A Grammar of Him
Introduction
Scope and Purpose
This grammar provides a systematic description of the Him language (the 41st one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.
The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Him.
Typological Profile
It has not just singular and plural, but also dual, as well as ergative case marking, i.e., the object of a transitive verb is marked the same as the subject of an intransitive one, and postpositions.Phonology
Phoneme Inventory
Consonants
Him has a moderately large consonant inventory, with 29 phonemes.
It has a modest (but clearly contrastive) set of labialised consonants, a modest set of implosive stops and a system with marginal but genuine retroflex contrasts.The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Him. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.
| labial | alveolar | postalveolar | lateral | palatal | retroflex | velar | lab. velar | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | p b | d t | ɖ ʈ | k ɡ | kʷ ɡʷ | ||||
| nasal | m | n | ɲ | ɳ | ŋ | ŋʷ | |||
| trill/tap/flap | ɽ | ||||||||
| fricative | f | s | ʃ | ʂ | h | ||||
| approximant | w | l | j | ||||||
| affricate | t͡ʃ | ||||||||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ |
Vowels
Him has 9 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.
It has occasional ghost vowels that surface only weakly and a fully three-way front–central–back distinction.The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Him. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.
| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| close | i | ɨ | u |
| mid | e | o | |
| open | æ | ɑ |
Stress and Tones
Him has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.
Phonological Processes
Vowel Harmony
Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.
Writing System
Introduction
Him is normally written using the Cyrillic alphabet, a script with a long and varied history across Eastern Europe and northern Asia. In this grammar, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also used to give an unambiguous representation of sound.
The conventions adopted here follow standard Cyrillic practice for the language where that exists; where they do not, the IPA transcription should be taken as authoritative.
Orthography
Here are the various components of the orthography:
Simple letters
| а /ɑ/ | б /b/ | б̱ /ɓ/ | в /w/ |
| г /h/ | д /d/ | д̇ /ɖ/ | д̱ /ɗ/ |
| е /e/ | и /i/ | к /k/ | л /l/ |
| м /m/ | н /n/ | н̇ /ɳ/ | о /o/ |
| п /p/ | р̇ /ɽ/ | с /s/ | с̇ /ʂ/ |
| т /t/ | т̇ /ʈ/ | у /u/ | ф /f/ |
| ч /t͡ʃ/ | ш /ʃ/ | ы /ɨ/ | ј /j/ |
| њ /ɲ/ | ґ /ɡ/ | ӈ /ŋ/ | ә /æ/ |
Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs
| ай /ai/ | аў /au/ | кв /kʷ/ |
| ґв /ɡʷ/ | ӈв /ŋʷ/ |
Word Classes and Morphology
Number and Gender
Number
Him distinguishes singular, dual and plural.
Gender
Him has the following genders:
Gender fem – for instance: бив ‘brick’, воґ ‘snake’, гиф ‘net’, д̇еґв ‘wife’, лон̇ ‘embrace’, нан ‘wing’, с̇аўб̱ ‘north’, с̇аўкв ‘colour’, т̇ос̇ ‘louse’, тукв ‘worm’, фип ‘heart’, фәч ‘dog’, чыд ‘teacher’, шат̇ ‘tower’, шоп ‘daughter’, њәґв ‘neighbour’, ґайл ‘tooth’, ґваўњ ‘inside’, ґвәв ‘penis’, ґвәг ‘flower’.
Gender masc – for instance: вайм ‘large’, гев ‘jaguar’, гид̇ ‘all’, гыв ‘warm’, гәп ‘rain’, диб̱ ‘east’, дуф ‘surface’, квәд̇ ‘narrow’, кир̇ ‘short’, кәб ‘fog’, лом ‘bad’, р̇уп ‘stick’, т̇уч ‘wheat’, тәӈв ‘cheese’, чаўн ‘friend’, шиш ‘day’, ґвыґ ‘smooth’, ґуј ‘ice’, ӈвиӈ ‘sand’, ӈвоґ ‘son’.
The Nominal Phrase
Nominal phrases in Him can be exemplified by the following example:
initial XML:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def">
<noun>woman</noun>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>knife</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
<adj>blind</adj>
<num>three</num>
<det>yon</det>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>woman</noun> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>knife</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> - <adj>blind</adj> - <num>three</num> - <det>yon</det> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
- <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module constorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="plur" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
- <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem">
+ <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/case/obligatoryGot ERG
About to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/case/obligatory
Got LOC
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for blind/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for blind/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.fem
addaffixes:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> - <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - </pp> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">|ʃ|i|ɡ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|o|ɓ|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">|t͡ʃ|i|ɳ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC">-|e|kʷ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative">|t|au|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">|ɓ|æ|ɓ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|ɖ|i|ŋ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">-|t͡ʃ|ɨ|</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|t|i|</word> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|n|u|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">|f|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">|i|n|o|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ʃ|i|ɡ|#-> ʃiɡ
### |ʃ|i|ɡ|
#-> ʃiɡ
### -|o|ɓ|æ|
#-> -oɓæ
### -|o|ɓ|æ|
#-> -oɓæ
### |t͡ʃ|i|ɳ|
#-> t͡ʃiɳ
### |t͡ʃ|i|ɳ|
#-> t͡ʃiɳ
### -|e|kʷ|ɑ|
#-> -ekʷɑ
### -|e|kʷ|ɑ|
#-> -ekʷɑ
### |t|au|
#-> tau
### |t|au|
#-> tau
### |ɓ|æ|ɓ|
#-> ɓæɓ
### |ɓ|æ|ɓ|
#-> ɓæɓ
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### |ɖ|i|ŋ|
#-> ɖiŋ
### |ɖ|i|ŋ|
#-> ɖiŋ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|t͡ʃ|ɨ|
#-> -t͡ʃɨ
### -|t͡ʃ|ɨ|
#-> -t͡ʃɨ
### |t|i|
#-> ti
### |t|i|
#-> ti
### |n|u|
#-> nu
### |n|u|
#-> nu
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |f|-
#-> f-
### |f|-
#-> f-
### |i|n|o|
#-> ino
### |i|n|o|
#-> ino
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |ʃ|i|ɡ||o|ɓ|æ| |t͡ʃ|i|ɳ||e|kʷ|ɑ| |t|au| |ɓ|æ|ɓ||ɨ|j|ɨ| |ɖ|i|ŋ||i|ɡʷ|i||t͡ʃ|ɨ| |t|i| |n|u| |ɳ|ɑ| |f||i|n|o| |m|æ| |k|ɑ|
#-> ʃiɡoɓæ t͡ʃiɳekʷɑ tau ɓæɓɨjɨ ɖiŋiɡʷit͡ʃɨ ti nu ɳɑ fino mæ kɑ
removetags:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">|ʃ|i|ɡ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|o|ɓ|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">|t͡ʃ|i|ɳ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC">-|e|kʷ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative">|t|au|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">|ɓ|æ|ɓ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|ɖ|i|ŋ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">-|t͡ʃ|ɨ|</thingy>
<word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|t|i|</word>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|n|u|</word>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">|f|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">|i|n|o|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃiɡ</span><br><span class="gls">woman</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-oɓæ</span><br><span class="gls">ERG</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃiɳ</span><br><span class="gls">knife</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ekʷɑ</span><br><span class="gls">LOC</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tau</span><br><span class="gls">COMIT</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓæɓ</span><br><span class="gls">blind</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨjɨ</span><br><span class="gls">GEN</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖiŋ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ʃɨ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ti</span><br><span class="gls">three</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nu</span><br><span class="gls">yon</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">f-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ino</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span></p>
+ <p>ʃiɡoɓæ t͡ʃiɳekʷɑ tau ɓæɓɨjɨ ɖiŋiɡʷit͡ʃɨ ti nu ɳɑ fino mæ kɑ</p>
+ <p>шиґоб̱ә чин̇еква Таў б̱әб̱ыјы д̇иӈиґвичы ти ну н̇а фино мә ка</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ʃiɡ</o>
+ <g>woman</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-oɓæ</o>
+ <g>ERG</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>t͡ʃiɳ</o>
+ <g>knife</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ekʷɑ</o>
+ <g>LOC</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>tau</o>
+ <g>COMIT</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɓæɓ</o>
+ <g>blind</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨjɨ</o>
+ <g>GEN</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɖiŋ</o>
+ <g>mouse</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-t͡ʃɨ</o>
+ <g>plur</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ti</o>
+ <g>three</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>nu</o>
+ <g>yon</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>f-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ino</o>
+ <g>catch</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ʃiɡoɓæ t͡ʃiɳekʷɑ tau ɓæɓɨjɨ ɖiŋiɡʷit͡ʃɨ ti nu ɳɑ fino mæ kɑ#-> ʃiɡoɓæ t͡ʃiɳekʷɑ tau ɓæɓɨjɨ ɖiŋiɡʷit͡ʃɨ ti nu ɳɑ fino mæ kɑ
Шиґоб̱ә чин̇еква Таў б̱әб̱ыјы д̇иӈиґвичы ти ну н̇а фино мә ка. [ʃiɡoɓæ t͡ʃiɳekʷɑ tau ɓæɓɨjɨ ɖiŋiɡʷit͡ʃɨ ti nu ɳɑ fino mæ kɑ] ʃiɡ woman -oɓæ ERG t͡ʃiɳ knife -ekʷɑ LOC tau COMIT ɓæɓ blind -ɨjɨ GEN ɖiŋ mouse -iɡʷi ABS -t͡ʃɨ plur ti three nu yon ɳɑ indicative f- 3.sing.fem.SUBJ ino catch mæ PAST kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ “The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.” | (1) |
In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.
