A Grammar of Pseudo-English
Introduction
Scope and Purpose
This grammar provides a systematic description of the Pseudo-English language (the 1429th one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.
The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Pseudo-English.
Typological Profile
It has a maximally developed dental–alveolar opposition.Phonology
Phoneme Inventory
Consonants
Pseudo-English has a moderately large consonant inventory, with 29 phonemes.
It has a maximally developed dental–alveolar opposition and a broad set of voiced–voiceless oppositions.The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Pseudo-English. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.
| labial | dental | alveolar | postalveolar | lateral | palatal | velar | glottal | open-mid | near-front | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | p b | d t | k ɡ | |||||||
| nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||
| trill/tap/flap | r | |||||||||
| fricative | f v | ð θ | s z | ʃ ʒ | h | |||||
| approximant | w | l | j | |||||||
| affricate | d͡ʒ t͡ʃ | |||||||||
| back | ʌ | |||||||||
| near-close | ɪ |
Vowels
Pseudo-English has 12 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.
It has a strongly reduced vowel system in unstressed syllables, a maximally “square” vowel system balancing heights across backness and an unusually fine-grained height system distinguishing four levels.The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Pseudo-English. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.
| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| close | i | u | |
| close-mid | e | ʊ | o |
| mid | ə | ||
| open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| open | æ | ɑ |
Stress and Tones
Pseudo-English has phonemic stress but no lexical tone. Stress consistently falls on the first vowel of the root, and no contrastive tonal distinctions are made.
Phonological Processes
Vowel Harmony
Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.
Writing System
Introduction
Pseudo-English is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.
Orthography
Here are the various components of the orthography:
Simple letters
| a /æ/ | b /b/ | d /d/ | e /ə, ɛ/ |
| f /f/ | g /ɡ/ | h /h/ | i /ɪ/ |
| j /d͡ʒ/ | k /k/ | l /l/ | m /m/ |
| n /n/ | o /o/ | p /p/ | r /r/ |
| s /s/ | t /t/ | u /ʌ/ | v /v/ |
| w /w/ | y /ai, j/ | z /z/ |
Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs
| ah /ɑ/ | ai /e/ | au /ɔ/ |
| ch /t͡ʃ/ | ee /i/ | ng /ŋ/ |
| oa /əu/ | oi /ɔi/ | oo /u, ʊ/ |
| ou /au/ | sh /ʃ/ | th /ð, θ/ |
| zh /ʒ/ |
Word Classes and Morphology
Number and Gender
Number
Pseudo-English does not have grammatical number.
Gender
Pseudo-English does not have genders or noun classes.
The Nominal Phrase
Nominal phrases in Pseudo-English can be exemplified by the following example:
initial XML:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def">
<noun>woman</noun>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>knife</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
<adj>blind</adj>
<num>three</num>
<det>yon</det>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>woman</noun> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>knife</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> - <adj>blind</adj> - <num>three</num> - <det>yon</det> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module constorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
+ <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<pp role="comitative">
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
- <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
Got ACC
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> - <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="w u ' m ə n">wu'mən</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="w ə θ">wəθ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" ph="n ai ' f">nai'f</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="k æ ' t͡ʃ">kæ't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="j ɔ ' n">jɔ'n</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="θ+r i '">θri'</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="b+l ai ' n+d">blai'nd</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="m au ' s">mau's</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə z">əz</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="w u ' m ə n">wu'mən</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="w ə θ">wəθ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" ph="n ai ' f">nai'f</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="k æ ' t͡ʃ">kæ't͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="j ɔ ' n">jɔ'n</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="θ+r i '">θri'</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="b+l ai ' n+d">blai'nd</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="m au ' s">mau's</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə z">əz</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="NOM">wu'mən</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative">wəθ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">nai'f</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">kæ't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">jɔ'n</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">θri'</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">blai'nd</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">mau's</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">əz</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"></thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wu'mən</span><br><span class="gls">woman</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wəθ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nai'f</span><br><span class="gls">knife</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kæ't͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɔ'n</span><br><span class="gls">yon</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">θri'</span><br><span class="gls">three</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">blai'nd</span><br><span class="gls">blind</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mau's</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əz</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span></p> + <p>ðə wu'mən wəθ ðə nai'f kæ't͡ʃəd jɔ'n θri' blai'nd mau'səz</p> + <p>the woomen weth the nyf kached yaun three blynd mousez</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wu'mən</o> + <g>woman</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>wəθ</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nai'f</o> + <g>knife</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kæ't͡ʃ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jɔ'n</o> + <g>yon</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>θri'</o> + <g>three</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>blai'nd</o> + <g>blind</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mau's</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əz</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
The woomen weth the nyf kached yaun three blynd mousez. [ðə wu'mən wəθ ðə nai'f kæ't͡ʃəd jɔ'n θri' blai'nd mau'səz] ðə the wu'mən woman wəθ COMIT ðə the nai'f knife kæ't͡ʃ catch -əd PAST jɔ'n yon θri' three blai'nd blind mau's mouse -əz plur - ACC “The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.” | (1) |
In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.
There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.The Noun
The noun in Pseudo-English consists of first, the root; second, an optional suffix expressing number, comprising -ez /-əz/ ‘plur’; and finally, third, an optional suffix expressing case, comprising - /-/ ‘ACC’, -es /-əs/ ‘GEN’, -et /-ət/ ‘DAT’, -ex /-əx/ ‘INS’, -ep /-əp/ ‘VOC’, -ef /-əf/ ‘ALL’, -ej /-əd͡ʒ/ ‘LOC’, -et /-ət/ ‘ABL’ and -ed /-əd/ ‘PART’.
