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A Grammar of Shaush

Introduction

Scope and Purpose

This grammar provides a systematic description of the Shaush language (the 1748th one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.

The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Shaush.

Typological Profile

It has postpositions.

Phonology

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

Shaush has a moderately large consonant inventory, with 29 phonemes.

It has a complete absence of affricates, a noticeable presence of pharyngealised phonemes and a system with marginal but genuine retroflex contrasts.

The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Shaush. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.

labialalveolarphar. alveolarpostalveolarlaterallabio-palatalpalatalretroflexvelarglottal
stopp b d t dˤ tˤ ɖ ʈ k ɡ
ejective stopkʼ
nasalm n nˤ ɲ ɳ ŋ
trill/tap/flapɽ
fricativef s sˤ ʃ ʂ h
approximantʋ ɾ ɥ j

Vowels

Shaush has 5 vowel qualities. This places it within the broadly common range of mid-sized vowel inventories. The vowel chart shows the full set of contrasts employed in the language’s phonology.

It has a vertical vowel system in which backness distinctions are largely absent and front rounded vowels (these are cross-linguistically relatively uncommon, but occur in a number of well-known languages, including French, German, Turkish and Mandarin).

The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Shaush. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.

central
closeɨ
midə
opena

Stress and Tones

Shaush has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.

Phonological Processes

Vowel Harmony

The language employs vowel harmony. To be specific, the following vowels change to match the first vowel of the root: .

Writing System

Introduction

Shaush is normally written using the Cyrillic alphabet, a script with a long and varied history across Eastern Europe and northern Asia. In this grammar, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also used to give an unambiguous representation of sound.

The conventions adopted here follow standard Cyrillic practice for the language where that exists; where they do not, the IPA transcription should be taken as authoritative.

Orthography

Here are the various components of the orthography:

Simple letters

а /a/б /b/в /ʋ/г /h/
д /d/д̇ /ɖ/к /k, kʼ/м /m/
н /n/н̇ /ɳ/п /p/р /ɾ/
р̇ /ɽ/с /s/с̇ /ʂ/т /t/
т̇ /ʈ/ф /f/ш /ʃ/ы /ɨ/
ј /j/њ /ɲ/ґ /ɡ/ү̆ /ɥ/
ӈ /ŋ/ә /ə/

Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs

аа /aː/ай /ai/аў /au/
дъ /dˤ/нъ /nˤ/съ /sˤ/
тъ /tˤ/ыы /ɨː/әә /əː/

Word Classes and Morphology

Number and Gender

Number

Shaush does not have grammatical number.

Gender

Shaush has the following genders:

Gender anim – for instance: ба ‘fish’, бәәд̇ ‘tooth’, гас ‘son’, д̇ыдъ ‘father’, кынъ ‘egg’, мадъәб ‘tiger’, маґ ‘human being’, с̇аваўнъ ‘apple’, с̇ањыр ‘wild boar’, съаґ ‘face’, тафаб ‘embrace’, тъат̇ ‘mother’, тъаўј ‘ear’, фаўр ‘night’, шаўс̇ ‘Shaush’, њараўс̇ ‘fingernail’, ґад ‘fight’, ґыт ‘child’, ү̆ан̇ааӈ ‘neighbour’, ү̆ыс̇әәј ‘teacher’.

Gender inanim – for instance: быфап ‘liver’, быык ‘book’, д̇ысъыс ‘faeces’, дъасадъ ‘ash’, кадъыт̇ ‘religion’, мәс̇ыыр ‘bank’, н̇аґаан̇ ‘fog’, накәр̇ ‘breast’, нъәнъ ‘eye’, пәдааш ‘ice’, рыј ‘colour’, т̇афайд ‘dust’, тадъынъ ‘bosom’, фабәр̇ ‘salt’, фапаај ‘rope’, јысәә ‘root’, јәваатъ ‘smoke’, јәд̇ар ‘slime’, ґањыт̇ ‘breath’, ґыд ‘idea’.

The Nominal Phrase

Nominal phrases in Shaush can be exemplified by the following example:

Дъәсәдъ ґаш съаныд саўс̇ съан гыныб с̇айдъ дъәнадъ сәр̇ гайтъ.

