The Language Creator
– from linguistic questionnaire to grammar, lexicon and texts.

A Grammar of Nili

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Nili language (the 437th one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Nili.

Typological Profile

It has a complete lack of sibilant consonants, ergative case marking, i.e., the object of a transitive verb is marked the same as the subject of an intransitive one, as well as a complete absence of fricative consonants and the VSO basic order, common globally but unusual in many families.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Nili has 10 consonant phonemes, forming a relatively small inventory.

It has a complete absence of fricative consonants, a complete absence of affricates, a complete absence of palatal consonants, something which is a rare occurrence indeed, as well as a complete lack of sibilant consonants and a complete absence of phonemic voicing contrasts.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Nili. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labialalveolarlateralvelarglottal
stopp t k ʔ
nasalm n
fricativeh
approximantʋ l

Vowels

Nili has 5 vowel qualities. This places it within the broadly common range of mid-sized vowel inventories. The vowel chart shows the full set of contrasts employed in the language’s phonology.

It has a fully contrastive long–short vowel distinction across the system and a full range of vowel qualities even in reduced syllables.

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Nili. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

frontcentralback
closei u
mide o
opena

Stress and Tones

Nili has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.

Writing System

Introduction

Nili is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:

Simple letters

a /a/e /e/h /h/i /i/
k /k/l /l/m /m/n /n/
o /o/p /p/q /ʔ/t /t/
u /u/w /ʋ/

Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs

aa /aː/ee /eː/ii /iː/
oo /oː/uu /uː/

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Nili does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Nili has the following genders:

Gender anim – for instance: howupe ‘machine’, ko ‘mother’, kolepi ‘neighbour’, koo ‘boy’, lati ‘rain’, leemewa ‘lion’, linuha ‘lamb’, lo ‘woman’, lopitaa ‘farmer’, luu ‘husband’, mii ‘girl’, mu ‘skin’, nahalo ‘faeces’, ne ‘leg’, pamiituu ‘snow’, qaamaalii ‘horn’, qaqiwa ‘dust’, tee ‘moon’, woo ‘bone’, wu ‘name’.

Gender inanim – for instance: ha ‘meat’, lanaawo ‘wing’, liwuule ‘fingernail’, munoqe ‘medicine’, muqawe ‘net’, nimiiwii ‘vagina’, pamonii ‘bottle’, pihaa ‘time’, po ‘back’, powi ‘table’, powiqoo ‘belly’, puupuuna ‘court’, qihaku ‘lake’, qii ‘chair’, quu ‘tongue’, tiimi ‘land’, to ‘sound’, tunahii ‘guts’, tuu ‘top’, wo ‘language’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Nili can be exemplified by the following example:

Kuumeepakii hihiiniho huutu lakiinihamii heeli kiikakuwihu nanhu kelee.

[kuːmeːpakiː hihiːniho huːtu lakiːnihamiː heːli kiːkakuʋihu nanhu keleː]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST pak
catch -liː
POS hih-
ERG k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing lo
woman huːtu
COMIT lam-
LOC k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing pamiː
knife heːli
blind k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS kan-
plur kuʋihu
mouse nano
three -hu
anim k-
plur ʋel-
anim neː
yon

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

 (1)

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.

The Noun

The noun in Nili consists of first, an optional prefix expressing case, comprising hih- /hih-/ ‘ERG’, wok- /ʋok-/ ‘GEN’, keh- /keh-/ ‘DAT’, wiiw- /ʋiːʋ-/ ‘INS’, laq- /laʔ-/ ‘VOC’, nuw- /nuʋ-/ ‘ALL’, lam- /lam-/ ‘LOC’, tiik- /tiːk-/ ‘ABL’ and wuh- /ʋuh-/ ‘PART’; second, an obligatory prefix expressing def, comprising w- /ʋ-/ ‘not.def’ and k- /k-/ ‘def’; third, an obligatory prefix expressing possessor, comprising wit- /ʋit-/ ‘1incl.sing’, qot- /ʔot-/ ‘1excl.sing’, qoq- /ʔoʔ-/ ‘2.sing’, qoom- /ʔoːm-/ ‘3.sing.anim’, pot- /pot-/ ‘3.sing.inanim’, hiiw- /hiːʋ-/ ‘1incl.plur’, pak- /pak-/ ‘1excl.plur’, pel- /pel-/ ‘2.plur’, qam- /ʔam-/ ‘3.plur.anim’, neet- /neːt-/ ‘3.plur.inanim’ and niip- /niːp-/ ‘no.owner’; fourth, an obligatory prefix expressing number, comprising nih- /nih-/ ‘sing’ and kan- /kan-/ ‘plur’; and finally, fifth, the root.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two prefixes, namely waw- /ʋaʋ-/ ‘little’ and hip- /hip-/ ‘big’

The Adjective

In Nili, the adjective has the following structure: an optional prefix expressing case, comprising poow- /poːʋ-/ ‘ERG’, wuw- /ʋuʋ-/ ‘GEN’, mon- /mon-/ ‘DAT’, naaw- /naːʋ-/ ‘INS’, nap- /nap-/ ‘VOC’, qok- /ʔok-/ ‘ALL’, tiip- /tiːp-/ ‘LOC’, put- /put-/ ‘ABL’ and pan- /pan-/ ‘PART’ followed by the root.