There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.The Noun
The noun in Him consists of first, the root; second, an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -иґви /-iɡʷi/ ‘ABS’, -об̱ә /-oɓæ/ ‘ERG’, -ыјы /-ɨjɨ/ ‘GEN’, -ыго /-ɨho/ ‘DAT’, -амо /-ɑmo/ ‘INS’, -емы /-emɨ/ ‘VOC’, -иму /-imu/ ‘ALL’, -еква /-ekʷɑ/ ‘LOC’, -ыке /-ɨke/ ‘ABL’ and -әды /-ædɨ/ ‘PART’; and finally, third, an optional suffix expressing number, comprising -лә /-læ/ ‘dual’ and -чы /-t͡ʃɨ/ ‘plur’.
The Adjective
In Him, the adjective has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -у /-u/ ‘masc’ and -а /-ɑ/ ‘fem’.
Numerals
The numeral in Him stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Determiners
The determiner in Him stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Pronouns
The pronoun in Him stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
initial XML:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.">
<s connector="because">
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="dual"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>tiger</noun>
</np>
</s>
<s>
<vp tam="pres-state">
<verb>be</verb>
<adj>happy</adj>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj">
<pron person="1incl" number="plur"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy."> <s connector="because"> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="dual"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="dual" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>tiger</noun> + <np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> </s> <s> - <vp tam="pres-state"> - <verb>be</verb> - <adj>happy</adj> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="happy"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <pron person="1incl" number="plur"/> + <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.">
<s connector="because">
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="dual" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
</s>
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="happy"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy."> <s connector="because"> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="dual" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> </s> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.">
<s connector="because">
+ <word gloss="because" posp="conj"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="dual" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
</s>
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy."> <s connector="because"> - <word gloss="because" posp="conj"/> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="dual" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> + <word gloss="because" posp="conj"/> </s> <s> + <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> + </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> - </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy."> <s connector="because"> - <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word person="1excl" number="dual" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <word gloss="because" posp="conj"/> </s> <s> <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner: No change.
module addgender:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.">
<s connector="because">
<np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="dual" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="because" posp="conj"/>
</s>
<s>
<np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.">
<s connector="because">
<np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="dual" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="dual" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.dual" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="because" posp="conj"/>
</s>
<s>
<np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy."> <s connector="because"> - <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="dual" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.dual" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.plur" obj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <word gloss="because" posp="conj"/> </s> <s> - <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" person="1incl"> <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy."> <s connector="because"> - <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="dual" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.dual" gender="masc"/> - </np> <np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.plur" obj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <word gloss="because" posp="conj"/> </s> <s> - <np def="def" number="plur" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" person="1incl"> - <word person="1incl" number="plur" posp="pron" gloss="1incl.plur" gender="masc"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.">
<s connector="because">
<np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.plur" obj="3.sing.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="because" posp="conj"/>
</s>
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.">
<s connector="because">
<np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.plur" obj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.plur" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="because" posp="conj"/>
</s>
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/case/obligatoryGot ABS
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 1excl.plur
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 1incl.plur
About to call getSlotValue for happy/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for happy/noun/number/optional
addaffixes:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.">
<s connector="because">
<np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.plur" obj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.plur"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.plur" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="because" posp="conj"/>
</s>
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy."> - <s connector="because"> - <np def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.plur" obj="3.sing.masc"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.plur"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.plur" obj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - </vp> <word gloss="because" posp="conj"/> - </s> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.plur"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.plur" obj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word gloss="because" posp="conj"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">|ɗ|au|s|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.plur.SUBJ">|ɡ|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.plur" obj="3.sing.masc">|æ|m|o|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.OBJ">|s|u|</thingy> + <word gloss="because" posp="conj">|k|u|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur.SUBJ">|t|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur">|i|ɗ|o|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur">|ɡʷ|i|ʂ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɗ|au|s|#-> ɗaus
### |ɗ|au|s|
#-> ɗaus
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɡ|-
#-> ɡ-
### |ɡ|-
#-> ɡ-
### |æ|m|o|
#-> æmo
### |æ|m|o|
#-> æmo
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |s|u|
#-> su
### |s|u|
#-> su
### |k|u|
#-> ku
### |k|u|
#-> ku
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |t|-
#-> t-
### |t|-
#-> t-
### |i|ɗ|o|
#-> iɗo
### |i|ɗ|o|
#-> iɗo
### |ɡʷ|i|ʂ|
#-> ɡʷiʂ
### |ɡʷ|i|ʂ|
#-> ɡʷiʂ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɗ|au|s||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɳ|ɑ| |ɡ||æ|m|o| |m|æ| |s|u| |k|u| |ɳ|ɑ| |t||i|ɗ|o| |ɡʷ|i|ʂ||i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> ɗausiɡʷi ɳɑ ɡæmo mæ su ku ɳɑ tiɗo ɡʷiʂiɡʷi
removetags:
<example id="inclexcl" translation="Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" tr="rheme" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">|ɗ|au|s|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.plur.SUBJ">|ɡ|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.plur" obj="3.sing.masc">|æ|m|o|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.OBJ">|s|u|</thingy>
<word gloss="because" posp="conj">|k|u|</word>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1incl.plur.SUBJ">|t|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="be" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur">|i|ɗ|o|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="happy" lexposp="adj" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1incl.plur">|ɡʷ|i|ʂ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɗaus</span><br><span class="gls">tiger</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡ-</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.plur.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">æmo</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">su</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.OBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ku</span><br><span class="gls">because</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">1incl.plur.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iɗo</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷiʂ</span><br><span class="gls">happy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span></p>
+ <p>ɗausiɡʷi ɳɑ ɡæmo mæ su ku ɳɑ tiɗo ɡʷiʂiɡʷi</p>
+ <p>д̱аўсиґви н̇а ґәмо мә су ку н̇а тид̱о ґвис̇иґви</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɗaus</o>
+ <g>tiger</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɡ-</o>
+ <g>1excl.plur.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>æmo</o>
+ <g>kill</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>su</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ku</o>
+ <g>because</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>t-</o>
+ <g>1incl.plur.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>iɗo</o>
+ <g>be</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɡʷiʂ</o>
+ <g>happy</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɗausiɡʷi ɳɑ ɡæmo mæ su ku ɳɑ tiɗo ɡʷiʂiɡʷi#-> ɗausiɡʷi ɳɑ ɡæmo mæ su ku ɳɑ tiɗo ɡʷiʂiɡʷi
Д̱аўсиґви н̇а ґәмо мә су ку н̇а тид̱о ґвис̇иґви. [ɗausiɡʷi ɳɑ ɡæmo mæ su ku ɳɑ tiɗo ɡʷiʂiɡʷi] ɗaus tiger -iɡʷi ABS ɳɑ indicative ɡ- 1excl.plur.SUBJ æmo kill mæ PAST su 3.sing.masc.OBJ ku because ɳɑ indicative t- 1incl.plur.SUBJ iɗo be ɡʷiʂ happy -iɡʷi ABS “Because the two of us [not including the listener] killed the tiger, we [including the listener] are all now happy.” | (2) |
Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner: No change.
module addgender:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/subj/obligatoryGot 3.sing.masc
addaffixes:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">|h|au|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">|i|kʷ|o|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |h|au|#-> hau
### |h|au|
#-> hau
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |i|kʷ|o|
#-> ikʷo
### |i|kʷ|o|
#-> ikʷo
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |h|au| |ɳ|ɑ| |m||i|kʷ|o| |k|ɑ|
#-> hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ
removetags:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<flat>
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">|h|au|</word>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">|i|kʷ|o|</word>
- <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hau</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ikʷo</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span></p>
+ <p>hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ</p>
+ <p>гаў н̇а микво ка</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>hau</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>m-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ikʷo</o>
+ <g>love</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ#-> hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ
Гаў н̇а микво ка. [hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ] hau 3.sing.fem ɳɑ indicative m- 3.sing.masc.SUBJ ikʷo love kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ “He (the boy) loves her (the girl).” | (3) |
But here, the word corresponding to he is stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner: No change.
module addgender:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/subj/obligatoryGot 3.sing.masc
addaffixes:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|ɽ|u|</word> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">|h|au|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">|i|kʷ|o|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɽ|u|#-> ɽu
### |ɽ|u|
#-> ɽu
### |h|au|
#-> hau
### |h|au|
#-> hau
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |i|kʷ|o|
#-> ikʷo
### |i|kʷ|o|
#-> ikʷo
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |ɽ|u| |h|au| |ɳ|ɑ| |m||i|kʷ|o| |k|ɑ|
#-> ɽu hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ
removetags:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<flat>
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|ɽ|u|</word>
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">|h|au|</word>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">|i|kʷ|o|</word>
- <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽu</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hau</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ikʷo</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span></p>
+ <p>ɽu hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ</p>
+ <p>р̇у гаў н̇а микво ка</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɽu</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>hau</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>m-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ikʷo</o>
+ <g>love</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɽu hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ#-> ɽu hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ
Р̇у гаў н̇а микво ка. [ɽu hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ] ɽu 3.sing.masc hau 3.sing.fem ɳɑ indicative m- 3.sing.masc.SUBJ ikʷo love kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ “He loves her.” | (4) |
And here, it is the one translated as her that is stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner: No change.
module addgender:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/subj/obligatoryGot 3.sing.masc
addaffixes:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">|h|au|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">|i|kʷ|o|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |h|au|#-> hau
### |h|au|
#-> hau
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |i|kʷ|o|
#-> ikʷo
### |i|kʷ|o|
#-> ikʷo
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |h|au| |ɳ|ɑ| |m||i|kʷ|o| |k|ɑ|
#-> hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ
removetags:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*.">
<flat>
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">|h|au|</word>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">|i|kʷ|o|</word>
- <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hau</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ikʷo</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span></p>
+ <p>hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ</p>
+ <p>гаў н̇а микво ка</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>hau</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>m-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ikʷo</o>
+ <g>love</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ#-> hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ
Гаў н̇а микво ка. [hau ɳɑ mikʷo kɑ] hau 3.sing.fem ɳɑ indicative m- 3.sing.masc.SUBJ ikʷo love kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ “He loves her.” | (5) |
Proper Nouns
initial XML:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>hate</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>NN1</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>NN2</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>hate</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>NN1</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>NN2</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner: No change.