[dˤəsədˤ ɡaʃ sˤanɨd sauʂ sˤan hɨnɨb ʂaidˤ dˤənadˤ səɽ haitˤ]

dˤ-
POS əsə
blind -dˤ
not.COMP ɡaʃ
woman sˤan
the -ɨd
anim sauʂ
knife sˤan
the hɨnɨb
COMIT ʂaidˤ
3.anim dˤ-
POS əna
catch -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST haitˤ
then

“The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.”

 (1)

In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.

There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.

The Noun

The noun in Shaush consists of the root followed by an optional suffix expressing case, comprising -әв /-əʋ/ ‘GEN’, -аф /-af/ ‘DAT’, -ыв /-ɨʋ/ ‘INS’, -ыт̇ /-ɨʈ/ ‘VOC’, -ысъ /-ɨsˤ/ ‘ALL’, -ым /-ɨm/ ‘LOC’, -аӈ /-aŋ/ ‘ABL’ and -әк /-əkʼ/ ‘PART’.

The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -ӈа /-ŋa/ ‘little’ and -ґы /-ɡɨ/ ‘big’

The Adjective

The adjective in Shaush stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Numerals

The numeral in Shaush stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

Determiners

In Shaush, the determiner has the following structure: the root followed by an optional suffix expressing gender, comprising -ыд /-ɨd/ ‘anim’.

Pronouns

The pronoun in Shaush stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.

In Shaush, subject pronouns (but not object pronouns ones) are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:

С̇айдъ дъанъәдъ.

[ʂaidˤ dˤanˤədˤ]

ʂaidˤ
3.anim dˤ-
POS anˤə
love -dˤ
not.COMP

“He (the boy) loves her (the girl).”

 (2)

But here, the word corresponding to he (i.e., the subject) is stressed:

С̇айдъ с̇айдъ дъанъәдъ.

[ʂaidˤ ʂaidˤ dˤanˤədˤ]

ʂaidˤ
3.anim ʂaidˤ
3.anim dˤ-
POS anˤə
love -dˤ
not.COMP

“He loves her.”

 (3)

Proper Nouns

Кыс̇ыф съаныд Њәфәәф съаныд дъәґар̇әдъ.

[kʼɨʂɨf sˤanɨd ɲəfəːf sˤanɨd dˤəɡaɽədˤ]

kʼɨʂɨf
Kishif sˤan
the -ɨd
anim ɲəfəːf
Nyafaf sˤan
the -ɨd
anim dˤ-
POS əɡaɽə
hate -dˤ
not.COMP

“Kishif hates Nyafaf.”

 (4)

Possession

тапәв съаныд с̇аваўнъ съаныд

[tapəʋ sˤanɨd ʂaʋaunˤ sˤanɨd]

tap
boy -əʋ
GEN sˤan
the -ɨd
anim ʂaʋaunˤ
apple sˤan
the -ɨd
anim

“the boy’s apple”

 (5)
с̇айдъ с̇аваўнъ съаныд

[ʂaidˤ ʂaʋaunˤ sˤanɨd]

ʂaidˤ
3.anim ʂaʋaunˤ
apple sˤan
the -ɨd
anim

“his (the boy’s) apple”

 (6)
ґәәӈ с̇аваўнъ съаныд

[ɡəːŋ ʂaʋaunˤ sˤanɨd]

ɡəːŋ
1excl ʂaʋaunˤ
apple sˤan
the -ɨd
anim

“my apple”

 (7)
Нъавад̇әв съаныд с̇ар̇ съаныд ґан ү̆ан̇ааӈәв съаныд гас съаныд дъан̇әдадъ сәр̇.

[nˤaʋaɖəʋ sˤanɨd ʂaɽ sˤanɨd ɡan ɥaɳaːŋəʋ sˤanɨd has sˤanɨd dˤaɳədadˤ səɽ]

nˤaʋaɖ
hunter -əʋ
GEN sˤan
the -ɨd
anim ʂaɽ
daughter sˤan
the -ɨd
anim ɡan
2 ɥaɳaːŋ
neighbour -əʋ
GEN sˤan
the -ɨd
anim has
son sˤan
the -ɨd
anim dˤ-
POS aɳəda
kiss -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST

“The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.”

