʼɔiʐɡ̰ˈɔʐ] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ 1excl.sing q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ pat ʈɨʐq PAST d͡zɨd͡ʐ 1excl.sing.SUBJ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ cat -̰ˈɔʐ def ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG t͡ɕḭˈzˤ RELPRON ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ catch ʈɨʐq PAST ʂɯt͡ʃ 3.sing.neut.SUBJ ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ mouse -̰ˈɔʐ def ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG t͡ɕḭˈzˤ RELPRON sqʼʷḛ̃ˈzˤ eat ʈɨʐq PAST ʂɯt͡ʃ 3.sing.neut.SUBJ q͡χʷeˈqʼɔiʐɡ cheese -̰ˈɔʐ def “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.” | (24) |
Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:
initial XML:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>buy</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>buy</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <np id="parent">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ </np>
+ <relp comma="after">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <np id="parent">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <relp comma="after">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <np id="parent">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <relp comma="after">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
- </np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent">
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
- <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent">
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
- <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent">
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
- <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" gender="neut">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.neut" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.neut" subj="1excl.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut" person="1excl">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing">
+ <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.neut" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.neut" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.neut" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.neut" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.neut" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" gender="neut" number="sing" case="ERG"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="" gender="neut"> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.neut" subj="1excl.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.neut" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="neut" person="1excl"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - </s> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" comma="after"/> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.neut" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" comma="after"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʂet͡se#ːˈθ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="s+qʼʷ e# ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sqʼʷe#̰ˈzˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χʷ e qʼ ɔi ˈ ʐ+ɡ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χʷeqʼɔiˈʐɡ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.neut" subj="1excl.sing" ph="z ai ˈ f" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">zaiˈf</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" comma="after" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/ʒ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʒ/ + /̰ˈ//θ/ + /̰ˈ/ > // + /̰ˈ/
/ʐ+ɡ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʐ+ɡ/ + /̰ˈ/
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ʂet͡se#ːˈθ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">ʂet͡se#ːˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="s+qʼʷ e# ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">sqʼʷe#̰ˈzˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="s+qʼʷ e# ̰ˈ zˤ">sqʼʷe#̰ˈzˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χʷ e qʼ ɔi ˈ ʐ+ɡ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χʷeqʼɔiˈʐɡ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χʷ e qʼ ɔi ˈ ʐ+ɡ">q͡χʷeqʼɔiˈʐɡ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.neut" subj="1excl.sing" ph="z ai ˈ f" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">zaiˈf</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.neut" subj="1excl.sing" ph="z ai ˈ f">zaiˈf</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" comma="after" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" comma="after" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q͡χ ɤ p͡f ɤ ˈ ʐ+ɟ">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χ ɨ ̰ˈ ʒ">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʐ+b ɘ ˈ zˤ+qʼʷ">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">ʂet͡se#ːˈ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" ph="s+qʼʷ e# ̰ˈ zˤ">sqʼʷe#̰ˈzˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" ph="q͡χʷ e qʼ ɔi ˈ ʐ+ɡ">q͡χʷeqʼɔiˈʐɡ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="t͡ɕ i ̰ˈ zˤ">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.neut" subj="1excl.sing" ph="z ai ˈ f">zaiˈf</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" comma="after" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">q͡χɤp͡fɤˈʐɟ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ,</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">ʐbɘˈzˤqʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut" underlying="ʂ e t͡s e#ː ˈ θ">ʂet͡se#ːˈ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ,</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="ERG" gender="neut">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut">sqʼʷe#̰ˈzˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" gender="neut">q͡χʷeqʼɔiˈʐɡ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ,</thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ABS" gender="neut">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.neut" subj="1excl.sing">zaiˈf</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" comma="after">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂɯt͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.neut.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sqʼʷḛ̃ˈzˤ</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂɯt͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.neut.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χʷeˈqʼɔiʐɡ</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈzaif</span><br><span class="gls">buy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ ʈɨʐq d͡zɨd͡ʐ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ, ðˤɛʐɢʷ t͡ɕḭˈzˤ ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ ʈɨʐq ʂɯt͡ʃ ʂeˈt͡sẽː̰ˈɔʐ, ðˤɛʐɢʷ t͡ɕḭˈzˤ sqʼʷḛ̃ˈzˤ ʈɨʐq ʂɯt͡ʃ q͡χʷeˈqʼɔiʐɡ̰ˈɔʐ, t͡ɕḭˈzˤ ˈzaif ʈɨʐq d͡zɨd͡ʐ ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ïnïnkkhw qqhơpfơrzdy rtïrzq dzïd͡ʐ qqhï̀zh̀orz, ð̣ærzħgw tyìẓ rzbëẓgqw rtïrzq rsưch rsetzeneǹorz, ð̣ærzħgw tyìẓ sgqweǹẓ rtïrzq rsưch qqhwegqɔirzg̀orz, tyìẓ zaif rtïrzq dzïd͡ʐ ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ïnïnkkhw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡zɨd͡ʐ</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂɯt͡ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing.neut.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sqʼʷḛ̃ˈzˤ</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂɯt͡ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing.neut.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χʷeˈqʼɔiʐɡ</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕḭˈzˤ</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈzaif</o> + <g>buy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡zɨd͡ʐ</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ïnïnkkhw qqhơpfơrzdy rtïrzq dzïd͡ʐ qqhï̀zh̀orz, ð̣ærzħgw tyìẓ rzbëẓgqw rtïrzq rsưch rsetzeneǹorz, ð̣ærzħgw tyìẓ sgqweǹẓ rtïrzq rsưch qqhwegqɔirzg̀orz, tyìẓ zaif rtïrzq dzïd͡ʐ ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ïnïnkkhw. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ ʈɨʐq d͡zɨd͡ʐ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ̰ˈɔʐ, ðˤɛʐɢʷ t͡ɕḭˈzˤ ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ ʈɨʐq ʂɯt͡ʃ ʂeˈt͡sẽː̰ˈɔʐ, ðˤɛʐɢʷ t͡ɕḭˈzˤ sqʼʷḛ̃ˈzˤ ʈɨʐq ʂɯt͡ʃ q͡χʷeˈqʼɔiʐɡ̰ˈɔʐ, t͡ɕḭˈzˤ ˈzaif ʈɨʐq d͡zɨd͡ʐ ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ 1excl.sing q͡χɤˈp͡fɤʐɟ pat ʈɨʐq PAST d͡zɨd͡ʐ 1excl.sing.SUBJ q͡χɨ̰ˈʒ cat -̰ˈɔʐ def ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG t͡ɕḭˈzˤ RELPRON ˈʐbɘzˤqʼʷ catch ʈɨʐq PAST ʂɯt͡ʃ 3.sing.neut.SUBJ ʂeˈt͡sẽːθ mouse -̰ˈɔʐ def ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG t͡ɕḭˈzˤ RELPRON sqʼʷḛ̃ˈzˤ eat ʈɨʐq PAST ʂɯt͡ʃ 3.sing.neut.SUBJ q͡χʷeˈqʼɔiʐɡ cheese -̰ˈɔʐ def t͡ɕḭˈzˤ RELPRON ˈzaif buy ʈɨʐq PAST d͡zɨd͡ʐ 1excl.sing.SUBJ ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ 1excl.sing “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.” | (25) |
Complementation Strategies
Zahdazahk introduces complement clauses with a dedicated complementiser, similar to English that. The complementiser appears at the beginning of the embedded clause and signals that the clause functions as a syntactic argument. The embedded clause is fully finite and displays the same tense, aspect and agreement patterns as independent clauses.