Numerals

The morphology of the numerals is as follows: the root followed by an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -hu /-hu/ ‘anim’ and -ma /-ma/ ‘inanim’.

Determiners

In Nili, the determiner has the following structure: first, an obligatory prefix expressing number, comprising h- /h-/ ‘sing’ and k- /k-/ ‘plur’; second, an obligatory prefix expressing gender, comprising wel- /ʋel-/ ‘anim’ and wil- /ʋil-/ ‘inanim’; and finally, third, the root.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Nili has the following structure: an obligatory prefix expressing number, comprising k- /k-/ ‘sing’ and l- /l-/ ‘plur’ followed by the root.

Nili always includes the personal pronouns, even if they are not stressed. This is similar to English, where the only way to distinguish "he loves her" from "he loves her" and "he loves her" is the stress. So the following corresponds exactly to English in this regard:

Kuunilii kuqo kuqo.

[kuːniliː kuʔo kuʔo]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active tiʔ
love -liː
POS k-
sing puʔo
3.sing.anim k-
sing puʔo
3.sing.anim

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

 (2)

Proper Nouns

Kuunaawaalii hihiiniHiqela kiiniHeeqeepi.

[kuːnaːʋaːliː hihiːnihiʔela kiːniheːʔeːpi]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active naːʋaːm
hate -liː
POS hih-
ERG k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing hiʔela
Hiela k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing ʔeːʔeːpi
Eepi

“Hiela hates Eepi.”

 (3)

Possession

koomihiteku wokiinihoo

[koːmihiteku ʋokiːnihoː]

k-
def ʔoːm-
3.sing.anim.POSS nih-
sing piteku
apple ʋok-
GEN k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing koː
boy

“the boy’s apple”

 (4)
koomihiteku kuqo

[koːmihiteku kuʔo]

k-
def ʔoːm-
3.sing.anim.POSS nih-
sing piteku
apple k-
sing puʔo
3.sing.anim

“his (the boy’s) apple”

 (5)
konihiteku

[konihiteku]

k-
def ʔot-
1excl.sing.POSS nih-
sing piteku
apple

“my apple”

 (6)
Kuumeepolelii hihoomihaa wokiinihimoku koomihii wokoniholepi.

[kuːmeːpoleliː hihoːmihaː ʋokiːnihimoku koːmihiː ʋokoniholepi]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST polen
kiss -liː
POS hih-
ERG k-
def ʔoːm-
3.sing.anim.POSS nih-
sing ʋaː
daughter ʋok-
GEN k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing nimoku
hunter k-
def ʔoːm-
3.sing.anim.POSS nih-
sing hiː
son ʋok-
GEN k-
def ʔoʔ-
2.sing.POSS nih-
sing kolepi
neighbour

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

 (7)

Derivation

Nili has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:

niinihinuha

[niːnihinuha]

ʋ-
not.def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing linuha
lamb

“a lamb”

 (8)

In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:

niinihalinuha

[niːnihalinuha]

ʋ-
not.def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing ʋaʋ-
little linuha
lamb

“a little lamb”

 (9)

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

There are no clitics in the verbal phrase.

In addition, the verb is structured like this: first, an obligatory prefix expressing question, comprising k- /k-/ ‘Q’ and l- /l-/ ‘not.Q’; second, an obligatory prefix expressing voice, comprising kuun- /kuːn-/ ‘active’ and tom- /tom-/ ‘passive’; third, an optional prefix expressing mode, comprising qeep- /ʔeːp-/ ‘imperative’, qoon- /ʔoːn-/ ‘conditional’ and qeeh- /ʔeːh-/ ‘optative’; fourth, an optional prefix expressing ta, comprising meep- /meːp-/ ‘PAST’; fifth, the root; and finally, sixth, an obligatory suffix expressing negation, comprising -mee /-meː/ ‘NEG’ and -lii /-liː/ ‘POS’.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two prefixes, namely kuuq- /kuːʔ-/ ‘begin’ and wap- /ʋap-/ ‘stop’

Kuunilii kilu hiqo.