 (8)

Derivation

Shaush has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:

выр̇ай

[ʋɨɽai]

ʋɨɽai
lamb

“a lamb”

 (9)

In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:

выр̇айӈа

[ʋɨɽaiŋa]

ʋɨɽai
lamb -ŋa
little

“a little lamb”

 (10)

Compounding

Verbs

Inflectional Categories

The verbal phrase clitics in Shaush fall into two categories, proclitics and enclitics: first, a clitic expressing voice, comprising нъам /nˤam/ ‘passive’; second, a clitic expressing ta, comprising сәр̇ /səɽ/ ‘PAST’; third, a clitic expressing mode, comprising кәр /kʼəɾ/ ‘imperative’, њањ /ɲaɲ/ ‘conditional’ and бәдъ /bədˤ/ ‘optative’; fourth, a clitic expressing subj, comprising р̇әдъ /ɽədˤ/ ‘1incl’, тъәк /tˤəkʼ/ ‘1excl’, гаґ /haɡ/ ‘2’ and тар /taɾ/ ‘3.inanim’; and finally, fifth, a clitic expressing question, comprising нъав /nˤaʋ/ ‘Q’.

In addition, the verb is structured like this: first, an obligatory prefix expressing negation, comprising р- /ɾ-/ ‘NEG’ and дъ- /dˤ-/ ‘POS’; second, the root; and finally, third, an obligatory suffix expressing comp, comprising -дъ /-dˤ/ ‘not.COMP’ and -д /-d/ ‘COMP’.

The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -фа /-fa/ ‘begin’ and -пә /-pə/ ‘stop’

Ґан дъанъәдъ тъәк.

[ɡan dˤanˤədˤ tˤəkʼ]

ɡan
2 dˤ-
POS anˤə
love -dˤ
not.COMP tˤəkʼ
1excl.SUBJ

“I love you.”

 (11)

Adverbs Minor Classes

Adpositions

There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.

сан съан њын

[san sˤan ɲɨn]

san
table sˤan
the ɲɨn
in_surface

“on the table”

 (12)
шадәр̇ съан кәәр

[ʃadəɽ sˤan kəːɾ]

ʃadəɽ
box sˤan
the kəːɾ
to_inside

“into the box”

 (13)
ґәәӈ гыныб

[ɡəːŋ hɨnɨb]

ɡəːŋ
1excl hɨnɨb
COMIT

“with me”

 (14)

Syntax

Basic Clause Structure

Constituent Order

Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.

Shaush has basic Subject–Object–Verb (SOV) word order. The subject precedes the object, and the verb appears at the end of the clause. This is one of the most frequent patterns cross-linguistically.

The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Shaush.

Њыдъәк съаныд нъавад̇ съаныд дъатәдъ сәр̇.

[ɲɨdˤək sˤanɨd nˤaʋaɖ sˤanɨd dˤatədˤ səɽ]

ɲɨdˤək
jaguar sˤan
the -ɨd
anim nˤaʋaɖ
hunter sˤan
the -ɨd
anim dˤ-
POS atə
kill -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST

“The jaguar killed the hunter.”

 (15)
Тъарыыф съаныд нъавад̇әв съаныд с̇ар̇әв съаныд ү̆әњ съаныд дъаймадъ сәр̇.

[tˤaɾɨːf sˤanɨd nˤaʋaɖəʋ sˤanɨd ʂaɽəʋ sˤanɨd ɥəɲ sˤanɨd dˤaimadˤ səɽ]

tˤaɾɨːf
lion sˤan
the -ɨd
anim nˤaʋaɖ
hunter -əʋ
GEN sˤan
the -ɨd
anim ʂaɽ
daughter -əʋ
GEN sˤan
the -ɨd
anim ɥəɲ
dog sˤan
the -ɨd
anim dˤ-
POS aima
eat -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST

“The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.”

 (16)

The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.

Noun Phrases

Structure and Order

The internal structure of noun phrases in Shaush reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.

Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Shaush expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.