module addgender:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/case/obligatoryGot ERG
About to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.masc
addaffixes:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
-<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> +<example id="loveprop" translation="Nagit hates Dey."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Nagit" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">|ŋʷ|ɨ|t|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|o|ɓ|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Dey" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">|ɗ|e|j|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">|ɑ|ɓ|i|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ŋʷ|ɨ|t|#-> ŋʷɨt
### |ŋʷ|ɨ|t|
#-> ŋʷɨt
### -|o|ɓ|æ|
#-> -oɓæ
### -|o|ɓ|æ|
#-> -oɓæ
### |ɗ|e|j|
#-> ɗej
### |ɗ|e|j|
#-> ɗej
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |ɑ|ɓ|i|
#-> ɑɓi
### |ɑ|ɓ|i|
#-> ɑɓi
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |ŋʷ|ɨ|t||o|ɓ|æ| |ɗ|e|j||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɳ|ɑ| |m||ɑ|ɓ|i| |k|ɑ|
#-> ŋʷɨtoɓæ ɗejiɡʷi ɳɑ mɑɓi kɑ
removetags:
<example id="loveprop" translation="Nagit hates Dey.">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="Nagit" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">|ŋʷ|ɨ|t|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|o|ɓ|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="Dey" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">|ɗ|e|j|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.fem">|ɑ|ɓ|i|</word>
- <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋʷɨt</span><br><span class="gls">Nagit</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-oɓæ</span><br><span class="gls">ERG</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɗej</span><br><span class="gls">Dey</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɑɓi</span><br><span class="gls">hate</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span></p>
+ <p>ŋʷɨtoɓæ ɗejiɡʷi ɳɑ mɑɓi kɑ</p>
+ <p>Ӈвытоб̱ә Д̱ејиґви н̇а маб̱и ка</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ŋʷɨt</o>
+ <g>Nagit</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-oɓæ</o>
+ <g>ERG</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɗej</o>
+ <g>Dey</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>m-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɑɓi</o>
+ <g>hate</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ŋʷɨtoɓæ ɗejiɡʷi ɳɑ mɑɓi kɑ#-> ŋʷɨtoɓæ ɗejiɡʷi ɳɑ mɑɓi kɑ
Ӈвытоб̱ә Д̱ејиґви н̇а маб̱и ка. [ŋʷɨtoɓæ ɗejiɡʷi ɳɑ mɑɓi kɑ] ŋʷɨt Nagit -oɓæ ERG ɗej Dey -iɡʷi ABS ɳɑ indicative m- 3.sing.masc.SUBJ ɑɓi hate kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ “Nagit hates Dey.” | (6) |
Possession
initial XML:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase: No change.
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> </np> </example>About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optional
Got sing
addaffixes:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">|ɽ|ai|b|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">|ʂ|u|ɽ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɽ|ai|b|#-> ɽaib
### |ɽ|ai|b|
#-> ɽaib
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### |ʂ|u|ɽ|
#-> ʂuɽ
### |ʂ|u|ɽ|
#-> ʂuɽ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɽ|ai|b||ɨ|j|ɨ| |ʂ|u|ɽ||i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> ɽaibɨjɨ ʂuɽiɡʷi
removetags:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">|ɽ|ai|b|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">|ʂ|u|ɽ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽaib</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨjɨ</span><br><span class="gls">GEN</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂuɽ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span></p>
+ <p>ɽaibɨjɨ ʂuɽiɡʷi</p>
+ <p>р̇айбыјы с̇ур̇иґви</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɽaib</o>
+ <g>boy</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨjɨ</o>
+ <g>GEN</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ʂuɽ</o>
+ <g>apple</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɽaibɨjɨ ʂuɽiɡʷi#-> ɽaibɨjɨ ʂuɽiɡʷi
р̇айбыјы с̇ур̇иґви [ɽaibɨjɨ ʂuɽiɡʷi] ɽaib boy -ɨjɨ GEN ʂuɽ apple -iɡʷi ABS “the boy’s apple” | (7) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase: No change.
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> </np> </example>About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optional
Got sing
addaffixes:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">|ɽ|u|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">|ʂ|u|ɽ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɽ|u|#-> ɽu
### |ɽ|u|
#-> ɽu
### |ʂ|u|ɽ|
#-> ʂuɽ
### |ʂ|u|ɽ|
#-> ʂuɽ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɽ|u| |ʂ|u|ɽ||i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> ɽu ʂuɽiɡʷi
removetags:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<flat>
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">|ɽ|u|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">|ʂ|u|ɽ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽu</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂuɽ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span></p>
+ <p>ɽu ʂuɽiɡʷi</p>
+ <p>р̇у с̇ур̇иґви</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɽu</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ʂuɽ</o>
+ <g>apple</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɽu ʂuɽiɡʷi#-> ɽu ʂuɽiɡʷi
р̇у с̇ур̇иґви [ɽu ʂuɽiɡʷi] ɽu 3.sing.masc ʂuɽ apple -iɡʷi ABS “his (the boy’s) apple” | (8) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> </np> </example>About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optional
Got sing
addaffixes:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">|ɓ|u|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">|ʂ|u|ɽ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɓ|u|#-> ɓu
### |ɓ|u|
#-> ɓu
### |ʂ|u|ɽ|
#-> ʂuɽ
### |ʂ|u|ɽ|
#-> ʂuɽ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɓ|u| |ʂ|u|ɽ||i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> ɓu ʂuɽiɡʷi
removetags:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<flat>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">|ɓ|u|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">|ʂ|u|ɽ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓu</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂuɽ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span></p>
+ <p>ɓu ʂuɽiɡʷi</p>
+ <p>б̱у с̇ур̇иґви</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɓu</o>
+ <g>1excl.sing</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ʂuɽ</o>
+ <g>apple</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɓu ʂuɽiɡʷi#-> ɓu ʂuɽiɡʷi
б̱у с̇ур̇иґви [ɓu ʂuɽiɡʷi] ɓu 1excl.sing ʂuɽ apple -iɡʷi ABS “my apple” | (9) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kiss</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>neighbour</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kiss</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>neighbour</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> - </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" case="ERG"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ABS">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="ERG"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" case="ABS"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing" gender="fem">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing" gender="fem"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" role="subj" case="ERG"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - </np> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj" case="ABS"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" role="subj" case="ERG"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> - </np> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj" case="ABS"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </vp> </s> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatoryGot GEN
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/case/obligatory
Got ERG
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.fem
addaffixes:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">|s|ai|ɲ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG">|ʃ|o|p|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|o|ɓ|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">|t͡ʃ|ai|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">|ɲ|æ|ɡʷ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">|ŋʷ|o|ɡ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">|f|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">|ɨ|ɡʷ|i|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |s|ai|ɲ|#-> saiɲ
### |s|ai|ɲ|
#-> saiɲ
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### |ʃ|o|p|
#-> ʃop
### |ʃ|o|p|
#-> ʃop
### -|o|ɓ|æ|
#-> -oɓæ
### -|o|ɓ|æ|
#-> -oɓæ
### |t͡ʃ|ai|
#-> t͡ʃai
### |t͡ʃ|ai|
#-> t͡ʃai
### |ɲ|æ|ɡʷ|
#-> ɲæɡʷ
### |ɲ|æ|ɡʷ|
#-> ɲæɡʷ
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### |ŋʷ|o|ɡ|
#-> ŋʷoɡ
### |ŋʷ|o|ɡ|
#-> ŋʷoɡ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |f|-
#-> f-
### |f|-
#-> f-
### |ɨ|ɡʷ|i|
#-> ɨɡʷi
### |ɨ|ɡʷ|i|
#-> ɨɡʷi
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |s|ai|ɲ||ɨ|j|ɨ| |ʃ|o|p||o|ɓ|æ| |t͡ʃ|ai| |ɲ|æ|ɡʷ||ɨ|j|ɨ| |ŋʷ|o|ɡ||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɳ|ɑ| |f||ɨ|ɡʷ|i| |m|æ| |k|ɑ|
#-> saiɲɨjɨ ʃopoɓæ t͡ʃai ɲæɡʷɨjɨ ŋʷoɡiɡʷi ɳɑ fɨɡʷi mæ kɑ
removetags:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">|s|ai|ɲ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG">|ʃ|o|p|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|o|ɓ|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">|t͡ʃ|ai|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">|ɲ|æ|ɡʷ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">|ŋʷ|o|ɡ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">|f|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">|ɨ|ɡʷ|i|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saiɲ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨjɨ</span><br><span class="gls">GEN</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃop</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-oɓæ</span><br><span class="gls">ERG</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃai</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲæɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">neighbour</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨjɨ</span><br><span class="gls">GEN</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋʷoɡ</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">f-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɨɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">kiss</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span></p>
+ <p>saiɲɨjɨ ʃopoɓæ t͡ʃai ɲæɡʷɨjɨ ŋʷoɡiɡʷi ɳɑ fɨɡʷi mæ kɑ</p>
+ <p>сайњыјы шопоб̱ә чай њәґвыјы ӈвоґиґви н̇а фыґви мә ка</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>saiɲ</o>
+ <g>hunter</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨjɨ</o>
+ <g>GEN</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ʃop</o>
+ <g>daughter</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-oɓæ</o>
+ <g>ERG</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>t͡ʃai</o>
+ <g>2.sing</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɲæɡʷ</o>
+ <g>neighbour</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨjɨ</o>
+ <g>GEN</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ŋʷoɡ</o>
+ <g>son</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>f-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɨɡʷi</o>
+ <g>kiss</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### saiɲɨjɨ ʃopoɓæ t͡ʃai ɲæɡʷɨjɨ ŋʷoɡiɡʷi ɳɑ fɨɡʷi mæ kɑ#-> saiɲɨjɨ ʃopoɓæ t͡ʃai ɲæɡʷɨjɨ ŋʷoɡiɡʷi ɳɑ fɨɡʷi mæ kɑ
Сайњыјы шопоб̱ә чай њәґвыјы ӈвоґиґви н̇а фыґви мә ка. [saiɲɨjɨ ʃopoɓæ t͡ʃai ɲæɡʷɨjɨ ŋʷoɡiɡʷi ɳɑ fɨɡʷi mæ kɑ] saiɲ hunter -ɨjɨ GEN ʃop daughter -oɓæ ERG t͡ʃai 2.sing ɲæɡʷ neighbour -ɨjɨ GEN ŋʷoɡ son -iɡʷi ABS ɳɑ indicative f- 3.sing.fem.SUBJ ɨɡʷi kiss mæ PAST kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ “The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.” | (10) |
Derivation
Him has no derivational processes.
initial XML:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module markowner: No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase: No change.