[kuːniliː kilu hiʔo]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active tiʔ
love -liː
POS k-
sing ʔilu
1excl.sing k-
sing hiʔo
2.sing

“I love you.”

 (10)

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

ku lakiinihowi

[ku lakiːnihoʋi]

ku
in_surface lam-
LOC k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing poʋi
table

“on the table”

 (11)
kuu lakiiniholupi

[kuː lakiːniholupi]

kuː
to_inside lam-
LOC k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing ʋolupi
box

“into the box”

 (12)
huutu kilu

[huːtu kilu]

huːtu
COMIT k-
sing ʔilu
1excl.sing

“with me”

 (13)

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

The basic constituent order of Nili is Verb–Subject–Object (VSO). Clauses begin with the verb, followed by the subject, with the object in final position. This pattern is attested among various verb-initial languages.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Nili.

Kuumeepakii hihiinihewapi kiinihimoku.

[kuːmeːpakiː hihiːniheʋapi kiːnihimoku]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST ʔak
kill -liː
POS hih-
ERG k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing heʋapi
jaguar k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing nimoku
hunter

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

 (14)
Kuumeemiilii hihiiniheemewa koomiha wokoomihaa wokiinihimoku.

[kuːmeːmiːliː hihiːniheːmeʋa koːmiha ʋokoːmihaː ʋokiːnihimoku]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST miːʋ
eat -liː
POS hih-
ERG k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing leːmeʋa
lion k-
def ʔoːm-
3.sing.anim.POSS nih-
sing ʔa
dog ʋok-
GEN k-
def ʔoːm-
3.sing.anim.POSS nih-
sing ʋaː
daughter ʋok-
GEN k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing nimoku
hunter

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

 (15)

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Nili reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-initial: the possessed noun precedes the possessor. For instance, Nili expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “toy child”. This structure is typologically rarer and often co-occurs with verb-initial syntax or with grammatical marking on the noun.

koomihuukee wokoomihe wokonihii

[koːmihuːkeː ʋokoːmihe ʋokonihiː]

k-
def ʔoːm-
3.sing.anim.POSS nih-
sing puːkeː
book ʋok-
GEN k-
def ʔoːm-
3.sing.anim.POSS nih-
sing ke
friend ʋok-
GEN k-
def ʔoʔ-
2.sing.POSS nih-
sing hiː
son

“your son’s friend’s book”

 (16)

Case Marking

Nili uses ergative–absolutive case marking. The subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb are treated alike and take the absolutive case, while the subject of a transitive verb is marked with the ergative case. From the point of view of such a system, this is a perfectly natural way to organise the clause: the absolutive marks the participant most directly involved in the event or state, while the ergative marks the additional participant that causes or controls a transitive event.

Kuukalii kiiniho.

[kuːkaliː kiːniho]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active kat
sleep -liː
POS k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing no
cat

“The cat is sleeping.”

 (17)
Kuuniilii kiiniho.

[kuːniːliː kiːniho]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active tiːl
run -liː
POS k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing no
cat

“The cat is running.”

 (18)
Kuumipalii hihiiniho kiinihuwihu.

[kuːmipaliː hihiːniho kiːnihuʋihu]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active mipaʔ
chase -liː
POS hih-
ERG k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing no
cat k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing kuʋihu
mouse

“The cat is chasing the mouse.”

 (19)
Kuumeepakii hihiiniho kiinihuwihu.

[kuːmeːpakiː hihiːniho kiːnihuʋihu]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST pak
catch -liː
POS hih-
ERG k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing no
cat k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing kuʋihu
mouse

“The cat caught the mouse.”

 (20)

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

Kuumeepakii hihiinihimoku kiikahewapi la kiikakamone la kiikaleemewa.

[kuːmeːpakiː hihiːnihimoku kiːkaheʋapi la kiːkakamone la kiːkaleːmeʋa]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST ʔak
kill -liː
POS hih-
ERG k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing nimoku
hunter k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS kan-
plur heʋapi
jaguar la
and k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS kan-
plur kamone
tiger la
and k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS kan-
plur leːmeʋa
lion

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

 (21)

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Nili provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Nili forms relative clauses by placing the relative clause after the noun it modifies. The clause follows the internal word order of ordinary finite clauses. A dedicated relativising marker introduces the clause and identifies the relationship between the head noun and its role inside the relative clause.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

Kuumeehiitakii kilu kiiniho.

[kuːmeːhiːtakiː kilu kiːniho]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST hiːtak
pat -liː
POS k-
sing ʔilu
1excl.sing k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing no
cat

“I patted the cat.”