The Adjective
The adjective in Pseudo-English stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Numerals
The numeral in Pseudo-English stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Determiners
The determiner in Pseudo-English stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Pronouns
The pronoun in Pseudo-English stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Pseudo-English always includes the personal pronouns, even if they are not stressed. This is similar to English, where the only way to distinguish "he loves her" from "he loves her" and "he loves her" is the stress. So the following corresponds exactly to English in this regard:
initial XML:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACC"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="θ ɔ ' ʃ">θɔ'ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="t͡ʃ ai ' p">t͡ʃai'p</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="θ ɔ ' ʃ">θɔ'ʃ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="θ ɔ ' ʃ">θɔ'ʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="t͡ʃ ai ' p">t͡ʃai'p</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="θ ɔ ' ʃ">θɔ'ʃ</word> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">θɔ'ʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">t͡ʃai'p</word> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">θɔ'ʃ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">θɔ'ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃai'p</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">θɔ'ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing</span></span></p> + <p>θɔ'ʃ t͡ʃai'p θɔ'ʃ</p> + <p>thaush chyp thaush</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>θɔ'ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃai'p</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>θɔ'ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Thaush chyp thaush. [θɔ'ʃ t͡ʃai'p θɔ'ʃ] θɔ'ʃ 3.sing t͡ʃai'p love θɔ'ʃ 3.sing “He (the boy) loves her (the girl).” | (2) |
Proper Nouns
initial XML:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>hate</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>NN1</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>NN2</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>hate</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>NN1</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>NN2</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> + </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/case/optional
Got ACC
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
-<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> +<example id="loveprop" translation="Thanis hates Tsatsib."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Thanis" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" propernoun="yes" ph="ð ə n i ' s">ðəni's</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="z+d ə ð ai ' m">zdəðai'm</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Tsatsib" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" propernoun="yes" ph="t͡s ə t͡s i ' b">t͡sət͡si'b</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="loveprop" translation="Thanis hates Tsatsib."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Thanis" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" propernoun="yes" ph="ð ə n i ' s">ðəni's</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="z+d ə ð ai ' m">zdəðai'm</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Tsatsib" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" propernoun="yes" ph="t͡s ə t͡s i ' b">t͡sət͡si'b</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Thanis" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" propernoun="yes">ðəni's</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">zdəðai'm</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Tsatsib" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" propernoun="yes">t͡sət͡si'b</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"></thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðəni's</span><br><span class="gls">Thanis</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zdəðai'm</span><br><span class="gls">hate</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡sət͡si'b</span><br><span class="gls">Tsatsib</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span></p> + <p>ðə ðəni's zdəðai'm ðə t͡sət͡si'b</p> + <p>the Thenees zdethym the T͡set͡seeb</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðəni's</o> + <g>Thanis</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zdəðai'm</o> + <g>hate</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡sət͡si'b</o> + <g>Tsatsib</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
The Thenees zdethym the T͡set͡seeb. [ðə ðəni's zdəðai'm ðə t͡sət͡si'b] ðə the ðəni's Thanis zdəðai'm hate ðə the t͡sət͡si'b Tsatsib - ACC “Thanis hates Tsatsib.” | (3) |
Possession
initial XML:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="d ɔ ' m">dɔ'm</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ʒ+d ə n+j i ' x">ʒdənji'x</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="d ɔ ' m">dɔ'm</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ʒ+d ə n+j i ' x">ʒdənji'x</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">dɔ'm</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">əs</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">ʒdənji'x</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dɔ'm</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒdənji'x</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span></p> + <p>ðə dɔ'məs ðə ʒdənji'x</p> + <p>the daumes the zhdenyeex</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dɔ'm</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒdənji'x</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
the daumes the zhdenyeex [ðə dɔ'məs ðə ʒdənji'x] ðə the dɔ'm boy -əs GEN ðə the ʒdənji'x apple “the boy’s apple” | (4) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="θ ɔ ' ʃ">θɔ'ʃ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ʒ+d ə n+j i ' x">ʒdənji'x</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="θ ɔ ' ʃ">θɔ'ʃ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ʒ+d ə n+j i ' x">ʒdənji'x</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">θɔ'ʃ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">ʒdənji'x</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">θɔ'ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒdənji'x</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span></p> + <p>θɔ'ʃ ðə ʒdənji'x</p> + <p>thaush the zhdenyeex</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>θɔ'ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒdənji'x</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
thaush the zhdenyeex [θɔ'ʃ ðə ʒdənji'x] θɔ'ʃ 3.sing ðə the ʒdənji'x apple “his (the boy’s) apple” | (5) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ʒ+d ə n+j i ' x">ʒdənji'x</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ʒ+d ə n+j i ' x">ʒdənji'x</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">lu'ŋ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">ʒdənji'x</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lu'ŋ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒdənji'x</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span></p> + <p>lu'ŋ ðə ʒdənji'x</p> + <p>loong the zhdenyeex</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>lu'ŋ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒdənji'x</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
loong the zhdenyeex [lu'ŋ ðə ʒdənji'x] lu'ŋ 1excl.sing ðə the ʒdənji'x apple “my apple” | (6) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kiss</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>neighbour</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kiss</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>neighbour</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> - </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ACC">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="NOM"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="ACC"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="subj" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="obj" case="ACC"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - </np> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="subj" case="NOM"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="obj" case="ACC"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> - </np> </s> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/case/optional
Got ACC
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="z ə t͡s au ' t͡ʃ">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="n+j e ' g">nje'g</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="x ə l i ' d">xəli'd</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="z e ' s">ze's</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="k ə ŋ au ' n">kəŋau'n</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="x æ ' ʃ">xæ'ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="z ə t͡s au ' t͡ʃ">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="n+j e ' g">nje'g</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="x ə l i ' d">xəli'd</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="z e ' s">ze's</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="k ə ŋ au ' n">kəŋau'n</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="x æ ' ʃ">xæ'ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">əs</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">nje'g</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">xəli'd</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ze's</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">kəŋau'n</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">əs</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">xæ'ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"></thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nje'g</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xəli'd</span><br><span class="gls">kiss</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ze's</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kəŋau'n</span><br><span class="gls">neighbour</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xæ'ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span></p> + <p>ðə zət͡sau't͡ʃəs ðə nje'g xəli'dəd ze's ðə kəŋau'nəs ðə xæ'ʃ</p> + <p>the zet͡souches the nyaig xeleeded zais the kengounes the xash</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zət͡sau't͡ʃ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nje'g</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xəli'd</o> + <g>kiss</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ze's</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kəŋau'n</o> + <g>neighbour</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xæ'ʃ</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
The zet͡souches the nyaig xeleeded zais the kengounes the xash. [ðə zət͡sau't͡ʃəs ðə nje'g xəli'dəd ze's ðə kəŋau'nəs ðə xæ'ʃ] ðə the zət͡sau't͡ʃ hunter -əs GEN ðə the nje'g daughter xəli'd kiss -əd PAST ze's 2.sing ðə the kəŋau'n neighbour -əs GEN ðə the xæ'ʃ son - ACC “The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.” | (7) |
Derivation
Pseudo-English has no derivational processes.