The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:
initial XML:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>surprise</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>give</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj">
<noun>teacher</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>surprise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>give</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj"> - <noun>teacher</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> - </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> - </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" case="ERG"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="ERG"> + <np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.neut">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" indobj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.neut">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" indobj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing"/>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" indobj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" indobj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/optional
Got neut
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/def/optional
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.neut">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.neut"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
+ <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing"/>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" indobj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" indobj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> - <s> - <np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.neut"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.neut"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing"/> - </subs> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" indobj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" indobj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" indobj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="n ɘ ˈ z" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">nɘˈz</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʃ+t i# ̰ˈ d" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃti#̰ˈd</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="rˤ ɨ ̰ˈ ŋ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">rˤɨ̰ˈŋ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="s ɑ# ̰ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">sɑ#̰ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɢʷ" slots="T1 Cfs">̰ˈɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing" ph="ɡʷ a ʐ+ɡ a# ˈ f" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ɡʷaʐɡa#ˈf</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" indobj="3.sing.fem" ph="ɹˤ u sˤ+ʔ ɨ ̰ˈ ɹ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ɹˤusˤʔɨ̰ˈɹ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="ɡ u r uː ʔ" slots="C V C V C">ɡuruːʔ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/z/ + /̰ˈ/ > /z/ + /̰ˈ//ŋ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ŋ/ + /̰ˈ/
/̰ˈ/ + /̰ˈ/ > // + /̰ˈ/
/ʔ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ʔ/ + /̰ˈ/
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="n ɘ ˈ z" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">nɘˈz</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="n ɘ ˈ z">nɘˈz</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʃ+t i# ̰ˈ d" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ʃti#̰ˈd</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʃ+t i# ̰ˈ d">ʃti#̰ˈd</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="rˤ ɨ ̰ˈ ŋ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">rˤɨ̰ˈŋ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="rˤ ɨ ̰ˈ ŋ">rˤɨ̰ˈŋ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="s ɑ# ̰ˈ" slots="Cir V1 T1">sɑ#̰ˈ</word> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɢʷ" slots="T1 Cfs">̰ˈɢʷ</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="s ɑ#" underlying="s ɑ# ̰ˈ">sɑ#</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɢʷ">̰ˈɢʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing" ph="ɡʷ a ʐ+ɡ a# ˈ f" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ɡʷaʐɡa#ˈf</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing" ph="ɡʷ a ʐ+ɡ a# ˈ f">ɡʷaʐɡa#ˈf</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" indobj="3.sing.fem" ph="ɹˤ u sˤ+ʔ ɨ ̰ˈ ɹ" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ɹˤusˤʔɨ̰ˈɹ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" indobj="3.sing.fem" ph="ɹˤ u sˤ+ʔ ɨ ̰ˈ ɹ">ɹˤusˤʔɨ̰ˈɹ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="ɡ u r uː ʔ" slots="C V C V C">ɡuruːʔ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="ɡ u r uː ʔ">ɡuruːʔ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="n ɘ ˈ z">nɘˈz</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.neut" ph="ʃ+t i# ̰ˈ d">ʃti#̰ˈd</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="rˤ ɨ ̰ˈ ŋ">rˤɨ̰ˈŋ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="neut" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="s ɑ#" underlying="s ɑ# ̰ˈ">sɑ#</word> - <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɢʷ">̰ˈɢʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" ph="k͡x ɛ zˤ+b e#ː ̰ˈ s+k">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing" ph="ɡʷ a ʐ+ɡ a# ˈ f">ɡʷaʐɡa#ˈf</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" indobj="3.sing.fem" ph="ɹˤ u sˤ+ʔ ɨ ̰ˈ ɹ">ɹˤusˤʔɨ̰ˈɹ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ" ph="ʂ ɯ t͡ʃ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="ɡ u r uː ʔ">ɡuruːʔ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">nɘˈz</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.neut">ʃti#̰ˈd</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">rˤɨ̰ˈŋ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut" underlying="s