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> </np> </example>About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/number/optional
Got sing
addaffixes:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">|m|æ|f|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">|ɽ|u|</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |m|æ|f|#-> mæf
### |m|æ|f|
#-> mæf
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɽ|u|
#-> ɽu
### |ɽ|u|
#-> ɽu
### |m|æ|f||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɽ|u|
#-> mæfiɡʷi ɽu
removetags:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">|m|æ|f|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">|ɽ|u|</word>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæf</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽu</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span></p>
+ <p>mæfiɡʷi ɽu</p>
+ <p>мәфиґви р̇у</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæf</o>
+ <g>lamb</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɽu</o>
+ <g>a</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### mæfiɡʷi ɽu#-> mæfiɡʷi ɽu
мәфиґви р̇у [mæfiɡʷi ɽu] mæf lamb -iɡʷi ABS ɽu a “a lamb” | (11) |
Note how none show up here:
initial XML:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>want</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>have</verb>
</vp>
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>want</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
- <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module articles:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
- <np role="owned" def="indef" number="sing" locus="number">
+ <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> - </vp> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + </vp> </subs> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS"> <subs> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ABS">
<subs>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np role="obj" case="ABS"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj"/> </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </np> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </np> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj"/> </np> <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> </subs> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj"/>
</np>
- <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
+ <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for little/noun/case/obligatoryGot GEN
About to call getSlotValue for little/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/subj/obligatory
calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.masc
Got 3.sing.masc
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.fem
addaffixes:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> - <s> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">|t͡ʃ|u|ɡʷ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|m|æ|f|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|ɽ|u|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">|æ|kʷ|o|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">|f|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">|ɑ|j|ɑ|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |t͡ʃ|u|ɡʷ|#-> t͡ʃuɡʷ
### |t͡ʃ|u|ɡʷ|
#-> t͡ʃuɡʷ
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### |m|æ|f|
#-> mæf
### |m|æ|f|
#-> mæf
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɽ|u|
#-> ɽu
### |ɽ|u|
#-> ɽu
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |æ|kʷ|o|
#-> ækʷo
### |æ|kʷ|o|
#-> ækʷo
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |f|-
#-> f-
### |f|-
#-> f-
### |ɑ|j|ɑ|
#-> ɑjɑ
### |ɑ|j|ɑ|
#-> ɑjɑ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |t͡ʃ|u|ɡʷ||ɨ|j|ɨ| |m|æ|f||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɽ|u| |ɳ|ɑ| |m||æ|kʷ|o| |m|æ| |k|ɑ| |ɳ|ɑ| |f||ɑ|j|ɑ| |m|æ| |k|ɑ|
#-> t͡ʃuɡʷɨjɨ mæfiɡʷi ɽu ɳɑ mækʷo mæ kɑ ɳɑ fɑjɑ mæ kɑ
removetags:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="little" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">|t͡ʃ|u|ɡʷ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|m|æ|f|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" role="owned" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|ɽ|u|</word>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">|æ|kʷ|o|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">|f|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">|ɑ|j|ɑ|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃuɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨjɨ</span><br><span class="gls">GEN</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæf</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽu</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ækʷo</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">f-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɑjɑ</span><br><span class="gls">want</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span></p>
+ <p>t͡ʃuɡʷɨjɨ mæfiɡʷi ɽu ɳɑ mækʷo mæ kɑ ɳɑ fɑjɑ mæ kɑ</p>
+ <p>чуґвыјы мәфиґви р̇у н̇а мәкво мә ка н̇а фаја мә ка</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>t͡ʃuɡʷ</o>
+ <g>little</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨjɨ</o>
+ <g>GEN</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæf</o>
+ <g>lamb</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɽu</o>
+ <g>a</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>m-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ækʷo</o>
+ <g>have</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>f-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɑjɑ</o>
+ <g>want</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### t͡ʃuɡʷɨjɨ mæfiɡʷi ɽu ɳɑ mækʷo mæ kɑ ɳɑ fɑjɑ mæ kɑ#-> t͡ʃuɡʷɨjɨ mæfiɡʷi ɽu ɳɑ mækʷo mæ kɑ ɳɑ fɑjɑ mæ kɑ
Чуґвыјы мәфиґви р̇у н̇а мәкво мә ка н̇а фаја мә ка. [t͡ʃuɡʷɨjɨ mæfiɡʷi ɽu ɳɑ mækʷo mæ kɑ ɳɑ fɑjɑ mæ kɑ] t͡ʃuɡʷ little -ɨjɨ GEN mæf lamb -iɡʷi ABS ɽu a ɳɑ indicative m- 3.sing.masc.SUBJ ækʷo have mæ PAST kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ ɳɑ indicative f- 3.sing.fem.SUBJ ɑjɑ want mæ PAST kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ “She wanted to have a little lamb.” | (12) |
Compounding
Verbs
Inflectional Categories
The verbal phrase clitics in Him fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing question, comprising ни /ni/ ‘Q’; second, a clitic expressing negation, comprising ну /nu/ ‘NEG’; third, a clitic expressing mode, comprising н̇а /ɳɑ/ ‘indicative’, фе /fe/ ‘conditional’ and ӈә /ŋæ/ ‘optative’; fourth, a clitic expressing ta, comprising мә /mæ/ ‘PAST’; fifth, a clitic expressing voice, comprising фа /fɑ/ ‘passive’; and finally, sixth, a clitic expressing obj, comprising ку /ku/ ‘1incl.sing’, ја /jɑ/ ‘1excl.sing’, ги /hi/ ‘2.sing’, су /su/ ‘3.sing.masc’, ка /kɑ/ ‘3.sing.fem’, го /ho/ ‘1incl.dual’, да /dɑ/ ‘1excl.dual’, ду /du/ ‘2.dual’, де /de/ ‘3.dual.masc’, чи /t͡ʃi/ ‘3.dual.fem’, јы /jɨ/ ‘1incl.plur’, д̱и /ɗi/ ‘1excl.plur’, фы /fɨ/ ‘2.plur’, га /hɑ/ ‘3.plur.masc’ and фи /fi/ ‘3.plur.fem’.
In addition, the verb is structured like this: an obligatory prefix expressing subj, comprising ј- /j-/ ‘1incl.sing’, т̇- /ʈ-/ ‘1excl.sing’, ӈ- /ŋ-/ ‘2.sing’, м- /m-/ ‘3.sing.masc’, ф- /f-/ ‘3.sing.fem’, в- /w-/ ‘1incl.dual’, д̇- /ɖ-/ ‘1excl.dual’, ґв- /ɡʷ-/ ‘2.dual’, к- /k-/ ‘3.dual.masc’, п- /p-/ ‘3.dual.fem’, т- /t-/ ‘1incl.plur’, ґ- /ɡ-/ ‘1excl.plur’, н̇- /ɳ-/ ‘2.plur’, с̇- /ʂ-/ ‘3.plur.masc’ and б- /b-/ ‘3.plur.fem’ followed by the root.
initial XML:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner: No change.
module addgender: No change.
module propagatenumber: No change.
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> - </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="2.sing"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="2.sing"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/subj/obligatoryGot 1excl.sing
addaffixes:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="2.sing"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2"> + <flat> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="2.sing"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="2.sing"/> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">|t͡ʃ|ai|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">|ʈ|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">|i|kʷ|o|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="2.sing.OBJ">|h|i|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |t͡ʃ|ai|#-> t͡ʃai
### |t͡ʃ|ai|
#-> t͡ʃai
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ʈ|-
#-> ʈ-
### |ʈ|-
#-> ʈ-
### |i|kʷ|o|
#-> ikʷo
### |i|kʷ|o|
#-> ikʷo
### |h|i|
#-> hi
### |h|i|
#-> hi
### |t͡ʃ|ai| |ɳ|ɑ| |ʈ||i|kʷ|o| |h|i|
#-> t͡ʃai ɳɑ ʈikʷo hi
removetags:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<flat>
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">|t͡ʃ|ai|</word>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">|ʈ|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">|i|kʷ|o|</word>
- <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="2.sing.OBJ">|h|i|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃai</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈ-</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ikʷo</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hi</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing.OBJ</span></span></p>
+ <p>t͡ʃai ɳɑ ʈikʷo hi</p>
+ <p>чай н̇а т̇икво ги</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>t͡ʃai</o>
+ <g>2.sing</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ʈ-</o>
+ <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ikʷo</o>
+ <g>love</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>hi</o>
+ <g>2.sing.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### t͡ʃai ɳɑ ʈikʷo hi#-> t͡ʃai ɳɑ ʈikʷo hi
Чай н̇а т̇икво ги. [t͡ʃai ɳɑ ʈikʷo hi] t͡ʃai 2.sing ɳɑ indicative ʈ- 1excl.sing.SUBJ ikʷo love hi 2.sing.OBJ “I love you.” | (13) |
Adverbs Minor Classes
Adpositions
There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.
initial XML:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>table</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>table</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking: No change.
module markowner: No change.
module addgender:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase: No change.