initial XML:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph=" ə n">ən</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="k ə j ɛ ' r">kəjɛ'r</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph=" ə n">ən</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="k ə j ɛ ' r">kəjɛ'r</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">ən</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="NOM">kəjɛ'r</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ən</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kəjɛ'r</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span></p> + <p>ən kəjɛ'r</p> + <p>en keyer</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ən</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kəjɛ'r</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
en keyer [ən kəjɛ'r] ən a kəjɛ'r lamb “a lamb” | (8) |
Note how none show up here:
initial XML:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>want</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>have</verb>
</vp>
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>want</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
- <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ACC">
+ <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="NOM"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="adj" gloss="little" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/optional
Got ACC
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"/> - </subs> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="little" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="θ ɔ ' ʃ">θɔ'ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="g ɔi ' r">gɔi'r</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" ph="h æ ' v">hæ'v</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph=" ə n">ən</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="l ɪ ' t ə l">lɪ'təl</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="k ə j ɛ ' r">kəjɛ'r</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" ph="x ə s+k æ ' ʃ">xəskæ'ʃ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="θ ɔ ' ʃ">θɔ'ʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="g ɔi ' r">gɔi'r</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" ph="h æ ' v">hæ'v</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph=" ə n">ən</word> - <word posp="adj" gloss="little" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="l ɪ ' t ə l">lɪ'təl</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="k ə j ɛ ' r">kəjɛ'r</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing" ph="x ə s+k æ ' ʃ">xəskæ'ʃ</word> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gloss="3.sing" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">θɔ'ʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">gɔi'r</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing">hæ'v</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">ən</word> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">lɪ'təl</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">kəjɛ'r</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"></thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">xəskæ'ʃ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">θɔ'ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">gɔi'r</span><br><span class="gls">want</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hæ'v</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ən</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lɪ'təl</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kəjɛ'r</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xəskæ'ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span></p> + <p>θɔ'ʃ gɔi'rəd hæ'vəd ən lɪ'təl kəjɛ'r xəskæ'ʃ</p> + <p>thaush goired haved en litel keyer xeskash</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>θɔ'ʃ</o> + <g>3.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>gɔi'r</o> + <g>want</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hæ'v</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ən</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>lɪ'təl</o> + <g>little</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kəjɛ'r</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xəskæ'ʃ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Thaush goired haved en litel keyer xeskash. [θɔ'ʃ gɔi'rəd hæ'vəd ən lɪ'təl kəjɛ'r xəskæ'ʃ] θɔ'ʃ 3.sing gɔi'r want -əd PAST hæ'v have -əd PAST ən a lɪ'təl little kəjɛ'r lamb - ACC xəskæ'ʃ COMP “She wanted to have a little lamb.” | (9) |
Compounding
Verbs
Inflectional Categories
The verbal phrase clitics in Pseudo-English fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing question, comprising kwes /kwɛs/ ‘Q’; second, a clitic expressing negation, comprising naut /nɔt/ ‘NEG’; third, a clitic expressing mode, comprising goa /gəu/ ‘imperative’, if /ɪf/ ‘conditional’ and lets /lɛts/ ‘optative’; fourth, a clitic expressing ta, comprising -ed /-əd/ ‘PAST’; and finally, fifth, a clitic expressing voice, comprising bee /bi/ ‘passive’.
