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A Grammar of Zhuy

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Zhuy language (the 306th one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Zhuy.

Typological Profile

It has has no interesting typological features.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Zhuy has a moderately large consonant inventory, with 28 phonemes.

It has a maximally contrastive voicing system, a substantial inventory of palatal or palatalised consonants and a notably rich liquid inventory.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Zhuy. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labialalveolarpostalveolaralveolo-palatallateralpalatalvelarglottal
stopp b d t c ɟ k ɡ
nasalm n ɲ ŋ
trill/tap/flapɾ
fricativef s z ʃ ʒ h
approximantʋ l j
affricatet͡s d͡ʒ t͡ʃ t͡ɕ

Vowels

Zhuy has 7 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.

It has a partially contrastive system of vowel length and a moderately reduced system of unstressed vowels.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Zhuy. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

frontcentralback
closei u
mide o
opena

Stress and Tones

Zhuy has phonemic stress but no lexical tone. Stress consistently falls on the first vowel of the root, and no contrastive tonal distinctions are made.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Zhuy is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:

Simple letters

a /a/b /b/c /ai/d /d/
e /e/f /f/g /ɡ/h /h/
i /i/j /d͡ʒ/k /k/l /l/
m /m/n /n/o /o/p /p/
q /ɟ/r /ɾ/s /s/t /t/
u /u/v /au/w /ʋ/y /j/
z /z/é /r/ñ /ɲ/

Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs

aa /aː/ch /t͡ʃ/ee /eː/
ii /iː/ng /ŋ/oo /oː/
sh /ʃ/tj /c/ty /t͡ɕ/
tz /t͡s/uu /uː/zh /ʒ/

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Zhuy does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Zhuy has the following genders:

Gender masc – for instance: chayaty ‘ice’, chotz ‘fire’, daruué ‘dust’, fapez ‘horn’, hapiid ‘God’, hich ‘water’, huzuq ‘fog’, lvtz ‘animal’, nutoy ‘lake’, pibatz ‘lion’, pungem ‘flower’, sar ‘husband’, sazuch ‘hunter’, shitjiitj ‘teacher’, sos ‘leaf’, tzct ‘dog’, tzigiy ‘lamb’, zhañ ‘man’, éaaj ‘sea’, éum ‘father’.

Gender fem – for instance: dingum ‘faeces’, ditz ‘tree’, fuzh ‘back’, him ‘bone’, kilvs ‘vagina’, labuk ‘guts’, lad ‘leg’, lag ‘moon’, piik ‘tooth’, puch ‘wife’, shafoch ‘neck’, sis ‘woman’, svy ‘skin’, tawuñ ‘mortar’, tyaq ‘head’, tyihof ‘fingernail’, tyijeq ‘river’, tyiz ‘daughter’, zushvd ‘binoculars’, éam ‘human being’.

Gender neut – for instance: botj ‘stone’, chitzal ‘feather’, dakaam ‘dialect’, dipiié ‘embrace’, fiizh ‘meat’, gaak ‘north’, giitz ‘ear’, jas ‘earth’, las ‘language’, loñ ‘tongue’, peq ‘table’, tjeg ‘top’, tjitjiih ‘money’, tjok ‘sound’, tjoz ‘bed’, tjun ‘people’, tjvr ‘road’, tzushey ‘seed’, zhuy ‘Zhuy’, éineek ‘market’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Zhuy can be exemplified by the following example:

Sisinuta mabe zhchamuta kadvka kcwu dc qurini chutyashuhita.

[ˈsisinuta maˈbe ˈʒaihamuta kaˈdauka ˈkaiʋu ˈdai ˈɟuɾini t͡ʃuˈt͡ɕaʃuhita]

ˈsis
woman -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def maˈbe
COMIT ˈʒaih
knife -am
LOC -u
sing -ta
def k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈauka
catch ˈkai
yon -ʋu
masc ˈdai
three ˈɟuɾ
blind -ini
ACC t͡ʃuˈt͡ɕaʃ
mouse -uh
ACC -i
plur -ta
def

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

 (1)

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.