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+ <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for table/noun/case/obligatorycalling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for table/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/optional
Got sing
addaffixes:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">|ʃ|æ|ɡ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">|d|u|f|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">|w|ɑ|</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ʃ|æ|ɡ|#-> ʃæɡ
### |ʃ|æ|ɡ|
#-> ʃæɡ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |d|u|f|
#-> duf
### |d|u|f|
#-> duf
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |w|ɑ|
#-> wɑ
### |w|ɑ|
#-> wɑ
### |ʃ|æ|ɡ||i|ɡʷ|i| |d|u|f||i|ɡʷ|i| |w|ɑ|
#-> ʃæɡiɡʷi dufiɡʷi wɑ
removetags:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">|ʃ|æ|ɡ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="masc">|d|u|f|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">|w|ɑ|</word>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃæɡ</span><br><span class="gls">table</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">duf</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wɑ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span></p>
+ <p>ʃæɡiɡʷi dufiɡʷi wɑ</p>
+ <p>шәґиґви дуфиґви ва</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ʃæɡ</o>
+ <g>table</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>duf</o>
+ <g>surface</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>wɑ</o>
+ <g>in</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ʃæɡiɡʷi dufiɡʷi wɑ#-> ʃæɡiɡʷi dufiɡʷi wɑ
шәґиґви дуфиґви ва [ʃæɡiɡʷi dufiɡʷi wɑ] ʃæɡ table -iɡʷi ABS duf surface -iɡʷi ABS wɑ in “on the table” | (14) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>box</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>box</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="DAT"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking: No change.
module markowner: No change.
module addgender:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np type="owner_owned" case="DAT">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="DAT"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="DAT" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase: No change.
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="DAT" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> </np> - </np> <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+ <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for box/noun/case/obligatorycalling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for box/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/obligatory
calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: noun, case
returning ABS
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/optional
Got sing
addaffixes:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> - <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">|ɓ|i|ɳ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">|ɡʷ|au|ɲ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">|kʷ|ɑ|</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɓ|i|ɳ|#-> ɓiɳ
### |ɓ|i|ɳ|
#-> ɓiɳ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɡʷ|au|ɲ|
#-> ɡʷauɲ
### |ɡʷ|au|ɲ|
#-> ɡʷauɲ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |kʷ|ɑ|
#-> kʷɑ
### |kʷ|ɑ|
#-> kʷɑ
### |ɓ|i|ɳ||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɡʷ|au|ɲ||i|ɡʷ|i| |kʷ|ɑ|
#-> ɓiɳiɡʷi ɡʷauɲiɡʷi kʷɑ
removetags:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="fem">|ɓ|i|ɳ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="fem">|ɡʷ|au|ɲ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">|kʷ|ɑ|</word>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓiɳ</span><br><span class="gls">box</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷauɲ</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʷɑ</span><br><span class="gls">to</span></span></p>
+ <p>ɓiɳiɡʷi ɡʷauɲiɡʷi kʷɑ</p>
+ <p>б̱ин̇иґви ґваўњиґви ква</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɓiɳ</o>
+ <g>box</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɡʷauɲ</o>
+ <g>inside</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kʷɑ</o>
+ <g>to</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɓiɳiɡʷi ɡʷauɲiɡʷi kʷɑ#-> ɓiɳiɡʷi ɡʷauɲiɡʷi kʷɑ
б̱ин̇иґви ґваўњиґви ква [ɓiɳiɡʷi ɡʷauɲiɡʷi kʷɑ] ɓiɳ box -iɡʷi ABS ɡʷauɲ inside -iɡʷi ABS kʷɑ to “into the box” | (15) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking: No change.
module markowner: No change.
module addgender: No change.
module propagatenumber: No change.
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</example>
addaffixes: No change.
flatten:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> - <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC">|ɓ|u|</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative">|t|au|</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɓ|u|#-> ɓu
### |ɓ|u|
#-> ɓu
### |t|au|
#-> tau
### |t|au|
#-> tau
### |ɓ|u| |t|au|
#-> ɓu tau
removetags:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<flat>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC">|ɓ|u|</word>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative">|t|au|</word>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓu</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tau</span><br><span class="gls">COMIT</span></span></p>
+ <p>ɓu tau</p>
+ <p>б̱у Таў</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɓu</o>
+ <g>1excl.sing</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>tau</o>
+ <g>COMIT</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɓu tau#-> ɓu tau
б̱у Таў [ɓu tau] ɓu 1excl.sing tau COMIT “with me” | (16) |
Syntax
Basic Clause Structure
Constituent Order
Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.
Him has basic Subject–Object–Verb (SOV) word order. The subject precedes the object, and the verb appears at the end of the clause. This is one of the most frequent patterns cross-linguistically.
The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Him.
initial XML:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner: No change.
module addgender:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/case/obligatoryGot ERG
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.masc
addaffixes:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.masc"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">|h|e|w|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|o|ɓ|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">|s|ai|ɲ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.masc">|æ|m|o|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.OBJ">|s|u|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |h|e|w|#-> hew
### |h|e|w|
#-> hew
### -|o|ɓ|æ|
#-> -oɓæ
### -|o|ɓ|æ|
#-> -oɓæ
### |s|ai|ɲ|
#-> saiɲ
### |s|ai|ɲ|
#-> saiɲ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |æ|m|o|
#-> æmo
### |æ|m|o|
#-> æmo
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |s|u|
#-> su
### |s|u|
#-> su
### |h|e|w||o|ɓ|æ| |s|ai|ɲ||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɳ|ɑ| |m||æ|m|o| |m|æ| |s|u|
#-> hewoɓæ saiɲiɡʷi ɳɑ mæmo mæ su
removetags:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">|h|e|w|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|o|ɓ|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">|s|ai|ɲ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.sing.masc">|æ|m|o|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.OBJ">|s|u|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hew</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-oɓæ</span><br><span class="gls">ERG</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saiɲ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">æmo</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">su</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.OBJ</span></span></p>
+ <p>hewoɓæ saiɲiɡʷi ɳɑ mæmo mæ su</p>
+ <p>гевоб̱ә сайњиґви н̇а мәмо мә су</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>hew</o>
+ <g>jaguar</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-oɓæ</o>
+ <g>ERG</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>saiɲ</o>
+ <g>hunter</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>m-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>æmo</o>
+ <g>kill</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>su</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### hewoɓæ saiɲiɡʷi ɳɑ mæmo mæ su#-> hewoɓæ saiɲiɡʷi ɳɑ mæmo mæ su
Гевоб̱ә сайњиґви н̇а мәмо мә су. [hewoɓæ saiɲiɡʷi ɳɑ mæmo mæ su] hew jaguar -oɓæ ERG saiɲ hunter -iɡʷi ABS ɳɑ indicative m- 3.sing.masc.SUBJ æmo kill mæ PAST su 3.sing.masc.OBJ “The jaguar killed the hunter.” | (17) |
initial XML:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>dog</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>dog</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj" case="ABS"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" role="obj" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" role="obj" case="ABS">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
- </np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/case/obligatoryGot ERG
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.fem
addaffixes:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">|l|i|t|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|o|ɓ|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">|s|ai|ɲ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">|ʃ|o|p|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">|f|æ|t͡ʃ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">|f|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">|au|w|e|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |l|i|t|#-> lit
### |l|i|t|
#-> lit
### -|o|ɓ|æ|
#-> -oɓæ
### -|o|ɓ|æ|
#-> -oɓæ
### |s|ai|ɲ|
#-> saiɲ
### |s|ai|ɲ|
#-> saiɲ
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### |ʃ|o|p|
#-> ʃop
### |ʃ|o|p|
#-> ʃop
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### |f|æ|t͡ʃ|
#-> fæt͡ʃ
### |f|æ|t͡ʃ|
#-> fæt͡ʃ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |f|-
#-> f-
### |f|-
#-> f-
### |au|w|e|
#-> auwe
### |au|w|e|
#-> auwe
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |l|i|t||o|ɓ|æ| |s|ai|ɲ||ɨ|j|ɨ| |ʃ|o|p||ɨ|j|ɨ| |f|æ|t͡ʃ||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɳ|ɑ| |f||au|w|e| |m|æ| |k|ɑ|
#-> litoɓæ saiɲɨjɨ ʃopɨjɨ fæt͡ʃiɡʷi ɳɑ fauwe mæ kɑ
removetags:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">|l|i|t|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|o|ɓ|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">|s|ai|ɲ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">|ʃ|o|p|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">|f|æ|t͡ʃ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">|f|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.fem">|au|w|e|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lit</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-oɓæ</span><br><span class="gls">ERG</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saiɲ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨjɨ</span><br><span class="gls">GEN</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃop</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨjɨ</span><br><span class="gls">GEN</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fæt͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">dog</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">f-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">auwe</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span></p>
+ <p>litoɓæ saiɲɨjɨ ʃopɨjɨ fæt͡ʃiɡʷi ɳɑ fauwe mæ kɑ</p>
+ <p>литоб̱ә сайњыјы шопыјы фәчиґви н̇а фаўве мә ка</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>lit</o>
+ <g>lion</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-oɓæ</o>
+ <g>ERG</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>saiɲ</o>
+ <g>hunter</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨjɨ</o>
+ <g>GEN</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ʃop</o>
+ <g>daughter</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨjɨ</o>
+ <g>GEN</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>fæt͡ʃ</o>
+ <g>dog</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>f-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>auwe</o>
+ <g>eat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### litoɓæ saiɲɨjɨ ʃopɨjɨ fæt͡ʃiɡʷi ɳɑ fauwe mæ kɑ#-> litoɓæ saiɲɨjɨ ʃopɨjɨ fæt͡ʃiɡʷi ɳɑ fauwe mæ kɑ
Литоб̱ә сайњыјы шопыјы фәчиґви н̇а фаўве мә ка. [litoɓæ saiɲɨjɨ ʃopɨjɨ fæt͡ʃiɡʷi ɳɑ fauwe mæ kɑ] lit lion -oɓæ ERG saiɲ hunter -ɨjɨ GEN ʃop daughter -ɨjɨ GEN fæt͡ʃ dog -iɡʷi ABS ɳɑ indicative f- 3.sing.fem.SUBJ auwe eat mæ PAST kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ “The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.” | (18) |
The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.