The verb itself does not have any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
initial XML:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="t͡ʃ ai ' p">t͡ʃai'p</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="z e ' s">ze's</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="t͡ʃ ai ' p">t͡ʃai'p</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="z e ' s">ze's</word> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">lu'ŋ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">t͡ʃai'p</word> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">ze's</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lu'ŋ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃai'p</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ze's</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span></p> + <p>lu'ŋ t͡ʃai'p ze's</p> + <p>loong chyp zais</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>lu'ŋ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃai'p</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ze's</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Loong chyp zais. [lu'ŋ t͡ʃai'p ze's] lu'ŋ 1excl.sing t͡ʃai'p love ze's 2.sing “I love you.” | (10) |
Adverbs Minor Classes
Adpositions
There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.
initial XML:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>table</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>table</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module articles:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
+ <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> </pp> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for table/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for table/noun/case/optional
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> + <flat> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph=" ɔ ' n">ɔ'n</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="n o ' s">no's</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph=" ɔ ' n">ɔ'n</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="n o ' s">no's</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">ɔ'n</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">no's</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɔ'n</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">no's</span><br><span class="gls">table</span></span></p> + <p>ɔ'n ðə no's</p> + <p>aun the nos</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɔ'n</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>no's</o> + <g>table</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
aun the nos [ɔ'n ðə no's] ɔ'n in_surface ðə the no's table “on the table” | (11) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>box</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>box</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module articles:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
+ <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> </np> </pp> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for box/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for box/noun/case/optional
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> - <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> + <flat> <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="k o ' k">ko'k</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ʃ+k ə k i ' g">ʃkəki'g</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="k o ' k">ko'k</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" ph="ʃ+k ə k i ' g">ʃkəki'g</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">ko'k</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number">ʃkəki'g</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ko'k</span><br><span class="gls">to_inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃkəki'g</span><br><span class="gls">box</span></span></p> + <p>ko'k ðə ʃkəki'g</p> + <p>kok the shkekeeg</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ko'k</o> + <g>to_inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃkəki'g</o> + <g>box</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
kok the shkekeeg [ko'k ðə ʃkəki'g] ko'k to_inside ðə the ʃkəki'g box “into the box” | (12) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number"/> </np> </pp> </example>
addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> - <pp role="comitative"> + <flat> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number"/> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="w ə θ">wəθ</word> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="w ə θ">wəθ</word> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative">wəθ</word> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" locus="number">lu'ŋ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wəθ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lu'ŋ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span></p> + <p>wəθ lu'ŋ</p> + <p>weth loong</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>wəθ</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>lu'ŋ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
weth loong [wəθ lu'ŋ] wəθ COMIT lu'ŋ 1excl.sing “with me” | (13) |
Syntax
Basic Clause Structure
Constituent Order
Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.
Pseudo-English employs Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) as its basic word order. The subject is followed by the verb, with the object occurring in post-verbal position. This ordering is widely attested across the world’s languages.
The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Pseudo-English.
initial XML:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/optional
Got ACC
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d ə z ɛ ' f">dəzɛ'f</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="t͡s i ' ð">t͡si'ð</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="z ə t͡s au ' t͡ʃ">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d ə z ɛ ' f">dəzɛ'f</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="t͡s i ' ð">t͡si'ð</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="z ə t͡s au ' t͡ʃ">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">dəzɛ'f</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">t͡si'ð</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"></thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dəzɛ'f</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡si'ð</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span></p> + <p>ðə dəzɛ'f t͡si'ðəd ðə zət͡sau't͡ʃ</p> + <p>the dezef t͡seethed the zet͡souch</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dəzɛ'f</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡si'ð</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zət͡sau't͡ʃ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
The dezef t͡seethed the zet͡souch. [ðə dəzɛ'f t͡si'ðəd ðə zət͡sau't͡ʃ] ðə the dəzɛ'f jaguar t͡si'ð kill -əd PAST ðə the zət͡sau't͡ʃ hunter - ACC “The jaguar killed the hunter.” | (14) |
initial XML:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>dog</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>dog</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="ACC"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ACC">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ACC">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+ <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ACC" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="obj" case="ACC">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing" role="obj" case="ACC">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
- </np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/case/optional
Got ACC
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="n+j ə ʃ+p æ ' ð">njəʃpæ'ð</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="n+j ɔi ' l">njɔi'l</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="z ə t͡s au ' t͡ʃ">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="n+j e ' g">nje'g</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="s+t i ' f">sti'f</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="n+j ə ʃ+p æ ' ð">njəʃpæ'ð</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="n+j ɔi ' l">njɔi'l</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="z ə t͡s au ' t͡ʃ">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="n+j e ' g">nje'g</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC" ph="s+t i ' f">sti'f</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">njəʃpæ'ð</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">njɔi'l</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">əs</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">nje'g</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">əs</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="ACC">sti'f</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"></thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">njəʃpæ'ð</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">njɔi'l</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nje'g</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sti'f</span><br><span class="gls">dog</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span></p> + <p>ðə njəʃpæ'ð njɔi'ləd ðə zət͡sau't͡ʃəs ðə nje'gəs ðə sti'f</p> + <p>the nyeshpath nyoiled the zet͡souches the nyaiges the steef</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>njəʃpæ'ð</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>njɔi'l</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zət͡sau't͡ʃ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nje'g</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sti'f</o> + <g>dog</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
The nyeshpath nyoiled the zet͡souches the nyaiges the steef. [ðə njəʃpæ'ð njɔi'ləd ðə zət͡sau't͡ʃəs ðə nje'gəs ðə sti'f] ðə the njəʃpæ'ð lion njɔi'l eat -əd PAST ðə the zət͡sau't͡ʃ hunter -əs GEN ðə the nje'g daughter -əs GEN ðə the sti'f dog - ACC “The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.” | (15) |
The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.
Noun Phrases
Structure and Order
The internal structure of noun phrases in Pseudo-English reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.
Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Pseudo-English expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.
initial XML:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>friend</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>book</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>friend</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>book</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="NOM" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> + <flat> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="z e ' s">ze's</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="x æ ' ʃ">xæ'ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="l ɔ ' s">lɔ's</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="l ə b ɛ r">ləbɛr</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="z e ' s">ze's</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="x æ ' ʃ">xæ'ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" ph="l ɔ ' s">lɔ's</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ə s">əs</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM" ph="l ə b ɛ r">ləbɛr</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ze's</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">xæ'ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">əs</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">lɔ's</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">əs</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="NOM">ləbɛr</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ze's</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xæ'ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lɔ's</span><br><span class="gls">friend</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əs</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ləbɛr</span><br><span class="gls">book</span></span></p> + <p>ze's ðə xæ'ʃəs ðə lɔ'səs ðə ləbɛr</p> + <p>zais the xashes the lauses the leber</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ze's</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xæ'ʃ</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>lɔ's</o> + <g>friend</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əs</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ləbɛr</o> + <g>book</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
zais the xashes the lauses the leber [ze's ðə xæ'ʃəs ðə lɔ'səs ðə ləbɛr] ze's 2.sing ðə the xæ'ʃ son -əs GEN ðə the lɔ's friend -əs GEN ðə the ləbɛr book “your son’s friend’s book” | (16) |
Case Marking
Pseudo-English uses nominative–accusative case marking. The subject of an intransitive verb and the subject of a transitive verb are treated alike and take the nominative case, while the object of a transitive verb is marked with the accusative case. This is the familiar pattern from many European languages: the grammar groups together the participants that function as subjects and marks the participant affected by a transitive action separately.
initial XML:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-state">
<verb>sleep</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-state"> - <verb>sleep</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="ʒ æ ' d">ʒæ'd</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="ʒ æ ' d">ʒæ'd</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">fau'l</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">ʒæ'd</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fau'l</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒæ'd</span><br><span class="gls">sleep</span></span></p> + <p>ðə fau'l ʒæ'd</p> + <p>the foul zhad</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fau'l</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒæ'd</o> + <g>sleep</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
The foul zhad. [ðə fau'l ʒæ'd] ðə the fau'l cat ʒæ'd sleep “The cat is sleeping.” | (17) |
initial XML:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>run</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>run</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+ <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="ʃ ɑ ' g">ʃɑ'g</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" ph="ʃ ɑ ' g">ʃɑ'g</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">fau'l</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing">ʃɑ'g</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fau'l</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃɑ'g</span><br><span class="gls">run</span></span></p> + <p>ðə fau'l ʃɑ'g</p> + <p>the foul shahg</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fau'l</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃɑ'g</o> + <g>run</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
The foul shahg. [ðə fau'l ʃɑ'g] ðə the fau'l cat ʃɑ'g run “The cat is running.” | (18) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>chase</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>chase</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+ <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
Got ACC
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="ʃ+t ə f ɔi ' b">ʃtəfɔi'b</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="m au ' s">mau's</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="ʃ+t ə f ɔi ' b">ʃtəfɔi'b</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="m au ' s">mau's</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">fau'l</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">ʃtəfɔi'b</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">mau's</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"></thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fau'l</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃtəfɔi'b</span><br><span class="gls">chase</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mau's</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span></p> + <p>ðə fau'l ʃtəfɔi'b ðə mau's</p> + <p>the foul shtefoib the mous</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fau'l</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃtəfɔi'b</o> + <g>chase</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mau's</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
The foul shtefoib the mous. [ðə fau'l ʃtəfɔi'b ðə mau's] ðə the fau'l cat ʃtəfɔi'b chase ðə the mau's mouse - ACC “The cat is chasing the mouse.” | (19) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
Got ACC
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="k æ ' t͡ʃ">kæ't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="m au ' s">mau's</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="k æ ' t͡ʃ">kæ't͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="m au ' s">mau's</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="NOM">fau'l</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">kæ't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ACC">mau's</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"></thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fau'l</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kæ't͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mau's</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span></p> + <p>ðə fau'l kæ't͡ʃəd ðə mau's</p> + <p>the foul kached the mous</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fau'l</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kæ't͡ʃ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mau's</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
The foul kached the mous. [ðə fau'l kæ't͡ʃəd ðə mau's] ðə the fau'l cat kæ't͡ʃ catch -əd PAST ðə the mau's mouse - ACC “The cat caught the mouse.” | (20) |
Conjunctions
Here is an example of a conjunction.
initial XML:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>tiger</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>tiger</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flattenconjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="plur">
- <conjp conj="and">
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- </conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="plur">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="plur">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="plur">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/case/optional
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/case/optional
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/case/optional
Got ACC
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="z ə t͡s au ' t͡ʃ">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="t͡s i ' ð">t͡si'ð</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="d ə z ɛ ' f">dəzɛ'f</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə z">əz</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph=" ə n+d">ənd</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="n+j ə h au ' ʒ">njəhau'ʒ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə z">əz</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph=" ə n+d">ənd</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="n+j ə ʃ+p æ ' ð">njəʃpæ'ð</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə z">əz</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="z ə t͡s au ' t͡ʃ">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur" ph="t͡s i ' ð">t͡si'ð</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="d ə z ɛ ' f">dəzɛ'f</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə z">əz</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph=" ə n+d">ənd</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="n+j ə h au ' ʒ">njəhau'ʒ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə z">əz</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph=" ə n+d">ənd</word> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" ph="n+j ə ʃ+p æ ' ð">njəʃpæ'ð</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ə z">əz</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.plur">t͡si'ð</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">dəzɛ'f</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">əz</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ənd</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">njəhau'ʒ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">əz</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ənd</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">njəʃpæ'ð</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">əz</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"></thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zət͡sau't͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡si'ð</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dəzɛ'f</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əz</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ənd</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">njəhau'ʒ</span><br><span class="gls">tiger</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əz</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ənd</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">njəʃpæ'ð</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əz</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span></p> + <p>ðə zət͡sau't͡ʃ t͡si'ðəd ðə dəzɛ'fəz ənd ðə njəhau'ʒəz ənd ðə njəʃpæ'ðəz</p> + <p>the zet͡souch t͡seethed the dezefez end the nyehouzhez end the nyeshpathez</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zət͡sau't͡ʃ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡si'ð</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dəzɛ'f</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əz</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ənd</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>njəhau'ʒ</o> + <g>tiger</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əz</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ənd</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>njəʃpæ'ð</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əz</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
The zet͡souch t͡seethed the dezefez end the nyehouzhez end the nyeshpathez. [ðə zət͡sau't͡ʃ t͡si'ðəd ðə dəzɛ'fəz ənd ðə njəhau'ʒəz ənd ðə njəʃpæ'ðəz] ðə the zət͡sau't͡ʃ hunter t͡si'ð kill -əd PAST ðə the dəzɛ'f jaguar -əz plur - ACC ənd and ðə the njəhau'ʒ tiger -əz plur - ACC ənd and ðə the njəʃpæ'ð lion -əz plur - ACC “The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.” | (21) |
Modifiers and Determiners
The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Pseudo-English provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.