The Noun

The noun in Zhuy consists of first, the root; second, an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -in /-in/ ‘NOM’, -uh /-uh/ ‘ACC’, -aty /-at͡ɕ/ ‘GEN’, -uk /-uk/ ‘DAT’, -ung /-uŋ/ ‘INS’, -ih /-ih/ ‘VOC’, -ag /-aɡ/ ‘ALL’, -am /-am/ ‘LOC’, -aw /-aʋ/ ‘ABL’ and -ié /-ir/ ‘PART’; third, an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -u /-u/ ‘sing’ and -i /-i/ ‘plur’; and finally, fourth, an obligatory suffix expressing def, comprising -yu /-ju/ ‘not.def’ and -ta /-ta/ ‘def’.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: six suffixes, namely -izh /-iʒ/ ‘little’, -ié /-ir/ ‘big’, -ué /-ur/ ‘old’, -atz /-at͡s/ ‘new’, -uk /-uk/ ‘good’ and -iñ /-iɲ/ ‘bad’, and five circumfixes, namely i-ida /i-ida/ ‘have’, i-idi /i-idi/ ‘use’, a-ata /a-ata/ ‘see’, i-iza /i-iza/ ‘make’ and i-isha /i-iʃa/ ‘break’

The Adjective

In Zhuy, the adjective has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing case, comprising -ima /-ima/ ‘NOM’, -ini /-ini/ ‘ACC’, -ihu /-ihu/ ‘GEN’, -utja /-uca/ ‘DAT’, -utya /-ut͡ɕa/ ‘INS’, -uéu /-uru/ ‘VOC’, -uwi /-uʋi/ ‘ALL’, -ahu /-ahu/ ‘LOC’, -usu /-usu/ ‘ABL’ and -itzu /-it͡su/ ‘PART’.

Numerals

The numeral in Zhuy stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

In Zhuy, the determiner has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -wu /-ʋu/ ‘masc’, -nu /-nu/ ‘fem’ and -di /-di/ ‘neut’.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Zhuy has the following structure: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -tja /-ca/ ‘sing’ and -nu /-nu/ ‘plur’.

In Zhuy, both subject and object pronouns are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

Keeqi.

[ˈkeːɟi]

k-
POS ˈeːɟi
love

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

 (2)

But here, the word corresponding to he is stressed:

Jetja keeqi.

[ˈd͡ʒeca ˈkeːɟi]

ˈd͡ʒe
3.sing.masc -ca
sing k-
POS ˈeːɟi
love

“He loves her.”

 (3)

And here, it is the one translated as her that is stressed:

Keeqi tzetja.

[ˈkeːɟi ˈt͡seca]

k-
POS ˈeːɟi
love ˈt͡se
3.sing.fem -ca
sing

“He loves her.”

 (4)

Proper Nouns

Mutyerinuta kooqashi Chutyomuhuta.

[muˈt͡ɕeɾinuta ˈkoːɟaʃi t͡ʃuˈt͡ɕomuhuta]

muˈt͡ɕeɾ
Mucher -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def k-
POS ˈoːɟaʃi
hate t͡ʃuˈt͡ɕom
Chuchom -uh
ACC -u
sing -ta
def

“Mucher hates Chuchom.”

 (5)

Possession

faawatyuta yungakinuta

[ˈfaːʋat͡ɕuta juˈŋakinuta]

ˈfaːʋ
boy -at͡ɕ
GEN -u
sing -ta
def juˈŋak
apple -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def

“the boy’s apple”

 (6)
jetja yungakinuta

[ˈd͡ʒeca juˈŋakinuta]

ˈd͡ʒe
3.sing.masc -ca
sing juˈŋak
apple -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def

“his (the boy’s) apple”

 (7)
dutja yungakinuta

[ˈduca juˈŋakinuta]

ˈdu
1excl.sing -ca
sing juˈŋak
apple -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def

“my apple”

 (8)
Sazuchatyuta tyizinuta kaduwaña chaatja ñaqazhatyuta jepuhuta.