Noun Phrases
Structure and Order
The internal structure of noun phrases in Him reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.
Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Him expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.
initial XML:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>friend</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>book</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>friend</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>book</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly: No change.
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder: No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics: No change.
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> </np> </example>About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/case/obligatory
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/number/optional
Got sing
addaffixes:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> + <flat> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">|t͡ʃ|ai|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">|ŋʷ|o|ɡ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">|t͡ʃ|au|n|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">|ɡʷ|ɑ|k|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |t͡ʃ|ai|#-> t͡ʃai
### |t͡ʃ|ai|
#-> t͡ʃai
### |ŋʷ|o|ɡ|
#-> ŋʷoɡ
### |ŋʷ|o|ɡ|
#-> ŋʷoɡ
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### |t͡ʃ|au|n|
#-> t͡ʃaun
### |t͡ʃ|au|n|
#-> t͡ʃaun
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### -|ɨ|j|ɨ|
#-> -ɨjɨ
### |ɡʷ|ɑ|k|
#-> ɡʷɑk
### |ɡʷ|ɑ|k|
#-> ɡʷɑk
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |t͡ʃ|ai| |ŋʷ|o|ɡ||ɨ|j|ɨ| |t͡ʃ|au|n||ɨ|j|ɨ| |ɡʷ|ɑ|k||i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> t͡ʃai ŋʷoɡɨjɨ t͡ʃaunɨjɨ ɡʷɑkiɡʷi
removetags:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<flat>
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">|t͡ʃ|ai|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">|ŋʷ|o|ɡ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">|t͡ʃ|au|n|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">-|ɨ|j|ɨ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">|ɡʷ|ɑ|k|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃai</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋʷoɡ</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨjɨ</span><br><span class="gls">GEN</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃaun</span><br><span class="gls">friend</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨjɨ</span><br><span class="gls">GEN</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷɑk</span><br><span class="gls">book</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span></p>
+ <p>t͡ʃai ŋʷoɡɨjɨ t͡ʃaunɨjɨ ɡʷɑkiɡʷi</p>
+ <p>чай ӈвоґыјы чаўныјы ґвакиґви</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>t͡ʃai</o>
+ <g>2.sing</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ŋʷoɡ</o>
+ <g>son</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨjɨ</o>
+ <g>GEN</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>t͡ʃaun</o>
+ <g>friend</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨjɨ</o>
+ <g>GEN</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɡʷɑk</o>
+ <g>book</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### t͡ʃai ŋʷoɡɨjɨ t͡ʃaunɨjɨ ɡʷɑkiɡʷi#-> t͡ʃai ŋʷoɡɨjɨ t͡ʃaunɨjɨ ɡʷɑkiɡʷi
чай ӈвоґыјы чаўныјы ґвакиґви [t͡ʃai ŋʷoɡɨjɨ t͡ʃaunɨjɨ ɡʷɑkiɡʷi] t͡ʃai 2.sing ŋʷoɡ son -ɨjɨ GEN t͡ʃaun friend -ɨjɨ GEN ɡʷɑk book -iɡʷi ABS “your son’s friend’s book” | (19) |
Conjunctions
Here is an example of a conjunction.
initial XML:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>tiger</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>tiger</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner: No change.
module addgender:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flattenconjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="plur">
- <conjp conj="and">
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- </conjp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="plur">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="plur">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="plur">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/obligatoryGot ERG
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.masc
addaffixes:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">|s|ai|ɲ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|o|ɓ|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|h|e|w|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">-|t͡ʃ|ɨ|</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|n|ɨ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|ɗ|au|s|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">-|t͡ʃ|ɨ|</thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">|n|ɨ|</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|l|i|t|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">-|t͡ʃ|ɨ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem">|æ|m|o|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem.OBJ">|f|i|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |s|ai|ɲ|#-> saiɲ
### |s|ai|ɲ|
#-> saiɲ
### -|o|ɓ|æ|
#-> -oɓæ
### -|o|ɓ|æ|
#-> -oɓæ
### |h|e|w|
#-> hew
### |h|e|w|
#-> hew
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|t͡ʃ|ɨ|
#-> -t͡ʃɨ
### -|t͡ʃ|ɨ|
#-> -t͡ʃɨ
### |n|ɨ|
#-> nɨ
### |n|ɨ|
#-> nɨ
### |ɗ|au|s|
#-> ɗaus
### |ɗ|au|s|
#-> ɗaus
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|t͡ʃ|ɨ|
#-> -t͡ʃɨ
### -|t͡ʃ|ɨ|
#-> -t͡ʃɨ
### |n|ɨ|
#-> nɨ
### |n|ɨ|
#-> nɨ
### |l|i|t|
#-> lit
### |l|i|t|
#-> lit
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|t͡ʃ|ɨ|
#-> -t͡ʃɨ
### -|t͡ʃ|ɨ|
#-> -t͡ʃɨ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |æ|m|o|
#-> æmo
### |æ|m|o|
#-> æmo
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |f|i|
#-> fi
### |f|i|
#-> fi
### |s|ai|ɲ||o|ɓ|æ| |h|e|w||i|ɡʷ|i||t͡ʃ|ɨ| |n|ɨ| |ɗ|au|s||i|ɡʷ|i||t͡ʃ|ɨ| |n|ɨ| |l|i|t||i|ɡʷ|i||t͡ʃ|ɨ| |ɳ|ɑ| |m||æ|m|o| |m|æ| |f|i|
#-> saiɲoɓæ hewiɡʷit͡ʃɨ nɨ ɗausiɡʷit͡ʃɨ nɨ litiɡʷit͡ʃɨ ɳɑ mæmo mæ fi
removetags:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">|s|ai|ɲ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|o|ɓ|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|h|e|w|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">-|t͡ʃ|ɨ|</thingy>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and">|n|ɨ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|ɗ|au|s|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">-|t͡ʃ|ɨ|</thingy>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and">|n|ɨ|</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="fem" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">|l|i|t|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">-|t͡ʃ|ɨ|</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" obj="3.plur.fem">|æ|m|o|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.plur.fem.OBJ">|f|i|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saiɲ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-oɓæ</span><br><span class="gls">ERG</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hew</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ʃɨ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nɨ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɗaus</span><br><span class="gls">tiger</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ʃɨ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nɨ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lit</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ʃɨ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">æmo</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fi</span><br><span class="gls">3.plur.fem.OBJ</span></span></p>
+ <p>saiɲoɓæ hewiɡʷit͡ʃɨ nɨ ɗausiɡʷit͡ʃɨ nɨ litiɡʷit͡ʃɨ ɳɑ mæmo mæ fi</p>
+ <p>сайњоб̱ә гевиґвичы ны д̱аўсиґвичы ны литиґвичы н̇а мәмо мә фи</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>saiɲ</o>
+ <g>hunter</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-oɓæ</o>
+ <g>ERG</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>hew</o>
+ <g>jaguar</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-t͡ʃɨ</o>
+ <g>plur</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>nɨ</o>
+ <g>and</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɗaus</o>
+ <g>tiger</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-t͡ʃɨ</o>
+ <g>plur</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>nɨ</o>
+ <g>and</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>lit</o>
+ <g>lion</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-t͡ʃɨ</o>
+ <g>plur</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>m-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>æmo</o>
+ <g>kill</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>fi</o>
+ <g>3.plur.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### saiɲoɓæ hewiɡʷit͡ʃɨ nɨ ɗausiɡʷit͡ʃɨ nɨ litiɡʷit͡ʃɨ ɳɑ mæmo mæ fi#-> saiɲoɓæ hewiɡʷit͡ʃɨ nɨ ɗausiɡʷit͡ʃɨ nɨ litiɡʷit͡ʃɨ ɳɑ mæmo mæ fi
Сайњоб̱ә гевиґвичы ны д̱аўсиґвичы ны литиґвичы н̇а мәмо мә фи. [saiɲoɓæ hewiɡʷit͡ʃɨ nɨ ɗausiɡʷit͡ʃɨ nɨ litiɡʷit͡ʃɨ ɳɑ mæmo mæ fi] saiɲ hunter -oɓæ ERG hew jaguar -iɡʷi ABS -t͡ʃɨ plur nɨ and ɗaus tiger -iɡʷi ABS -t͡ʃɨ plur nɨ and lit lion -iɡʷi ABS -t͡ʃɨ plur ɳɑ indicative m- 3.sing.masc.SUBJ æmo kill mæ PAST fi 3.plur.fem.OBJ “The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.” | (20) |
Modifiers and Determiners
The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Him provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.
Complex Sentences
Relative Clauses
Him forms relative clauses by placing them before the noun they modify. The modifier takes the form of a finite clause that precedes the head noun without any relative pronoun. The clause shows ordinary clausal structure, with the role of the head noun recoverable from the syntactic position inside the clause.