ɑ# ̰ˈ">sɑ#</word> + <thingy type="detnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">̰ˈɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="neut">k͡xɛzˤbe#ː̰ˈsk</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ERG" gender="neut" number="sing">ɡʷaʐɡa#ˈf</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.neut" indobj="3.sing.fem">ɹˤusˤʔɨ̰ˈɹ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.neut.SUBJ">ʂɯt͡ʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">ɡuruːʔ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnɘz</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃtḭ̃ˈd</span><br><span class="gls">give</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃkʼʷẽʔ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">rˤɨ̰ˈŋ</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sɑ̰̃ˈ</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷaˈʐɡãf</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɹˤusˤʔɨ̰ˈɹ</span><br><span class="gls">surprise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂɯt͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.neut.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃkʼʷẽʔ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡuruːʔ</span><br><span class="gls">teacher</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈnɘz̰ˈɔʐ ʃtḭ̃ˈd ʈɨʐq ʃkʼʷẽʔ rˤɨ̰ˈŋ̰ˈɔʐ sɑ̰̃ˈɢʷ k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk ɡʷaˈʐɡãf ɹˤusˤʔɨ̰ˈɹ ʈɨʐq ʂɯt͡ʃ ʃkʼʷẽʔ ɡuruːʔ̰ˈɔʐ</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ærzħgw nëz̀orz shtiǹd rtïrzq shgquen’ ṛ́ï̀ng̀orz saaǹħgw kkhæẓbeneǹsk gwarzganf ɹ̣uṣ’ï̀ɹ rtïrzq rsưch shgquen’ guŕuu’̀orz</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnɘz</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃtḭ̃ˈd</o> + <g>give</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃkʼʷẽʔ</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>rˤɨ̰ˈŋ</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sɑ̰̃ˈ</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɢʷ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡʷaˈʐɡãf</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɹˤusˤʔɨ̰ˈɹ</o> + <g>surprise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂɯt͡ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing.neut.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃkʼʷẽʔ</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡuruːʔ</o> + <g>teacher</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ærzħgw nëz̀orz shtiǹd rtïrzq shgquen’ ṛ́ï̀ng̀orz saaǹħgw kkhæẓbeneǹsk gwarzganf ɹ̣uṣ’ï̀ɹ rtïrzq rsưch shgquen’ guŕuu’̀orz. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈnɘz̰ˈɔʐ ʃtḭ̃ˈd ʈɨʐq ʃkʼʷẽʔ rˤɨ̰ˈŋ̰ˈɔʐ sɑ̰̃ˈɢʷ k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk ɡʷaˈʐɡãf ɹˤusˤʔɨ̰ˈɹ ʈɨʐq ʂɯt͡ʃ ʃkʼʷẽʔ ɡuruːʔ̰ˈɔʐ] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG ˈnɘz boy -̰ˈɔʐ def ʃtḭ̃ˈd give ʈɨʐq PAST ʃkʼʷẽʔ DAT rˤɨ̰ˈŋ girl -̰ˈɔʐ def sɑ̰̃ˈ a -̰ˈɢʷ sing k͡xɛzˤbẽː̰ˈsk apple ɡʷaˈʐɡãf COMP ɹˤusˤʔɨ̰ˈɹ surprise ʈɨʐq PAST ʂɯt͡ʃ 3.sing.neut.SUBJ ʃkʼʷẽʔ DAT ɡuruːʔ teacher -̰ˈɔʐ def “It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.” | (26) |
Quotes
Zahdazahk employs a quotative particle to mark direct and indirect speech. The quotative follows the reported phrase and identifies the preceding expression as quoted or reported. The same construction is also used to express reported thoughts.
Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:
initial XML:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>tell</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>tell</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> - </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing"> <subs> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing" person="1excl">
<subs>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing" person="1excl">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2">
+ <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing" person="1excl"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/def/optional
Got def
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/def/optional
Got def
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2">
<thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/>
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing" person="1excl"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> + <flat> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing" person="1excl"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2"> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing" person="1excl"/> - </subs> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing" person="1excl"/> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="n ɘ ˈ z" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">nɘˈz</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing" ph="xʷ ʌ ̰ˈ ʒ+qʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">xʷʌ̰ˈʒqʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="rˤ ɨ ̰ˈ ŋ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">rˤɨ̰ˈŋ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="q͡χʷ ɯ ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing" person="1excl" ph="ɡʷ a ʐ+ɡ a# ˈ f" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ɡʷaʐɡa#ˈf</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
applysandhi:
/z/ + /̰ˈ/ > /z/ + /̰ˈ//ŋ/ + /̰ˈ/ > /ŋ/ + /̰ˈ/