[saˈzut͡ʃat͡ɕuta ˈt͡ɕizinuta kaˈduʋaɲa ˈt͡ʃaːca ɲaˈɟaʒat͡ɕuta ˈd͡ʒepuhuta]

saˈzut͡ʃ
hunter -at͡ɕ
GEN -u
sing -ta
def ˈt͡ɕiz
daughter -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈuʋaɲa
kiss ˈt͡ʃaː
2.sing -ca
sing ɲaˈɟaʒ
neighbour -at͡ɕ
GEN -u
sing -ta
def ˈd͡ʒep
son -uh
ACC -u
sing -ta
def

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

 (9)

Derivation

tjaawu tzigiyinuyu

[ˈcaːʋu t͡siˈɡijinuju]

ˈcaː
a -ʋu
masc t͡siˈɡij
lamb -in
NOM -u
sing -ju
not.def

“a lamb”

 (10)
tjaawu tzigiyizhinuyu

[ˈcaːʋu t͡siˈɡijiʒinuju]

ˈcaː
a -ʋu
masc t͡siˈɡij
lamb -iʒ
little -in
NOM -u
sing -ju
not.def

“a little lamb”

 (11)
Kadvtza tjaawu tzigiyizhuhuyu.

[kaˈdaut͡sa ˈcaːʋu t͡siˈɡijiʒuhuju]

k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈaut͡sa
have ˈcaː
a -ʋu
masc t͡siˈɡij
lamb -iʒ
little -uh
ACC -u
sing -ju
not.def

“She had a little lamb.”

 (12)

This doesn’t affect all adjectives and verbs. Compare, for instance the previous example with this one, where black and love do not undergo affixation:

Kadeeqi tjaawu mopini tzigiyuhuyu.

[kaˈdeːɟi ˈcaːʋu ˈmopini t͡siˈɡijuhuju]

k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈeːɟi
love ˈcaː
a -ʋu
masc ˈmop
black -ini
ACC t͡siˈɡij
lamb -uh
ACC -u
sing -ju
not.def

“She loved a black lamb.”

 (13)

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

All verbal phrase clitics in Zhuy are enclitics (placed finally), and there are three types: first, a clitic expressing mode, comprising fi /fi/ ‘imperative’, ta /ta/ ‘conditional’ and ju /d͡ʒu/ ‘optative’; second, a clitic expressing voice, comprising ju /d͡ʒu/ ‘passive’; and finally, third, a clitic expressing question, comprising nu /nu/ ‘Q’.

In addition, the verb is structured like this: first, an obligatory prefix expressing negation, comprising j- /d͡ʒ-/ ‘NEG’ and k- /k-/ ‘POS’; second, an optional prefix expressing ta, comprising ad- /ad-/ ‘PAST’; and finally, third, the root.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: five suffixes, namely -ma /-ma/ ‘begin’, -ra /-ɾa/ ‘stop’, -ti /-ti/ ‘continue’, -tu /-tu/ ‘try’ and -ru /-ɾu/ ‘start’

Keeqi.

[ˈkeːɟi]

k-
POS ˈeːɟi
love

“I love you.”

 (14)

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

che peqinuta feezhinuta

[ˈt͡ʃe ˈpeɟinuta ˈfeːʒinuta]

ˈt͡ʃe
in ˈpeɟ
table -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def ˈfeːʒ
surface -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def

“on the table”

 (15)
sv qashaalinuta figinuta

[ˈsau ɟaˈʃaːlinuta ˈfiɡinuta]

ˈsau
to ɟaˈʃaːl
box -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def ˈfiɡ
inside -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def

“into the box”

 (16)
mabe dutja

[maˈbe ˈduca]

maˈbe
COMIT ˈdu
1excl.sing -ca
sing

“with me”

 (17)

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Zhuy employs Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) as its basic word order. The subject is followed by the verb, with the object occurring in post-verbal position. This ordering is widely attested across the world’s languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Zhuy.

Chiyachinuta kadefi sazuchuhuta.

[t͡ʃiˈjat͡ʃinuta kaˈdefi saˈzut͡ʃuhuta]

t͡ʃiˈjat͡ʃ
jaguar -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈefi
kill saˈzut͡ʃ
hunter -uh
ACC -u
sing -ta
def

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

 (18)
Pibatzinuta kadoomu sazuchatyuta tyizatyuta tzctuhuta.