To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:
initial XML:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner: No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> - </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatoryGot ABS
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 1excl.sing
addaffixes:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">|k|o|w|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">|ʈ|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">|æ|n|ɨ|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |k|o|w|#-> kow
### |k|o|w|
#-> kow
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ʈ|-
#-> ʈ-
### |ʈ|-
#-> ʈ-
### |æ|n|ɨ|
#-> ænɨ
### |æ|n|ɨ|
#-> ænɨ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|o|w||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɳ|ɑ| |ʈ||æ|n|ɨ| |m|æ| |k|ɑ|
#-> kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ
removetags:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">|k|o|w|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">|ʈ|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">|æ|n|ɨ|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kow</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈ-</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ænɨ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span></p>
+ <p>kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ</p>
+ <p>ковиґви н̇а т̇әны мә ка</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>kow</o>
+ <g>cat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ʈ-</o>
+ <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ænɨ</o>
+ <g>pat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ#-> kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ
Ковиґви н̇а т̇әны мә ка. [kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ] kow cat -iɡʷi ABS ɳɑ indicative ʈ- 1excl.sing.SUBJ ænɨ pat mæ PAST kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ “I patted the cat.” | (21) |
We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:
initial XML:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
Warning: Undefined variable $head in /home/u338028385/domains/languagecreator.org/public_html/branches/0.90/Modules/Syntax/RelN.php on line 37
module RelN:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS"> <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner: No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> - </np> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatoryGot ABS
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/subj/obligatory
calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.masc
Got 3.sing.masc
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 1excl.sing
addaffixes:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> - <s> - <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">|ɖ|i|ŋ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">|i|n|o|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">|k|o|w|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">|ʈ|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">|æ|n|ɨ|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɖ|i|ŋ|#-> ɖiŋ
### |ɖ|i|ŋ|
#-> ɖiŋ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |i|n|o|
#-> ino
### |i|n|o|
#-> ino
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|o|w|
#-> kow
### |k|o|w|
#-> kow
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ʈ|-
#-> ʈ-
### |ʈ|-
#-> ʈ-
### |æ|n|ɨ|
#-> ænɨ
### |æ|n|ɨ|
#-> ænɨ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |ɖ|i|ŋ||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɳ|ɑ| |m||i|n|o| |m|æ| |k|ɑ| |k|o|w||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɳ|ɑ| |ʈ||æ|n|ɨ| |m|æ| |k|ɑ|
#-> ɖiŋiɡʷi ɳɑ mino mæ kɑ kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ
removetags:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">|ɖ|i|ŋ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">|i|n|o|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">|k|o|w|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">|ʈ|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">|æ|n|ɨ|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖiŋ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ino</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kow</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈ-</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ænɨ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span></p>
+ <p>ɖiŋiɡʷi ɳɑ mino mæ kɑ kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ</p>
+ <p>д̇иӈиґви н̇а мино мә ка ковиґви н̇а т̇әны мә ка</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɖiŋ</o>
+ <g>mouse</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>m-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ino</o>
+ <g>catch</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kow</o>
+ <g>cat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ʈ-</o>
+ <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ænɨ</o>
+ <g>pat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɖiŋiɡʷi ɳɑ mino mæ kɑ kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ#-> ɖiŋiɡʷi ɳɑ mino mæ kɑ kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ
Д̇иӈиґви н̇а мино мә ка ковиґви н̇а т̇әны мә ка. [ɖiŋiɡʷi ɳɑ mino mæ kɑ kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ] ɖiŋ mouse -iɡʷi ABS ɳɑ indicative m- 3.sing.masc.SUBJ ino catch mæ PAST kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ kow cat -iɡʷi ABS ɳɑ indicative ʈ- 1excl.sing.SUBJ ænɨ pat mæ PAST kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ “I patted the cat that caught the mouse.” | (22) |
Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:
initial XML:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
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module RelN:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS"> <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner: No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<subs>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> - </np> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/case/obligatoryGot ABS
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/subj/obligatory
calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.masc
Got 3.sing.masc
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/subj/obligatory
calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.masc
Got 3.sing.masc
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 1excl.sing
addaffixes:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> - <s> - <subs> - <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">|t|æ|ŋʷ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc">|au|w|e|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.OBJ">|s|u|</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">|ɖ|i|ŋ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">|i|n|o|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">|k|o|w|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">|ʈ|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">|æ|n|ɨ|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |t|æ|ŋʷ|#-> tæŋʷ
### |t|æ|ŋʷ|
#-> tæŋʷ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |au|w|e|
#-> auwe
### |au|w|e|
#-> auwe
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |s|u|
#-> su
### |s|u|
#-> su
### |ɖ|i|ŋ|
#-> ɖiŋ
### |ɖ|i|ŋ|
#-> ɖiŋ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |i|n|o|
#-> ino
### |i|n|o|
#-> ino
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|o|w|
#-> kow
### |k|o|w|
#-> kow
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ʈ|-
#-> ʈ-
### |ʈ|-
#-> ʈ-
### |æ|n|ɨ|
#-> ænɨ
### |æ|n|ɨ|
#-> ænɨ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |t|æ|ŋʷ||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɳ|ɑ| |m||au|w|e| |m|æ| |s|u| |ɖ|i|ŋ||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɳ|ɑ| |m||i|n|o| |m|æ| |k|ɑ| |k|o|w||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɳ|ɑ| |ʈ||æ|n|ɨ| |m|æ| |k|ɑ|
#-> tæŋʷiɡʷi ɳɑ mauwe mæ su ɖiŋiɡʷi ɳɑ mino mæ kɑ kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ
removetags:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">|t|æ|ŋʷ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc">|au|w|e|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.OBJ">|s|u|</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">|ɖ|i|ŋ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">|i|n|o|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">|k|o|w|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">|ʈ|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">|æ|n|ɨ|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tæŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">auwe</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">su</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.OBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖiŋ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ino</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kow</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈ-</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ænɨ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span></p>
+ <p>tæŋʷiɡʷi ɳɑ mauwe mæ su ɖiŋiɡʷi ɳɑ mino mæ kɑ kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ</p>
+ <p>тәӈвиґви н̇а маўве мә су д̇иӈиґви н̇а мино мә ка ковиґви н̇а т̇әны мә ка</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>tæŋʷ</o>
+ <g>cheese</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>m-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>auwe</o>
+ <g>eat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>su</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɖiŋ</o>
+ <g>mouse</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>m-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ino</o>
+ <g>catch</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kow</o>
+ <g>cat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ʈ-</o>
+ <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ænɨ</o>
+ <g>pat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### tæŋʷiɡʷi ɳɑ mauwe mæ su ɖiŋiɡʷi ɳɑ mino mæ kɑ kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ#-> tæŋʷiɡʷi ɳɑ mauwe mæ su ɖiŋiɡʷi ɳɑ mino mæ kɑ kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ
Тәӈвиґви н̇а маўве мә су д̇иӈиґви н̇а мино мә ка ковиґви н̇а т̇әны мә ка. [tæŋʷiɡʷi ɳɑ mauwe mæ su ɖiŋiɡʷi ɳɑ mino mæ kɑ kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ] tæŋʷ cheese -iɡʷi ABS ɳɑ indicative m- 3.sing.masc.SUBJ auwe eat mæ PAST su 3.sing.masc.OBJ ɖiŋ mouse -iɡʷi ABS ɳɑ indicative m- 3.sing.masc.SUBJ ino catch mæ PAST kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ kow cat -iɡʷi ABS ɳɑ indicative ʈ- 1excl.sing.SUBJ ænɨ pat mæ PAST kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.” | (23) |
Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:
initial XML:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>buy</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>buy</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles: No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
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module RelN:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS"> <subs> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner: No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<subs>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<subs>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing" person="1excl"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> - </np> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing" person="1excl"> <subs> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing" person="1excl"> <subs> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/subj/obligatoryGot 1excl.sing
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/subj/obligatory
calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.masc
Got 3.sing.masc
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/subj/obligatory
calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.masc
Got 3.sing.masc
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 1excl.sing
addaffixes:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> - <s> - <subs> - <subs> - <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|ɓ|u|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">|ʈ|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">|e|k|e|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl">|t|æ|ŋʷ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">|au|w|e|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.OBJ">|j|ɑ|</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">|ɖ|i|ŋ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">|i|n|o|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">|k|o|w|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">|ʈ|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">|æ|n|ɨ|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɓ|u|#-> ɓu
### |ɓ|u|
#-> ɓu
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ʈ|-
#-> ʈ-
### |ʈ|-
#-> ʈ-
### |e|k|e|
#-> eke
### |e|k|e|
#-> eke
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |t|æ|ŋʷ|
#-> tæŋʷ
### |t|æ|ŋʷ|
#-> tæŋʷ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |au|w|e|
#-> auwe
### |au|w|e|
#-> auwe
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |j|ɑ|
#-> jɑ
### |j|ɑ|
#-> jɑ
### |ɖ|i|ŋ|
#-> ɖiŋ
### |ɖ|i|ŋ|
#-> ɖiŋ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |i|n|o|
#-> ino
### |i|n|o|
#-> ino
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|o|w|
#-> kow
### |k|o|w|
#-> kow
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ʈ|-
#-> ʈ-
### |ʈ|-
#-> ʈ-
### |æ|n|ɨ|
#-> ænɨ
### |æ|n|ɨ|
#-> ænɨ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |k|ɑ|
#-> kɑ
### |ɓ|u| |ɳ|ɑ| |ʈ||e|k|e| |m|æ| |t|æ|ŋʷ||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɳ|ɑ| |m||au|w|e| |m|æ| |j|ɑ| |ɖ|i|ŋ||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɳ|ɑ| |m||i|n|o| |m|æ| |k|ɑ| |k|o|w||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɳ|ɑ| |ʈ||æ|n|ɨ| |m|æ| |k|ɑ|
#-> ɓu ɳɑ ʈeke mæ tæŋʷiɡʷi ɳɑ mauwe mæ jɑ ɖiŋiɡʷi ɳɑ mino mæ kɑ kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ
removetags:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<flat>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">|ɓ|u|</word>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">|ʈ|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">|e|k|e|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl">|t|æ|ŋʷ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">|au|w|e|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="1excl.sing.OBJ">|j|ɑ|</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">|ɖ|i|ŋ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem">|i|n|o|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">|k|o|w|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">|ʈ|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.fem">|æ|n|ɨ|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.fem.OBJ">|k|ɑ|</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓu</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈ-</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">eke</span><br><span class="gls">buy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tæŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">auwe</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.OBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖiŋ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ino</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kow</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈ-</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ænɨ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kɑ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.OBJ</span></span></p>
+ <p>ɓu ɳɑ ʈeke mæ tæŋʷiɡʷi ɳɑ mauwe mæ jɑ ɖiŋiɡʷi ɳɑ mino mæ kɑ kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ</p>
+ <p>б̱у н̇а т̇еке мә тәӈвиґви н̇а маўве мә ја д̇иӈиґви н̇а мино мә ка ковиґви н̇а т̇әны мә ка</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɓu</o>
+ <g>1excl.sing</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ʈ-</o>
+ <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>eke</o>
+ <g>buy</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>tæŋʷ</o>
+ <g>cheese</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>m-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>auwe</o>
+ <g>eat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>jɑ</o>
+ <g>1excl.sing.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɖiŋ</o>
+ <g>mouse</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>m-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ino</o>
+ <g>catch</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kow</o>
+ <g>cat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ʈ-</o>
+ <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ænɨ</o>
+ <g>pat</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>kɑ</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɓu ɳɑ ʈeke mæ tæŋʷiɡʷi ɳɑ mauwe mæ jɑ ɖiŋiɡʷi ɳɑ mino mæ kɑ kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ#-> ɓu ɳɑ ʈeke mæ tæŋʷiɡʷi ɳɑ mauwe mæ jɑ ɖiŋiɡʷi ɳɑ mino mæ kɑ kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ
Б̱у н̇а т̇еке мә тәӈвиґви н̇а маўве мә ја д̇иӈиґви н̇а мино мә ка ковиґви н̇а т̇әны мә ка. [ɓu ɳɑ ʈeke mæ tæŋʷiɡʷi ɳɑ mauwe mæ jɑ ɖiŋiɡʷi ɳɑ mino mæ kɑ kowiɡʷi ɳɑ ʈænɨ mæ kɑ] ɓu 1excl.sing ɳɑ indicative ʈ- 1excl.sing.SUBJ eke buy mæ PAST tæŋʷ cheese -iɡʷi ABS ɳɑ indicative m- 3.sing.masc.SUBJ auwe eat mæ PAST jɑ 1excl.sing.OBJ ɖiŋ mouse -iɡʷi ABS ɳɑ indicative m- 3.sing.masc.SUBJ ino catch mæ PAST kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ kow cat -iɡʷi ABS ɳɑ indicative ʈ- 1excl.sing.SUBJ ænɨ pat mæ PAST kɑ 3.sing.fem.OBJ “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.” | (24) |
Complementation Strategies
Him marks complement clauses with subordinating verbal morphology. The embedded verb is fully finite and carries a subordinating suffix that identifies the clause as a complement. No structural changes occur within the clause apart from this verbal marking.