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="n ɘ ˈ z" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">nɘˈz</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="n ɘ ˈ z">nɘˈz</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing" ph="xʷ ʌ ̰ˈ ʒ+qʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">xʷʌ̰ˈʒqʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing" ph="xʷ ʌ ̰ˈ ʒ+qʷ">xʷʌ̰ˈʒqʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="rˤ ɨ ̰ˈ ŋ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">rˤɨ̰ˈŋ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ" slots="T1 V2 Cfs">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="rˤ ɨ ̰ˈ ŋ">rˤɨ̰ˈŋ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ" slots="Cip V2 Cfp">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="q͡χʷ ɯ ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="q͡χʷ ɯ ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ" slots="Cis V2 Cfs">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ" slots="Cir V1 T1 Cfr">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing" person="1excl" ph="ɡʷ a ʐ+ɡ a# ˈ f" slots="Cir V2 Cmr V1 T1 Cfr">ɡʷaʐɡa#ˈf</word> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing" person="1excl" ph="ɡʷ a ʐ+ɡ a# ˈ f">ɡʷaʐɡa#ˈf</word> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="n ɘ ˈ z">nɘˈz</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing" ph="xʷ ʌ ̰ˈ ʒ+qʷ">xʷʌ̰ˈʒqʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" ph="ʈ ɨ ʐ+q">ʈɨʐq</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT" ph="ʃ+kʼʷ e# ʔ">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="prefix" gloss="sing" attach="prefix" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cir"></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="rˤ ɨ ̰ˈ ŋ">rˤɨ̰ˈŋ</word> - <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def" attach="suffix" ph="̰ˈ ɔ ʐ">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɛ ʐ+ɢʷ">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="ðˤ ɨ#ː ˈ k͡xʷ">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="q͡χʷ ɯ ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="enclitic" gloss="POS" ph="" slots="Cis V2 Cfs"></thingy> - <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" ph="d͡z ɨ d͡ʐ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> - <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ABS" ph="" slots="Cip V2 Cfp"></thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="t͡ʃ ɔi ˈ ɽ">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing" person="1excl" ph="ɡʷ a ʐ+ɡ a# ˈ f">ɡʷaʐɡa#ˈf</word> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">nɘˈz</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="1excl.sing">xʷʌ̰ˈʒqʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">ʈɨʐq</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="DAT">ʃkʼʷe#ʔ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">rˤɨ̰ˈŋ</word> + <thingy type="noundef" function="suffix" gloss="def">̰ˈɔʐ</thingy> + <thingy type="npcase" function="proclitic" gloss="ERG">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">ðˤɨ#ːˈk͡xʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpsubj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="fem" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">t͡ʃɔiˈɽ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="neut" number="sing" person="1excl">ɡʷaʐɡa#ˈf</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈnɘz</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xʷʌ̰ˈʒqʷ</span><br><span class="gls">tell</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈɨʐq</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃkʼʷẽʔ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">rˤɨ̰ˈŋ</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-̰ˈɔʐ</span><br><span class="gls">def</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðˤɛʐɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡zɨd͡ʐ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷaˈʐɡãf</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span></p> + <p>ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈnɘz̰ˈɔʐ xʷʌ̰ˈʒqʷ ʈɨʐq ʃkʼʷẽʔ rˤɨ̰ˈŋ̰ˈɔʐ ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ d͡zɨd͡ʐ ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ ɡʷaˈʐɡãf</p> + <p>ð̣ærzħgw nëz̀orz khwå̀zhqw rtïrzq shgquen’ ṛ́ï̀ng̀orz ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ïnïnkkhw qqhwừẓgqu dzïd͡ʐ chɔirr gwarzganf</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈnɘz</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xʷʌ̰ˈʒqʷ</o> + <g>tell</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈɨʐq</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃkʼʷẽʔ</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>rˤɨ̰ˈŋ</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-̰ˈɔʐ</o> + <g>def</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðˤɛʐɢʷ</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡zɨd͡ʐ</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡʷaˈʐɡãf</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ð̣ærzħgw nëz̀orz khwå̀zhqw rtïrzq shgquen’ ṛ́ï̀ng̀orz ð̣ærzħgw ð̣ïnïnkkhw qqhwừẓgqu dzïd͡ʐ chɔirr gwarzganf. [ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈnɘz̰ˈɔʐ xʷʌ̰ˈʒqʷ ʈɨʐq ʃkʼʷẽʔ rˤɨ̰ˈŋ̰ˈɔʐ ðˤɛʐɢʷ ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ d͡zɨd͡ʐ ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ ɡʷaˈʐɡãf] ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG ˈnɘz boy -̰ˈɔʐ def xʷʌ̰ˈʒqʷ tell ʈɨʐq PAST ʃkʼʷẽʔ DAT rˤɨ̰ˈŋ girl -̰ˈɔʐ def ðˤɛʐɢʷ ERG ˈðˤɨ̃ːk͡xʷ 1excl.sing q͡χʷɯ̰ˈzˤkʼʷ love d͡zɨd͡ʐ 1excl.sing.SUBJ ˈt͡ʃɔiɽ 2.sing ɡʷaˈʐɡãf COMP “The boy told the girl that he loved her.” | (27) |
How to cite this grammar
Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Zahdazahk. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 7 August 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/1CU2E
In BibTeX format:
@misc{LC-1CU2E,
year = 2026,
author = {{Language Creator}},
title = {A Grammar of {Zahdazahk}},
howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/1CU2E}},
note = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 7 August 2026}
}
Supplementary Materials
A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Zahdazahk / Zahdazahk–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.
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