ґан гасәв съаныд ү̆аўд̇әв съаныд быык съан

[ɡan hasəʋ sˤanɨd ɥauɖəʋ sˤanɨd bɨːk sˤan]

ɡan
2 has
son -əʋ
GEN sˤan
the -ɨd
anim ɥauɖ
friend -əʋ
GEN sˤan
the -ɨd
anim bɨːk
book sˤan
the

“your son’s friend’s book”

 (17)

Case Marking

Shaush does not use case marking to distinguish the core participants of the clause. There is therefore no regular nominative, accusative, ergative, active or stative marking on subjects and objects. Instead, the roles of the participants are identified by other means, cf. the examples below.

Кас съаныд дъәфәдъ.

[kʼas sˤanɨd dˤəfədˤ]

kʼas
cat sˤan
the -ɨd
anim dˤ-
POS əfə
sleep -dˤ
not.COMP

“The cat is sleeping.”

 (18)
Кас съаныд дъаўн̇әдъ.

[kʼas sˤanɨd dˤauɳədˤ]

kʼas
cat sˤan
the -ɨd
anim dˤ-
POS auɳə
run -dˤ
not.COMP

“The cat is running.”

 (19)
Кас съаныд рываш съаныд дъәәд̇әкадъ.

[kʼas sˤanɨd ɾɨʋaʃ sˤanɨd dˤəːɖəkʼadˤ]

kʼas
cat sˤan
the -ɨd
anim ɾɨʋaʃ
mouse sˤan
the -ɨd
anim dˤ-
POS əːɖəkʼa
chase -dˤ
not.COMP

“The cat is chasing the mouse.”

 (20)
Кас съаныд рываш съаныд дъәнадъ сәр̇.

[kʼas sˤanɨd ɾɨʋaʃ sˤanɨd dˤənadˤ səɽ]

kʼas
cat sˤan
the -ɨd
anim ɾɨʋaʃ
mouse sˤan
the -ɨd
anim dˤ-
POS əna
catch -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST

“The cat caught the mouse.”

 (21)

Conjunctions

Here is an example of a conjunction.

Нъавад̇ съаныд њыдъәк съаныд тъәӈ мадъәб съаныд тъәӈ тъарыыф съаныд дъатәдъ сәр̇.

[nˤaʋaɖ sˤanɨd ɲɨdˤək sˤanɨd tˤəŋ madˤəb sˤanɨd tˤəŋ tˤaɾɨːf sˤanɨd dˤatədˤ səɽ]

nˤaʋaɖ
hunter sˤan
the -ɨd
anim ɲɨdˤək
jaguar sˤan
the -ɨd
anim tˤəŋ
and madˤəb
tiger sˤan
the -ɨd
anim tˤəŋ
and tˤaɾɨːf
lion sˤan
the -ɨd
anim dˤ-
POS atə
kill -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST

“The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.”

 (22)

Modifiers and Determiners

The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Shaush provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.

Complex Sentences

Relative Clauses

Shaush uses the correlative strategy to form relative clauses. The relative clause is introduced by a dedicated relativiser and appears as an independent clause. The main clause contains a demonstrative that corresponds to the relativiser and identifies the element being modified. The relative clause precedes the main clause when used on its own, and follows the head noun when it functions as a modifier. The internal structure of both clauses is fully finite.

To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:

Кас съаныд дъайдъапыдъ сәр̇ тъәк.

[kʼas sˤanɨd dˤaidˤapɨdˤ səɽ tˤəkʼ]

kʼas
cat sˤan
the -ɨd
anim dˤ-
POS aidˤapɨ
pat -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST tˤəkʼ
1excl.SUBJ

“I patted the cat.”

 (23)

We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:

Рываш съаныд дъәнадъ сәр̇ с̇айдъ дъайдъапыдъ сәр̇ тъәк гайтъ.

[ɾɨʋaʃ sˤanɨd dˤənadˤ səɽ ʂaidˤ dˤaidˤapɨdˤ səɽ tˤəkʼ haitˤ]

ɾɨʋaʃ
mouse sˤan
the -ɨd
anim dˤ-
POS əna
catch -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST ʂaidˤ
3.anim dˤ-
POS aidˤapɨ
pat -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST tˤəkʼ
1excl.SUBJ haitˤ
then

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse.”