The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:
initial XML:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>surprise</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>give</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj">
<noun>teacher</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>surprise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>give</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj"> - <noun>teacher</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun: No change.
module articles:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic: No change.
module RelN: No change.
module sentenceconnectors: No change.
NOT IMPLEMENTEDmodule subordinate: No change.
module adpositions: No change.
module constorder:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> - </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> - </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> + </vp> </subs> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" case="ERG"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner: No change.
module addgender:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="ERG"> + <np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber: No change.
createpronouns: No change.
module ngen: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module wordorder: No change.
module conjp: No change.
flattenconjp: No change.
fixpronouns: No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop: No change.
addclitics:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase: No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs: No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned: No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/obligatoryGot ERG
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/case/obligatory
Got DAT
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/obligatory
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.masc
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/case/obligatory
Got DAT
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.fem
addaffixes:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> - <s> - <np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">|ɽ|ai|b|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|o|ɓ|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">|ɡʷ|i|m|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">-|ɨ|h|o|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">|ʂ|u|ɽ|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">|ɽ|u|</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">|au|m|e|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.OBJ">|s|u|</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">|t͡ʃ|ɨ|d|</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">-|ɨ|h|o|</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">|f|-</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem">|o|ɽ|æ|</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony: No change.
### |ɽ|ai|b|#-> ɽaib
### |ɽ|ai|b|
#-> ɽaib
### -|o|ɓ|æ|
#-> -oɓæ
### -|o|ɓ|æ|
#-> -oɓæ
### |ɡʷ|i|m|
#-> ɡʷim
### |ɡʷ|i|m|
#-> ɡʷim
### -|ɨ|h|o|
#-> -ɨho
### -|ɨ|h|o|
#-> -ɨho
### |ʂ|u|ɽ|
#-> ʂuɽ
### |ʂ|u|ɽ|
#-> ʂuɽ
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### -|i|ɡʷ|i|
#-> -iɡʷi
### |ɽ|u|
#-> ɽu
### |ɽ|u|
#-> ɽu
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |m|-
#-> m-
### |au|m|e|
#-> aume
### |au|m|e|
#-> aume
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |s|u|
#-> su
### |s|u|
#-> su
### |t͡ʃ|ɨ|d|
#-> t͡ʃɨd
### |t͡ʃ|ɨ|d|
#-> t͡ʃɨd
### -|ɨ|h|o|
#-> -ɨho
### -|ɨ|h|o|
#-> -ɨho
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |ɳ|ɑ|
#-> ɳɑ
### |f|-
#-> f-
### |f|-
#-> f-
### |o|ɽ|æ|
#-> oɽæ
### |o|ɽ|æ|
#-> oɽæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |m|æ|
#-> mæ
### |ɽ|ai|b||o|ɓ|æ| |ɡʷ|i|m||ɨ|h|o| |ʂ|u|ɽ||i|ɡʷ|i| |ɽ|u| |ɳ|ɑ| |m||au|m|e| |m|æ| |s|u| |t͡ʃ|ɨ|d||ɨ|h|o| |ɳ|ɑ| |f||o|ɽ|æ| |m|æ|
#-> ɽaiboɓæ ɡʷimɨho ʂuɽiɡʷi ɽu ɳɑ maume mæ su t͡ʃɨdɨho ɳɑ foɽæ mæ
removetags:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">|ɽ|ai|b|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">-|o|ɓ|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">|ɡʷ|i|m|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">-|ɨ|h|o|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">|ʂ|u|ɽ|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS">-|i|ɡʷ|i|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">|ɽ|u|</word>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.masc.SUBJ">|m|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" obj="3.sing.masc">|au|m|e|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpobj" function="enclitic" gloss="3.sing.masc.OBJ">|s|u|</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">|t͡ʃ|ɨ|d|</word>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">-|ɨ|h|o|</thingy>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">-</thingy>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative">|ɳ|ɑ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS">-</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q">-</thingy>
<thingy type="verbsubj" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.fem.SUBJ">|f|-</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" indobj="3.sing.fem">|o|ɽ|æ|</word>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">|m|æ|</thingy>
- <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active">-</thingy>
</flat>
+ <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽaib</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-oɓæ</span><br><span class="gls">ERG</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡʷim</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨho</span><br><span class="gls">DAT</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂuɽ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iɡʷi</span><br><span class="gls">ABS</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽu</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">m-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">aume</span><br><span class="gls">give</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">su</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc.OBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃɨd</span><br><span class="gls">teacher</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ɨho</span><br><span class="gls">DAT</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɳɑ</span><br><span class="gls">indicative</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">f-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem.SUBJ</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">oɽæ</span><br><span class="gls">surprise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mæ</span><br><span class="gls">PAST</span></span></p>
+ <p>ɽaiboɓæ ɡʷimɨho ʂuɽiɡʷi ɽu ɳɑ maume mæ su t͡ʃɨdɨho ɳɑ foɽæ mæ</p>
+ <p>р̇айбоб̱ә ґвимыго с̇ур̇иґви р̇у н̇а маўме мә су чыдыго н̇а фор̇ә мә</p>
+ <il>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɽaib</o>
+ <g>boy</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-oɓæ</o>
+ <g>ERG</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɡʷim</o>
+ <g>girl</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨho</o>
+ <g>DAT</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ʂuɽ</o>
+ <g>apple</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-iɡʷi</o>
+ <g>ABS</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɽu</o>
+ <g>a</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>m-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>aume</o>
+ <g>give</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>su</o>
+ <g>3.sing.masc.OBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>t͡ʃɨd</o>
+ <g>teacher</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>-ɨho</o>
+ <g>DAT</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>ɳɑ</o>
+ <g>indicative</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>f-</o>
+ <g>3.sing.fem.SUBJ</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>oɽæ</o>
+ <g>surprise</g>
+ </w>
+ <w>
+ <o>mæ</o>
+ <g>PAST</g>
+ </w>
+ </il>
</example>
### ɽaiboɓæ ɡʷimɨho ʂuɽiɡʷi ɽu ɳɑ maume mæ su t͡ʃɨdɨho ɳɑ foɽæ mæ#-> ɽaiboɓæ ɡʷimɨho ʂuɽiɡʷi ɽu ɳɑ maume mæ su t͡ʃɨdɨho ɳɑ foɽæ mæ
Р̇айбоб̱ә ґвимыго с̇ур̇иґви р̇у н̇а маўме мә су чыдыго н̇а фор̇ә мә. [ɽaiboɓæ ɡʷimɨho ʂuɽiɡʷi ɽu ɳɑ maume mæ su t͡ʃɨdɨho ɳɑ foɽæ mæ] ɽaib boy -oɓæ ERG ɡʷim girl -ɨho DAT ʂuɽ apple -iɡʷi ABS ɽu a ɳɑ indicative m- 3.sing.masc.SUBJ aume give mæ PAST su 3.sing.masc.OBJ t͡ʃɨd teacher -ɨho DAT ɳɑ indicative f- 3.sing.fem.SUBJ oɽæ surprise mæ PAST “It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.” | (25) |
Quotes
Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:
Miscellaneous
Supplementary Materials
A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Him / Him–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.
Readers are encouraged to share observations or corrections via the feedback form. The present page may be accessed directly at:
https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2QAT4
Behind the scenes, the Language Creator stores the generated language in a JSON-based format known as ELD. The corresponding ELD file may be downloaded, edited as required, and reuploaded in order to regenerate the grammar, dictionary and texts.
How to cite this grammar:
Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Him. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.90, on 19 April 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2QAT4
In BibTeX format:
@misc{LC-2QAT4,
year = 2026,
author = {{Language Creator}},
title = {A Grammar of {Him}},
howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/2QAT4}},
note = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.90, on 19 April 2026}
}
Execution time: 0.05 seconds.