Complex Sentences
Relative Clauses
Pseudo-English forms relative clauses by placing the relative clause after the noun it modifies. The clause follows the internal word order of ordinary finite clauses. A dedicated relativising marker introduces the clause and identifies the relationship between the head noun and its role inside the relative clause.
To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:
initial XML:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
Got ACC
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="k ə ŋ e ' x">kəŋe'x</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="k ə ŋ e ' x">kəŋe'x</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">lu'ŋ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing">kəŋe'x</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">fau'l</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"></thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lu'ŋ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kəŋe'x</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fau'l</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span></p> + <p>lu'ŋ kəŋe'xəd ðə fau'l</p> + <p>loong kengaixed the foul</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>lu'ŋ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kəŋe'x</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fau'l</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Loong kengaixed the foul. [lu'ŋ kəŋe'xəd ðə fau'l] lu'ŋ 1excl.sing kəŋe'x pat -əd PAST ðə the fau'l cat - ACC “I patted the cat.” | (22) |
We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:
initial XML:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
- <relp>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
- </vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
+ <np id="parent">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <relp comma="after">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ </np>
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ </vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent">
+ <np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np id="parent" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" number="sing">
+ <np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
- <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
Got ACC
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" comma="after"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" comma="after"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="k ə ŋ e ' x">kəŋe'x</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" ph="ð æ ' t">ðæ't</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="k æ ' t͡ʃ">kæ't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" comma="after" ph="m au ' s">mau's</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="k ə ŋ e ' x">kəŋe'x</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" ph="ð æ ' t">ðæ't</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="k æ ' t͡ʃ">kæ't͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" comma="after" ph="m au ' s">mau's</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">lu'ŋ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">kəŋe'x</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp">fau'l,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">ðæ't</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">kæ't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" comma="after">mau's</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"></thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lu'ŋ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kəŋe'x</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fau'l</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðæ't</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kæ't͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mau's</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span></p> + <p>lu'ŋ kəŋe'xəd ðə fau'l, ðæ't kæ't͡ʃəd ðə mau's</p> + <p>loong kengaixed the foul, that kached the mous</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>lu'ŋ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kəŋe'x</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fau'l</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðæ't</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kæ't͡ʃ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mau's</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Loong kengaixed the foul, that kached the mous. [lu'ŋ kəŋe'xəd ðə fau'l, ðæ't kæ't͡ʃəd ðə mau's] lu'ŋ 1excl.sing kəŋe'x pat -əd PAST ðə the fau'l cat ðæ't RELPRON kæ't͡ʃ catch -əd PAST ðə the mau's mouse - ACC “I patted the cat that caught the mouse.” | (23) |
Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:
initial XML:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
- <relp>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
- </vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
+ <np id="parent">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <relp comma="after">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
+ <np id="parent">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <relp comma="after">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ </np>
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ </vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent">
+ <np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent">
+ <np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np id="parent" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np id="parent" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" number="sing">
+ <np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" number="sing">
+ <np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
- <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
- <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/case/optional
Got ACC
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" comma="after"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" comma="after"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="k ə ŋ e ' x">kəŋe'x</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" ph="ð æ ' t">ðæ't</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" ph="k æ ' t͡ʃ">kæ't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="m au ' s">mau's</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" ph="ð æ ' t">ðæ't</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="n+j ɔi ' l">njɔi'l</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" comma="after" ph="g ə l æ ' g">gəlæ'g</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="k ə ŋ e ' x">kəŋe'x</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" ph="ð æ ' t">ðæ't</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" ph="k æ ' t͡ʃ">kæ't͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="m au ' s">mau's</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" ph="ð æ ' t">ðæ't</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="n+j ɔi ' l">njɔi'l</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" comma="after" ph="g ə l æ ' g">gəlæ'g</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">lu'ŋ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">kəŋe'x</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp">fau'l,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">ðæ't</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing">kæ't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp">mau's,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">ðæ't</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">njɔi'l</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" comma="after">gəlæ'g</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"></thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lu'ŋ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kəŋe'x</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fau'l</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðæ't</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kæ't͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mau's</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðæ't</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">njɔi'l</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">gəlæ'g</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span></p> + <p>lu'ŋ kəŋe'xəd ðə fau'l, ðæ't kæ't͡ʃəd ðə mau's, ðæ't njɔi'ləd ðə gəlæ'g</p> + <p>loong kengaixed the foul, that kached the mous, that nyoiled the gelag</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>lu'ŋ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kəŋe'x</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fau'l</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðæ't</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kæ't͡ʃ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mau's</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðæ't</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>njɔi'l</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>gəlæ'g</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Loong kengaixed the foul, that kached the mous, that nyoiled the gelag. [lu'ŋ kəŋe'xəd ðə fau'l, ðæ't kæ't͡ʃəd ðə mau's, ðæ't njɔi'ləd ðə gəlæ'g] lu'ŋ 1excl.sing kəŋe'x pat -əd PAST ðə the fau'l cat ðæ't RELPRON kæ't͡ʃ catch -əd PAST ðə the mau's mouse ðæ't RELPRON njɔi'l eat -əd PAST ðə the gəlæ'g cheese - ACC “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.” | (24) |
Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:
initial XML:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>buy</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>buy</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <np id="parent">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ <relp comma="after">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <np id="parent">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <relp comma="after">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <np id="parent">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <relp comma="after">
+ <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before">
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np id="parent"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before"> + <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent">
+ <np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent">
+ <np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent">
+ <np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np id="parent" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np id="parent" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np id="parent" number="sing"> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> <relp comma="after"> <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" number="sing">
+ <np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" number="sing">
+ <np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np id="parent" number="sing">
+ <np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
- <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
- <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC">
- <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/case/optional
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM">
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr="">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<relp comma="after">
<np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC">
<word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np id="parent" number="sing" case="NOM"> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" tr=""> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <relp comma="after"> - <np id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC"> <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" subj="1excl.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - </relp> - </np> - </s> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" comma="after"/> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" comma="after"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="k ə ŋ e ' x">kəŋe'x</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" ph="ð æ ' t">ðæ't</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" ph="k æ ' t͡ʃ">kæ't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="m au ' s">mau's</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" ph="ð æ ' t">ðæ't</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" ph="n+j ɔi ' l">njɔi'l</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="g ə l æ ' g">gəlæ'g</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" ph="ð æ ' t">ðæ't</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" subj="1excl.sing" ph="k i ' ŋ">ki'ŋ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" comma="after" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="k ə ŋ e ' x">kəŋe'x</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="f au ' l">fau'l</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" ph="ð æ ' t">ðæ't</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" ph="k æ ' t͡ʃ">kæ't͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="m au ' s">mau's</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM" ph="ð æ ' t">ðæ't</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" ph="n+j ɔi ' l">njɔi'l</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp" ph="g ə l æ ' g">gəlæ'g</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC" ph="ð æ ' t">ðæ't</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" subj="1excl.sing" ph="k i ' ŋ">ki'ŋ</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" comma="after" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">lu'ŋ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">kəŋe'x</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp">fau'l,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">ðæ't</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing">kæ't͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp">mau's,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" comma="before" case="NOM">ðæ't</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing">njɔi'l</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" id="headnp">gəlæ'g,</word> + <word posp="pron" gloss="RELPRON" id="relnp" number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" comma="before" case="ACC">ðæ't</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing" subj="1excl.sing">ki'ŋ</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" comma="after">lu'ŋ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lu'ŋ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kəŋe'x</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fau'l</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðæ't</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kæ't͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">mau's</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðæ't</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">njɔi'l</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">gəlæ'g</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðæ't</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">RELPRON</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ki'ŋ</span><br><span class="gls">buy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lu'ŋ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span></p> + <p>lu'ŋ kəŋe'xəd ðə fau'l, ðæ't kæ't͡ʃəd ðə mau's, ðæ't njɔi'ləd ðə gəlæ'g, ðæ't ki'ŋəd lu'ŋ</p> + <p>loong kengaixed the foul, that kached the mous, that nyoiled the gelag, that keenged loong</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>lu'ŋ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kəŋe'x</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fau'l</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðæ't</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kæ't͡ʃ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>mau's</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðæ't</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>njɔi'l</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>gəlæ'g</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðæ't</o> + <g>RELPRON</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ki'ŋ</o> + <g>buy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>lu'ŋ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Loong kengaixed the foul, that kached the mous, that nyoiled the gelag, that keenged loong. [lu'ŋ kəŋe'xəd ðə fau'l, ðæ't kæ't͡ʃəd ðə mau's, ðæ't njɔi'ləd ðə gəlæ'g, ðæ't ki'ŋəd lu'ŋ] lu'ŋ 1excl.sing kəŋe'x pat -əd PAST ðə the fau'l cat ðæ't RELPRON kæ't͡ʃ catch -əd PAST ðə the mau's mouse ðæ't RELPRON njɔi'l eat -əd PAST ðə the gəlæ'g cheese ðæ't RELPRON ki'ŋ buy -əd PAST lu'ŋ 1excl.sing “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.” | (25) |
Complementation Strategies
Pseudo-English introduces complement clauses with a dedicated complementiser, similar to English that. The complementiser appears at the beginning of the embedded clause and signals that the clause functions as a syntactic argument. The embedded clause is fully finite and displays the same tense, aspect and agreement patterns as independent clauses.