[piˈbat͡sinuta kaˈdoːmu saˈzut͡ʃat͡ɕuta ˈt͡ɕizat͡ɕuta ˈt͡saituhuta]

piˈbat͡s
lion -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈoːmu
eat saˈzut͡ʃ
hunter -at͡ɕ
GEN -u
sing -ta
def ˈt͡ɕiz
daughter -at͡ɕ
GEN -u
sing -ta
def ˈt͡sait
dog -uh
ACC -u
sing -ta
def

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

 (19)

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Zhuy reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Zhuy expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.

chaatja jepatyuta kcfatyuta tjigeehinuta

[ˈt͡ʃaːca ˈd͡ʒepat͡ɕuta ˈkaifat͡ɕuta ciɡeːhinuta]

ˈt͡ʃaː
2.sing -ca
sing ˈd͡ʒep
son -at͡ɕ
GEN -u
sing -ta
def ˈkaif
friend -at͡ɕ
GEN -u
sing -ta
def ciɡeːh
book -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def

“your son’s friend’s book”

 (20)

Case Marking

Zhuy uses nominative–accusative case marking. The subject of an intransitive verb and the subject of a transitive verb are treated alike and take the nominative case, while the object of a transitive verb is marked with the accusative case. This is the familiar pattern from many European languages: the grammar groups together the participants that function as subjects and marks the participant affected by a transitive action separately.

Dcjinuta kebu.

[ˈdaid͡ʒinuta ˈkebu]

ˈdaid͡ʒ
cat -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def k-
POS ˈebu
sleep

“The cat is sleeping.”

 (21)
Dcjinuta kv.

[ˈdaid͡ʒinuta ˈkau]

ˈdaid͡ʒ
cat -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def k-
POS ˈau
run

“The cat is running.”

 (22)
Dcjinuta katzudu chutyashuhuta.

[ˈdaid͡ʒinuta ˈkat͡sudu t͡ʃuˈt͡ɕaʃuhuta]

ˈdaid͡ʒ
cat -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def k-
POS ˈat͡sudu
chase t͡ʃuˈt͡ɕaʃ
mouse -uh
ACC -u
sing -ta
def

“The cat is chasing the mouse.”

 (23)
Dcjinuta kadvka chutyashuhuta.

[ˈdaid͡ʒinuta kaˈdauka t͡ʃuˈt͡ɕaʃuhuta]

ˈdaid͡ʒ
cat -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈauka
catch t͡ʃuˈt͡ɕaʃ
mouse -uh
ACC -u
sing -ta
def

“The cat caught the mouse.”

 (24)

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

Sazuchinuta kadefi chiyachuhita fo tzamaashuhita fo pibatzuhita.

[saˈzut͡ʃinuta kaˈdefi t͡ʃiˈjat͡ʃuhita ˈfo t͡saˈmaːʃuhita ˈfo piˈbat͡suhita]

saˈzut͡ʃ
hunter -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈefi
kill t͡ʃiˈjat͡ʃ
jaguar -uh
ACC -i
plur -ta
def ˈfo
and t͡saˈmaːʃ
tiger -uh
ACC -i
plur -ta
def ˈfo
and piˈbat͡s
lion -uh
ACC -i
plur -ta
def

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

 (25)

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Zhuy provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Zhuy forms relative clauses by placing the relative clause after the noun it modifies. The clause follows the internal word order of ordinary finite clauses. A dedicated relativising marker introduces the clause and identifies the relationship between the head noun and its role inside the relative clause.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

Kaduñuyu dcjuhuta.

[kaˈduɲuju ˈdaid͡ʒuhuta]

k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈuɲuju
pat ˈdaid͡ʒ
cat -uh
ACC -u
sing -ta
def

“I patted the cat.”

 (26)

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

Kaduñuyu dcjinuta, matja kadvka chutyashuhuta.

[kaˈduɲuju ˈdaid͡ʒinuta, ˈmaca kaˈdauka t͡ʃuˈt͡ɕaʃuhuta]

k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈuɲuju
pat ˈdaid͡ʒ
cat -in
NOM -u
sing -ta,
def ˈma
RELPRON -ca
sing k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈauka
catch t͡ʃuˈt͡ɕaʃ
mouse -uh
ACC -u
sing -ta
def

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

 (27)

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

Kaduñuyu dcjinuta, matja kadvka chutyashinuta, matja kadoomu tipuñuhuta.