 (22)

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

Kuumeehiitakii kilu kiiniho, kiti kuumeepakii kiinihuwihu.

[kuːmeːhiːtakiː kilu kiːniho, kiti kuːmeːpakiː kiːnihuʋihu]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST hiːtak
pat -liː
POS k-
sing ʔilu
1excl.sing k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing no
cat k-
sing kiti
RELPRON l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST pak
catch -liː
POS k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing kuʋihu
mouse

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

 (23)

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

Kuumeehiitakii kilu kiiniho, kiti kuumeepakii kiinihuwihu, kiti kuumeemiilii kiinihuupaqe.

[kuːmeːhiːtakiː kilu kiːniho, kiti kuːmeːpakiː kiːnihuʋihu, kiti kuːmeːmiːliː kiːnihuːpaʔe]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST hiːtak
pat -liː
POS k-
sing ʔilu
1excl.sing k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing no
cat k-
sing kiti
RELPRON l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST pak
catch -liː
POS k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing kuʋihu
mouse k-
sing kiti
RELPRON l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST miːʋ
eat -liː
POS k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing puːpaʔe
cheese

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

 (24)

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

Kuumeehiitakii kilu kiiniho, kiti kuumeepakii kiinihuwihu, kiti kuumeemiilii kiinihuupaqe, kiti kuumeepiilii kilu.

[kuːmeːhiːtakiː kilu kiːniho, kiti kuːmeːpakiː kiːnihuʋihu, kiti kuːmeːmiːliː kiːnihuːpaʔe, kiti kuːmeːpiːliː kilu]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST hiːtak
pat -liː
POS k-
sing ʔilu
1excl.sing k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing no
cat k-
sing kiti
RELPRON l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST pak
catch -liː
POS k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing kuʋihu
mouse k-
sing kiti
RELPRON l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST miːʋ
eat -liː
POS k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing puːpaʔe
cheese k-
sing kiti
RELPRON l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST piːm
buy -liː
POS k-
sing ʔilu
1excl.sing

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

 (25)

Complementation Strategies

Nili introduces complement clauses with a dedicated complementiser, similar to English that. The complementiser appears at the beginning of the embedded clause and signals that the clause functions as a syntactic argument. The embedded clause is fully finite and displays the same tense, aspect and agreement patterns as independent clauses.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

Kuumeepepaalii kuumeepilii hihiinihoo niinihiteku kehiinihii pakii kehiinihiiteelee.

[kuːmeːpepaːliː kuːmeːpiliː hihiːnihoː niːnihiteku kehiːnihiː pakiː kehiːnihiːteːleː]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST ʔepaːl
surprise -liː
POS l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST ʔim
give -liː
POS hih-
ERG k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing koː
boy ʋ-
not.def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing piteku
apple keh-
DAT k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing miː
girl pakiː
COMP keh-
DAT k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing hiːteːleː
teacher

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

 (26)

Quotes

Nili expresses quoted or reported speech without a dedicated quotative particle. Quotations appear as ordinary clauses, distinguished only by the surrounding syntactic context or by the use of verbs of speaking.

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Kuumeemeelii hihiinihoo kuunilii kilu hiqo pakii kehiinihii.

[kuːmeːmeːliː hihiːnihoː kuːniliː kilu hiʔo pakiː kehiːnihiː]

l-
not.Q kuːn-
active meːp-
PAST meːm
tell -liː
POS hih-
ERG k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing koː
boy l-
not.Q kuːn-
active tiʔ
love -liː
POS k-
sing ʔilu
1excl.sing k-
sing hiʔo
2.sing pakiː
COMP keh-
DAT k-
def niːp-
no.owner.POSS nih-
sing miː
girl

“The boy told the girl that he loved her.”

 (27)

How to cite this grammar

Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Nili. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 21 June 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/523J6

In BibTeX format:

@misc{LC-523J6,
  year         = 2026,
  author       = {{Language Creator}},
  title        = {A Grammar of {Nili}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/523J6}},
  note         = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 21 June 2026}
}

Supplementary Materials

A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Nili / Nili–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.

Readers are encouraged to share observations or corrections via the feedback form. The present page may be accessed directly at:

https://languagecreator.org/grammar/523J6

Behind the scenes, the Language Creator stores the generated language in a JSON-based format known as ELD. The corresponding ELD file may be downloaded, edited as required, and reuploaded in order to regenerate the grammar, dictionary and texts.

To revisit the questionnaire settings used to generate this language, .

Language creation took 0.02 seconds; writing the grammar 0.07 seconds.