The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:
initial XML:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>surprise</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>give</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj">
<noun>teacher</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>surprise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>give</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj"> - <noun>teacher</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> - </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" case="NOM"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="NOM"> + <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing"> <subs> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing"/>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/case/optional
Got DAT
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/optional
Got ACC
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/case/optional
Got DAT
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing"/>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> - <s> - <np role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing"> - <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing"/> - </subs> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d ɔ ' m">dɔ'm</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="d͡ʒ u ' s">d͡ʒu's</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="r i ' k">ri'k</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph=" ə n">ən</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ʒ+d ə n+j i ' x">ʒdənji'x</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing" ph="x ə s+k æ ' ʃ">xəskæ'ʃ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" ph="b ə m ɑ ' w">bəmɑ'w</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="g ə t ɛ r">gətɛr</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d ɔ ' m">dɔ'm</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing" ph="d͡ʒ u ' s">d͡ʒu's</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="r i ' k">ri'k</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph=" ə n">ən</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="ʒ+d ə n+j i ' x">ʒdənji'x</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC" attach="suffix" ph=" "></thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing" ph="x ə s+k æ ' ʃ">xəskæ'ʃ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" ph="b ə m ɑ ' w">bəmɑ'w</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="g ə t ɛ r">gətɛr</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">dɔ'm</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="3.sing">d͡ʒu's</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">ri'k</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">ət</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">ən</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">ʒdənji'x</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ACC"></thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="NOM" number="sing">xəskæ'ʃ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing">bəmɑ'w</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">gətɛr</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">ət</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dɔ'm</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡ʒu's</span><br><span class="gls">give</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ri'k</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ən</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒdənji'x</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ACC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xəskæ'ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">bəmɑ'w</span><br><span class="gls">surprise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">gətɛr</span><br><span class="gls">teacher</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span></p> + <p>ðə dɔ'm d͡ʒu'səd ðə ri'kət ən ʒdənji'x xəskæ'ʃ bəmɑ'wəd ðə gətɛrət</p> + <p>the daum joosed the reeket en zhdenyeex xeskash bemahwed the geteret</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dɔ'm</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡ʒu's</o> + <g>give</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ri'k</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ən</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒdənji'x</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-</o> + <g>ACC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xəskæ'ʃ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>bəmɑ'w</o> + <g>surprise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>gətɛr</o> + <g>teacher</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
The daum joosed the reeket en zhdenyeex xeskash bemahwed the geteret. [ðə dɔ'm d͡ʒu'səd ðə ri'kət ən ʒdənji'x xəskæ'ʃ bəmɑ'wəd ðə gətɛrət] ðə the dɔ'm boy d͡ʒu's give -əd PAST ðə the ri'k girl -ət DAT ən a ʒdənji'x apple - ACC xəskæ'ʃ COMP bəmɑ'w surprise -əd PAST ðə the gətɛr teacher -ət DAT “It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.” | (26) |
Quotes
Pseudo-English expresses quoted or reported speech without a dedicated quotative particle. Quotations appear as ordinary clauses, distinguished only by the surrounding syntactic context or by the use of verbs of speaking.
Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:
initial XML:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>tell</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>tell</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module NRel:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl">
<subs>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/optional
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/case/optional
Got DAT
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/>
<thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"> + <flat> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl"> - <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl"/> - </subs> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d ɔ ' m">dɔ'm</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing" ph="f i ' h">fi'h</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="r i ' k">ri'k</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="t͡ʃ ai ' p">t͡ʃai'p</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="z e ' s">ze's</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl" ph="x ə s+k æ ' ʃ">xəskæ'ʃ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="d ɔ ' m">dɔ'm</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="NOM" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing" ph="f i ' h">fi'h</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ə d">əd</thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="ð ə ">ðə</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" ph="r i ' k">ri'k</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="ə t">ət</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM" ph="l u ' ŋ">lu'ŋ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpnegation" function="proclitic" gloss="POS" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpquestion" function="proclitic" gloss="not.Q" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="t͡ʃ ai ' p">t͡ʃai'p</word> - <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PRES" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC" ph="z e ' s">ze's</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl" ph="x ə s+k æ ' ʃ">xəskæ'ʃ</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">dɔ'm</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing" indobj="3.sing" obj="1excl.sing">fi'h</word> + <thingy type="vpta" function="enclitic" gloss="PAST">əd</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">ðə</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">ri'k</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">ət</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="NOM">lu'ŋ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">t͡ʃai'p</word> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ACC">ze's</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ACC" number="sing" person="1excl">xəskæ'ʃ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dɔ'm</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fi'h</span><br><span class="gls">tell</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əd</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ðə</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ri'k</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ət</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">lu'ŋ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃai'p</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ze's</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">xəskæ'ʃ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span></p> + <p>ðə dɔ'm fi'həd ðə ri'kət lu'ŋ t͡ʃai'p ze's xəskæ'ʃ</p> + <p>the daum feehed the reeket loong chyp zais xeskash</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dɔ'm</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fi'h</o> + <g>tell</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əd</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ðə</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ri'k</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ət</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>lu'ŋ</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃai'p</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ze's</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>xəskæ'ʃ</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
The daum feehed the reeket loong chyp zais xeskash. [ðə dɔ'm fi'həd ðə ri'kət lu'ŋ t͡ʃai'p ze's xəskæ'ʃ] ðə the dɔ'm boy fi'h tell -əd PAST ðə the ri'k girl -ət DAT lu'ŋ 1excl.sing t͡ʃai'p love ze's 2.sing xəskæ'ʃ COMP “The boy told the girl that he loved her.” | (27) |
How to cite this grammar
Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Pseudo-English. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 3 September 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/3FJJF
In BibTeX format:
@misc{LC-3FJJF,
year = 2026,
author = {{Language Creator}},
title = {A Grammar of {Pseudo-English}},
howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/3FJJF}},
note = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 3 September 2026}
}
Supplementary Materials
A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Pseudo-English / Pseudo-English–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.
Readers are encouraged to share observations or corrections via the feedback form. The present page may be accessed directly at:
https://languagecreator.org/grammar/3FJJF
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