[kaˈduɲuju ˈdaid͡ʒinuta, ˈmaca kaˈdauka t͡ʃuˈt͡ɕaʃinuta, ˈmaca kaˈdoːmu tiˈpuɲuhuta]

k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈuɲuju
pat ˈdaid͡ʒ
cat -in
NOM -u
sing -ta,
def ˈma
RELPRON -ca
sing k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈauka
catch t͡ʃuˈt͡ɕaʃ
mouse -in
NOM -u
sing -ta,
def ˈma
RELPRON -ca
sing k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈoːmu
eat tiˈpuɲ
cheese -uh
ACC -u
sing -ta
def

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

 (28)

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

Kaduñuyu dcjinuta, matja kadvka chutyashinuta, matja kadoomu tipuñinuta, matja kadeya dutja.

[kaˈduɲuju ˈdaid͡ʒinuta, ˈmaca kaˈdauka t͡ʃuˈt͡ɕaʃinuta, ˈmaca kaˈdoːmu tiˈpuɲinuta, ˈmaca kaˈdeja ˈduca]

k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈuɲuju
pat ˈdaid͡ʒ
cat -in
NOM -u
sing -ta,
def ˈma
RELPRON -ca
sing k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈauka
catch t͡ʃuˈt͡ɕaʃ
mouse -in
NOM -u
sing -ta,
def ˈma
RELPRON -ca
sing k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈoːmu
eat tiˈpuɲ
cheese -in
NOM -u
sing -ta,
def ˈma
RELPRON -ca
sing k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈeja
buy ˈdu
1excl.sing -ca
sing

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

 (29)

Complementation Strategies

Zhuy introduces complement clauses with a dedicated complementiser, similar to English that. The complementiser appears at the beginning of the embedded clause and signals that the clause functions as a syntactic argument. The embedded clause is fully finite and displays the same tense, aspect and agreement patterns as independent clauses.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

Faawinuta kadimu wiñukuta tjaawu yungakuhuyu ñunii kadoonufa shitjiitjukuta.

[ˈfaːʋinuta kaˈdimu ˈʋiɲukuta ˈcaːʋu juˈŋakuhuju ɲuˈniː kaˈdoːnufa ʃiciːcukuta]

ˈfaːʋ
boy -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈimu
give ˈʋiɲ
girl -uk
DAT -u
sing -ta
def ˈcaː
a -ʋu
masc juˈŋak
apple -uh
ACC -u
sing -ju
not.def ɲuˈniː
COMP k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈoːnufa
surprise ʃiciːc
teacher -uk
DAT -u
sing -ta
def

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

 (30)

Quotes

Zhuy expresses quoted or reported speech without a dedicated quotative particle. Quotations appear as ordinary clauses, distinguished only by the surrounding syntactic context or by the use of verbs of speaking.

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Faawinuta kadiidu wiñukuta dutja keeqi chaatja ñunii.

[ˈfaːʋinuta kaˈdiːdu ˈʋiɲukuta ˈduca ˈkeːɟi ˈt͡ʃaːca ɲuˈniː]

ˈfaːʋ
boy -in
NOM -u
sing -ta
def k-
POS ad-
PAST ˈiːdu
tell ˈʋiɲ
girl -uk
DAT -u
sing -ta
def ˈdu
1excl.sing -ca
sing k-
POS ˈeːɟi
love ˈt͡ʃaː
2.sing -ca
sing ɲuˈniː
COMP

“The boy told the girl that he loved her.”

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How to cite this grammar

Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Zhuy. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.91, on 13 June 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/49Q4R

In BibTeX format:

@misc{LC-49Q4R,
  year         = 2026,
  author       = {{Language Creator}},
  title        = {A Grammar of {Zhuy}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/49Q4R}},
  note         = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.91, on 13 June 2026}
}

Supplementary Materials

A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Zhuy / Zhuy–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.

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https://languagecreator.org/grammar/49Q4R

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