 (24)

Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:

Н̇адыӈ съаныд дъаймадъ сәр̇ с̇айдъ дъәнадъ сәр̇ гайтъ с̇айдъ дъайдъапыдъ сәр̇ тъәк гайтъ.

[ɳadɨŋ sˤanɨd dˤaimadˤ səɽ ʂaidˤ dˤənadˤ səɽ haitˤ ʂaidˤ dˤaidˤapɨdˤ səɽ tˤəkʼ haitˤ]

ɳadɨŋ
cheese sˤan
the -ɨd
anim dˤ-
POS aima
eat -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST ʂaidˤ
3.anim dˤ-
POS əna
catch -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST haitˤ
then ʂaidˤ
3.anim dˤ-
POS aidˤapɨ
pat -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST tˤəkʼ
1excl.SUBJ haitˤ
then

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.”

 (25)

Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:

С̇айдъ дъын̇адъ сәр̇ тъәк с̇айдъ дъаймадъ сәр̇ гайтъ с̇айдъ дъәнадъ сәр̇ гайтъ с̇айдъ дъайдъапыдъ сәр̇ тъәк гайтъ.

[ʂaidˤ dˤɨɳadˤ səɽ tˤəkʼ ʂaidˤ dˤaimadˤ səɽ haitˤ ʂaidˤ dˤənadˤ səɽ haitˤ ʂaidˤ dˤaidˤapɨdˤ səɽ tˤəkʼ haitˤ]

ʂaidˤ
3.anim dˤ-
POS ɨɳa
buy -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST tˤəkʼ
1excl.SUBJ ʂaidˤ
3.anim dˤ-
POS aima
eat -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST haitˤ
then ʂaidˤ
3.anim dˤ-
POS əna
catch -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST haitˤ
then ʂaidˤ
3.anim dˤ-
POS aidˤapɨ
pat -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST tˤəkʼ
1excl.SUBJ haitˤ
then

“I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.”

 (26)

Complementation Strategies

Shaush marks complement clauses with subordinating verbal morphology. The embedded verb is fully finite and carries a subordinating suffix that identifies the clause as a complement. No structural changes occur within the clause apart from this verbal marking.

The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:

Тап съаныд р̇әс съаныд с̇аваўнъ дъәпыд сәр̇ ү̆ыс̇әәј съаныд дъаўсымадъ сәр̇ тар.

[tap sˤanɨd ɽəs sˤanɨd ʂaʋaunˤ dˤəpɨd səɽ ɥɨʂəːj sˤanɨd dˤausɨmadˤ səɽ taɾ]

tap
boy sˤan
the -ɨd
anim ɽəs
girl sˤan
the -ɨd
anim ʂaʋaunˤ
apple dˤ-
POS əpɨ
give -d
COMP səɽ
PAST ɥɨʂəːj
teacher sˤan
the -ɨd
anim dˤ-
POS ausɨma
surprise -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST taɾ
3.inanim.SUBJ

“It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.”

 (27)

Quotes

Shaush employs a quotative particle to mark direct and indirect speech. The quotative follows the reported phrase and identifies the preceding expression as quoted or reported. The same construction is also used to express reported thoughts.

Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:

Тап съаныд р̇әс съаныд ґәәӈ ґан дъанъәд тъәк дъан̇адъ сәр̇.

[tap sˤanɨd ɽəs sˤanɨd ɡəːŋ ɡan dˤanˤəd tˤəkʼ dˤaɳadˤ səɽ]

tap
boy sˤan
the -ɨd
anim ɽəs
girl sˤan
the -ɨd
anim ɡəːŋ
1excl ɡan
2 dˤ-
POS anˤə
love -d
COMP tˤəkʼ
1excl.SUBJ dˤ-
POS aɳa
tell -dˤ
not.COMP səɽ
PAST

“The boy told the girl that he loved her.”

 (28)

How to cite this grammar

Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Shaush. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 22 September 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/5BTTA

In BibTeX format:

@misc{LC-5BTTA,
  year         = 2026,
  author       = {{Language Creator}},
  title        = {A Grammar of {Shaush}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/5BTTA}},
  note         = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 22 September 2026}
}

Supplementary Materials

A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Shaush / Shaush–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.

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https://languagecreator.org/grammar/5BTTA

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